It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015).
Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill.
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by Klein. You want to cite Klein's article, but you have not read Klein's article itself.
Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play? Cognitive Science , 31 (6), 989-1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725
Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Klein's article.
Klein's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007) found that...
Your in-text citation gives credit to Klein and shows the source in which you found Klein's ideas.
See Publication Manual , p. 258.
Citing your sources.
Proper citation is an essential aspect of scholarship. Citing properly allows your reader or audience to locate the materials you have used. Most importantly, citations give credit to the authors of quoted or consulted information.
For detailed instructions on how to cite within the text of your paper, please consult a style manual listed below. Although these sources do not cover every possibility you might encounter when trying to cite your sources, a style manual can help you create your bibliography.
Here are some easy web options .
American Psychological Association
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on April 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.
The most common citation styles are APA and MLA . To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference.
Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see examples for common source types .
As well as switching between styles and sources, you can explore how a citation looks when there are multiple authors, different editions, no publication date, and other common scenarios.
If you’re still not sure how to cite your source correctly, dive into our comprehensive articles. For each source type, we provide a range of examples in APA , MLA , and Chicago style .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). Citation Examples | Books, Articles, Websites & More. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-example/
Other students also liked, citation styles guide | examples for all major styles, apa vs. mla | the key differences in format & citation, how to avoid plagiarism | tips on citing sources, what is your plagiarism score.
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Harvard Templates
Articles with doi.
Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), page range or article number. Available at: DOI
(Chen, 2023)
According to Chen (2023)
"..." (Chen, 2023, p. 3916)
According to Chen (2023, p. 3916), "..."
Chen, Y. (2023) 'Addressing uncertainties through improved reserve product design', IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , 38(4), pp. 3911–3923. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3200697
See the FAQs section at the bottom of this page for informaton on the differences between print and online versions of articles, and for information on the use of a DOI or URL for online articles.
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), page range or article number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
(Changuiti et al. , 2023)
Changuiti et al. (2023) suggest that...
"..." (Changuiti et al. , 2023)
According to Changuiti et al. (2023) "..."
Changuiti, O. et al. (2023) 'Simulation and midwifery education 2011-2021: a systematic review', British Journal of Midwifery , 31(5), pp. 286–293. Available at: https://ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ccm&AN=163525494&scope=site (Accessed: 19 December 2023).
See the FAQs section at the bottom of this page for informaton on the differences between print and online versions of articles, and for informaton on the use of a DOI or URL for online articles.
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), article number. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
(Fleck and Anatolitis, 2023)
Fleck and Anatolitis (2023) suggest that...
"..." (Fleck and Anatolitis, 2023, p. 4)
According to Fleck and Anatolitis (2023, p. 4) "..."
Fleck, A. and Anatolitis, V. (2023) 'Achieving the ojectives of renewable energy policy - insights from renewable energy auction design in Europe', Energy Policy , 173, article number 113357. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113357
These types of articles do not have traditional page numbers. Instead, an article number is given. If quoting from such an article and there is a PDF version available, use the appropriate page number indicated in the PDF. If there is no PDF, then you can omit the page numbers out of the citation, even if you are quoting.
Print articles.
Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, inluding text formatting such as italics and punctuation.
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), page range.
(Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss, 2019)
Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss (2019) suggest that…
"..." (Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss, 2019, p. 12)
According to Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss (2019, p. 12) "..."
Vindin, H., Mithieux, S.M. and Weiss, A.S. (2019) 'Elastin architecture', Matrix Biology , 84, pp. 4–16.
References for abstracts from journal articles should be referenced in exactly the same way as though you were referencing the entire journal article. You do not need to add anything to the reference to show that you have referred to the abstract.
However, it is good practice to make it clear that you have used an abstract at the point of citation. e.g. 'The findings of Fleck and Anatolitis (2023) are summarised in the abstract. It shows...'
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: DOI
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
(Clift, 2020)
Clift (2020) suggests that ...
"..." (Clift, 2020, p. 2)
According to Clift (2020, p. 2) "..."
Clift, P. (2020) 'Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) related to congenital heart disease (CHD): introducing the CHAMPION supplement', Journal of Congenital Cardiology , 4(Supp. 1), article number 20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40949-020-00053-9
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue, Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: DOI
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue, Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
(Hammami, Rezk and Dubey, 2020)
Hammami, Rezk and Dubey (2020) suggest that ...
