eco 13 solved assignment 2021 22

ECO - 13: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT | IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2020 - 21 | B.COM | FREE SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

Eco 13 business environment solved assignment 2020 - 21 tutor marked assignment course code: eco-13 course title: business environment assignment code: eco-13/tma/2020-21 coverage: all blocks maximum marks: 100.

Attempt all the questions:

1. Outline the long term goals of planning laid down by the Planning Commission in the first five year plan. Explain the main features of the Nehru Mahalanobis strategy of development and its achievements. (5+15)

Ans: Long term goals of first five year plan:

1. Growth: It refers to increase in the country’s capacity to produce the output of goods and services within the country. It implies either a larger stock of productive capital, or a larger size of supporting services like transport and banking, or an increase in the efficiency of productive capital and services. A good indicator of economic growth, in the language of economics, is steady increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The GDP is the market value of all the goods and services produced in the country during a year. You can think of the GDP as a cake and growth is increase in the size of the cake. If the cake is larger, more people can enjoy it. It is necessary to produce more goods and services if the people of India are to enjoy (in the words of the First Five Year Plan) a more rich and varied life.

The main achievements of the strategy followed during 1956-90 were as under:

1. There has been a vast expansion of the capital goods sector via the heavy industry Strategy. Sixth Draft Plan of the Janta Party Government accepted this achievement in the following words: "lt is a cause of legitimate national pride that over this period a stagnant and dependent economy has been modernised and made more self-reliant."

2. There was a vast expansion in economic infrastructure in the form of irrigation, energy, transport and communications, etc.

3. There was an expansion of the social infrastructure in the form of health and educational facilities - schools, colleges, universities, primary health centres, dispensaries and hospitals.

4. A significant rise in saving and investment rates was witnessed 'in the country.

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2. Discuss regulatory role of the government in business. (20)

Ans: Role of Government in Business:

We can all agree on the important role governments play in our societies. Fundamental to the way we all interact, they provide order via laws, they facilitate economic activity by building infrastructure, and they are the administrators of force via policing departments and military, which protect us and ensure safety. Still, there is a widely-adopted social mythology that the role of government has nothing to do with business, because mixing for-profit motives with not-for-profit interests is like mixing oil with water. Should this “black or white” idea be brought in to question? Considering the facts, the reality is that policy regimes create the conditions under which businesses either thrive or perish. So, policy plays a critical role in business. For example, a government’s policy regime creates or diminishes efficiency in capital markets. Also, sometimes lingering legislation from times past can have enormous consequences today, though circumstances change.

Direct role of Government :

Governments control the business activities is many ways both direct and indirect. However, government can control business activities in a more direct way. These are as follows:

1. Prescribes the rules of the game for business

2. Is a major purchaser of business' products and services

3. Uses its contracting power to get business to do things it wants

4. Is a major promoter and subsidizer of business

5. Is the owner of vast quantities of productive equipment and wealth

6. Is the architect of economic growth

7. Is a financer of business

8. Is the protector of various interests in society against business exploitation

9. Directly manages large areas of private business

10. Is the repository of the social conscience and redistributes resources to meet social objectives.

With the growth and expansion of towns and cities the local government and state governments have generated a proliferation of new rules, laws, and regulations of their own. All of this must be taken into consideration when choosing a plant or business location.

Indirect role of Government in Business:

1. Government can affect business activities in various indirect ways. These are as follows:

2. Providing a safe, reliable, stable, environment for the pursuit of economic activities.

3. Government ministers can play a critical role in fostering enterprise and innovation. Their role is to direct the government departments and agencies to focus on the problem and develop effective policies.

4. Encourage growth across all industry sectors including low, mid and high-tech firms.

3. What is meant by fiscal policy? Describe main instruments of fiscal policy in India. (5+15)

Ans: Fiscal Policy: It is defined as the process of shaping government taxation and expenditure to achieve desired economic and social objectives. The objectives of fiscal policy are not specified these change with the level of economic development. The objectives of fiscal policy may differ from country to country. Following are the main objectives of fiscal policy in the development countries.

1. Increase in Savings: This policy is also used to increase the rate of savings in the country. In the developing countries rich class spends a lot of money on luxuries. The government can impose taxes on them and can provide the basic necessities of life to the poor class on low rate. In this way by providing incentives, savings can be increased.

2. To Encourage Investment: The government can encourage the investment by providing various incentives like the tax holiday in the various sectors of the economy. The capital can be shifted from less productive sectors to more productive sectors. So the resources of the country can be utilized maximum.

3. To Achieve Equal Distribution of Wealth: Fiscal policy is very useful for the achievement of equal distribution of wealth. When the wealth is equally distributed among the various classes then their purchasing power increases which ensures the high level of employment and production.

4. To Control Inflation: Fiscal policy is very useful weapon for controlling the rate of inflation. When the expenditure on non productive projects is reduced or the rates of taxes are increased then the purchasing power of the people reduces.

5. Stabilization of Price Level: Fiscal policy is also used to achieve desirable level of prices in the country. It means the cost and price should be at such level that production and employment may increase.

Instruments of Fiscal Policy: The government has two primary fiscal tools to influence the economy. They are revenue tools and spending tools. Let’s look at each of these tools.

1. Revenue tools : Revenue tools refer to the revenues collected by the government in various forms. Revenues can be tax revenue, non tax revenue and capital receipts.

a) Tax revenue is the principal source of revenues of the government. Taxes are levied on income as well as goods & services. Tax revenues are further divided into two parts:

i. Direct taxes are taxes levied on the income of individuals and firms. This includes income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, social security tax, etc.

ii. Indirect taxes are taxes levied on goods and services. This includes goods and services tax, excise duty, custom duty etc.

(b) Non Tax Revenue: The revenue obtained by the government from sources other than tax is called Non-Tax Revenue. The sources of non-tax revenue are:

1. Fees: Fees are another important source of revenue for the government. A fee is charged by public authorities for rendering a service to the citizens. The government provides certain services and charges certain fees for them. For example, fees are charged for issuing of passports, driving licenses, etc.

2. Fines or Penalties: Fines or penalties are imposed as a form of punishment for breach of law or non fulfillment or certain conditions or for failure to observe some regulations. Like taxes, fines are compulsory payments without quid pro quo. But while taxes are generally imposed to collect revenue. Fines are imposed as a form of punishment or to prevent people from breaking the law.

3. Surplus from Public Enterprises: The Government also gets revenue by way of surplus from public enterprises. In India, the Government has set up several public sector enterprises to provide public goods and services. Some of the public sector enterprises do make a good amount of profits. The profits or dividends which the government gets can be utilized for public expenditure.

4. Special assessment of betterment levy: It is a kind of special charge levied on certain members of the community who are beneficiaries of certain government activities or public projects. For example, due to a public park in a locality or due to the construction of a road, people in that locality may experience an appreciation in the value of their property or land. Thus, due to public expenditure, some people may experience 'unearned increments' in their asset holding.

5. Grants and Gifts: Gifts are Voluntary contributions by individuals or institutions to the government. Gifts are significant source of revenue during war and emergency. A grant from one government to another is an important source of revenue in the modern days. The government at the Centre provides grants to State governments and the State governments provide grants to the local government to carry out their functions.

6. Deficit Financing: Deficit means an excess of public expenditure over public revenue. This excess may be met by borrowings from the market, borrowings from abroad, by the central bank creating currency. In case of borrowing from abroad, there cannot be compulsion for the lenders, but in case of internal borrowings there may be compulsion.

2. Spending Tools : This is the second aspect of fiscal policy. Spending tools refer to increasing or decreasing government spending/ expenditure to influence the economy. Government spending can be in the form of:

(a) Plan expenditure

(b) Non-plan expenditure.

Each in turn is sub-divided into (i) revenue and (ii) capital expenditures.

Plan expenditure includes provision of expenditure on various projects, programmes and schemes included in the Central plan for the five year.

Non-plan expenditure covers all expenditures of government not included in the plan. It includes:

(a) Expenditure obligatory in nature for example, interest payments, expenditure on defense and internal security, etc;

(b) Expenditure on maintaining the assets created in the previous plans and

(c) Expenditure on continuing services and activities at levels already reached in plan period. Thus as more plans are completed the non-plan expenditure increases.

Revenue expenditure is the expenditure which does not result in creation of assets. It is the normal running of government departments and various services, interest charge in debt incurred by government, subsidies, grants to state governments and other parties.

Capital expenditure consists of expenditure on acquisition of assets like land, building, machinery, equipments, shares, etc.

4. What are the indications of industrial sickness? Discuss its main causes. (10+10)

Ans: Industrial Sickness: Industrial sickness is a universal phenomenon. It is a major problem of all industries in the world whether it is developed or developing countries. It is a serious matter of the countries. Definition of a sick unit is given by Sick Industrial companies act, 1985. According to the act “ The sick industrial company is a company which has at the end of any financial year accumulated losses equal to or excluding its entire net worth and has also suffered cash losses in that financial year and in the financial year immediately preceding it.”

Indicators of Industrial sickness

Industrial units may become sick at different stages and due to different reasons. Indeed, “some industries are born sick, some achieve Sickness and some have sickness thrust upon them”.

a) Born Sick: Industries born sick are those which are destined, (or disaster right from their conception due to various causes. A study conducted by the Institute of Economics Hyderabad, found that 50 per cent of the dead units closed within three years of opening. This proves that these industries never had any reasonable survival prospect right from birth.

