research questions in health

Health Thesis Topics

450 Health Thesis Topics and Ideas

Health sciences are an ever-evolving field, with new discoveries, innovations, and challenges shaping healthcare practices, medical research, and public health policies. As health issues become more complex and globalized, students pursuing degrees in health-related fields must select thesis topics that reflect both current challenges and future trends. This comprehensive list of 450 health thesis topics is divided into 15 categories, providing a broad range of subjects for students to explore. Whether you’re focusing on clinical medicine, public health, or specialized fields such as nursing or occupational therapy, these topics offer ample opportunities for meaningful and impactful research.

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Get 10% off with 24start discount code, 1. anatomy thesis topics.

The impact of aging on muscle mass and function.
Investigating the anatomical variations in the human liver.
The role of the lymphatic system in cancer metastasis.
Exploring the anatomy of the human brain in neurodegenerative diseases.
Anatomical changes in the cardiovascular system due to hypertension.
Investigating the structural changes in bones with osteoporosis.
The anatomy of the respiratory system in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Exploring the anatomical adaptations in athletes’ muscles.
The role of anatomical studies in improving surgical outcomes.
Investigating the relationship between body fat distribution and metabolic disorders.
The anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Anatomical differences in male and female pelvic structures.
Investigating the development of the fetal brain during pregnancy.
The anatomy of the immune system in autoimmune diseases.
Exploring the role of anatomical variations in cardiovascular diseases.
Investigating the impact of obesity on musculoskeletal anatomy.
The anatomical basis of joint pain in arthritis.
Exploring the relationship between spinal anatomy and chronic back pain.
The role of anatomical studies in improving robotic surgery techniques.
Anatomical changes in the brain due to traumatic brain injury.
Investigating the anatomy of the heart in congenital heart diseases.
Exploring the anatomical structure of the skin in patients with eczema.
The anatomy of the reproductive system in patients with infertility.
Investigating the anatomical basis of sleep apnea.
Exploring the role of the diaphragm in respiratory disorders.
Anatomical changes in the aging brain and their impact on cognitive decline.
Investigating the structure of blood vessels in patients with diabetes.
The role of anatomical studies in forensic medicine.
Exploring the anatomy of the ear in patients with hearing loss.
Investigating the anatomical differences in patients with scoliosis.

2. Epidemiology Thesis Topics

Investigating the epidemiology of COVID-19 in urban and rural areas.
The impact of vaccination programs on the epidemiology of measles.
Exploring the relationship between socioeconomic status and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.
Investigating the epidemiology of mental health disorders in adolescents.
The role of public health interventions in reducing the incidence of malaria.
Exploring the epidemiology of obesity in low-income communities.
Investigating the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections among college students.
The impact of environmental factors on the epidemiology of asthma.
Exploring the role of epidemiology in controlling the spread of infectious diseases.
Investigating the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in aging populations.
The role of epidemiology in cancer prevention and control.
Exploring the epidemiology of substance abuse in young adults.
Investigating the role of epidemiological studies in global health initiatives.
The impact of climate change on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases.
Investigating the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in developing countries.
Exploring the role of epidemiology in improving maternal and child health.
The impact of dietary patterns on the epidemiology of hypertension.
Investigating the epidemiology of mental health disorders in conflict zones.
The role of epidemiology in addressing health disparities in minority populations.
Exploring the epidemiology of tuberculosis in immigrant communities.
Investigating the impact of public health policies on the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.
The role of epidemiology in reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases.
Investigating the epidemiology of depression in older adults.
Exploring the epidemiology of childhood obesity and its long-term health effects.
The role of epidemiological data in shaping public health policy.
Investigating the epidemiology of respiratory infections in industrial workers.
The impact of socioeconomic factors on the epidemiology of chronic diseases.
Exploring the epidemiology of maternal mortality in low-income countries.
Investigating the role of epidemiology in reducing the global burden of cancer.
The role of epidemiology in preparing for future pandemics.

3. Food and Nutrition Thesis Topics

Investigating the impact of diet on gut microbiota composition.
Exploring the relationship between sugar consumption and obesity.
The role of nutrition in managing type 2 diabetes.
Investigating the nutritional needs of aging populations.
The impact of fast food consumption on childhood obesity rates.
Exploring the role of nutrition in promoting mental health.
Investigating the effects of dietary supplements on athletic performance.
The relationship between nutrition and immune system function.
Exploring the role of nutrition in cancer prevention.
Investigating the impact of food insecurity on child development.
The role of plant-based diets in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Exploring the nutritional challenges faced by individuals with food allergies.
Investigating the role of nutrition in managing hypertension.
The impact of vegetarian and vegan diets on overall health outcomes.
Exploring the relationship between nutrition and cognitive function in older adults.
Investigating the effects of processed foods on metabolic health.
The role of nutrition education in preventing childhood obesity.
Exploring the impact of malnutrition on maternal and child health.
Investigating the role of dietary patterns in the prevention of chronic diseases.
The impact of food advertising on consumer behavior and dietary choices.
Exploring the role of nutrition in improving outcomes for cancer patients.
Investigating the effects of micronutrient deficiencies on public health.
The role of nutrition in managing gastrointestinal disorders.
Exploring the impact of dietary interventions on weight loss and maintenance.
Investigating the role of nutrition in improving bone health.
The relationship between dietary habits and the prevalence of eating disorders.
Exploring the impact of food labeling on consumer choices and health outcomes.
Investigating the role of nutrition in enhancing athletic recovery.
The effects of maternal nutrition on fetal development and birth outcomes.
Exploring the role of nutrition in reducing health disparities in vulnerable populations.

