patent assignment assignee signature

29 Jan 2024

Patent Assignment: How to Transfer Ownership of a Patent

By Michael K. Henry, Ph.D.

• Intellectual Property
• Patent Prosecution

This is the second in a two-part blog series on owning and transferring the rights to a patent. ( Read part one here. )

As we discussed in the first post in this series, patent owners enjoy important legal and commercial benefits: They have the right to exclude others from making, selling, using or importing the claimed invention, and to claim damages from anyone who infringes their patent.

However, a business entity can own a patent only if the inventors have assigned the patent rights to the business entity. So if your employees are creating valuable IP on behalf of your company, it’s important to get the patent assignment right, to ensure that your business is the patent owner.

In this post, we’ll take a closer look at what a patent assignment even is — and the best practices for approaching the process. But remember, assignment (or transfer of ownership) is a function of state law, so there might be some variation by state in how all this gets treated.

What Is a Patent Assignment and Why Does it Matter?

A patent assignment is an agreement where one entity (the “assignor”) transfers all or part of their right, title and interest in a patent or application to another entity (the “assignee”). 

In simpler terms, the assignee receives the original owner’s interest and gains the exclusive rights to pursue patent protection (through filing and prosecuting patent applications), and also to license and enforce the patent. 

Ideally, your business should own its patents if it wants to enjoy the benefits of the patent rights. But  under U.S. law , only an inventor or an assignee can own a patent — and businesses cannot be listed as an inventor. Accordingly, patent assignment is the legal mechanism that transfers ownership from the inventor to your business.

Patent Assignment vs. Licensing

Keep in mind that an assignment is different from a license. The difference is analogous to selling versus renting a house.

In a license agreement, the patent owner (the “licensor”) gives another entity (the “licensee”) permission to use the patented technology, while the patent owner retains ownership. Like a property rental, a patent license contemplates an ongoing relationship between the licensor and licensee.

In a patent assignment, the original owner permanently transfers its ownership to another entity. Like a property sale, a patent assignment is a permanent transfer of legal rights.

U sing Employment Agreements to Transfer Patent Ownership

Before your employees begin developing IP,  implement strong hiring policies  that ensure your IP rights will be legally enforceable in future.

If you’re bringing on a new employee, have them sign an  employment agreement  that establishes up front what IP the company owns — typically, anything the employee invents while under your employment. This part of an employment agreement is often presented as a self-contained document, and referred to as a “Pre-Invention Assignment Agreement” (PIAA).

The employment agreement should include the following provisions:

• Advance assignment of any IP created while employed by your company, or using your company’s resources
• An obligation to disclose any IP created while employed by your company, or using your company’s resources
• An ongoing obligation to provide necessary information and execute documents related to the IP they created while employed, even after their employment ends
• An obligation not to disclose confidential information to third parties, including when the employee moves on to a new employer

To track the IP your employees create, encourage your employees to document their contributions by completing  invention disclosure records .

But the paperwork can be quite involved, which is why your employment policies should also include  incentives to create and disclose valuable IP .

Drafting Agreements for Non-Employees

Some of the innovators working for your business might not have a formal employer-employee relationship with the business. If you don’t make the appropriate arrangements beforehand, this could complicate patent assignments. Keep an eye out for the following staffing arrangements:

• Independent contractors:  Some inventors may be self-employed, or they may be employed by one of your service providers.
• Joint collaborators:  Some inventors may be employed by, say, a subsidiary or service company instead of your company.
• Anyone who did work through an educational institution : For example, Ph.D. candidates may not be employees of either their sponsoring institution or your company.

In these cases, you can still draft contractor or collaborator agreements using the same terms outlined above. Make sure the individual innovator signs it before beginning any work on behalf of your company.

O btaining Written Assignments for New Patent Applications

In addition to getting signed employment agreements, you should  also  get a written assignments for each new patent application when it’s filed, in order to memorialize ownership of the specific patent property.

Don’t rely exclusively on the employment agreement to prove ownership:

• The employment agreement might contain confidential terms, so you don’t want to record them with the patent office
• Because employment agreements are executed before beginning the process of developing the invention, they won’t clearly establish what specific patent applications are being assigned

While you  can  execute the formal assignment for each patent application after the application has been filed, an inventor or co-inventor who no longer works for the company might refuse to execute the assignment.

As such, we recommend executing the assignment before filing, to show ownership as of the filing date and avoid complications (like getting signatures from estranged inventors).

How to Execute a Written Patent Agreement

Well-executed invention assignments should:

• Be in writing:  Oral agreements to assign patent rights are typically not enforceable in the United States
• Clearly identify all parties:  Include the names, addresses, and relationship of the assignor(s) and assignee
• Clearly identify the patent being assigned:  State the patent or patent application number, title, inventors, and filing date
• Be signed by the assignors
• Be notarized : If notarization isn’t possible, have one or two witnesses attest to the signatures

Recording a Patent Assignment With the USPTO

Without a recorded assignment with the U.S. patent office, someone else could claim ownership of the issued patent, and you could even lose your rights in the issued patent in some cases. 

So the patent owner (the Assignee) should should record the assignment through the  USPTO’s Assignment Recordation Branch . They can use the  Electronic Patent Assignment System (EPAS)  to file a  Recordation Cover Sheet  along with a copy of the actual patent assignment agreement.

They should submit this paperwork  within three months  of the assignment’s date. If it’s recorded electronically, the USPTO  won’t charge a recordation fee .