"..." (Hammami, Rezk and Dubey, 2020, p. S6)
According to Clift (Hammami, Rezk and Dubey, 2020, p. S6) "..."
Hammami, M.B., Rezk, M. and Dubey, D. (2022) 'Validation of MATCH score: A predictive tool for Identification of Patients With kelch-like protein-11 autoantibodies', Neurology , 99(23, Supp. 2), p. S6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000903084.26865.8a
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title (in press). Available at: DOI
Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title (in press). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
(Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen, 2024)
Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen (2024) suggested that ...
"..." (Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen, 2024)
Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen (2024) stated that "..."
Note: In Press articles do not usually have page numbers, so one cannot be given in the citation for a quote.
Deichmann, M., Hansson, F.G. and Jensen, E.D. (2024) 'Yeast-based screening platforms to understand and improve human health', Trends in Biotechnology (in press). Available at: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.05.001 (Accessed: 11 June 2024).
See the FAQs section at the bottom of this page for informaton on the use of a DOI or URL for online articles.
Accessed dates are always included with an In Press article, even if using the DOI. In Press articles can change before full publication, so including the accessed date shows when the version you used was the current one.
Journal articles read in the print version of the journal (i.e. a printed paper format) are referenced in almost exactly the same way as an e-journal article accessed online.
Choose the correct template by number of authors or author type and follow the guidance. If you have accesed the article online then include either the DOI or the URL and accessed date at the end of the reference. (See the separate FAQ on the differences between DOIs and FAQs).
If you have read the article in the paper version of the journal then follow the template up to and including the page numbers. You do not include the DOI or URL when referencing the paper version of the journal article.
When referencing an article you have read online, you must include either the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or URL.
Most academic journals will have a DOI, so this should be used in preference. Check the summary page of the article or look for a citation tool. These will normally tell you if there is a DOI available. DOIs are permanent links to the article, so should not suffer from the broken links problem that affects many URLs over time. If you use the DOI then you do not have to include an accessed date.
If there is no DOI then the URL can be used. You need to provide an accessed date when using the URL as these are subject to breaking. The point of the accessed date is for you to show that the link was live on a particular date.
Choose the correct template by number of authors or author type and follow the guidance.
Check the article carefully, as most will include all of the elements needed for a reference. You may need to dowload the PDF to find all of the details. Care should also be taken to check whether the article is 'In Press' (which means it is pre-publication). There is a separate template for Articles in Press as these usually do not have volume, issue or page numbers.
If the article is not In Press then follow the guidance for the correct template by number or type of authors. The missing element can be simply left out.
No issue number - Follow the template until Volume. Leave out the brackets and move directly from Volume, to Page range or article number.
No Volume or Issue number - Follow the template until Journal Title , move directly to Page range or article number.
No page or article number - Follow the template until Volume(Issue), move directly to Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
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Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here .
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: On pages 65-66, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required).
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
Available in Reference.
Available in the main collection and in Reference.
The links in the MLA Style Center reflect MLA Style 9th Edition.
The links in Purdue OWL reflect MLA Style 9th Edition.
The links in Purdue OWL reflect MLA Style 9th Edition.
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How to Use Your Sources’ Interviews or Quoted/Paraphrased Materials
Use an indirect citation when you want to cite material from someone else that is quoted or paraphrased in one of your sources.
For instance, a reporter may interview a communications coach and use direct quotes from the coach in their article. If you want to use a quote from the coach, use an indirect citation. Clearly attribute the quote to the coach (the person who said it), but then credit the author of the text (the reporter, in this example) in which you found the quote in the parenthetical citation and on the references page.
In-text Citation Example
When preparing for a meeting, Barbara Miller, a communications skills coach, recommended “writing down all the thoughts that might distract […] from listening and setting the paper aside until later” (as cited in Shellenbarger, 2014).