4. General Medicine Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of telemedicine in improving patient care.
The impact of antibiotic resistance on public health outcomes.
Exploring the use of personalized medicine in the treatment of cancer.
Investigating the effectiveness of vaccinations in preventing infectious diseases.
The role of primary care in managing chronic diseases.
Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence in diagnosing medical conditions.
Investigating the role of mental health services in primary care settings.
The impact of electronic health records on patient outcomes.
Exploring the role of gene therapy in treating genetic disorders.
Investigating the effects of climate change on public health.
The role of medical education in addressing healthcare disparities.
Exploring the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular disease management.
Investigating the role of interdisciplinary teams in improving patient care.
The impact of healthcare policies on patient access to care.
Exploring the role of precision medicine in managing chronic diseases.
Investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on overall health.
The role of public health campaigns in promoting disease prevention.
Exploring the impact of the opioid crisis on public health.
Investigating the role of clinical trials in advancing medical research.
The impact of healthcare costs on patient decision-making.
Exploring the role of alternative medicine in managing chronic pain.
Investigating the effects of stress on physical and mental health.
The role of patient-centered care in improving healthcare outcomes.
Exploring the impact of digital health technologies on patient engagement.
Investigating the role of early detection in cancer treatment success rates.
The impact of global health initiatives on reducing infectious disease burdens.
Exploring the role of medical ethics in patient care decisions.
Investigating the effects of alcohol consumption on long-term health outcomes.
The role of public health surveillance in detecting disease outbreaks.
Exploring the impact of mental health awareness campaigns on reducing stigma.

5. Gynecology Thesis Topics

Investigating the effects of hormonal contraceptives on reproductive health.
Exploring the role of gynecological screening in detecting cervical cancer.
The impact of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on fertility.
Investigating the relationship between endometriosis and chronic pain.
The role of nutrition in managing menopause symptoms.
Exploring the effectiveness of fertility treatments in women with PCOS.
Investigating the role of early detection in preventing ovarian cancer.
The impact of lifestyle factors on reproductive health in women.
Exploring the role of hormonal therapies in managing endometriosis.
Investigating the effects of pregnancy on cardiovascular health.
The role of gynecological surgery in treating uterine fibroids.
Exploring the impact of pelvic inflammatory disease on reproductive outcomes.
Investigating the relationship between obesity and infertility in women.
The role of exercise in managing pregnancy-related complications.
Exploring the effects of prenatal care on maternal and fetal health.
Investigating the impact of age on fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
The role of family planning services in improving reproductive health outcomes.
Exploring the relationship between mental health and reproductive health in women.
Investigating the effects of childbirth on pelvic floor function.
The impact of gynecological cancers on women’s health and quality of life.
Exploring the role of assisted reproductive technologies in treating infertility.
Investigating the effects of menstrual disorders on women’s mental health.
The role of hormone replacement therapy in managing menopause symptoms.
Exploring the relationship between autoimmune diseases and reproductive health.
Investigating the impact of gynecological surgeries on long-term health outcomes.
The role of genetic testing in predicting gynecological cancer risk.
Exploring the impact of reproductive health education on adolescent health outcomes.
Investigating the effects of environmental toxins on reproductive health.
The role of midwifery in improving maternal health outcomes.
Exploring the impact of stress on reproductive health and fertility.

6. Healthcare Thesis Topics

Investigating the impact of healthcare access on patient outcomes in rural areas.
The role of telemedicine in improving healthcare delivery in underserved regions.
Exploring the effectiveness of healthcare policies in addressing health disparities.
Investigating the impact of healthcare workforce shortages on patient care.
The role of electronic health records in improving patient safety and healthcare efficiency.
Exploring the influence of healthcare leadership on organizational performance.
Investigating the effectiveness of public health campaigns in reducing preventable diseases.
The role of health insurance in improving access to healthcare services.
Exploring the effects of healthcare reforms on patient access and care quality.
Investigating the impact of healthcare costs on patients’ health-seeking behaviors.
The role of patient-centered care in improving chronic disease management.
Exploring the influence of healthcare provider communication on patient satisfaction.
Investigating the effects of healthcare technology on patient safety and outcomes.
The role of healthcare management in reducing medical errors.
Exploring the impact of patient advocacy programs on healthcare quality.
Investigating the role of healthcare policy in addressing mental health issues.
The impact of value-based care on healthcare delivery and outcomes.
Exploring the role of healthcare financing in improving health equity.
Investigating the effects of hospital staffing ratios on patient outcomes.
The role of healthcare providers in promoting preventive care.
Exploring the impact of healthcare marketing on patient decision-making.
Investigating the role of public-private partnerships in healthcare delivery.
The impact of healthcare delivery models on patient access to care.
Exploring the role of healthcare quality improvement initiatives in enhancing patient care.
Investigating the impact of healthcare regulations on provider practices.
The role of healthcare informatics in improving clinical decision-making.
Exploring the effects of healthcare mergers and acquisitions on patient outcomes.
Investigating the role of healthcare systems in responding to public health emergencies.
The impact of mental health services integration into primary care on patient outcomes.
Exploring the effects of global health initiatives on healthcare delivery in developing countries.

7. Histopathology Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of histopathology in diagnosing cancer.
The impact of molecular techniques on histopathological analysis.
Exploring the relationship between histopathological findings and patient prognosis in breast cancer.
Investigating the role of histopathology in detecting autoimmune diseases.
The impact of histopathology on early detection of colorectal cancer.
Exploring the role of biopsy techniques in histopathological analysis.
Investigating the role of immunohistochemistry in diagnosing infectious diseases.
The impact of digital pathology on the accuracy and speed of histopathological diagnoses.
Exploring the use of histopathology in forensic investigations.
Investigating the role of histopathology in diagnosing rare genetic disorders.
The relationship between histopathological findings and patient outcomes in lung cancer.
Exploring the role of histopathology in understanding neurodegenerative diseases.
Investigating the effects of tissue preservation techniques on histopathological analysis.
The role of histopathology in diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease.
Exploring the use of histopathology in liver disease diagnosis and management.
Investigating the role of histopathology in detecting skin cancers.
The impact of histopathological grading on cancer treatment decisions.
Exploring the role of histopathology in diagnosing kidney disease.
Investigating the effects of histological staining techniques on diagnostic accuracy.
The role of histopathology in detecting and diagnosing cardiovascular diseases.
Exploring the relationship between histopathology and precision medicine in oncology.
Investigating the use of histopathology in understanding tissue regeneration processes.
The impact of machine learning on histopathological image analysis.
Exploring the role of histopathology in identifying treatment-resistant cancer cells.
Investigating the role of histopathology in assessing the effects of novel cancer therapies.
The relationship between histopathology and personalized treatment plans in cancer care.
Exploring the use of histopathology in diagnosing neurological tumors.
Investigating the role of histopathology in detecting early signs of liver fibrosis.
The role of histopathology in understanding chronic inflammatory diseases.
Exploring the impact of telepathology on histopathological diagnostic services.