Need to check who owns a patent?  The USPTO website  publicly lists all information about a patent’s current and previous assignments.

When Would I Need to Execute a New Assignment for a Related Application?

You’ll need only one patent assignment per patent application, unless new matter is introduced in a new filing (e.g., in a  continuation-in-part , or in a non-provisional application that adds new matter to a  provisional application ). In that case, you’ll need an additional assignment to cover the new matter — even if it was developed by the same inventors.

What If an Investor Won’t Sign the Written Assignment?

If you can’t get an inventor to sign an invention assignment, you can still move forward with a patent application — but you’ll need to document your ownership. To document ownership, you can often rely on an   employee agreement ,  company policy ,  invention disclosure , or other employment-related documentation.

D o I Need to Record My Assignments in Foreign Countries?

Most assignments transfer all rights, title, and interest in all patent rights throughout the world.

But in some countries, the assignment might not be legally effective until the assignment has been recorded in that country — meaning that the assignee can’t enforce the patent rights, or claim damages for any infringement that takes place before the recordation. 

And there might be additional formal requirements that aren’t typically required in the United States. For example, some countries might require a transfer between companies to be signed by both parties, and must contain one or both parties’ addresses.

If you’re assigning patents issued by a foreign country, consult a patent attorney in that country to find out what’s required to properly document the transfer of ownership.

N eed Help With Your Patent Assignments?

Crafting robust assignment agreements is essential to ensuring the proper transfer of patent ownership. An  experienced patent professional  can help you to prepare legally enforceable documentation.

Henry Patent Law Firm has worked with tech businesses of all sizes to execute patent assignments —  contact us now  to learn more.

GOT A QUESTION? Whether you want to know more about the patent process or think we might be a good fit for your needs – we’d love to hear from you!

Michael K. Henry, Ph.D.

Michael K. Henry, Ph.D., is a principal and the firm’s founding member. He specializes in creating comprehensive, growth-oriented IP strategies for early-stage tech companies.

10 Jan 2024

Geothermal Energy: An Overview of the Patent Landscape

By Michael Henry

Don't miss a new article. Henry Patent Law's Patent Law News + Insights blog is designed to help people like you build smart, scalable patent strategies that protect your intellectual property as your business grows. Subscribe to receive email updates every time we publish a new article — don't miss out on key tips to help your business be more successful.

What is a Patent Assignment?

Whether you’re curious about assigning a patent to someone else or having a patent assigned to you, you might be wondering what a patent assignment is? Patent law allows patent holders to assign patents to other parties. Patent assignments often take place between an employee and his company, however, it’s not uncommon for a person to assign his interest to a patent to a third party. So, what exactly is a patent assignment? We will cover this below.

What is a Patent Assignment ?

A patent assignment is an agreement by the patent holder (assignor) to transfer his interest and ownership of a patent to another party known as the assignee (party receiving patent rights). Once a patent holder executes an assignment agreement assigning his interest in a patent to another party, the assignor loses his rights under the patent. The assignor (transferor) will no longer be able to stop others from using, making, and selling the patent invention. Instead, the assignee gains these rights.

In the United States, patent assignments are very common between an employee and his company because a company or business cannot apply for a patent. An inventor has to apply for a patent and then the inventor then assigns his interest under a patent to the company for which he is working.

If you’re an inventor and you want to assign your patent to another party, just remember that patent assignments are final. Once an inventor assigns (transfers) his interest in a patent to another party, the assignment (transfer of rights) cannot be undone, it’s final.

What is a Patent Assignor?

What is a patent assignee, requirements to execute a patent assignment agreement.

Once the assignment agreement is executed, it must be filed with the USPTO for the agreement to take effect. Please remember that the agreement needs to be in writing, oral agreements are not sufficient to transfer the rights from the patent holder to the assignee.

Who Owns the Patent After a Patent Assignment?

Assigning a patent vs licensing a patent.

Assigning a patent is much different than licensing a patent. When a patent holder assigns his interest in a patent to another party, he is usually transferring ownership of the patent to the other party. Patent licensing is different in that a license is merely a transfer of the right to use the patent in the manner specified in the licensing agreement. Assignments transfer ownership while a license transfers the right to use the patented invention. That said, if a patent is assigned, the information of the assignor and assignee will become part of the public record. Whereas if an inventor licenses his patent, that information is not typically published to the public.

Does a Patent Assignment Need to be Notarized?

Can multiple people own a patent.

Yes, multiple people can own a patent. For example, if three inventors make a single invention, all three are considered joint inventors and their names should appear on the patent application, as well as the issued patent.

Patent Assignment Tips

1) hire an attorney to assist you with your patent assignment, 2) don’t forget to record a patent assignment.

If you have been assigned a patent, don’t forget to record your assignment with the USPTO. We say this because patent assignments don’t go into effect unless the assignment is recorded with the patent office. Recording a patent assignment tells the patent office that you are the new owner of the patent.

3) Notarize Your Assignment Agreement

4) how much does it cost to record an assignment with the uspto, patent assignment.

Let’s do a quick recap. A patent assignment is the transfer of ownership of a patent from one party to another. The party transferring its right is known as the assignor and the party receiving the patent rights is known as the assignee.

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“New EPO Requirements Regarding Patent Assignments”

As of November 1, 2016, new European Patent Office (EPO) guidelines require that the signatures of not only the assignor(s), but also the assignee(s) appear on assignment documents.