Any one or more of the following factors may indicate the birth of sick units:

1. Lack of experience of the promoters, wrong Selection of the project, faulty Project etc., may give birth to sick units. The mushroom growth of the so-call consonance firms has been regarded as a factor contributing to these sorts of problems because the primary interest of such Consultancy fans is to make money by selling some ideas or project reports to the aspirants who may thus be misguided or made overenthusiastic We must also think that the rosy hopes generate by the high promises and schemes including the self-employment schemes of the financial institutions and other promotion agencies of the Governments also contribute to this Unfortunate Situation.

2. Paucity of fun and faulty financial management may also cause the birth of sick units. Many new units have been found to be under utilised and the strains of undercapitalization become evident when the unit becomes operational. In case of some companies, the heavy investment in non-productive capital assets likes laugh housing projects even before they commence production distorts the liquidity and causes a lot of problems. Problems also crop up due to inadequate provide for contingencies, faulty fund flow and cash flow estimate, etc.

3. Time and cost over-runs sometimes prove to be very disastrous. Particularly in case of large projects, delays in project commissioning due to delay in supply of equipment, both indigenous and imported, slippage in the schedule of civil works, creation of equipment, etc., are not uncommon. Such delays cause cost escalations leading to capital shortage, liquidity problems, hike in the production costs and break-even point etc.

4. Sickness may arise from lavational problems also. It has been observed that “high technology based units are established in areas without skilled labour or supporting infrastructure; industries based on imported raw materials are founded in regions without adequate transport and communicate ion system”.

5. Technological factors like selection of obsolete or improper technology or the technology becoming outdated due to innovations while the project is being executed, sub-standard machinery, wrong collaboration, etc., also cause sickness. According to the Tiwari Committee, 14 per cent of the large sick units suffered from technical factors and faulty initial planning.

6. Wrong assessment of the market potential or faulty demand forecasting, change in the market conditions, including the change in the consumer tastes and preferences and competitive situation, etc. can also cause birth of sick units.

b) Achieved Sickness: Industries which achieve sickness are those which fail after becoming operational due to internal causes. Such internal indicators which are common are the following:

1. Bad management, which “covers a wide range from inexperience, inefficiency, lack of professional expertise, neglect and internal squabbles to delinquency and dishonesty” is an important cause of industrial sickness. According to the Tiwari Committee Report, 1984, “the factor most often responsible for industrial sickness can be identified as ‘management’. This may take the form of poor production management, poor labour management, poor resources management, lack of professionalism, dissensions within the management, or even dishonest management”. The Committee found that 65 per cent of the large sick units were affected by this problem.

2. Unwarranted expansion and diversion of resources may also result in sickness. Some concerns tend to expand beyond the resources including managerial capability. Diversions of resources to start new units or to acquire interest in other concerns without due regard to the capability of the unit to provide such funds sometimes lands the unit in trouble. Extravagances and acquisition of unproductive fixed like company guest houses or corporate luxuries like air cars, etc., also may contribute to sickness.

3. Poor inventory management in respect of finished goods as well as inputs may land a unit in trouble.

4. Failure to modernize, the productive apparatus, changes the product mix and other elements of the marketing mix to suit the changing environment are a very important cause of industrial sickness.

5. Poor labour-management relationship and the associated poor worker morale and low productivity, strikes, lockouts, etc., also may ruin the health of a unit to survive),

c) External Causes: Sickness may be caused also due to factors beyond the control of an industrial unit. Some of these common external indicators are the following:

1. Energy crisis arising out of power cuts or shortage of coal, and oil have almost become a constant problem for many industrial units in India.

2. In a number of cases the units are not able to achieve optimum capacity due to shortage of raw materials due to production set-backs in the supply industries, poor agricultural output clue to natural reasons, changes in the import conditions etc.

3. Infrastructural problems like transport bottlenecks also sometimes cause serious problems.

4. It is a general complaint of the industrial circles that the credit squeeze very adversely affects the industrial sector. According to the Tiwari Committee, 24 per cent of the large sick units were affected by shortage of working capital/liquidity constraints.

5. Artificial economic constraints also make their contribution to the growing industrial sickness. Government controls on the product mix and prices are said to be causing serious problems for certain industries. Sometimes, it is not possible to automate or rationalize due to unfavorable government policy about attitude.

Causes of Industrial Sickness

1) Internal Cause for sickness: Internal causes are those which are within the control of management. This sickness arises due to internal disorder in the areas justified as following:

a) Lack of Finance: This including weak equity base, poor utilization of assets, inefficient working capital management, absence of costing & pricing, absence of planning and budgeting and inappropriate utilization or diversion of funds.

b) Bad Production Policies : The another very important reason for sickness is wrong selection of site which is related to production, inappropriate plant & machinery, bad maintenance of Plant & Machinery, lack of quality control, lack of standard research & development and so on.

c) Marketing and Sickness: This is another part which always affects the health of any sector as well as SSI. This including wrong demand forecasting, selection of inappropriate product mix, absence of product planning, wrong market research methods, and bad sales promotions.

d) Inappropriate Personnel Management: The another internal reason for the sickness of SSIs is inappropriate personnel management policies which includes bad wages and salary administration, bad labour relations, lack of behavioural approach causes dissatisfaction among the employees and workers.

e) Ineffective Corporate Management: Another reason for the sickness of SSIs is ineffective or bad corporate management which includes improper corporate planning, lack of integrity in top management, lack of coordination and control etc.

2) External causes for sickness:

a) Personnel Constraint: The first for most important reason for the sickness of small scale industries are non availability of skilled labour or manpower wages disparity in similar industry and general labour invested in the area.

b) Marketing Constraints: The second cause for the sickness is related to marketing. The sickness arrives due to liberal licensing policies, restrain of purchase by bulk purchasers, changes in global marketing scenario, excessive tax policies by govt. and market recession.

c) Production Constraints: This is another reason for the sickness which comes under external cause of sickness. This arises due to shortage of raw material, shortage of power, fuel and high prices, import-export restrictions.

d) Finance Constraints: The external cause for the sickness of SSIs is lack of finance. This arises due to credit restrains policy, delay in disbursement of loan by govt., unfavorable investments, fear of nationalization.

5. Write short notes on the following: 4x5=20

(a) Collective bargaining

Ans: It was Adam Smith in the 18 th Century who made the first reference to collective bargaining in the labour market. The Bargaining Theory Proponents have argued that short-run wages have always been determined by the process of bargaining. Collective bargaining is possible because there exist today the bilateral monopoly situation in the labour market. That is to say that labour market is neither perfectly competitive nor is it marked by monopoly conditions only. Both the employers and employees have now equal strength to negotiate on problems of wage settlement. This situation is called bilateral monopoly situation. Collective bargaining is conducted under bilateral monopoly.

Under bilateral monopoly conditions wages rate and volume of employment will depend on the relative bargaining strength of the Employer’s associations and Worker’s unions. If the Employer’s Association is stronger than Trade Union, it will push the wage below the competitive equilibrium level or very near to the subsistence level. On the contrary if the Trade Union is stronger than the Employers Association the wage rate will be pushed up above competitive equilibrium rate or to marginal productivity or at least to the level of the capacity to pay of the employers. Thus, there is no definiteness about the levels of wage under collective bargaining. In other words wages under bilateral monopoly situation are indeterminate. We can only indicate the broad limits within which the wages rate and the volume of employment would come to be settled according to relative bargaining power of the parties.

Many mathematical models have been built by economists to determine the bargaining power of the parties. Of these Chamberlain’s explanation is more acceptable. He has tried to determine the bargaining power of the two parties of the two parties in terms of cost of agreement relative to the cost of disagreement to each party in collective bargaining process. Greater the cost for the employers of disagreeing (facing a strike) as opposed to the cost of agreeing (granting unions demand) greater will be bargaining power of union and vice versa.

(b) Role of small scale sector

Ans: In a developing country like India, the role and importance of small-scale industries is very significant towards poverty eradication, employment generation, rural development and creating regional balance in promotion and growth of various development activities.

It is estimated that this sector has been contributing about 40% of the gross value of output produced in the manufacturing sector and the generation of employment by the small-scale sector is more than five times to that of the large-scale sector.

This clearly shows the importance of small-scale industries in the economic development of the country. The small-scale industries have been playing an important role in the growth process of Indian economy since independence in spite of stiff competition from the large sector and not very encouraging support from the government.

Ans: FDI- Foreign Direct Investment refers to international investment in which the investor obtains a lasting interest in an enterprise in another country. Most concretely, it may take the form of buying or constructing a factory in a foreign country or adding improvements to such a facility, in the form of property, plants, or equipment.

FDI is calculated to include all kinds of capital contributions, such as the purchases of stocks, as well as the reinvestment of earnings by a wholly owned company incorporated abroad (subsidiary), and the lending of funds to a foreign subsidiary or branch. The reinvestment of earnings and transfer of assets between a parent company and its subsidiary often constitutes a significant part of FDI calculations. FDI is more difficult to pull out or sell off. Consequently, direct investors may be more committed to managing their international investments, and less likely to pull out at the first sign of trouble.

(d) Functions of WTO

Ans: Functions of WTO: The following are the functions of the WTO:

a) It facilitates the implementation, administration and operation of the objectives of the Agreement and of the Multilateral Trade Agreements.

b) It provides the framework for the implementation, administration and operation of the multilateral Trade Agreements relating to trade in civil aircraft, government procurement, trade in dairy products and bovine meat.

c) It provides the forum for negotiations among its members.

d) It administers the Understanding on Rules and Procedures governing the Settlement of Disputes of the Agreement.

e) It cooperates with the IMF and the World Bank and its affiliated agencies with a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policy-making.