8. ICU (Intensive Care Unit) Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of ICU care in improving outcomes for patients with sepsis.
The impact of nurse-to-patient ratios in the ICU on patient survival rates.
Exploring the effects of family presence during ICU care on patient outcomes.
Investigating the role of ICU protocols in reducing hospital-acquired infections.
The role of mechanical ventilation in improving outcomes for patients with respiratory failure.
Exploring the impact of early mobilization programs in the ICU on recovery times.
Investigating the effects of sedation protocols on patient outcomes in the ICU.
The role of ICU care in managing patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
Exploring the impact of nutrition management in critically ill ICU patients.
Investigating the role of ICU care in improving outcomes for trauma patients.
The impact of palliative care integration into the ICU on patient and family satisfaction.
Exploring the role of ICU care in managing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Investigating the effects of early goal-directed therapy on sepsis outcomes in the ICU.
The role of ICU care in preventing complications in post-surgical patients.
Exploring the impact of tele-ICU services on patient outcomes.
Investigating the role of infection control measures in the ICU in reducing antimicrobial resistance.
The impact of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in the ICU on patient outcomes.
Exploring the role of critical care ultrasonography in ICU patient management.
Investigating the effects of nurse-led ICU interventions on patient recovery.
The role of ICU care in managing patients with traumatic brain injuries.
Exploring the impact of ICU delirium on long-term cognitive outcomes.
Investigating the role of family-centered care in improving ICU outcomes.
The impact of advanced hemodynamic monitoring in ICU care on patient outcomes.
Exploring the role of ICU care in managing patients with acute kidney injury.
Investigating the effects of ICU discharge planning on post-ICU patient outcomes.
The role of ICU team communication in improving patient safety and outcomes.
Exploring the impact of early ICU interventions on patient recovery after cardiac arrest.
Investigating the role of ICU care in managing patients with severe COVID-19.
The effects of ICU care bundles on reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Exploring the role of ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) in ICU patient management.

9. Medical Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of gene therapy in treating inherited genetic disorders.
The impact of precision medicine on the treatment of cancer.
Exploring the effectiveness of immunotherapy in managing autoimmune diseases.
Investigating the role of regenerative medicine in treating musculoskeletal injuries.
The impact of medical technologies on early disease diagnosis.
Exploring the role of personalized medicine in managing cardiovascular diseases.
Investigating the use of stem cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The impact of robotic surgery on improving patient outcomes in minimally invasive procedures.
Exploring the role of nanomedicine in cancer therapy.
Investigating the effects of gene editing techniques on inherited disorders.
The role of biomarkers in early cancer detection and treatment.
Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence in medical diagnostics.
Investigating the role of pharmacogenomics in individualized drug therapies.
The impact of wearable medical devices on chronic disease management.
Exploring the use of virtual reality in medical training and patient rehabilitation.
Investigating the role of digital health tools in improving patient self-management.
The impact of artificial organs on organ transplantation outcomes.
Exploring the use of machine learning in predicting disease outcomes.
Investigating the role of telemedicine in improving access to healthcare services.
The impact of 3D printing in reconstructive surgery and prosthetics.
Exploring the role of CRISPR technology in treating genetic disorders.
Investigating the effects of personalized vaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
The impact of clinical decision support systems on patient safety and care quality.
Exploring the role of microbiome therapies in treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
Investigating the effects of mobile health applications on patient adherence to treatment.
The role of AI-assisted surgery in improving surgical precision and outcomes.
Exploring the impact of pharmacovigilance in reducing adverse drug reactions.
Investigating the role of digital twins in personalized healthcare.
The effects of personalized nutrition plans in managing metabolic disorders.
Exploring the role of digital therapeutics in managing mental health disorders.

10. Nursing Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of nursing leadership in improving patient care outcomes.
The impact of nurse-led interventions on managing chronic diseases.
Exploring the role of evidence-based nursing practices in enhancing patient safety.
Investigating the effects of nursing education programs on reducing burnout.
The role of nurse-patient communication in improving patient satisfaction.
Exploring the impact of nurse-led health promotion programs on community health.
Investigating the role of advanced practice nurses in primary care settings.
The impact of nursing care models on patient outcomes in acute care settings.
Exploring the role of nursing informatics in improving patient care delivery.
Investigating the effects of nursing interventions on reducing hospital readmissions.
The role of critical thinking skills in enhancing nursing practice.
Exploring the impact of culturally competent nursing care on patient satisfaction.
Investigating the role of nurse-led initiatives in improving medication adherence.
The impact of holistic nursing practices on patient well-being.
Exploring the role of mentorship in advancing nursing careers.
Investigating the effects of nurse-led discharge planning on patient outcomes.
The role of nursing interventions in preventing pressure ulcers.
Exploring the impact of nurse-led education programs on patient self-care management.
Investigating the role of nursing in managing patients with chronic pain.
The impact of nurse-patient ratios on patient safety and quality of care.
Exploring the role of nursing in palliative care and end-of-life decision-making.
Investigating the effects of nurse-led wound care management on patient recovery.
The role of nursing in managing patients with diabetes.
Exploring the impact of nursing research on improving patient care outcomes.
Investigating the role of nurse-led mental health interventions in reducing anxiety and depression.
The impact of nursing advocacy on improving healthcare policies.
Exploring the role of nursing in promoting patient autonomy in decision-making.
Investigating the effects of nurse-led smoking cessation programs on long-term outcomes.
The role of nursing in managing patients with heart failure.
Exploring the impact of nursing leadership on promoting a culture of safety in healthcare.