These changes have no effect on assignments recorded at the EPO prior to November 1, 2016.  However, when recording a transfer after November 1, 2016, an assignment of a European application must include:

• Signature of the assignor(s) (e.g., the inventor(s)) effecting transfer of rights;
• Signature of the assignee(s), acknowledging acceptance of the transfer; and
• Specific job title of individual signing on behalf of the assignee (rather than “authorized representative” or a similar designation).

The EPO is expected to refuse to record assignments that do not satisfy the foregoing requirements.  

Accordingly, we believe that in the future all assignments should be signed by all parties.  Regarding the cases where an assignment has been executed but has not been recorded at the EPO, and where the assignment document was only signed by the assignor(s), you may consider obtaining a second signature from a representative of the assignee acknowledging acceptance of the rights.  As another alternative, it might be possible for both parties to sign a “confirmatory assignment” to confirm that an assignment that took place on a date prior to the effective date of these new guidelines.

If you have questions as to particular situations, please contact a Marshall Gerstein patent attorney .

The information contained in this alert is for informational purposes only and is not legal advice or a substitute for obtaining legal advice. Under applicable rules of professional conduct, this communication may constitute Attorney Advertising. © 2016 MARSHALL, GERSTEIN & BORUN LLP, Chicago, Illinois. All rights reserved.

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Patent Assignment Agreement

This Patent Assignment Agreement is a comprehensive document designed to facilitate the transfer of patent ownership from the original patent owner, known as the assignor, to another party, known as the assignee .

A patent is a legal grant issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to an inventor, providing exclusive rights to make, use, and sell their invention for a limited period , typically 20 years from the filing date. This protection is granted in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. This system encourages innovation and lets inventors benefit from their creations for a specified period of time.

An assignment is the legal transfer of ownership or rights of a patent from one party (assignor) to another (assignee) . Using a Patent Assignment Agreement, the assignor forever relinquishes their rights to the patent, and the assignee assumes control and ownership of those rights for the duration of the patent.

This assignment can be made either before or after a patent application has been issued as a patent. By law, a patent is considered personal property and, so, can be sold or transferred in the same way one could sell a car or a piece of furniture. This document formally initiates the transfer process, providing clarity and protection for both parties involved. This agreement is particularly useful when inventors, companies, or individuals who wish to transfer their patent rights, whether for financial considerations, strategic partnerships, or other business transactions.

This document is different from a Trademark Assignment Agreement, which is used for the transfer of a different kind of intellectual property, known as a trademark. A trademark is usually a brand name or logo, unlike a patent, which is usually an invention of some sort. This is also slightly different from an Intellectual Property Release . Although that form could be used for a patent, it is generally used for copyrighted material, like works of art or pieces of music. In that case, payment is not made and, instead, the copyrighted works are simply "released," or given to another party. This document can also be distinguished from an Intellectual Property Permission Letter, as there, one party is writing to request permission to use the intellectual property of another. The Patent Assignment Agreement would then come after the letter, but the letter is not the formal legal document that initiates the transfer.

How to use this document

This document includes all the information necessary to transfer the ownership of a patent from one party to another. This document should be used when the transfer will be permanent, usually for a one-time fee , and no royalties will be due after the assignment. This document allows the parties to fill in details of the patent to be transferred, such as the patent name, original recordation number, and date the patent was initially issued . This ensures that everything needed for new recordation with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is present.

Once the document has been completed, both parties should sign the document in front of a notary and have the notary complete the notary page. The document must then be recorded with the USPTO within three months of its signing, or it becomes void. The current cost for filing an assignment with the USPTO is $40 per patent. The assignment can be filed either online or by mail.

Applicable law

In the United States, specific federal laws govern patent assignments, primarily under Title 35 of the United States Code , which pertains to the country's patent system. Section 261 of Title 35 outlines the general provisions related to patent ownership and transfers. According to this statute, patent assignments must be in writing to be valid, and they require the signature of the owner of the patent or their authorized representative. The law also specifies that the assignment must be recorded with the USPTO to establish priority and provide notice to the public.

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Intellectual Property and New Technologies - Other downloadable templates of legal documents

• Terms and Conditions for a Website
• Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA)
• Privacy Policy For Website Or Mobile App
• Copyright Assignment
• Intellectual Property Permission Letter
• Intellectual Property Release Form
• Intellectual Property Cease and Desist Letter
• Model Release Form
• Personal Data Deletion Request
• Licensing Agreement
• Influencer Agreement
• Online Advertising Agreement
• Online Sponsorship Agreement
• Website or Mobile Disclaimer
• Media Release Agreement
• Graphic Design Agreement
• Affiliate Agreement
• Refund Policy
• Testimonial Release
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• Other downloadable templates of legal documents

Why E-Signature is Key to Optimizing Patent Assignments

• May 3, 2022

The pandemic has really accelerated digital applications, including e-signatures, due to its enablement of distributed processes and personnel. But the practical use of executing documents electronically is fairly new to many organizations. For many, it’s simply a comfort level with a non-physical agreement, for others, it’s simply the anxiety associated with a new process. So, it’s important to get comfortable with change by employing best practices that ensure a smooth transition from physical processes while also ensuring legal and regulatory issues are addressed. This is particularly true for the Patent Assignment Process.

In this article, we’ll cover five key topics:

• The current state of patent assignments and why many organizations are moving away from paper-based processes.
• U.S. ESIGN Act and the best practices around e-signatures.
• Key points to consider before using electronic signatures for patent assignments.
• Realizing our vision of a seamless assignment experience with e-sign platform integration.
• Closing remarks highlighting why the adoption of e-signatures might be gradual and what organizations can do to accelerate it.