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IGNOU ECO-13 Business Environment Assignment 2021-22

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ECO-13: IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023

1 1. What are the three components of business environment? Discuss.
2 2. Explain the nature and implications of regulatory role of the government.
3 3. Critically evaluate the government policy towards small scale industries.
4 4. Distinguish between the following:
5 (a) Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment.
6 (b) Direction of Exports and Direction of Imports.
7 5. Write short notes on the following:
8 (a) Changing Value System
9 (b) Economic development
10 (c) Indication of Sickness
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ECO-13 Business Environment B Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023

	ECO-13: IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023

	Bachelor Degree Programme


	B.Com
	BDP
	100
	2022-2023
	English
	ECO-13/TMA/2022-2023

	31st April 30th September

1. What are the three components of business environment? Discuss.

Ans: The business environment refers to the various factors that affect the operations and performance of a business. These factors can be classified into three main components:

Internal Environment : The internal environment of a business consists of factors that are within the control of the organization. These include the organization’s vision, mission, goals, values, culture, resources, structure, leadership, and employees. The internal environment is shaped by the decisions and actions of the management and employees, and it plays a critical role in determining the success of a business.
External Environment : The external environment of a business consists of factors that are outside the control of the organization. These include the economic, social, technological, legal, political, and environmental factors that affect the business. The external environment can have a significant impact on the performance of a business, and managers must monitor and adapt to these factors to ensure the organization’s success.
Competitive Environment : The competitive environment of a business consists of the other businesses and organizations that operate in the same market or industry. These competitors can have a significant impact on the success of a business, as they may offer similar products or services and compete for the same customers. Managers must analyze the competitive environment and develop strategies to differentiate their business from competitors and gain a competitive advantage.

2. Explain the nature and implications of regulatory role of the government.

Ans: The regulatory role of the government refers to the use of laws, policies, and regulations to control or guide the behavior of individuals and organizations in a particular sector or industry. This role is important to ensure that businesses operate in a manner that protects the interests of the public and promotes fair competition.

The nature of the regulatory role of the government can vary depending on the specific industry or sector being regulated. For example, in the financial sector, the government may regulate the amount of capital that banks must hold to ensure their financial stability and protect consumers’ deposits. In the healthcare sector, the government may regulate the safety and efficacy of drugs and medical devices to protect patients’ health.

There are several implications of the regulatory role of the government. One of the primary implications is that it can increase the cost of doing business for companies. Compliance with regulations can require significant resources, including time, money, and personnel. This can make it more difficult for smaller businesses to compete with larger firms that have more resources to devote to regulatory compliance.

However, the regulatory role of the government can also have several benefits. It can help protect consumers from harm by ensuring that products and services are safe and effective. It can also promote fair competition by preventing companies from engaging in anti-competitive behavior such as price-fixing or monopolizing markets. Additionally, regulation can help promote social and environmental goals such as reducing pollution or promoting renewable energy.

3. Critically evaluate the government policy towards small scale industries.

Ans: Government policy towards small scale industries can have a significant impact on the success and growth of these businesses. In general, small scale industries are seen as an important driver of economic growth and job creation, particularly in developing countries where they often make up a significant portion of the economy.

There are several ways in which the government can support small scale industries. These include providing access to financing, creating favorable tax policies, reducing bureaucratic hurdles, and providing training and technical support to entrepreneurs. However, the effectiveness of government policies towards small scale industries can vary depending on a range of factors, including the specific policies implemented, the local business environment, and the needs of the small scale industry in question.

One potential criticism of government policy towards small scale industries is that it can be too fragmented or inconsistent. For example, there may be multiple government agencies or programs providing support to small businesses, but they may not be coordinated effectively or may have conflicting priorities. This can make it difficult for small businesses to navigate the system and access the support they need.

Another potential criticism is that government policies may not be targeted effectively towards the needs of small scale industries. For example, policies designed to promote entrepreneurship may not be effective if the local business environment is not conducive to small business growth. Additionally, policies that provide financing or technical support may not be helpful if small businesses do not have access to the resources they need to take advantage of these opportunities.

4. Distinguish between the following:

(a) foreign direct investment and portfolio investment..

Ans: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Portfolio Investment (PI) are two different forms of investment that involve investing in foreign countries. The main differences between FDI and PI are as follows:

Control : FDI involves the ownership and control of a foreign company, while PI does not. In FDI, a company establishes a new operation or acquires an existing company in a foreign country, and manages it as a subsidiary. In contrast, PI involves the purchase of stocks, bonds, or other securities of a foreign company, but does not give the investor control over the company’s operations.
Purpose : FDI is usually done with the long-term goal of establishing a permanent presence in a foreign market and expanding the company’s operations and market share. On the other hand, PI is done with the intention of generating short-term profits from fluctuations in the stock or bond prices.
Risk : FDI involves a higher level of risk than PI because it requires a substantial investment of capital and resources in a foreign market, and the success of the investment depends on the company’s ability to effectively manage and compete in that market. PI, on the other hand, is a relatively low-risk investment because it involves only the purchase of securities and does not require a significant investment in the foreign market.
Returns : FDI typically generates returns from the profits of the subsidiary, while PI generates returns from dividends and capital gains from the sale of securities.

(b) Direction of Exports and Direction of Imports.

Ans: The direction of exports and the direction of imports refer to the countries or regions from which a country sells goods and services to and the countries or regions from which it buys goods and services from, respectively. The main differences between the two are as follows:

Outward or Inward Orientation : The direction of exports is an outward-oriented measure, as it refers to the countries or regions that a country is selling its goods and services to. The direction of imports, on the other hand, is an inward-oriented measure, as it refers to the countries or regions from which a country is buying its goods and services.
Trade Balance: The direction of exports and the direction of imports are both important in determining a country’s trade balance. If a country’s exports exceed its imports, it has a trade surplus. Conversely, if its imports exceed its exports, it has a trade deficit.
Economic Growth: A country’s direction of exports and imports can also have an impact on its economic growth. Export-oriented economies tend to grow faster than those that rely more on domestic consumption, as exporting countries have access to larger markets, greater economies of scale, and more competitive pricing. Similarly, countries that import a wide range of goods and services can benefit from lower costs, increased competition, and improved quality of goods.
Trade Policies : A country’s direction of exports and imports can also be influenced by its trade policies, such as tariffs, quotas, and other trade restrictions. These policies can affect the volume, direction, and composition of trade, as well as the overall trade balance.

5. Write short notes on the following:

(a) changing value system.

Ans: A value system refers to a set of beliefs, attitudes, and ideals that an individual or a society holds about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable. A changing value system refers to the process of transformation in these beliefs, attitudes, and ideals, which can occur due to various social, cultural, economic, and technological factors.

One of the main drivers of a changing value system is the generational shift. As new generations grow up and take on different roles in society, they often bring with them new values and attitudes that can challenge or replace traditional ones. For example, younger generations may have different views on gender roles, environmental issues, and social justice, which can lead to changes in societal norms and expectations.

Technological advancements and globalization are also significant factors that contribute to a changing value system. The increasing interconnectedness of the world through the internet and social media has led to greater exposure to diverse cultures and perspectives, which can influence and shape individual and societal values.

Changing value systems can have both positive and negative impacts on individuals and society. On the positive side, changes in values can lead to greater acceptance and tolerance of diversity, improved social justice, and increased awareness of environmental issues. However, changes in values can also lead to conflicts and tensions between different groups and may result in the erosion of traditional cultural values and practices.

(b) Economic development

Ans: Economic development refers to the sustained and continuous improvement in the economic well-being and living standards of a society. It involves the increase in the production and consumption of goods and services, the reduction of poverty and unemployment, and the improvement of infrastructure and human capital.

Economic development is often measured by various indicators, including GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita, income distribution, and the Human Development Index (HDI). A country with high levels of economic development has a strong and diversified economy, a well-educated and healthy population, and a stable and efficient government that promotes economic growth.

Economic development can be achieved through various means, including investments in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, and the promotion of entrepreneurship and innovation. It also requires sound economic policies and institutions that foster a conducive business environment, encourage foreign investments, and promote sustainable development.

There are different stages of economic development, ranging from traditional economies to industrialized and post-industrial economies. The path of economic development may differ across countries and regions depending on their resource endowments, level of technological advancement, and institutional and policy frameworks.

Economic development has both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment. While economic development can create job opportunities and improve living standards, it can also lead to environmental degradation, social inequality, and cultural homogenization.

(c) Indication of Sickness

Ans: In the context of economics, the term “sickness” is often used to refer to the state of an economy that is performing poorly and is experiencing various economic problems. There are several indications that can suggest an economy is in a state of sickness. Some of the common indicators are:

High Inflation : One of the signs of a sick economy is high inflation. Inflation refers to the rate at which the general price level of goods and services is increasing. When the inflation rate is high, it means that the purchasing power of money is decreasing, and the cost of living is going up. This can make it difficult for people to afford basic necessities, leading to social and economic problems.
High Unemployment : Another sign of a sick economy is high unemployment. When the unemployment rate is high, it means that a significant number of people are unable to find jobs, leading to a decline in consumer spending and a decrease in economic growth.
Slow Economic Growth : A sick economy may experience slow or negative economic growth, which is a situation where the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is not increasing or is decreasing. Slow economic growth can result from various factors, including a decrease in investment, lack of innovation, and low productivity.
Low Investment : A lack of investment can indicate a sick economy. When businesses and individuals are not investing, it can lead to low economic growth, lack of job creation, and low innovation.
High Debt Levels : High levels of debt, whether it is public or private, can indicate a sick economy. High debt levels can lead to reduced investment, higher interest rates, and a lack of confidence in the economy.