References Page Entry
Shellenbarger, S. (2014, July 22).Tuning in: Improving your listening skills. The Wall Street Journal . https://www.wsj.com/articles/tuning-in-how-to-listen-better-1406070727
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Example: APA Style in-text citation (Jackson, 2005, p. 16) We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles. ... At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays, research papers, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
In-Text Citation Examples. When neither the author nor the page number is mentioned in the body of the sentence, you should include both the author's last name and the page number in the parenthetical citation. Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack 24).
APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism. We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.
In-Text Citations. In APA style, you use parenthetical citations within the text of your paper to credit your sources, to show how recently your sources were published, and to refer your reader to a more detailed citation of the source in the reference list at the end of your paper. You should use parenthetical citations when you paraphrase ...
Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020). Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that … Multiple authors and corporate authors. The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
In an MLA Works Cited entry for a journal article, the article title appears in quotation marks, the name of the journal in italics—both in title case. List up to two authors in both the in-text citation and the Works Cited entry. For three or more, use "et al.". MLA format. Author last name, First name.
The following are guidelines to follow when writing in-text citations: Ensure that the spelling of author names and the publication dates in reference list entries match those in the corresponding in-text citations. Cite only works that you have read and ideas that you have incorporated into your writing. The works you cite may provide key ...
In Harvard style, citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al. Harvard in-text citation examples.
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
This type of citation is used when the name of the author or the organization and the year of publication are incorporated into the text and act as a part of the sentence. See the below examples: With the author. Sivasankar (2007) argues that education for women is important to develop a nation.
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
Chicago citation examples: Book. Citing a book in Chicago uses the author's name, book title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. You also include the edition, but only if it's relevant. The author's name is inverted, and the title uses title capitalization. Last Name, First Name.
1. Name the author and the publication date in-text before a quote. To simplify the in-text citation, place the last name of the author in the text to introduce the quote and then the publication date for the text in parentheses. You can then leave the author's name and the publication date out of the quote itself. [1]
In this situation the original author and date should be stated first followed by 'as cited in' followed by the author and date of the secondary source. For example: Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017) Back to top. 3. How to Cite Different Source Types.
How to Cite. APA citation requires two parts: In-Text Citations: brief citations included within the text of your paper. They point your reader to the full citation at the end of your paper. References List: a page at the end of your paper listing all the sources you used.
How to Cite. MLA citation requires two parts: In-Text Citations: brief citations included within the text of your paper. They point your reader to the full citation at the end of your paper. Work Cited Page: a page at the end of your paper listing all the sources you use; Watch the Video
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.). Include a page number on every page.
The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes) or at the end of a paper (endnotes). The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but ...
Citing Research Materials Using APA; Citing Graphics using APA; ... In-Text Citation Examples. Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, ... In addition to a list of references at the end of a paper or presentation, APA format requires in-text citations. Paraphrasing: When paraphrasing an idea from one of your references, you'll include the author and ...
Examples of in-text citations. You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided ...
Here are the general rules to follow when citing a research paper in an APA style format: Book: Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of the work. Publisher. Example: Thompson, S. (1982). The Year of the Wolf. Preston and Buchanan. Magazine: Last Name, First Initial.
Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Klein's article. In-text citation. Klein's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007) found that... Your in-text citation gives credit to Klein and shows the source in which you found Klein's ideas.
MLA Handbook by The Modern Language Association of America The Modern Language Association, the authority on research and writing, takes a fresh look at documenting sources in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook. Works are published today in a dizzying range of formats. A book, for example, may be read in print, online, or as an e-book--or perhaps listened to in an audio version.
Citation Examples | Books, Articles, Websites & More. Published on April 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield. Revised on January 17, 2024. The most common citation styles are APA and MLA. To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference. Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see ...
Journal articles read in the print version of the journal (i.e. a printed paper format) are referenced in almost exactly the same way as an e-journal article accessed online. Choose the correct template by number of authors or author type and follow the guidance.
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the ...
MLA Handbook. 9th ed. by The Modern Language; The Modern Language Association of America Relied on by generations of writers, the MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association and is the only official, authorized book on MLA style. The new, ninth edition builds on the MLA's unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements--facts, common to most sources ...
If you want to use a quote from the coach, use an indirect citation. Clearly attribute the quote to the coach (the person who said it), but then credit the author of the text (the reporter, in this example) in which you found the quote in the parenthetical citation and on the references page. In-text Citation Example