The Current State of Patent Assignments and Why It’s Important to Go Paperless

In the U.S., inventors are required to assign ownership of patent rights to their organizations, for which they sign assignment documents that can be recorded at the USPTO. These documents are often prepared early in the pendency of patent applications and can control ownership rights of the current applications, any later-filed (child) applications, and even international applications.

While there are no specific statistics or reports to track U.S. patent assignments, the number of patent filings can be regarded as an indirect indicator*. For instance, an increase in the number of utility patent applications (all origins) from 597,141 in 2018 to 621,453 in 2019 1 is indicative of an almost proportional increase in the number of patent assignments.

For organizations with sizable patent portfolios, a rise in the number of paper-based assignments can present some pressing challenges, the most common ones of which are increased inefficiencies, slow turnaround time, and increased errors. Moving from paper-based to digital assignments using electronic signatures can enable organizations to navigate these challenges without significantly impacting business operations.

*Inventors/individual assignees eventually transfer the patent rights to their organizations.

E-Signatures and Best Practices around Them

Best Practices Around E-signatures

The U.S. government passed the ESIGN Act in 2000 to facilitate the adoption of e-signatures for specific documents in all locations where federal law is applicable. The Act 2 defines e-signature as an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a contract or other record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record. Here are some of the best practices that organizations must implement to ensure a seamless e-signing experience:

• Ensure Secure Signatures : E-signatures must create a tamper-proof seal once they have been recorded in a document, i.e., the e-signed document should be invalidated when unauthorized changes are attempted by unknown parties. In addition to this, a signature audit trail should be created for every e-signed record, allowing organizations to verify signed records in a single click.
• Check Multi-device Accessibility : Organizations are increasingly using multiple electronic devices such as mobile, tablets, and laptops for documenting their IP and business processes. Digital signatures required for these documents should be accessible on most if not all of these devices.
• Obtain Consent : It’s necessary to get consent from all signers. To this end, organizations can include in the document being signed a clause that states all parties agree to carry out the transaction electronically.
• Check Document Eligibility : Documents or transactions that are generally eligible for e-signatures include but are not limited to non-disclosure agreements (NDAs), the Technology sector, Life Sciences, and Software Licensing 3 . Other documents that can be signed digitally but must be dealt with caution are related to procurement, corporate resolutions, government filings, etc.
• Select the Right Solution : Identifying and deploying the right e-signature software solution is extremely important. Organizations can choose the best software for their business operations by comparing prices, the number of documents that can be e-signed, and advanced capabilities such as scalability, integration with other platforms, and mobile compatibility.
• Share E-signed Copies : Whether a transaction is simple or complex, it’s a good practice to share copies of the e-signed document(s) with all involved parties. This can be done either via emails or using the e-signature software.

Key Points to Consider Before Using E-Signatures for Patent Assignments

Using electronic signatures for patent documents such as assignments allows organizations to sign documents on electronic devices, reduces risks by ensuring that correct information is filled in patent documents, helps save costs by reducing spend on stationery items and postage/courier services, enhances security by making documents unforgeable, and increases efficiency and time savings.

Notwithstanding these benefits, it’s critical to confirm whether the concerned PTO accepts e-signatures for patent documents. For instance, the USPTO accepts electronic signatures for documents that are submitted electronically only via the EFS-web platform or fax.

It’s also important to bear these points in mind: (i) electronically signed documents should be valid under both federal and state law (ii) the “intent to sign” (15 U.S.C. § 7006) should be considered while evaluating the validity and enforceability of the e-signed assignments. For validating the assignments even further, they can be worded in a way that suggests all involved parties agree to voluntarily use e-signatures.

Note: The most appropriate e-signature for any document filed with the USPTO is “ S-signature “, where signers insert their name between two forward slashes.

Symphony’s Integration with E-Signature Platform for a Seamless Assignment Experience

At MaxVal, we understand that our clients and prospects are continually seeking software solutions to automate, manage and simplify their patent processes. Bearing their requirements and our commitment to providing the best solutions and services in mind, we have partnered with DocuSign , one of the most reliable and globally trusted services for e-signatures and approvals.

The partnership enables us to integrate DocuSign’s e-signature platform with Symphony to provide clients with a seamless experience while signing IP documents such as patent assignments. Clients are also saved from getting embroiled in legal disputes as DocuSign’s e-signatures are compliant with U.S. ESIGN Act, UETA, and the EU eIDAS Regulation. But that’s not all, the platform automatically generates and stores an audit trail for every agreement/transaction, offers the option to use templates to reduce duplicate work and save time, digitally verify the signing party’s identity, send SMS alerts to clients, and sign and send documents on the move from web-based or mobile applications.

Final Thoughts

Given the critical nature of the IP industry and heavy reliance on manual methods, the adoption of e-signatures is expected to be gradual. But considering the benefits of e-signatures, the sooner the organizations start implementing them, the faster they will achieve the material savings and efficiencies mentioned above. Seeking credible solution providers who offer e-signature as a standalone solution or as a platform that can be integrated with an IP solution can be a good starting point for any organization looking to digitize its IP processes.

• https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/us_stat.htm
• https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ229/pdf/PLAW-106publ229.pdf
• https://www.docusign.com/how-it-works/legality/global/united-states

Mridu Katoch

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This patent assignment is between  , an individual a(n) (the " Assignor ") and  , an individual a(n) (the " Assignee ").