(d) Joint Ventures

Ans: Joint venture refers to a business arrangement in which two or more parties come together to undertake a specific business project or venture. In a joint venture, the parties involved typically pool their resources, expertise, and capital to achieve a common goal, which could be a new product, service, or project. The joint venture can be formed between two or more companies, individuals, or even governments.

Joint ventures can take various forms, including equity joint ventures, contractual joint ventures, and cooperative joint ventures. In an equity joint venture, the parties involved contribute equity capital, and the joint venture company is formed as a separate legal entity. In a contractual joint venture, the parties sign a contract to work together for a specific project or purpose, without forming a separate legal entity. A cooperative joint venture involves the sharing of resources and expertise between parties to achieve a common goal, but without forming a separate legal entity.

Joint ventures have several benefits, including sharing of resources and risks, access to new markets and technologies, and access to specialized skills and expertise. By pooling resources, joint ventures can achieve economies of scale and reduce costs, and by sharing risks, they can minimize the financial exposure of individual parties.

However, joint ventures also have their disadvantages, including the potential for conflict and disagreements between parties, the risk of loss of control, and the difficulty in finding the right partner with complementary skills and expertise.

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AOM-01: IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023

IGNOU ECO-013 Previous Year Question Papers

February 10, 2024

If you are looking for IGNOU ECO-013 previous year question papers entitled “ BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ” for the IGNOU Bachelor of Commerce with Major in Accountancy and Finance (BCOMAF) , then you have come to the right place!, here We’ve uploaded the last years’ question papers for your convenience. these ECO-013 previous year question papers will help you for your upcoming exams preparation. The papers are available in both English and Hindi language in the same pdf.

Prepare for your upcoming exams effectively with ECO 13 previous year question papers, available in PDF format in English and Hindi. These papers are invaluable resources for your exam preparation.

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ECO-013 Old Paper Details

Programme	(BCOMAF)
Course Code	ECO-013
Course Title	BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
University	IGNOU
Paper Language	English/Hindi
Years	June 2018 to December 2022
Doc type	Previous year Question Papers PDF’s (soft copy)

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IGNOU ECO-13 Assignment Question Paper Download (2022-23)

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ECO-13: Business Environment

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IGNOU ECO-13 Study Material

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List of Available ECO-13 Study Materials:


Block-1	Introduction to Business Environment
Block-2	Business and Government
Block-3	Economic Policy and Framework
Block-4	External Sector and Economic Reforms

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IGNOU ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22

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	:	ECO-13: Business Environment (Solved Assignment)
	:	Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com)
	:	2021-22
	:	Soft Copy / PDF
	:	English or Hindi

Description

Additional information, ignou eco 13 solved assignment 2021-22: business environment.

The students of Indira Gandhi National Open University may require IGNOU ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22 in English or Hindi as reference material to prepare their Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) of IGNOU Bachelor of Commerce course.This reference IGNOU B.Com assignment of ECO-13: Business Environment course will help students in completing their task.

This assignment is valid for July 2021 and January 2022 session.

It is useful for Bachelors of Commerce students.It comes under the category of IGNOU B.Com solved assignments.

Note: These assignments are just for reference.Students should write the Tutor Marked Assignments in their own words and also in their own handwriting.

Language	English Medium, Hindi Medium

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ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23

Business Environment

ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23 : All assignments are in PDF format which would be send on email/WhatsApp (9958676204) just after payment.

COURSE CODE : ECO 13

COURSE TITLE : Business Environment

ASSIGNMENT CODE : ECO 13/TMA/2022-2023

Maximum Marks: 100

Attempt all the questions:

1. What are the three components of business environment? Discuss.

2. Explain the nature and implications of regulatory role of the government.

3. Critically evaluate the government policy towards small scale industries.

4. Distinguish between the following:

(a) Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment.

(b) Direction of Exports and Direction of Imports.

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5. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Changing Value System

(b) Economic development

(d) Joint Ventures

ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23, ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23, ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23, ECO 13 Assignment, IGNOU Assignment ECO 13 2022-23- Gandhi National Open University had recently uploaded the assignments of the present session for Programme for the year 2022-23. ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Students are recommended to download their Assignments from this web page itself. They don’t got to go anywhere else when everything regarding the Assignments are available during this article only.

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IGNOU ECO 13 Question Paper

1.1 How to get IGNOU ECO 13 Solved Question Papers?
1.2 Important detail about IGNOU ECO 13 previous year question paper
1.3 Download IGNOU ECO 13 Question Papers

IGNOU ECO 13 Question Papers

The course code of IGNOU BCOM “Elective Course: ECO-13 : Business Environment” is ECO-13. Here you can download IGNOU ECO 13 question papers of Dec 2018, June 2018, Dec 2017, June 2017, Dec 2016, June 2016, Dec 2015, June 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012.

Are you pursuing Bachelor Degree Programme (BDP) / BCOM from Indira Gandhi National Open University? If yes, then you have to study a course known as ECO-13: Business Environment.

Related Post: IGNOU ECO 13 Solved Assignment For IGNOU ECO 13 help book containing last 10 year solved question papers & Solved assignment , you can contact us on WhatsApp at 7428482160

To prepare for upcoming June or December term end examination, students may require IGNOU ECO 13 previous year question papers of last 5 years.

These old question papers are provided by university totally free of cost. Students do not need to spend any penny for it.They can easily download IGNOU BCOM ECO 13 old question papers of last ten years from the university official website at www.ignou.ac.in.

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After downloading BCOM ECO 13 previous papers, they should try to solve them. It is something extra which students can do to obtain good marks in their June and December examination. In case, if student faces any difficulty in solving ECO 13 question papers, they can take a help of reference books.

Students can buy IGNOU ECO-13 reference/ help books online.These books contains IGNOU previous year questions of last 5 years along with important questions and answers. In case, if you find any difficulty in getting reference books, You can send email at [email protected] . The representative will guide you how to buy it online.

Important detail about IGNOU ECO 13 previous year question paper

To help out students, we have collected some important points from previous year question papers of ECO-13 course.These are mentioned below:

IGNOU ECO 13 question paper carries 70% Weightage of the total marks of this course.The remaining 30% weightage is given to Tutor Marked Assignments which the students have to solve and submit to their concerned study centre.
The total marks of ECO-13 term end examination question paper is 100.
The maximum duration of exam is 3 hours.

Download IGNOU ECO 13 Question Papers

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IGNOU ECO-13 July 2023 - January 2024 - Solved Assignment

Are you looking to download a PDF soft copy of the Solved Assignment ECO-13 - Business Environment ? Then GullyBaba is the right place for you. We have the Assignment available in English and Hindi language.

This particular Assignment references the syllabus chosen for the subject of Business and Law , for the July 2023 - January 2024 session. The code for the assignment is ECO-13 and it is often used by students who are enrolled in the B.COM, BBA Degree.

Once students have paid for the Assignment, they can Instantly Download to their PC, Laptop or Mobile Devices in soft copy as a PDF format. After studying the contents of this Assignment, students will have a better grasp of the subject and will be able to prepare for their upcoming tests.

IGNOU ECO-13 (July 2023 - January 2024) Assignment Questions

1. How are ecological issuses relevant to business environment in India?

2. What is economic growth? Explain the trends in the rate of economic growth of Indian economy since 1951.

3. Describe the main features of Government policy in relation to industrial sickness.

4. Define a joint venture. Discuss their merits and demerits.

5. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Economic Planning (b) Coperative Sector (c) Collective Bargaining (d) Foreign Capital

IGNOU ECO-13 (July 2022 - January 2023) Assignment Questions

1. What are the three components of business environment? Discuss.

2. Explain the nature and implications of regulatory role of the government.

3. Critically evaluate the government policy towards small scale industries.

4. Distinguish between the following:

(a) Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment. (b) Direction of Exports and Direction of Imports.

(a) Changing Value System (b) Economic development (c) Indication of Sickness (d) Joint Ventures

1. भारत के व्यावसायिक पर्यावरण के साथ में पारिस्थितिकी संबंधी मुद्दे कहाँ तक संबंद्ध है ?

2. आर्थिक संवद्धि क्या है ? 1951 के बाद के भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में आर्थिक संवृद्धि के दर में परिवर्तन समझाइए ।

3. औद्योगिक रुग्णता के संबंध में सरकारी नीति की प्रमुख विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए ।

4. संयुक्त उधम की परिभाषा दीजिए। उनके गुणों और दोषों के संबंध में विवेचन कीजिए ।

5. निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्त में टिप्पणीयां लिखिए :

(क) आर्थिक आयोजना (ख) सहकारी क्षेत्र (ग) सामूहिक सौदेबाजी (घ) विदेशी पूंजी

1. व्यावसायिक पर्यावरण के तीन घटक कौन से होते हैं ? उनका विवेचन कीजिए ।

2. सरकार की नियामक भूमिका के स्वरूप और उसके निहितार्थों की व्याख्या कीजिए ।

3. छोटे पैमाने के उद्योगों के प्रति सरकारी नीति का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिए ।

4. निम्नलिखित में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिए:

(क) विदेशी प्रत्यक्ष निवेश और पोर्टफोलियो निवेश (ख) निर्यातों की दिशा और आयातों की दिशा

(क) बदलती हुई मूल्य व्यवस्था (ख) आर्थिक विकास (ग) रुग्णता का संकेत (घ) संयुक्त उद्यम

ECO-13 Assignment Details

University IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University)
Title Business Environment
Language(s) English and Hindi
Session July 2023 - January 2024
Code ECO-13
Subject Business and Law
Degree(s) B.COM , BBA
Course Core Courses (CC)
Author Gullybaba.com Panel
Publisher Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Assignment Submission End Date

The IGNOU open learning format requires students to submit study Assignments. Here is the final end date of the submission of this particular assignment according to the university calendar.