11. Nutrition Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of micronutrients in preventing chronic diseases.
The impact of plant-based diets on cardiovascular health.
Exploring the relationship between diet and mental health outcomes.
Investigating the role of nutritional education in combating childhood obesity.
The effects of intermittent fasting on metabolic health.
Exploring the impact of nutrition on athletic performance and recovery.
Investigating the role of probiotics in improving gut health.
The impact of maternal nutrition on fetal development and birth outcomes.
Exploring the effects of high-protein diets on weight loss and muscle mass.
Investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids in reducing inflammation.
The relationship between ultra-processed foods and metabolic disorders.
Exploring the impact of cultural dietary patterns on health outcomes.
Investigating the role of vitamins and minerals in immune system function.
The effects of ketogenic diets on weight loss and metabolic health.
Exploring the role of nutrition in managing autoimmune diseases.
Investigating the relationship between diet and the development of type 2 diabetes.
The impact of sugar consumption on public health and chronic disease.
Exploring the role of nutritional interventions in reducing hypertension.
Investigating the effects of food marketing on dietary habits in children and adolescents.
The relationship between alcohol consumption and nutritional deficiencies.
Exploring the role of dietary fiber in preventing gastrointestinal diseases.
Investigating the impact of meal timing on weight management and metabolic health.
The role of nutritional support in cancer treatment and recovery.
Exploring the relationship between diet and sleep quality.
Investigating the impact of food security on nutrition in low-income populations.
The role of personalized nutrition in managing chronic diseases.
Exploring the effects of artificial sweeteners on metabolic health.
Investigating the role of nutrition in bone health and osteoporosis prevention.
The relationship between diet diversity and overall health outcomes.
Exploring the impact of food allergies and intolerances on nutrition and health.

12. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of prenatal care in reducing maternal mortality rates.
The impact of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes.
Exploring the role of hormonal therapy in treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Investigating the effects of gestational diabetes on maternal and fetal health.
The role of early prenatal diagnosis in managing congenital abnormalities.
Exploring the impact of cesarean sections on long-term maternal health.
Investigating the relationship between maternal nutrition and pregnancy outcomes.
The role of assisted reproductive technologies in treating infertility.
Exploring the effects of preeclampsia on maternal and fetal outcomes.
Investigating the impact of endometriosis on fertility and reproductive health.
The role of prenatal screening in reducing birth defects.
Exploring the effects of pregnancy complications on mental health.
Investigating the relationship between maternal obesity and pregnancy complications.
The role of antenatal education in improving pregnancy outcomes.
Exploring the impact of postpartum depression on maternal and infant health.
Investigating the effects of multiple pregnancies on maternal health.
The role of breastfeeding in promoting maternal and infant health.
Exploring the impact of pelvic floor disorders on women’s reproductive health.
Investigating the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and fetal development.
The role of gynecological cancers in women’s overall health and fertility.
Exploring the effects of intrauterine growth restriction on neonatal outcomes.
Investigating the impact of delayed childbirth on maternal health.
The role of prenatal care in preventing premature births.
Exploring the relationship between maternal mental health and pregnancy outcomes.
Investigating the impact of HIV on pregnancy and childbirth outcomes.
The role of maternal stress on fetal development and birth outcomes.
Exploring the effects of childbirth interventions on maternal health.
Investigating the role of genetic counseling in managing inherited reproductive conditions.
The relationship between maternal sleep patterns and pregnancy outcomes.
Exploring the impact of assisted reproduction on maternal health and pregnancy outcomes.

13. Occupational Therapy Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of occupational therapy in improving the quality of life for stroke patients.
The impact of early intervention occupational therapy on children with developmental delays.
Exploring the role of occupational therapy in managing chronic pain.
Investigating the effectiveness of occupational therapy in rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury.
The role of occupational therapy in enhancing motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder.
Exploring the impact of occupational therapy in managing mental health disorders.
Investigating the role of occupational therapy in promoting independence in older adults.
The impact of sensory integration therapy in children with sensory processing disorders.
Exploring the role of occupational therapy in improving functional abilities after spinal cord injuries.
Investigating the effectiveness of hand therapy in occupational rehabilitation.
The role of occupational therapy in managing patients with multiple sclerosis.
Exploring the impact of home-based occupational therapy on patient outcomes.
Investigating the effects of occupational therapy on cognitive rehabilitation.
The role of occupational therapy in managing patients with degenerative neurological conditions.
Exploring the impact of occupational therapy in improving the quality of life for cancer patients.
Investigating the role of occupational therapy in work-related injury rehabilitation.
The effectiveness of virtual reality in occupational therapy interventions.
Exploring the role of occupational therapy in managing patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Investigating the impact of occupational therapy on mental health in the workplace.
The role of occupational therapy in improving fine motor skills after surgery.
Exploring the effects of occupational therapy on improving activities of daily living in stroke survivors.
Investigating the impact of group-based occupational therapy on social skills development.
The role of occupational therapy in managing chronic fatigue syndrome.
Exploring the impact of assistive technology on occupational therapy outcomes.
Investigating the effectiveness of community-based occupational therapy programs.
The role of occupational therapy in managing anxiety and depression in adolescents.
Exploring the effects of occupational therapy on improving cognitive functions in dementia patients.
Investigating the role of occupational therapy in supporting children with learning disabilities.
The impact of occupational therapy in improving life skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Exploring the role of occupational therapy in managing musculoskeletal disorders.