The Assignor has full right and title to the patents and patent applications listed in Exhibit A (collectively, the " Patents ").

The Assignor wishes to transfer to the Assignee, and the Assignee wishes to purchase and receive from the Assignor, all of its interest in the Patents.

The parties therefore agree as follows:

1. ASSIGNMENT OF PATENTS.

The Assignor assigns to the Assignee, and the Assignee accepts the assignment of, all of the Assignor's interest in the following in the United States and its territories and throughout the world:

• (a) the Patents listed in Exhibit A ;
• (b) the patent claims, all rights to prepare derivative works, goodwill, and other rights to the Patents;
• (c) all registrations, applications (including any divisions, continuations, continuations-in-part, and reissues of those applications), corresponding domestic and foreign applications, letters patents, or similar legal protections issuing on the Patents, and all rights and benefits under any applicable treaty or convention;
• (d) all income, royalties, and damages payable to the Assignor with respect to the Patents, including damages and payments for past or future infringements of the Patents; and
• (e) all rights to sue for past, present, and future infringements of the Patents.

2. CONSIDERATION.

The Assignee shall pay the Assignor a flat fee of as full payment for all rights granted under this agreement. The Assignee shall complete this payment no later than .

3. RECORDATION.

In order to record this assignment with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and foreign patent offices, within hours of the effective date of this assignment, the parties shall sign the form of patent assignment agreement attached as Exhibit B . The Assignor Assignee is solely responsible for filing the assignment and paying any associated fees of the transfer.

4. NO EARLY ASSIGNMENT.

The Assignee shall not assign or otherwise encumber its interest in the Patents or any associated registrations until it has paid to the Assignor the full consideration provided for in this assignment. Any assignment or encumbrance contrary to this provision shall be void.

5. ASSISTANCE.

• (1) sign any additional papers, including any separate assignments of the Patents, necessary to record the assignment in the United States;
• (2) do all other lawful acts reasonable and necessary to record the assignment in the United States; and
• (3) sign all lawful papers necessary for Assignee to retain a patent on the Patents or on any continuing or reissue applications of those Patents.
• (b) Agency. If for any reason the Assignee is unable to obtain the assistance of the Assignor, the Assignor hereby appoints the Assignee as the Assignor's agent to act on behalf of the Assignor to take any of the steps listed in subsection (a).

6. NO LICENSE.

After the effective date of this agreement, the Assignor shall make no further use of the Patents or any patent equivalent, except as authorized by the prior written consent of the Assignee. The Assignor shall not challenge the Assignee's use or ownership, or the validity, of the Patents.

7. ASSIGNOR'S REPRESENTATIONS.

The Assignor hereby represents to the Assignee that it:

• (a) is the sole owner of all interest in the Patents;
• (b) has not transferred, exclusively licensed, or encumbered the Patents or agreed to do so;
• (c) is not aware of any violation or infringement of any third party's rights (or a claim of a violation or infringement) by the Patents;
• (d) is not aware of any third-party consents, assignments, or licenses that are necessary to perform under this assignment;
• (e) was not acting within the scope of employment of any third party when conceiving, creating, or otherwise performing any activity with respect to the Patents.

The Assignor shall immediately notify the Assignee in writing if any facts or circumstances arise that would make any of the representations in this assignment inaccurate. 

8. INDEMNIFICATION.

The Assignor shall indemnify the Assignee against:

• (a) any claim by a third party that the Patents or their creation, use, exploitation, assignment, importation, or sale infringes on any patent or other intellectual property;
• (b) any claim by a third party that this assignment conflicts with, violates, or breaches any contract, assignment, license, sublicense, security interest, encumbrance, or other obligation to which the Assignor is a party or of which it has knowledge;
• (c) any claim relating to any past, present, or future use, licensing, sublicensing, distribution, marketing, disclosure, or commercialization of any of the Patents by the Assignor; and
• (d) any litigation, arbitration, judgments, awards, attorneys' fees, liabilities, settlements, damages, losses, and expenses relating to or arising from (a), (b), or (c) above.
• (i) the Assignee promptly notifies the Assignor of that claim;
• (ii) the Assignor controls the defense and settlement of that claim;
• (iii) the Assignee fully cooperates with the Assignor in connection with its defense and settlement of that claim;
• (iv) the Assignee stops all creation, public use, exploitation, importation, distribution, or sales of or relating to the infringing Patents, if requested by the Assignor.
• (i) obtain the right for the Assignee to continue to use the infringing Patent;
• (ii) modify the infringing Patent to eliminate the infringement;
• (iii) provide a substitute noninfringing patent to the Assignee pursuant to this assignment; or
• (iv) refund to the Assignee the amount paid under this assignment for the infringing Patent.
• (c) No Other Obligations. The Assignor shall have no other obligations or liability if infringement occurs, and shall have no other obligation of indemnification or to defend relating to infringement. The Assignor shall not be liable for any costs or expenses incurred without its prior written authorization and shall have no obligation of indemnification or any liability if the infringement is based on (i) any modified form of the Patents not made by the Assignor, (ii) any finding or ruling after the effective date of this assignment, or (iii) the laws of any country other than the United States of America or its states.

9. GOVERNING LAW.

• (a) Choice of Law. The laws of the state of  govern this agreement (without giving effect to its conflicts of law principles).
• (b) Choice of Forum. Both parties consent to the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts in County, .

10. AMENDMENTS.

No amendment to this assignment will be effective unless it is in writing and signed by a party or its authorized representative.