30th April (if Enrolled in the June Exams)
31st October (if Enrolled in the December Exams).

Download Files & Sessions Details

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English Language

July 2023 - January 2024 12 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BBA-ECO13-EN-374
July 2022 - January 2023 14 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BBA-ECO13-EN-229

Hindi Language

July 2023 - January 2024 12 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BBA-ECO13-HI-374
July 2022 - January 2023 16 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BBA-ECO13-HI-229

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ECO 03 Solved Assignment 2021 – 22

Gnou b.com free solved assignment 2021 – 22, tutor marked assignment, course code: eco-03, course title: management theory, assignment code: eco-03/tma/2021-22, coverage: all blocks, maximum marks: 100.

Attempt all the questions:

1. What is controlling function of management? Discuss traditional and modern techniques of control. (20)

Ans: Controlling function of management: Control is one of the managerial functions. These functions start with planning and end at controlling. The other functions like organising, staffing, directing act as the connecting like between planning and controlling. Planning will be successful only if the progress planning and controlled, Planning involves setting up of goals and objectives while controlling seeks to ensure.

In the words of Koontz and O’Donnel, “The measurement and correction of the performance of activities of subordinates in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and plan devised to attain them are being accomplished.” The accomplishment of organisational goals is the main aim of every management. The performance of subordinates should be constantly watched to ensure proper implementation of plans. Co-ordination is the channel through which goals can be achieved and necessary.

According to Henry Fayol, “In an undertaking, control consists in verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and principles established. It has to point out weakness and errors in order to rectify them and prevent recurrence”.

Thus, controlling implies determining and stating specifically what is to be accomplished, then checking performance against such standards prescribed with a view to supplying the corrective action required to achieve the planned objectives. The end objective of controlling is, therefore, to ensure that the people’s effort in the organisation is continuously directed towards the attainment of the predetermined objectives.

Techniques and modern techniques of Control or Methods of Establishing Control

A number of techniques or tools are used for the purpose of managerial control. Some of the techniques are used for the control of the overall performance of the organisation, and some are used for controlling specific areas or aspects like costs, sales, etc. The various techniques of control can be classified into categories, viz.,

(1) Traditional or Conventional techniques and

(2) Modern or Contemporary techniques.

Traditional Techniques

a. Budgetary Control: According to J.A. Scott, “Budgetary control is the system of management control and accounting in which all operations are forecasted and so far as possible planned ahead, and the actual results compared with the forecasted and planned ones”.

b. Standard Costing: According to the ICMA, England, “Standard cost is a pre-determined cost which is calculated from management’s standards of efficient operation and the relevant necessary expenditure”.

c. Break-even Analysis or Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis or Break-even Analysis is the study of the interrelationship between the cost (i.e., cost of production), volume (i.e., the volume of production and sales), the prices and the sales value, and the profits. In other words, it is the study of the inter-relationship between the cost (i.e., cost of production), volume (i.e., volume of production and sales), prices (i.e., selling prices) and profits.

d. Inventory Control: Inventory is the stock of raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods, consumable stores and spare parts and components at any given point to time. So, inventory control means control over different items of inventory or stock. “It is defined as physical control of stock items and implementing the principles and policies relating thereto”.

e. Internal Audit: Internal audit is a continuous and systematic review of the accounting, financial and other operations of a concern by the staff specially appointed by the management for the purpose. In other words, it is the auditing for the management conducted by the staff specially appointed for the purpose to ensure that the work of the concern is going on smoothly, efficiently and economically.

f. Statistical Data Analysis: It is a technique under which statistical data of the past and the present relating to the important aspects of the business are used for managerial control. The statistical data are collected from books and registers of the concern and presented to the management in a systematic manner in the form of tables, charts, graphs, etc.,

g. Personal Observation: Under the technique of personal observation, the managers keep a close personal observation of the employees. In other words, the manager observes whether the workers are doing what they are expected to do.

h. Production Planning and Control: According to S. Elon, “Production planning and control may be defined as the direction and co-ordination of the firm’s material and physical facilities towards the attainment of pre-specified production goals in the most efficient and valuable way”.

Modern Techniques

a. Financial Statement Analysis: Financial statements are a means of managerial control. They can be used by the management for measuring and controlling the profitability, liquidity and the financial position of the business. By comparing the financial statement of the current year with those of the previous years and also by comparing the financial statement of their concern with those of other concerns engaged in the same industry.

b. Return on Investment Control: Profits are the measure of overall efficiency of business. Profit earned in relation to the capital employed in a business is an important control device. ROI is used to measure the overall efficiency of a concern. It reveals how well the resources of a concern are used, higher the return better are the results.

A large number of companies have adopted it as their key measure of overall performance. This yardstick is the rate of return that a company or a division can earn on the capital allocated to it. This tool, therefore, regards profit not as an absolute but as a return on capital employed in the business. The goal of a business is seen, accordingly, not necessarily as optimizing profits but as optimizing returns from capital devoted to business purposes.

This standard recognizes the fundamental fact that capital is a critical factor in almost any enterprise and, through its scarcity, limits progress. It also emphasizes the fact that the job of managers is to make the best possible use of assets entrusted to them.

c. Management Information System (MIS): Management Information System (MIS) is an approach of providing timely, adequate and accurate information to the right person in the organisation which helps in taking right decisions. These are integrated programs for the collection, analysis and dissemination of information to support management decision making. The total MIS network is more than a machine; it contains human resources, hardware, software and intricate processes. Most MIS networks are computer based due to vast amount of number crunching to be done. That is why the ideal MIS provides accurate, condensed informational analysis to the appropriate manager in a timely manner.

d. Management Audit: Management audit is an investigation by an independent organisation to find out whether the management is carried out most effectively or not. In case there are drawbacks at any level then recommendations should be given to improve managerial efficiency.

e. Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB): In the words of Peter A Pyher, “Zero-base budgeting is a planning and budgeting process which requires each manager to justify his entire budget request in detail from scratch and shifts the burden of proof to each manager to justify why he should spend money at all. The approach requires that all activities be analysed in ‘decision packages’ which are evaluated by systematic analysis and ranked in order of importance”. From his definition, it is clear that Zero-base budgeting is a technique of preparing the budget in which the previous year is not taken as the base, and every year is taken as a new year for preparing the current year’s budget.

f. Human Resources Accounting: The American Accounting Association has defined human resources accounting as “the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties”.

g. Responsibility Accounting: Responsibility Accounting is defined as “a system designed to accumulate and report costs by individual levels of responsibility. Each supervisory area is charged only with the cost for which it is responsible and over which it has control.”

2. Discuss the meaning and importance of departmentation. Discuss line, functional and line and staff organization with their relative merits and demerits. (20)

Ans: Departmentation: The process of dividing activities into units and subunits is referred to as departmentation. The term departmentation is used in a generic sense n is not only confined to the creation of such units as are called departments, but it includes divisions, sections and jobs also.

Dividing up work calls or identification of total activities and classification of such activities into units and subunits. There are three bases for primary grouping of activities at the second level of the organisation just below the top level. Units at the second level are commonly called departments when business functions are adopted as the pattern of grouping activities. Such units go by the name of divisions when either products manufactured or territories are adopted as the means of classifying activities.

There are, however, two approaches to departmentation- top down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down approach, activities are divided step by step downward form the chief executive’s job to the operating jobs. In the bottom-up approach, the division of activities is carried on in a reverse order. Starting form operating jobs, there arise sections form combining some correlated jobs, departments from combining some sections and finally the chief executive position form putting departments together. While the top-down approach gives emphasis on co-ordination and managerial action, the bottom-up approach gives emphasis on co-ordination and managerial action, the bottom-up approach focuses attention on employee performance. Although the top-down approach is easy for understanding the departmentation process, both the approaches are utilized in actual practice

Need and Significance of Departmentation

It is an established fact that there is a limitation on the member of personnel an enterprise or a supervisor can directly control. This limitation of control restricts the size of the enterprise unless it divides and groups its activities into departments. Departments comprise a framework for an organisation and enable it to expand indefinitely. Departmentation aims at (1) specialisation of activities for efficient performance; (2) simplifying the task of management within a workable span; and (3) maintaining co-ordination and control of the various activities. The various advantages of departmentation can be summed up as:

1. It increases the efficiency of the enterprise since the various activities are grouped into workable units.

2. It renders the task of fixation of accountability for results very easy since activities are well defined and responsibilities are clearly laid.

3. It provides for fixation of standards for performance appraisal and thus ensures effective control.

4. It creates opportunities for the departmental heads to take initiative and thus develops managerial facilities.

Line Organisation – Meaning, Advantages and disadvantages

Line organisation or military organsiation is a direct type of internal organisation. It is the oldest and the simplest form of integral organisation. Line organisation is a type of internal organisation in which there are direct vertical authority relationships (i.e., superior-subordinate relationships), connecting the positions at each level with those above and those below in the hierarchy. In other word, it is a form of organisation in which the relationships between the various levels of management form a hierarchy of authority or chain of command.