14. Physiology Thesis Topics

Investigating the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating cardiovascular function.
The impact of exercise on muscle physiology and performance.
Exploring the role of hormones in regulating metabolism and body weight.
Investigating the effects of stress on the endocrine system.
The role of physiological changes in aging and their impact on health.
Exploring the relationship between circadian rhythms and sleep physiology.
Investigating the role of the respiratory system in maintaining acid-base balance.
The impact of dehydration on kidney function and electrolyte balance.
Exploring the effects of chronic inflammation on tissue physiology.
Investigating the role of exercise on improving cardiac function in patients with heart disease.
The effects of altitude on oxygen transport and muscle function.
Exploring the physiological adaptations to endurance training.
Investigating the role of the immune system in inflammation and tissue repair.
The impact of diet on metabolic regulation and energy balance.
Exploring the physiological mechanisms underlying thermoregulation.
Investigating the effects of aging on cognitive function and brain physiology.
The role of physiological changes during pregnancy in fetal development.
Exploring the relationship between blood pressure regulation and kidney function.
Investigating the role of neurotransmitters in mood regulation and mental health.
The impact of physical activity on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes.
Exploring the effects of chronic stress on cardiovascular physiology.
Investigating the physiological mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and strength gain.
The role of inflammation in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
Exploring the effects of sleep deprivation on metabolic physiology.
Investigating the physiological responses to extreme temperatures in athletes.
The role of vascular physiology in hypertension and heart disease.
Exploring the physiological mechanisms of fatigue during prolonged exercise.
Investigating the effects of intermittent fasting on metabolic function.
The role of respiratory physiology in managing chronic respiratory diseases.
Exploring the physiological basis of exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery.

15. Public Health Thesis Topics

Investigating the impact of vaccination programs on public health outcomes.
The role of public health campaigns in reducing the prevalence of smoking.
Exploring the effectiveness of public health policies in addressing obesity.
Investigating the role of sanitation programs in improving public health in developing countries.
The impact of environmental factors on public health and disease prevention.
Exploring the relationship between public health education and the prevention of chronic diseases.
Investigating the role of community health workers in promoting public health initiatives.
The effectiveness of public health interventions in reducing the spread of infectious diseases.
Exploring the role of public health surveillance in detecting disease outbreaks.
Investigating the impact of public health nutrition programs on reducing childhood obesity.
The role of public health strategies in managing mental health crises.
Exploring the relationship between urban planning and public health outcomes.
Investigating the role of public health initiatives in promoting reproductive health.
The impact of clean water initiatives on public health in rural areas.
Exploring the effectiveness of public health campaigns in increasing vaccination rates.
Investigating the role of public health policies in addressing substance abuse.
The impact of climate change on public health and disease patterns.
Exploring the role of public health in managing aging populations.
Investigating the effects of health disparities on public health outcomes.
The role of public health initiatives in improving maternal and child health.
Exploring the impact of public health interventions on reducing health disparities in minority populations.
Investigating the effectiveness of public health programs in managing infectious diseases in refugee camps.
The role of public health education in promoting healthy behaviors in school-aged children.
Exploring the relationship between socioeconomic factors and public health outcomes.
Investigating the role of public health organizations in combating the opioid epidemic.
The impact of air pollution on public health and respiratory diseases.
Exploring the role of public health policies in addressing global health crises.
Investigating the effectiveness of public health strategies in reducing healthcare costs.
The role of public health in preventing and managing non-communicable diseases.
Exploring the impact of public health leadership in promoting community wellness initiatives.

This comprehensive list of 450 health thesis topics spans a wide range of disciplines within the field of health sciences, offering students diverse opportunities for research. From anatomy and epidemiology to occupational therapy and public health, each topic reflects current issues, recent trends, and future directions in health and medicine. By selecting a topic that aligns with your academic interests and career goals, you will have the opportunity to contribute valuable research to the field of health sciences and impact future healthcare practices.

The Range of Health Thesis Topics

Health is one of the most dynamic and multifaceted fields of study, encompassing a wide range of topics that address the well-being of individuals and populations. From anatomy and epidemiology to public health and occupational therapy, health sciences play a crucial role in understanding, preventing, and managing diseases, promoting wellness, and improving healthcare systems. For students pursuing degrees in health and medicine, choosing a thesis topic is an opportunity to delve into pressing health issues, recent trends, and future directions that are shaping the world of healthcare. This article explores the scope of health thesis topics, covering the most significant challenges and emerging research areas within the field.

Current Issues in Health Sciences

The health sciences field faces numerous challenges that require immediate attention. From managing chronic diseases to addressing the impact of infectious diseases, current issues provide students with a broad spectrum of research opportunities.

Chronic Disease Management Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, continue to be leading causes of death worldwide. As populations age and lifestyle-related conditions become more prevalent, managing these diseases is a significant public health challenge. Thesis topics in this area might explore new treatments, prevention strategies, or the role of healthcare policies in managing chronic diseases. Students can also focus on patient education, disease management programs, or the economic burden of chronic diseases on healthcare systems.
Mental Health and Well-being Mental health is another critical area of concern, with issues such as anxiety, depression, and stress becoming more widespread, especially in the wake of global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Research in this area could investigate the effectiveness of mental health interventions, the role of healthcare providers in supporting mental health, or the impact of social determinants on mental well-being. Thesis topics might also explore the integration of mental health services into primary care or the role of digital health technologies in improving access to mental health support.
Healthcare Access and Equity Access to quality healthcare remains a challenge, particularly for marginalized communities and populations in low-income regions. The disparities in healthcare access contribute to significant differences in health outcomes. Research on healthcare equity can focus on the social, economic, and political barriers that prevent individuals from accessing care. Thesis topics could explore the effectiveness of public health interventions aimed at improving healthcare access, the impact of healthcare policies on reducing disparities, or the role of technology in bridging the healthcare access gap.

Recent Trends in Health Sciences

Recent technological advancements and shifts in healthcare practices have introduced new trends in health sciences that are transforming patient care and public health approaches. These trends open up exciting research possibilities for students.

Telemedicine and Digital Health Telemedicine has rapidly become a critical component of healthcare delivery, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has improved access to care for patients in remote areas and made healthcare more efficient. Research in this area could explore the effectiveness of telemedicine in improving patient outcomes, the challenges of integrating digital health solutions into traditional healthcare systems, or the role of telemedicine in managing chronic conditions. Thesis topics could also investigate the impact of digital health tools like mobile health apps and wearable devices on patient engagement and self-care.
Personalized Medicine and Genomics Personalized medicine, which tailors treatments to individual genetic profiles, has revolutionized the way we approach disease management. Advances in genomics have enabled healthcare providers to design more effective treatment plans based on a patient’s genetic makeup. Research on personalized medicine could focus on the role of genetic testing in diagnosing and treating diseases, the ethical considerations of gene therapy, or the impact of personalized medicine on cancer treatment outcomes. Other thesis topics might explore the use of precision medicine in managing complex diseases or the integration of genomics into routine healthcare.
Public Health and Preventive Care Public health has shifted its focus toward preventive care, aiming to reduce the prevalence of diseases by addressing their root causes. This shift has led to increased interest in lifestyle interventions, vaccination programs, and health education campaigns that promote wellness and prevent the onset of diseases. Research in this area could explore the effectiveness of public health initiatives in reducing disease burdens, the role of preventive care in managing healthcare costs, or the impact of public health policies on improving population health. Thesis topics could also investigate the role of healthcare providers in promoting preventive care practices.