11. ASSIGNMENT AND DELEGATION.

• (a) No Assignment. Neither party may assign any of its rights under this assignment, except with the prior written consent of the other party. All voluntary assignments of rights are limited by this subsection.
• (b) No Delegation. Neither party may delegate any performance under this assignment, except with the prior written consent of the other party.
• (c) Enforceability of an Assignment or Delegation. If a purported assignment or purported delegation is made in violation of this section, it is void.

12. COUNTERPARTS; ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.

• (a) Counterparts. The parties may execute this assignment in any number of counterparts, each of which is an original but all of which constitute one and the same instrument.
• (b) Electronic Signatures. This assignment, agreements ancillary to this assignment, and related documents entered into in connection with this assignment are signed when a party's signature is delivered by facsimile, email, or other electronic medium. These signatures must be treated in all respects as having the same force and effect as original signatures.

13. SEVERABILITY.

If any one or more of the provisions contained in this assignment is, for any reason, held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect, that invalidity, illegality, or unenforceability will not affect any other provisions of this assignment, but this assignment will be construed as if those invalid, illegal, or unenforceable provisions had never been contained in it, unless the deletion of those provisions would result in such a material change so as to cause completion of the transactions contemplated by this assignment to be unreasonable.

14. NOTICES.

• (a) Writing; Permitted Delivery Methods. Each party giving or making any notice, request, demand, or other communication required or permitted by this assignment shall give that notice in writing and use one of the following types of delivery, each of which is a writing for purposes of this assignment: personal delivery, mail (registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return-receipt requested), nationally recognized overnight courier (fees prepaid), facsimile, or email.
• (b) Addresses. A party shall address notices under this section to a party at the following addresses:
• If to the Assignor: 

• If to the Assignee: 
• (c) Effectiveness. A notice is effective only if the party giving notice complies with subsections (a) and (b) and if the recipient receives the notice.

15. WAIVER.

No waiver of a breach, failure of any condition, or any right or remedy contained in or granted by the provisions of this assignment will be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the party waiving the breach, failure, right, or remedy. No waiver of any breach, failure, right, or remedy will be deemed a waiver of any other breach, failure, right, or remedy, whether or not similar, and no waiver will constitute a continuing waiver, unless the writing so specifies.

16. ENTIRE AGREEMENT.

This assignment constitutes the final agreement of the parties. It is the complete and exclusive expression of the parties' agreement about the subject matter of this assignment. All prior and contemporaneous communications, negotiations, and agreements between the parties relating to the subject matter of this assignment are expressly merged into and superseded by this assignment. The provisions of this assignment may not be explained, supplemented, or qualified by evidence of trade usage or a prior course of dealings. Neither party was induced to enter this assignment by, and neither party is relying on, any statement, representation, warranty, or agreement of the other party except those set forth expressly in this assignment. Except as set forth expressly in this assignment, there are no conditions precedent to this assignment's effectiveness.

17. HEADINGS.

The descriptive headings of the sections and subsections of this assignment are for convenience only, and do not affect this assignment's construction or interpretation.

18. EFFECTIVENESS.

This assignment will become effective when all parties have signed it. The date this assignment is signed by the last party to sign it (as indicated by the date associated with that party's signature) will be deemed the date of this assignment.

19. NECESSARY ACTS; FURTHER ASSURANCES.

Each party shall use all reasonable efforts to take, or cause to be taken, all actions necessary or desirable to consummate and make effective the transactions this assignment contemplates or to evidence or carry out the intent and purposes of this assignment.

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]

Each party is signing this agreement on the date stated opposite that party's signature. 

[PAGE BREAK HERE]

EXHIBIT A PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS

FORM OF RECORDABLE PATENT APPLICATION ASSIGNMENT

For good and valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, between  , an individual a(n) (the " Assignor ") and  , an individual a(n) (the " Assignee ") all of the Assignor's interest in the Assigned Patents identified in Attachment A to this assignment, and the Assignee accepts this assignment.

Each party is signing this agreement on the date stated opposite that party's signature.

ATTACHMENT A ASSIGNED PATENTS

Free Patent Assignment Template

How-to guides, articles, and any other content appearing on this page are for informational purposes only, do not constitute legal advice, and are no substitute for the advice of an attorney.

Patent assignment: How-to guide

A company’s ability to buy and sell property is essential for its long-term life and vitality. Although it doesn’t take up physical space, too much intellectual property can burden a company, directing limited funds towards maintaining registrations, defending against third-party claims, or creating and marketing a final product.

Selling unused or surplus intellectual property can have an immediate positive effect on a company’s finances, generating revenue and decreasing costs. When it does come time to grow a business, companies looking to purchase property (including patents and other inventions) to support their growth must be sure that the seller does have title to the desired items. A properly drafted patent assignment can help in these circumstances.

A patent assignment is the transfer of an owner’s property rights in a given patent or patents and any patent applications. These transfers may occur independently or as part of larger asset sales or purchases. Patent assignment agreements provide both records of ownership and transfer and protect the rights of all parties.

This agreement is a written acknowledgment of the rights and responsibilities being transferred as part of your sale. This will provide essential documentation of ownership and liability obligations, and you will be well on your way to establishing a clear record of title for all of your patents.

Important points to consider while drafting patent assignments

What is a patent.

A patent is a set of exclusive rights on an invention given by the government to the inventor for a limited period. Essentially, in exchange for the inventor’s agreement to make their invention public and allow others to examine and build on it, the government provides the inventor with a short-term monopoly on their creation. In other words, only they can make, use, or sell that invention.