Advantages of Line Organisation:

Line organisation has certain advantages. They are:

1. This system is simple to establish and operate.

2. Under this system, responsibility and authority are clearly defined. Every member of the organisation knows his exact position, to whom he is responsible and who are responsible to him. Because of the clear fixation of responsibility, no person can escape from his liability.

3. There is unity of command and control under this system. That is, a subordinate receives orders from only one superior and is responsible only to one superior.

4. The unified authority and control implicit in this system ensures better discipline among the employees.

5. The unification of authority and responsibility present in this system facilitates quick and prompt decisions.

Disadvantages of Line Organisation:

Line organisation is not free from defects. It suffers from several drawbacks. The main drawbacks are:

1. Under this system, as only one executive manages all the activities in his department, there is no scope for specialization.

2. As only one executive is required to manage all the activities in his department, he is over-burdened, As a result, he may not be able to direct and control the efforts of his subordinates, properly.

3. As all the decisions relating to a department are taken by only one executive, there is unitary administration. Consequently, the successful functioning of the department depends on the abilities of the departmental head.

4. Under this system, only one executive controls all the activities of department and gets undue importance. The importance of the other people in the department is not recognised. As a result, there may be lack of co-operation and team-spirit.

5. Since only one executive controls all the activities in his department, there is much scope for nepotism and favouritism.

Functional Organisation – Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages

Functional organisation is a type of organisation in which the work of the whole enterprise is divided into a number of specialized functions like production, purchasing, marketing, office management, personnel relations, etc. and each of these spcci~11ised functions is entrusted to a functional expert or specialist.

Advantages of Functional Organisation

Functional organisation has the following advantages:

1. Specialisation: This type of organisation has the benefit of having specialists in each area. The work is performed by those who have the specialist knowledge of that work. The workers have the advantage of getting instructions from specialists. This makes possible the fullest use of energy in the organisation.

2. Increase in Efficiency: There is division of labour upto manager level. Planning and execution are also separated. This helps to increase the overall efficiency in the organisation. The workers get guidance from expert supervisors and this enhances their performance at work.

3. Scope for Growth: The functional organisation provides wide scope for growth and mass production. The employment of specialists at various levels of work enables the organisation to grow as per the needs of the situation.

4. Flexibility: Functional organisation allows changes in organisation without disturbing the whole work. The span of supervision can also be adjusted according to the requirements.

5. Relief to Top executives: Top executives are not unnecessarily burdened as happens in line organisation. The line officer is supposed to be a jack of all trades and is burdened with all types of works. On the contrary a specialist is a master of his line and he has the expertise and capability of taking his own decisions.

Disadvantages of Functional Organisation

Following are the disadvantages of functional organisation:

1. Conflict in Authority: The principle of ‘unity of command’ is violated in functional organisation. A subordinate is answerable to many bosses. Every superior considers his work important and wants the workers to give to priority to his assignment. The workers fell confused and are unable to decide about the priorities of their work.

2. Lack of Co-ordination: The appointment of several specialists creates problems of co-ordination, especially when the advice of more than one is needed for taking decisions. Specialists try to give more importance to their work as compared to other areas. This creates conflicts among specialists and co-ordination becomes a problem.

3. Difficulty in Fixing Responsibility: Since there is no unity of command, it becomes difficult to fix responsibility for slackness in work. So many persons are involved in completing a work and everybody tries to blame others for low performance.

4. Delay in Taking Decisions: The involvement of more than one person in decision-making process slows down it. The speed or action tends to be hampered by the division of authority. Much time is taken in consulting different specialists prior to decision-making.

5. Poor Discipline: The division of authority creates problem of discipline. The workers have to obey many bosses; their loyalty becomes divided. Discipline tends to break down only among workers but also among lower level supervisors.

Line and Staff Organisation – Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages

In line organisation, there is unity of command, hut there is no specialization. In functional organisation, there is extreme specialisation, hut there is no unity of command. To overcome the defects and to take advantage of the merits of both line organisation and functional organisation, line and staff organisation has been evolved. Line and staff organisation is the Usual form of organisation found in modern enterprise.

Line and staff organisation is a combination of line organisation and functional organisation. It is a type of organisation in which there are two sets of officers for administration, viz., (1) line officers who have the authority and command over the subordinates and are responsible for the accomplishment of the results, and-(2) staff officers or specialists who render expert’s advice to the line officers to help them to discharge their functions efficiently.

Advantages of Line and Staff Organisation

This organisation has the following advantages:

1. Specialisation: Line and staff organisation introduces specialisation in a systematic manner. Persons with specialised knowledge are appointed to help line officers. The planning part is generally undertaken by staff personnel and line officers are able to devote much time for execution.

2. Better Discipline: The unity of command is maintained in this type of organisation. The staff personnel do not interfere with the executive work of line officers. The workers get command from line personnel and are accountable directly to them for their performance. This creates better understanding and discipline among employees.

3. Balanced and Prompt Decisions: The functional managers have the advantage of expert advice when taking important decisions. The staff can also be used to investigate and advise on inter-departmental relationships. The line officers can take balanced and quick decisions.

4. Growth and Expansion: The life and staff organisation is quite suitable for growth and expansion. The burden of line staff is eased by the appointment of specialists. Line officers will be able to devote much time for future planning. The present staff will enable the expansion and growth of unit. Some assistant can be appointed to cope with the work if needed.

5. Development of Employees: This organisation provides scope for advancement of career to able and debited employees. There are more openings for those who have capabilities of going up. The separation of functions, of ‘planning’ and ‘doing’ also helps in creating more and more job opportunities. Promotional chances increase for deserving persons.

Disadvantages of Line and Staff Organisation

The line and staff organisation suffers from the following drawbacks:

1. Conflict between Line and Staff Personnel: There is a possibility of conflict between line and staff personnel. The responsibility for operations lies with line officers while staff officers only advise. The staff officers feel ignored at the hands of line officers. The line officers, on the other hand, complain of interference by staff persons in the day-to-day working. The conflict between line and staff officials adversely affects the work in the organisation.

2. Lack of Responsibility: There is a lack of responsibility for staff officials. They are not accountable for the actual results of operations. This may tempt them to give rash or theoretical advice. They may also be casual in their approach because the whole blame for non-performance lies with line.

3. More Dependence on Staff: The line officers become habituated for advice on staff. They refer everything to staff for advice. Over-dependence on staff will make line officers less creative. They will not give much thought to any activity since advice will be available from staff.

4. Lack of Co-ordination: There will be a lack of co-ordination between line and staff. The staff advice may be confused with line orders. The staff officers may also not be clear about their exact role. They may try to dominate the implementation part of their advice. Overlapping of functions will create confusion and disorder among employees.

5. Ineffective Staff: The staff officers do not wield any power in the organisation. Without power they will not get prestige in the organisation. They will feel unimportant and the quality of advice will also be adversely affected.

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3. Write short notes on the following: ( 4 x 5) = 20

(a) Principles of Communication

Ans: PRINCIPLES FOR COMMUNICATION

Effective communication is one of the master skills to boost productivity. A communication is said effective when message will be received and understood the way we intended. A very helpful guideline to effective communication is given by the 7 C’s and 4 S’s. In any business environment, adherence to the 7C’s and 4S’s helps the sender in transmitting his message with ease and accuracy. The 7C’s are as follows:

1. Conciseness: The message to be communicated should be as brief and concise as possible. Only simple and brief statements should be made.

2. Concreteness: Concrete and specified expressions should be used in favour of vague and abstract expressions. The facts should also be specified. The level of message of the sender should be according to the receiver’s level of knowledge, understanding and educational background. Such communication builds confidence between sender and receiver.

3. Consistency: Communication approach must have consistency. Excessive vicissitudes might lead to confusion in the mind of the receiver. All the ideas and points must work in tandem and form an appropriate sequence. Such communication will minimise communication barriers.

4. Correctness: It is mandatory to send the message in a correct manner i.e. it must have supporting facts, figures, examples etc. This is done to ensure that if any idea has remained unclear to the receiver he may understand it more clearly, correctly and appropriately based on the supply of facts etc. The sender’s ideas must be balanced. The most important aspects of the message should be emphasised for increased attention of the receiver.

5. Clarity: Clarity of thought should precede a conversation. The message constructed by the sender should be unambiguous should adhere to a simple sentence structure. This permits the receiver to understand the message with little effort. Complete clarity of ideas facilitates ease of comprehension. Ideas should be conveyed in a manner that they are understood with simplicity.

6. Credibility: The above-mentioned points prove futile in the absence of the credibility factor because credibility depends on the trust factor between the sender and receiver. The sender should exude confidence that the receiver will receive the message being sent by him. Similarly, the receiver should maintain constant interaction with the sender and display trust in the sender’s credibility. He should accept the sender’s messages as the truth.

7. Courtesy: Courtesy follows credibility. Results beyond expectation can be achieved if tact, diplomacy and appreciation of people are woven in the message. Courtesy in expression is an effective and integral part of business world. Once the credibility of the sender has been established, attempts should be made at being courteous in expression. In the business world, being courteous can pave the way to success.