Future Directions in Health Sciences

Looking ahead, the future of health sciences is being shaped by emerging technologies and evolving healthcare needs. Students have the opportunity to explore these future-oriented topics in their thesis research.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare Artificial intelligence is poised to revolutionize healthcare by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving treatment plans, and streamlining administrative tasks. AI-driven tools such as machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and robotic surgery are already making significant impacts. Research in this area could investigate the role of AI in improving diagnostic precision, the ethical challenges of AI in healthcare, or the impact of AI on reducing medical errors. Thesis topics might also explore how AI can support clinical decision-making or enhance patient engagement through personalized care.
Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery Nanotechnology offers groundbreaking possibilities in drug delivery, enabling precise targeting of diseased cells while minimizing side effects. This innovation is particularly promising in cancer treatment, where nanotechnology can deliver chemotherapy directly to tumor cells. Research could focus on the development of nanomedicine for specific diseases, the challenges of integrating nanotechnology into clinical practice, or the safety and regulatory considerations surrounding nanomedicine. Thesis topics might also explore the role of nanotechnology in enhancing drug efficacy or reducing the toxicity of traditional treatments.
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Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls

Wilson fandino.

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Address for correspondence: Dr. Wilson Fandino, Anaesthesia Department, St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected]

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

The process of formulating a good research question can be challenging and frustrating. While a comprehensive literature review is compulsory, the researcher usually encounters methodological difficulties in the conduct of the study, particularly if the primary study question has not been adequately selected in accordance with the clinical dilemma that needs to be addressed. Therefore, optimising time and resources before embarking in the design of a clinical protocol can make an impact on the final results of the research project. Researchers have developed effective ways to convey the message of how to build a good research question that can be easily recalled under the acronyms of PICOT (population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and time frame) and FINER (feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant). In line with these concepts, this article highlights the main issues faced by clinicians, when developing a research question.

Key words: Clinical protocols, medical education, medical writing, research design

INTRODUCTION

What is your research question? This is very often one of the first queries made by statisticians, when researchers come up with an interesting idea. In fact, the findings of a study may only acquire relevance if they provide an accurate and unbiased answer to a specific question,[ 1 , 2 ] and it has been suggested that up to one-third of the time spent in the whole process—from the conception of an idea to the publication of the manuscript—could be invested in finding the right primary study question.[ 3 ] Furthermore, selecting a good research question can be a time-consuming and challenging task: in one retrospective study, Mayo et al . reported that 3 out of 10 articles published would have needed a major rewording of the question.[ 1 ] This paper explores some recommendations to consider before starting any research project, and outlines the main difficulties faced by young and experienced clinicians, when it comes time to turn an exciting idea into a valuable and feasible research question.

OPTIMISATION OF TIME AND RESOURCES

Focusing on the primary research question.

The process of developing a new idea usually stems from a dilemma inherent to the clinical practice.[ 2 , 3 , 4 ] However, once the problem has been identified, it is tempting to formulate multiple research questions. Conducting a clinical trial with more than one primary study question would not be feasible. First, because each question may require a different research design, and second, because the necessary statistical power of the study would demand unaffordable sample sizes. It is the duty of editors and reviewers to make sure that authors clearly identify the primary research question, and as a consequence, studies approaching more than one primary research question may not be suitable for publication.

Working in the right environment

Teamwork is essential to find the appropriate research question. Working in the right environment will enable the investigator to interact with colleagues with different backgrounds, and create opportunities to exchange experiences in a collaborative way between clinicians and researchers. Likewise, it is of paramount importance to get involved colleagues with expertise in the field (lead clinicians, education supervisors, research mentors, department chairs, epidemiologists, biostatisticians, and ethical consultants, among others), and ask for their guidance.[ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]

Evaluating the pertinence of the study

The researcher should wonder if, on the basis of the research question formulated, there is a need for a study to address the problem, as clinical research usually entails a large investment of resources and workforce involvement. Thus, if the answer to the posed clinical question seems to be evident before starting the study, investing in research to address the problem would become superfluous. For example, in a clinical trial, Herzog-Niescery et al . compared laryngeal masks with cuffed and uncuffed tracheal tubes, in the context of surgeons' exposure to sevoflurane, in infants undergoing adenoidectomy. However, it appears obvious that cuffed tracheal tubes are preferred to minimise surgeons' exposure to volatile gases, as authors concluded after recruiting 60 patients.[ 9 ]

Conducting a thorough literature review

Any research project requires the identification of at least one of three problems: the evidence is scarce, the existing literature yields conflicting results, or the results could be improved. Hence, a comprehensive review of the topic is imperative, as it allows the researcher to identify this gap in the literature, formulate a hypothesis and develop a research question.[ 2 ] To this end, it is crucial to be attentive to new ideas, keep the imagination roaming with reflective attitude, and remain sceptical to the new-gained information.[ 4 , 7 ]