Are licenses and assignments different from each other?

Licenses are different from assignments. The individual who receives license rights from the patent holder isn’t gaining ownership. Rather, they’re getting assurance from the patent holder that they won’t be sued for making, using, or selling the invention. The terms of the license will vary from agreement to agreement and may address issues of royalties, production, or reversion.

What are the different kinds of patent assignments?

A  patent assignment  can take many forms.

• It can be the transfer of an individual’s entire interest to another individual or company.
• It can also transfer a specific part of that interest (e.g., half interest, quarter interest, etc.) or a transfer valid only in a designated country area. The exact form of the transfer is specific to the parties' agreement.

What is the role of the United States Patent and Trademark Office in patent transfer?

A patent transfer is usually accomplished through a contract, like the following written agreement form. However, after the parties have negotiated and signed their agreement, the transfer must be recorded with the  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office  (USPTO) . The agreement will only be effective if this registration is made. Moreover, if the transfer isn’t recorded within three months from the date of the assignment, there can be no later purchasers. In other words, such patents are no longer sellable to a third party by the assignee if it isn’t recorded quickly and correctly.

Note that there is a fee for  recording each assignment  of a patent or patent application.

What details should I add to my patent application?

Although you can adapt the document to suit your arrangement, you should always identify the patent(s) being assigned by their USPTO number and date and include the name of the inventor and the invention’s title (as stated in the patent itself). This is a requirement of federal law, and failure to follow it could invalidate your assignment.

What are the benefits of patent assignment?

The advantage of selling your invention or patent outright (and not simply licensing or attempting to develop and market it yourself) is that you’re guaranteed payment at the price you and the purchaser have negotiated.

On the other hand, that one-time payment is all that you will ever receive for your property. You will no longer have the right to control anyone else’s use of your creation.

By using it yourself or offering a temporary license, you retain the potential for future income. However, such income isn’t certain, and your opportunities are paralleled by risk.

Before selling all of your rights in a patent or patent application, ensure this is the best (and most lucrative) approach for you and your company.

Is it necessary to do due diligence before buying a patent?

Provide valuable consideration to due diligence, and don’t agree without completing it. If you purchase a patent,  conduct searches  with the patent office on the patents issued and online directories to ensure the seller has complete and unique rights in the offered property. Look for these:

• Has an application already been filed by another person or company?
• What are the chances that this is a patentable item?

Although your findings won’t be guaranteed, you may be protected as an “innocent purchaser” if disputes arise.

You might also find critical information about the value of the patent. Consider hiring a patent attorney to help in your investigation. Comparing patents and applications often requires a specialized and technical understanding to know how useful and unique each one is.

What should I consider while selling a patent?

If you sell an invention or patent, ensure you own it. Although this may seem obvious, intellectual property ownership sometimes must be clarified. This may be the case if, for example, the invention was created as part of your employment or if it was sold or otherwise transferred to somebody else. A thorough search of the USPTO website for the publication number should be conducted before you attempt to sell your property.

Is reviewing and signing the patent necessary?

Review the assignment carefully to ensure all relevant deal points are included. Don't assume certain terms are agreed upon if not stated in the document.

Once the document is ready, sign two copies of the assignment, one for you and one for the other party.

Get the assignment notarized by the notary public to reduce the challenges to the validity of a party’s signature or the transfer itself.

If you’re dealing with a  complex agreement for a patent assignment , contact an attorney to help draft an assignment that meets your needs.

Key components to include in patent assignments

The following provisions will help you understand the terms of your assignment. Please review the entire document before starting your step-by-step process.

Introduction of parties

This section identifies the document as a patent assignment. Add the assignment effective date, parties involved, and what type of organization(s) they are. The “assignor” is the party giving their ownership interest, and the “assignee” is the party receiving it.

The “whereas” clauses, or recitals, define the world of the assignment and offer key background information about the parties. In this agreement, the recitals include a simple statement of the intent to transfer rights in the patent. Remember that the assignor can transfer all or part of its interest in the patents.

Assignment of patents

This section constitutes the assignment and acceptance of patents and inventions. Be as complete and clear as possible in your description of the property being transferred.

Consideration

In most agreements, each party is expected to do something. This obligation may be to perform a service, transfer ownership of property, or pay money. In this case, the assignee gives money (sometimes called “consideration”) to receive the assignor’s property. Enter the amount to be paid, and indicate how long the assignee has to make that payment after the agreement is signed.

Authorization to a director

This section is the assignor’s authorization to issue patents in the assignee’s name. In other words, this tells the head of the patent and trademark office that the transfer is valid and that ownership is changing hands by the assignment.

If the assignment is being recorded after the USPTO has issued a patent number, add the patent application number here.

Assignor’s representations and warranties

In this section, the assignor is agreeing to the following terms:

• They’re the sole owner of the inventions and the patents. If there are other owners who aren’t transferring their interests, this means that the only part being transferred is the assignor’s part.
• They haven’t sold or transferred the inventions and the patents to any third party.
• They have the authority to enter the agreement.
• They don’t believe that the inventions and the patents have been taken from any third party without authorization (e.g., a knowing copy of another company’s invention).
• They don’t know if any permissions must be obtained for the assignment to be completed. In other words, once the agreement is signed, the assignment will be effective without anyone else’s input.
• The patents weren’t created while a third party employed the creator. In many cases, if a company employs an individual and comes up with a product, the company will own that product. This section offers assurance to the assignee that there are no companies that will make that claim about the patents being sold.