(b) Limitations of Planning

Ans: Limitations of planning: Planning is essential for a business organisation. It is difficult to manage operations without formal planning. It is important for the organisation to move towards achieving goals. But often things to not always go according to plan. Unforeseen events and changes, rise in costs and prices, environmental changes, government interventions, legal regulations, all affect our business plans. Plans then need to be modified. Therefore, planning might fail due to the following limitations :

a. Planning does not work in dynamic environment: The business environment is dynamic, nothing is constant. The environment consists of a number of dimensions— economic, political, technological, legal and social dimensions. The organisation has to constantly adapt itself to the changes in business environment. However, it is not always possible to accurately assess future trends in the environment.

i. Competition in the market can upset financial plans.

ii. Sales targets have to be revised and according is cash budgets also need to be modified since then are based on sales figures. Thus, planning cannot foresee everything and thus these are obstacles to effective planning.

b. Planning is a time consuming process: Planning is a time consuming process. It requires collection of information, its analysis and interpretation. These activities may take considerable time. Sometimes plans to be drawn up take so much of time that there is not much time left for implementation of plans.

c. Planning involves huge costs: Planning is an expensive process in terms of money. When plans are drawn up, huge costs are involved in the formulation of plans. If the costs are not justified by the benefits derived from the plan, it may have adverse effect on the enterprise. There are a number of incidental costs as well, like expenses on Board’s meetings, discussions with professional experts and preliminary investigations to find out the Viability of the plan.

d. Planning creates rigidity: Planning leads to rigid mode of functioning for managers. This has adverse effect on the initiative to be taken by them.

e. Planning does not guarantee success: The success of an enterprise is possible only when plans are Properly drawn up implemental. Managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tested successful plans. But it is not always true that a plan which has worked before, will work effectively again.

Ans: Objectives are the goals established to guide the efforts of the management. Objectives are the ends towards which all the managerial activities are directed. Objective should be measurable and must be achievable within a given time limit. Examples of objective: Increase in sales revenue by 10% by reducing prices. Objectives determine the final goal of the enterprise. Objectives are determined by the top level of management. Objectives determine what is to be done and also the way in which a specific way is to be done.

(d) Fayol’s Administrative Theory

Ans: Henry Fayol’s Administrative policy

Henry Fayol was born in Finance in 1841. He graduated in 1860 and joined as a mining engineer in a French Mining Company (Commentry-Fourchambault-Decanzevile) and rose to the position of its Chief Managing Director because of his outstanding abilities in 1888. From 1888 to 1918 he was the Managing Director of the company. Through his long practical experience as a successful industrialist, Fayol developed a general theory of management. In 1916, he published the book Administration Industrielle et Generate in French which was translated into English in 1929 under the title, General and Industrial Management. But only a few hundred copies were published and it was only in 1946 that the English edition of this important book was freely available in the United States.

Fayol’s major contribution was:

1. To identify and classify business activities.

2. To identify management as separate set of skills or functions.

3. To classify functions of management into five elements.

4. To develop universal principles of management.

5. To emphasise managerial qualities.

Fayol classified all industrial or business activities into six groups as given below:

1. Technical activities consisting of production or manufacture.

2. Commercial activities consisting of buying, selling and exchange.

3. Financial activities concerning search for optimum use of capital.

4. Security activities concerning protection of property and persons.

5. Accounting activities concerning with maintenance of accounts including statistics.

6. Managerial activities consisting of planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling.

Although business or industrial undertakings differ from one another in nature, size or complexity of operations, yet these six activities are common to all enterprises. According to Fayol, the first five activities are quite well known, and, therefore, he has concentrated on the analysis of the sixth, i.e., managerial activities.

4. Differentiate between the following: ( 4 x 5) = 20

(a) Coordination and Cooperation

Ans: Difference between Co-ordination and Co-operation


1. Meaning	It refers to bringing together the activities of an organisation.	It refers to voluntary efforts of individuals to work together and help each other.
2. Nature	It is a conscious and deliberate effort of manager.	It is a voluntary effort of employees.
3. Scope	It includes co-operation and hence has a wider scope.	It has a narrow scope as it is towards establishing co-ordination.
4. Requirement	Co-ordination is essential for achievement of organisational goal.	Co-operation is voluntary in nature.
5. Relations	Co-ordination arises out of both formal and informal relations.	It arises out of informal relations.

(b) Delegation of Authority and Decentralisation

Ans: Difference between delegation of authority and decentralisation:


Meaning/Name	Sharing of the task with the subordinate and granting authority in a prescribed limit by the superior is Delegation.	The systematic delegation to the lowest level of management is called decentralization.
Nature	It becomes compulsory in all the organizations as the complete task cannot be performed by the superior.	It becomes compulsory in the large organisations.
Freedom in action	Less freedom to the subordinate Final authority lies with the delegator.	More freedom given to the subordinate.
Status	This is a process done as a result of Division of work.	This is the result of the policies framed by higher officials.
Scope/Authority	It depicts limited distribution of work, so has a limited scope.	It depicts broader distribution of authority so has a wider scope.
Purpose	Its purpose is reduction of workload of the officer.	The purpose is expansion of the authority in the organization.

Ans: Difference between Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory and Herzberg’s motivation Hygiene Theory

1. Meaning:

Maslow’s theory is based on the concept of human needs and their satisfaction.

Hertzberg’s theory is based on the use of motivators which include achievement, recognition and opportunity for growth.

2. Basis of Theory:

Maslow’s theory is based on the hierarchy of human needs. He identified five sets of human needs (on priority basis) and their satisfaction in motivating employees.

Hertzberg refers to hygiene factors and motivating factors in his theory. Hygiene factors are dissatisfying while motivating factors motivate subordinates. Hierarchical arrangement of needs is not given.

3. Nature of Theory:

Maslow’s theory is rather simple and descriptive. The theory is based long experience about human needs.

Hertzberg’s theory is more prescriptive. It suggests the motivating factors which can be used effectively. This theory is based on actual information collected by Hertzberg by interviewing 200 engineers and accountants.

4. Applicability of Theory:

Maslow’s theory is most popular and widely cited theory of motivation and has wide applicability. It is mostly applicable to poor and developing countries where money is still a big motivating factor.

Herzberg’s theory is an extension of Maslow’s theory of motivation. Its applicability is narrow. It is applicable to rich and developed countries where money is less important motivating factor.

5. Descriptive or Prescriptive:

Maslow’s theory or model is descriptive in nature.

Herzberg’s theory or model is prescriptive in nature.

6. Motivators:

According to Maslow’s model, any need can act as motivator provided it is not satisfied or relatively less satisfied.

In the dual factor model of Hertzberg, hygiene factors (lower level needs) do not act as motivators. Only the higher order needs (achievement, recognition, challenging work) act as motivators.

(d) Autocratic and Democratic Leadership Style

Ans: Autocratic or Authoritarian Style leader: An autocratic also known as authoritarian style of leadership implies wielding absolute power. Under this style, the leader expects complete obedience from his subordinates and all decision-making power is centralized in the leader. No suggestions or initiative from subordinates is entertained. The leader forces the subordinates to obey him without questioning. An autocratic leader is, in fact, no leader. He is merely the formal head of the organisation and is generally disliked by the subordinates who feel comfortable to depend completely on the leader.

Democratic or Participative Style leader: The democratic or participative style of leadership implies compromise between the two extremes of autocratic and laissez-fair style of leadership. Under this style, the supervisor acts according to the mutual consent and the decisions reached after consulting the subordinates. Subordinates are encouraged to make suggestions and take initiative. It provides necessary motivation to the workers by ensuring their participation and acceptance of work methods. Mutual trust and confidence is also created resulting in job satisfaction and improved morale of workers. It reduces the number of complaints, employee’s grievances, industrial unrest and strikes. But this style of leadership may sometimes cause delay in decisions and lead to indiscipline in workers.

5. Comment briefly on the following statement: ( 4 x 5) = 20

(a) Selection is followed by placement and orientation of the selected personnel.

Ans: Selection can be defined as discovering most promising and most suitable candidate to fill the vacant job position in the organisation. The selection starts after candidates for jobs have submitted their application.

The selection process usually includes a number of steps:

1. Preliminary screening: In this step the candidates who do not fulfill the required basic qualification are eliminated.

2. Selection test: Though these tests, ability and skill of the candidates are measured. Common types of tests conducted by organisation are Intelligence test, Aptitude test, Personality test, Trade test, Interest test.

a) Intelligence test is conducted to check the efficiency level of the employee in performing the job.

b) Personality test is conducted to find out the human behaviour of the candidate.

c) Trade test is conducted to check the basic knowledge and skill of the candidate related to vacant job position.

d) Interest test is conducted to find out the type of job in which candidate has more interest.

e) Aptitude test is conducted to find the potential of learning new jobs and techniques.

3. Employment interview: The candidates who qualify the test are called for interview.

4. References & background checks: After the candidate declared successful in the interview then information related to back ground, social relation, and character are identified.

5. Selection decision: The candidate who passed the test, interview, reference check is included in selection list & the manager’s select most suitable candidate from the list.

6. Medical examination: Before giving appointment letter, the candidates are selected for medical fitness.

7 Job offer: For job offer the appointment letter in hand over & a date in the appointment letter is mentioned on which one has to report for the duty.

8. Contract of employment: After the acceptance of job offer by a selected candidate required to sign various documents. Even after going through the rigorous procedure of selection as explained above, the selection process is not complete. The placement and orientation of the employee is also an important step in this direction. The selected candidates should be given copies of rule, regulations, procedures, etc. followed in the company. He should be given a detailed description of the job he is going to be assigned. He should be introduced to his immediate superior and subordinate and also told about his authority-responsibility relationship. Besides job-orientation the selected candidate should be given proper information about the working of the company also.

(b) Organisations are made up of components, each of which has unique properties, capabilities and mutual relationships.

Ans: System concepts recognize that organizations are made up of components each of which has unique properties, capabilities and mutual relationship. The constituent element of a system is linked together in such complex ways that actions taken by one producer have far reaching effect on others.