Narrowing the research question

A broad research question may encompass an unaffordable extensive topic. For instance, do supraglottic devices provide similar conditions for the visualization of the glottis aperture in a German hospital? Such a general research question usually needs to be narrowed, not only by cutting away unnecessary components (a German hospital is irrelevant in this context), but also by defining a target population, a specific intervention, an alternative treatment or procedure to be compared with the intervention, a measurable primary outcome, and a time frame of the study. In contrast, an example of a good research question would be: among children younger than 1 year of age undergoing elective minor procedures, to what extent the insertion times are different, comparing the Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway (LMA) to Proseal™ LMA, when placed after reaching a BIS index <60?[ 10 ] In this example, the core ingredients of the research question can be easily identified as: children <1 year of age undergoing minor elective procedures, Supreme™ LMA, Proseal™ LMA and insertion times at anaesthetic induction when reaching a BIS index <60. These components are usually gathered in the literature under the acronym of PICOT (population, intervention, comparator, outcome and time frame, respectively).[ 1 , 3 , 5 ]

PICOT FRAMEWORK

Table 1 summarises the foremost questions likely to be addressed when working on PICOT frame.[ 1 , 6 , 8 ] These components are also applicable to observational studies, where the exposure takes place of the intervention.[ 1 , 11 ] Remarkably, if after browsing the title and the abstract of a paper, the reader is not able to clearly identify the PICOT parameters, and elucidate the question posed by the authors, there should be reasonable scepticism regarding the scientific rigor of the work.[ 12 , 13 ] All these elements are crucial in the design and methodology of a clinical trial, as they can affect the feasibility and reliability of results. Having formulated the primary study question in the context of the PICOT framework [ Table 1 ],[ 1 , 6 , 8 ] the researcher should be able to elucidate which design is most suitable for their work, determine what type of data needs to be collected, and write a structured introduction tailored to what they want to know, explicitly mentioning the primary study hypothesis, which should lead to formulate the main research question.[ 1 , 2 , 6 , 8 ]

Key questions to be answered when working with the PICOT framework (population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and time frame) in a clinical research design

Occasionally, the intended population of the study needs to be modified, in order to overcome any potential ethical issues, and/or for the sake of convenience and feasibility of the project. Yet, the researcher must be aware that the external validity of the results may be compromised. As an illustration, in a randomised clinical trial, authors compared the ease of tracheal tube insertion between C-MAC video laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy, in patients presenting to the emergency department with an indication of rapid sequence intubation. However, owing to the existence of ethical concerns, a substantial amount of patients requiring emergency tracheal intubation, including patients with major maxillofacial trauma and ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, had to be excluded from the trial.[ 14 ] In fact, the design of prospective studies to explore this subset of patients can be challenging, not only because of ethical considerations, but because of the low incidence of these cases. In another study, Metterlein et al . compared the glottis visualisation among five different supraglottic airway devices, using fibreroptic-guided tracheal intubation in an adult population. Despite that the study was aimed to explore the ease of intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway (thus requiring fibreoptic tracheal intubation), authors decided to enrol patients undergoing elective laser treatment for genital condylomas, as a strategy to hasten the recruitment process and optimise resources.[ 15 ]

Intervention

Anaesthetic interventions can be classified into pharmacological (experimental treatment) and nonpharmacological. Among nonpharmacological interventions, the most common include anaesthetic techniques, monitoring instruments and airway devices. For example, it would be appropriate to examine the ease of insertion of Supreme™ LMA, when compared with ProSeal™ LMA. Notwithstanding, a common mistake is the tendency to be focused on the data aimed to be collected (the “stated” objective), rather than the question that needs to be answered (the “latent” objective).[ 1 , 4 ] In one clinical trial, authors stated: “we compared the Supreme™ and ProSeal™ LMAs in infants by measuring their performance characteristics, including insertion features, ventilation parameters, induced changes in haemodynamics, and rates of postoperative complications”.[ 10 ] Here, the research question has been centered on the measurements (insertion characteristics, haemodynamic variables, LMA insertion characteristics, ventilation parameters) rather than the clinical problem that needs to be addressed (is Supreme™ LMA easier to insert than ProSeal™ LMA?).

Comparators in clinical research can also be pharmacological (e.g., gold standard or placebo) or nonpharmacological. Typically, not more than two comparator groups are included in a clinical trial. Multiple comparisons should be generally avoided, unless there is enough statistical power to address the end points of interest, and statistical analyses have been adjusted for multiple testing. For instance, in the aforementioned study of Metterlein et al .,[ 15 ] authors compared five supraglottic airway devices by recruiting only 10--12 participants per group. In spite of the authors' recommendation of using two supraglottic devices based on the results of the study, there was no mention of statistical adjustments for multiple comparisons, and given the small sample size, larger clinical trials will undoubtedly be needed to confirm or refute these findings.[ 15 ]

A clear formulation of the primary outcome results of vital importance in clinical research, as the primary statistical analyses, including the sample size calculation (and therefore, the estimation of the effect size and statistical power), will be derived from the main outcome of interest. While it is clear that using more than one primary outcome would not be appropriate, it would be equally inadequate to include multiple point measurements of the same variable as the primary outcome (e.g., visual analogue scale for pain at 1, 2, 6, and 12 h postoperatively).

Composite outcomes, in which multiple primary endpoints are combined, may make it difficult to draw any conclusions based on the study findings. For example, in a clinical trial, 200 children undergoing ophthalmic surgery were recruited to explore the incidence of respiratory adverse events, when comparing desflurane with sevoflurane, following the removal of flexible LMA during the emergence of the anaesthesia. The primary outcome was the number of respiratory events, including breath holding, coughing, secretions requiring suction, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, and mild desaturation.[ 16 ] Should authors had claimed a significant difference between these anaesthetic volatiles, it would have been important to elucidate whether those differences were due to serious adverse events, like laryngospasm or bronchospasm, or the results were explained by any of the other events (e.g., secretions requiring suction). While it is true that clinical trials evaluating the occurrence of adverse events like laryngospasm/bronchospasm,[ 16 , 17 ] or life-threating complications following a tracheal intubation (e.g., inadvertent oesophageal placement, dental damage or injury of the larynx/pharynx)[ 14 ] are almost invariably underpowered, because the incidence of such events is expected to be low, subjective outcomes like coughing or secretions requiring suction should be avoided, as they are highly dependent on the examiner's criteria.[ 16 ]