If you and the other party want to include additional representations and warranties, you can do so here.

Assignee’s representations and warranties

In this section, the assignee is agreeing to the following terms:

• They have the authority to enter into the agreement
• They have enough funds to pay for the assignment

No early assignment

This section prevents the assignee from re-transferring the inventions or patents or using any of them as collateral for loans until it has completely paid the money due under the agreement.

Documentation

This clause is the assignor’s promise to help with any paperwork needed to complete an assignment, such as filing information about the assignment with the USPTO, transferring document titles, transferring paperwork for filing to foreign countries, etc.

No further use of inventions or patents

This section indicates that after the agreement’s filing date, the assignor will stop using all the inventions and patents being transferred and won’t challenge the assignee’s use of those inventions or patents.

Indemnification

This clause describes each party’s future obligations if the patent or any application is found to infringe on a third party’s rights. Either the assignor agrees to take all responsibility for infringement, promising to pay all expenses and costs relating to the claim, or the assignor makes its responsibilities conditional, significantly limiting its obligations if a claim is brought.

Successors and assigns

This section states that the parties’ rights and obligations will be passed on to successor organizations (if any) or organizations to which rights and obligations have been permissibly assigned.

No implied waiver

This clause explains that even if one party allows the other to ignore or break an obligation under the agreement, it doesn’t mean that the party waives any future rights to require the other to fulfill those (or any other) obligations.

Provide the assignor and assignee’s address where all the official or legal correspondence should be delivered.

Governing law

This provision lets the parties choose the state laws used to interpret the document.

Counterparts; electronic signatures

This section explains that if the parties sign the agreement in different locations, physically or electronically, all the separate pieces will be considered part of the same agreement.

Severability

This clause protects the terms of the agreement as a whole, even if one part is later invalidated. For example, if a state law is passed prohibiting choice-of-law clauses, it won’t undo the entire agreement. Instead, only the section dealing with the choice of law would be invalidated, leaving the remainder of the assignment enforceable.

Entire agreement

This section indicates the parties’ agreement that the document they’re signing is “the agreement” about transferring the issued patent.

This clarifies that the headings at the beginning of each section are meant to organize the document and shouldn’t be considered operational parts of the note. 

Frequently asked questions

What is a patent assignment.

If you want to buy patents, the first step is to ensure the seller (original owner) owns the patent rights. The second step is the transfer of the patent owner's rights to the buyer. Patent assignments are agreements that cover both steps, helping the buyer and the seller with ownership records and quickly enabling transfer.

What are the requirements for patent assignment?

Here's the information you'll require to complete a patent assignment:

• Who the assignor is : Have their name and contact information ready
• Who the assignee is : Have their information available
• Invention info : Know the inventor's name, invention's registration number, and filing date

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Related Practices & Jurisdictions

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United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) regulations allow for electronic signatures, but certain formalities must be followed. They have become more important as so many company employees are working from home. 

The USPTO allows signing of most correspondence by use of a so-called S-signature, per the 2004 Changes to Support Implementation of the United States Patent and Trademark Office 21st Century Strategic Plan and in 37 CFR 1.4(d). An S-signature includes any signature made by electronic or mechanical means, and any other mode of making or applying a signature other than a handwritten signature. 

Importantly, the S-Signature is defined by the existence of a set of surrounding forward slash marks. A person signing correspondence must insert his or her own S-signature between a single forward slash mark before and a second single forward slash mark after the signature.  The slashes are critical. What is not critical is who makes the slash marks.

The signatory need not make the slash marks as part of the S-signature. Rather, the slash marks may be placed within the signature block prior to or after execution. The slash marks are necessary indications of an S-signature, but themselves do not form part of the signature itself.

Moreover, document signing services may be used to create an efficient workflow for electronic signature of USPTO documents during shelter-in-place restrictions. Services such as those offered by DocuSign® offer an ability to provide an electronic signature on a variety of devices. Therefore, for execution of USPTO documents, either an electronic image captured from enabling services, for example DocuSign®, or a typewritten name is acceptable; it must include the slashes:

/ John P. Doe /

Moreover, when considering inventor assignment documents, an electronic signature is effective for transferring patent rights. The statutory basis for assignment may be found at 35 USC §261, which provides that the rights of an inventor are personal property that may be assignable in law by an instrument in writing. Under the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), personal property, including patent rights, may be transferred using a compliant electronic signature. Forty-seven states and the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands have adopted the UETA. Three states –New York, Illinois, and Washington – have adopted alternatives to the UETA, and each allows for the transfer of patent rights using a compliant electronic signature. The same format of the electronic image is required and capturing it from an enabling service such as DocuSign® offers an efficient workflow for inventor assignments, as well.

Until recently, the USPTO required actual handwritten, ink signatures in only two instances: 1) correspondence requiring a person's signature and relating to registration to practice before the Patent and Trademark Office in patent cases, enrollment and disciplinary investigations, or disciplinary proceedings; and 2) payments by credit cards where the payment is not being made via the USPTO’s electronic filing systems.  In March 2020, in light of the effects of COVID-19, the USPTO announced a waiver in March 2020 of the requirements of 37 CFR 1.4(e) and will accept copies of handwritten signatures in both circumstances.  For these two instances, however, the USPTO does not accept the S-signature format discussed, but rather allows for a copy of a handwritten, ink signature rather than an original signature.

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