This approach studies the organisation in its totality. The mutually dependent variables are properly analysed. Both internal and external variables are studies in analysing the nature or organisation. Though this theory passes a much higher conceptual level as compared to earlier theories but different writers have given varied views of the system.

Organisation as a system can well be understood by identifying various sub-systems within it. Each sub-system may be identified by certain processes, roles structures and norms of conduct. Seiler has classified four components in an organisation, human inputs, technological inputs, organisational inputs, and social structure and norms.

Katz and Kahu have identified five sub-systems of organisation:

1. Technical sub-system concerned with the work that gets done;

2. Supportive sub-system of procurement, disposal and institutional relations;

3. Maintenance of sub-systems for tying people into their functional roles;

4. Adaptive sub-systems concerned with organisational changes; and

5. Managerial sub-systems for direction, adjudication and control of the many sub-systems and the activities of the structure.

Ans: Leadership is the ability to build up confidence and deal among people and to create an urge in them to be led. To be a successful leader, a manager must possess the qualities of foresight, drive, initiative, self-confidence and personal integrity. Different situations may demand different types of leadership.

Leadership means influencing the behaviour of the people at work towards realizing the specified goals. It is the ability to use non-coercive (no force) influence on the motivation, activities and goals (MAG) of others in order to achieve the objectives of the organisation.

Koontz and 0′ Donnel “ Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with confidence and zeal”.

George R Terry “Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives”.

An analysis of the definitions cited above reveals the following important characteristics of leadership.

a) Leadership is a personal quality.

b) It exists only with followers. If there are no followers, there is no leadership?

c) It is the willingness of people to follow that makes a person a leader.

d) Leadership is a process of influence. A leader must be able to influence the behaviour, attitude and beliefs of his subordinates.

e) It exists only for the realization of common goals.

f) It involves readiness to accept complete responsibility in all situations.

g) Leadership is the function of stimulating the followers to strive willingly to attain organisational objectives.

(d) Subordinates may not perceive the organisational goals in absence of direction.

Ans: Directing is telling the people what to do and seeing that they do it in best of their ability. This function of management is concerned with guiding the employees in the organisation to achieve organisational goal. The employees in the organisation start working only when they get instructions and directions from their superiors. In the directing function the superiors direct the actions of employees toward the predetermined goals of the organisation. Directing function does not mean giving orders only but through directions and instructions the superiors try to motivate the employees to perform to their best ability. In the organisation numbers of employees are working at different levels and in different job positions. The employees may differ in their levels of authority and the type of job assigned. The directing function tries to create balance in the organisation. Generally, when the employees are working at different levels they develop different attitudes and the balance between their attitudes is made by directing function.

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ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021
ECO - 11 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. ECO - 12 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. ECO - 13 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. ECO - 14 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. 5. Write short notes on the following: (4 x 5) = 20. (a) Main components of India's exports. Ans: Components of Indian Exports. Commodity-wise exports ...
ECO-13 IGNOU Solved Assignment Solution
If you are looking for ECO-13 IGNOU Solved Assignment solution for the subject Business Environment, you have come to the right place. ECO-13 solution on this page applies to 2021-22 session students studying in BDP, BCOMAF, BCOMFCA, BAVMSME courses of IGNOU. Also available in PDF format.
eco 013 solved assignment 2021-22 in English / eco 13 solved ...
99922-90905 IS MY WHATSAPP NUMBER PLEASE MASSAGE ON THIS NUMBER. SOLVED GUESS PAPER FOR EXAM ALSO AVAILABLE HERE. Download all solved assignment pdf files c...
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Thanks for Watching IGNOU GALAXY YouTube channel.Here's Link to Solution PDF:- http://www.ignougalaxy.inVisit www.ignougalaxy.inWhatsApp:- 7745913167For IGNO...
Eco
ECO - 12 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. ECO - 13 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. ECO - 14 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. 2. Discuss regulatory role of the government in business. (20) Ans: Role of Government in Business: We can all agree on the important role governments play in our societies.
PDF Bachelor's Degree Programme (BDP)
ECO - 13: Business Environment. ASSIGNMENT- 2021-22. Dear Students, As explained in the Programme Guide, you have to do one Tutor Marked Assignment in this Course. Assignment is given 30% weightage in the final assessment. To be eligible to appear in the Term-end examination, it is compulsory for you to submit the assignment as per the schedule.
ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22
ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22 All this is often available in a web mode. After submitting the assignment, you'll check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. it'd take 40 days to declare. Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status.
ECO 13 solved Assignment 2021-22| ECO 13 solved handwritten Assignment
ECO 13 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2021-22 | ECO 13 SOLVED HANDWRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 2021-22 | ECO 13 SOLVED IGNOU SOLUTION | BBA | BAG | BACHELOR 2021-22| #EC0_13#E...
IGNOU ECO-13 Business Environment Assignment 2021-22
If you didn't submit your assignments before the Term End exams. Candidates can submit assignments two times in the year, the first is for June Session and the Second is December Session. IGNOU Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) ECO-013 Assignment Download. ECO-13 Management Theory solved assignment download PDF Online for current session 2021-22.
ECO-13: IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023
Additionally, regulation can help promote social and environmental goals such as reducing pollution or promoting renewable energy. See also ECO-12: ELEMENTS OF AUDITING (IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023) 3. Critically evaluate the government policy towards small scale industries.
ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022
ASSIGNMENT CODE: ECO-13/TMA/2022-2023. COVERAGE: ALL BLOCKS (Maximum Marks: 100) In this post, you will get ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022 - 23. For Free B.Com IGNOU Solved Assignments 2022 - 23, you can visit our website regularly or you can download our mobile application. We will try to provide IGNOU Solved Assignments 2022 - 23 for BA ...
IGNOU ECO-013 Previous Year Question Papers
The papers are available in both English and Hindi language in the same pdf. Prepare for your upcoming exams effectively with ECO 13 previous year question papers, available in PDF format in English and Hindi. These papers are invaluable resources for your exam preparation. Click the link below to download these old exam paper pdf for free!
IGNOU ECO-13 Assignment Question Paper Download (2022-23)
If you are looking to download ECO-13: Business Environment Assignment Question Paper for 2022-23 sessions, you have come to the right place. Click on the image or button below to download the question paper for free. Alternatively, if you are looking for the solved assignment reference material for this subject, you may download that using the button below as well. This content is verified by ...
eco 13 solved assignment 2021-22
if you dont have time to write ignou assignment handwritten hard copy file we are here to provide you ready to submit filedo you want to save your timewe ar...
IGNOU ECO-13 Study Material
Here you will get everything for which you have come to here. We have downloaded all available Study Materials of ECO-13 to our System and it is ready and available for all ECO-13 Students. We provide all study materials to IGNOU BCom F&CA student with free of cost and it can download easily and without registration need.
IGNOU ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22
IGNOU ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22 is available in English & Hindi medium at Bookstrolley.in. Buy Solved Assignment of ECO-13: Business Environment. WHATSAPP NOW +917428482160. Search for: Search. 0. Total ₹0.00. Cart. 0. Home; IGNOU Books. MA English (MEG) Straight Forward; ... IGNOU ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22
ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23
All this is often available in a web mode. ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23 after submitting the assignment, you'll check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. it'd take 40 days to declare. ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2022-23 once the TEE assignments are submitted to the Centres, it's send to the evaluation department.
IGNOU ECO 13 Question Paper
For IGNOU ECO 13 help book containing last 10 year solved question papers & Solved assignment, you can contact us on WhatsApp at 7428482160. To prepare for upcoming June or December term end examination, students may require IGNOU ECO 13 previous year question papers of last 5 years. These old question papers are provided by university totally ...
IGNOU ECO-13 Solved Assignment
This particular Assignment references the syllabus chosen for the subject of Business and Law, for the July 2023 - January 2024 session. The code for the assignment is ECO-13 and it is often used by students who are enrolled in the B.COM, BBA Degree. Once students have paid for the Assignment, they can Instantly Download to their PC, Laptop or ...
ECO-13 Solved Assignment 2022, ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22 in
You find ECO 13 Solved Assignment 2021-22, ECO 13 Solved Assignment and you can download PDF it very easily, then follow the given steps to download, IGNOU s...
ECO 03 Solved Assignment 2021
ECO - 13 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. ECO - 14 IGNOU Solved Assignment 2021 - 22. 3. Write short notes on the following: (4 x 5) = 20 (a) Principles of Communication. Ans: PRINCIPLES FOR COMMUNICATION . Effective communication is one of the master skills to boost productivity. A communication is said effective when message will be ...
ECO 13 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2021-22 IN ENGLISH
if you dont have time to write ignou assignment handwritten hard copy file we are here to provide you ready to submit filedo you want to save your timewe ar...
ECO 12 Solved Assignment 2021-22
Here the students can check their IGNOU Assignment Status, marks, result or both the sessions i.e; June & December. ECO 12 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Once the TEE assignments have been submitted to the Centres, it is send to the evaluation department.After which the evaluation of IGNOU Assignment Solutions takes place.

ECO - 13: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT | IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2020 - 21 | B.COM | FREE SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

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IGNOU ECO-13 Business Environment Assignment 2021-22

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ECO-13: IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023

1. What are the three components of business environment? Discuss.

2. Explain the nature and implications of regulatory role of the government.

3. Critically evaluate the government policy towards small scale industries.

4. Distinguish between the following:

(b) Direction of Exports and Direction of Imports.

5. Write short notes on the following:

(b) Economic development

(c) Indication of Sickness

(d) Joint Ventures

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