Secondary outcomes are useful to document potential side effects (e.g., gastric insufflation after placing a supraglottic device), and evaluate the adherence (say, airway leak pressure) and safety of the intervention (for instance, occurrence, or laryngospasm/bronchospasm).[ 17 ] Nevertheless, the problem of addressing multiple secondary outcomes without the adequate statistical power is habitual in medical literature. A good illustration of this issue can be found in a study evaluating the performance of two supraglottic devices in 50 anaesthetised infants and neonates, whereby authors could not draw any conclusions in regard to potential differences in the occurrence of complications, because the sample size calculated made the study underpowered to explore those differences.[ 17 ]

Among PICOT components, the time frame is the most likely to be omitted or inappropriate.[ 1 , 12 ] There are two key aspects of the time component that need to be clearly specified in the research question: the time of measuring the outcome variables (e.g. visual analogue scale for pain at 1, 2, 6, and 12 h postoperatively), and the duration of each measurement (when indicated). The omission of these details in the study protocol might lead to substantial differences in the methodology used. For instance, if a study is designed to compare the insertion times of three different supraglottic devices, and researchers do not specify the exact moment of LMA insertion in the clinical trial protocol (i.e., at the anaesthetic induction after reaching a BIS index < 60), placing an LMA with insufficient depth of anaesthesia would have compromised the internal validity of the results, because inserting a supraglottic device in those patients would have resulted in failed attempts and longer insertion times.[ 10 ]

FINER CRITERIA

A well-elaborated research question may not necessarily be a good question. The proposed study also requires being achievable from both ethical and realistic perspectives, interesting and useful to the clinical practice, and capable to formulate new hypotheses, that may contribute to the generation of knowledge. Researchers have developed an effective way to convey the message of how to build a good research question, that is usually recalled under the acronym of FINER (feasible, interesting, novel, ethical and relevant).[ 5 , 6 , 7 ] Table 2 highlights the main characteristics of FINER criteria.[ 7 ]

Main features of FINER criteria (Feasibility, interest, novelty, ethics, and relevance) to formulate a good research question. Adapted from Cummings et al .[ 7 ]

Novelty and relevance

Although it is clear that any research project should commence with an accurate literature interpretation, in many instances it represents the start and the end of the research: the reader will soon realise that the answer to several questions can be easily found in the published literature.[ 5 ] When the question overcomes the test of a thorough literature review, the project may become novel (there is a gap in the knowledge, and therefore, there is a need for new evidence on the topic) and relevant (the paper may contribute to change the clinical practice). In this context, it is important to distinguish the difference between statistical significance and clinical relevance: in the aforementioned study of Oba et al .,[ 10 ] despite the means of insertion times were reported as significant for the Supreme™ LMA, as compared with ProSeal™ LMA, the difference found in the insertion times (528 vs. 486 sec, respectively), although reported as significant, had little or no clinical relevance.[ 10 ] Conversely, a statistically significant difference of 12 sec might be of clinical relevance in neonates weighing <5 kg.[ 17 ] Thus, statistical tests must be interpreted in the context of a clinically meaningful effect size, which should be previously defined by the researcher.

Feasibility and ethical aspects

Among FINER criteria, there are two potential barriers that may prevent the successful conduct of the project and publication of the manuscript: feasibility and ethical aspects. These obstacles are usually related to the target population, as discussed above. Feasibility refers not only to the budget but also to the complexity of the design, recruitment strategy, blinding, adequacy of the sample size, measurement of the outcome, time of follow-up of participants, and commitment of clinicians, among others.[ 3 , 7 ] Funding, as a component of feasibility, may also be implicated in the ethical principles of clinical research, because the choice of the primary study question may be markedly influenced by the specific criteria demanded in the interest of potential funders.

Discussing ethical issues with local committees is compulsory, as rules applied might vary among countries.[ 18 ] Potential risks and benefits need to be carefully weighed, based upon the four principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.[ 19 ] Although many of these issues may be related to the population target (e.g., conducting a clinical trial in patients with ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation would be inappropriate, as would be anaesthetising patients undergoing elective LASER treatment for condylomas, to examine the performance of supraglottic airway devices),[ 14 , 15 ] ethical conflicts may also arise from the intervention (particularly those involving the occurrence of side effects or complications, and their potential for reversibility), comparison (e.g., use of placebo or sham procedures),[ 19 ] outcome (surrogate outcomes should be considered in lieu of long term outcomes), or time frame (e.g., unnecessary longer exposition to an intervention). Thus, FINER criteria should not be conceived without a concomitant examination of the PICOT checklist, and consequently, PICOT framework and FINER criteria should not be seen as separated components, but rather complementary ingredients of a good research question.

Undoubtedly, no research project can be conducted if it is deemed unfeasible, and most institutional review boards would not be in a position to approve a work with major ethical problems. Nonetheless, whether or not the findings are interesting, is a subjective matter. Engaging the attention of readers also depends upon a number of factors, including the manner of presenting the problem, the background of the topic, the intended audience, and the reader's expectations. Furthermore, the interest is usually linked to the novelty and relevance of the topic, and it is worth nothing that editors and peer reviewers of high-impact medical journals are usually reluctant to accept any publication, if there is no novelty inherent to the research hypothesis, or there is a lack of relevance in the results.[ 11 ] Nevertheless, a considerable number of papers have been published without any novelty or relevance in the topic addressed. This is probably reflected in a recent survey, according to which only a third of respondents declared to have read thoroughly the most recent papers downloaded, and at least half of those manuscripts remained unread.[ 20 ] The same study reported that up to one-third of papers examined remained uncited after 5 years of publication, and only 20% of papers accounted for 80% of the citations.[ 20 ]

Formulating a good research question can be fascinating, albeit challenging, even for experienced investigators. While it is clear that clinical experience in combination with the accurate interpretation of literature and teamwork are essential to develop new ideas, the formulation of a clinical problem usually requires the compliance with PICOT framework in conjunction with FINER criteria, in order to translate a clinical dilemma into a researchable question. Working in the right environment with the adequate support of experienced researchers, will certainly make a difference in the generation of knowledge. By doing this, a lot of time will be saved in the search of the primary study question, and undoubtedly, there will be more chances to become a successful researcher.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

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