research topics in health economics

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Editorial: Insights in health economics: 2021

Mihajlo jakovljevic.

1 Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

2 Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

3 Department of Global Health Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

Seiritsu Ogura

4 Faculty of Economics, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

In the third decade of the twenty first century, methodological applications are leading to the movement of the knowledge frontier in the field of Health Economics. This frontiers Research Topic aims to highlight the latest advancements in health economics at the forefront of science. This editorial initiative, of particular relevance, led by Specialty Chief Editors of the Health Economics section Prof. Mihajlo Jakovljevic and Prof. Seiritsu Ogura, was focused on new insights, novel developments, current challenges, latest discoveries, recent advances, and future perspectives in the field of Health Economics ( 1 ).

The Topic has succeeded to invite a total of 18 forward-looking contributions. Some of them were describing the state of the art, outlining recent developments and major accomplishments that have been achieved. Also, possible directions of further development were designated in some of these articles. An array of contributing institutions were encouraged to identify the greatest challenges in the inter-disciplinary developments at the cross-sections of health economics, policy, global, and public health, pandemic health emergencies, quality of life, and mainstream market economics.

There was a set of mutually interconnected European contributions. An Eastern European study focused on Health Technology Assessment framework in this vast region (Daubner-Bendes et al.) . Clench-Aas and Holte elaborated on the crisis of political trust in Europe and the relationship between income and life satisfaction. This problem was observed on a scale of different levels including the national, community, and individual citizen level. On the other hand, a Scottish national study worked on an Analysis of multiple risky health behaviors and associated disease outcomes using Scottish linked hospitalization data (Olajide et al.) .

A pandemic-focused trial has revealed bottle neck inefficiencies of overstretched health systems. A convenient example was the study pointing out the relationship to real gross domestic product per capita in 38 European countries during the first wave of the pandemic (Pardhan and Drydakis) . Another piece of complementary evidence coming from Japan has shown that the pandemic has severely impacted physician visits in Japan (Kumagai) . One more Japanese piece of work has dealt with financial literacy, financial education, and smoking behavior (Watanapongvanich et al.) . A single study of US origin focused on clustering and healthcare costs amongst the patients with multiple chronic conditions (Hajat et al.) .

Chinese Universities encircle the largest set of studies that were successfully published in this Topic. Tang et al. have presented evidence of apparently puzzling connections between overweight/obesity and income-related inequality using Chinese labor force data. In another case a group led by Hao et al. has provided statistical evidence of the positive effect of the attempts of increased decentralization on the health outcome of communities, using DID analysis. Similarly, Xu and Lin published an elaborate econometric analysis of the effect of fiscal decentralization on the public health expenditure and public health, using continuous measures of fiscal decentralization. The fourth study is an interesting event-analysis of the food-industry firms that faced “crisis” from safety incidents, which examines the influence of their political connections and charitable donations, as well as the spill-over effects on their competitor firms (Xiang et al.) . Particularly significant in an administrative system where health services almost never cross community boundaries is the study of spatial effect analysis of health spending patterns and trends in relationship to the health outputs in Chinese communities, establishing spill-over effects (Xu et al.) . Finally, signaling the start of the expected and inescapable explosion of the demand for long-term care in the rapidly aging China, Tang et al. have provided a glimpse of the impact of long-term care insurance on the medical expenses and health status in Chinese society.

Vietnamese researchers did work on an interesting piece attempting to quantify the effects of various levels of dietary salt reduction on the prevalence of hypertension and the avoidable burden of stroke in Vietnam. These dynamic and complex consequences of salt intake in nutrition were observed through micro-simulation providing reliable assessment of the health and economic impacts (Aminde et al.) . Another valuable Vietnamese contribution refers to a thorough exploration of complications of myocardial infarction after surgical treatment in Vietnam. This work contains an econometric part of the clinical equation, bringing valuable assessments of incremental cost, readmission risk, and duration of hospital admissions (Bui et al.) . An Iranian study was particularly methodologically stringent adopting the framework of the systematic review and a meta-analysis. They managed to test the hypothesis of effectiveness of their national hospitals against the ongoing health sector evolution plan (Amini et al.) .

Extensive Korean effort describes the market landscape and dynamics in relation to market exclusivity of the originator medicines in South Korea. This was conducted via adopting a retrospective cohort study design (Son) . Last but not least, there was an ambitious piece of work originating from Sub-Saharan Africa. It was a comparative assessment of three national health systems namely the ones of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. This piece of research explores the causal relationship between donor commitments and disbursements for sexual and reproductive health aid (Kibira et al.) .

The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) Emerging markets continue to represent the engine of real economic growth worldwide. These nations shape the global demand for generic pharmaceuticals, medical goods, and services. Lock-downs caused by the pandemic have severely affected major supply chains and world trade routes. These changes alongside other upcoming challenges have decreased prospects for market recovery. The Global South nations, many of whom were represented in this topic, present a huge diversity in the historical legacy of their medical care financing and provision patterns. The burdens of premature mortality and absenteeism are multiplied by the prevalence and incidence of NCDs ( 2 ). Such health systems of LMICs countries will face difficult sustainability challenges due to long-term trends ( 3 ). An array of bottleneck vulnerabilities might be revealed once the entire health sectors are pushed to the limits of their resilience ( 4 , 5 ). Current findings witness that the majority of global supply and demand is increasingly coming from the Asia—Pacific region. China, India, and South-East Asian ASEAN countries are most prominent representatives of this vast region ( 6 ).

Editors believe these valuable and diverse Topic contributions might open a new horizon of knowledge. Last but not least this is a unique opportunity to open the floor for a public debate on the Global South challenges from the perspective of academic health economics. The core aim of this special edition was to shed light on the progress made in the past decade in the Health Economics field ( 7 ). A diverse group of authors coming from academia, industry, governing authorities, and professional associations attempted to provide a thorough overview of the state of the art of the Health Economics field ( 8 , 9 ). We hope that such an article Research Topic might inspire, inform, and provide direction and guidance to researchers in years to come.

Author contributions

MJ has prepared the manuscript draft, while SO has revised it for important intellectual content. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Health economists apply the theories of production, efficiency, disparities, competition, and regulation to better inform the public and private sector on the most efficient, cost-effective and equitable course of action. Such research can include the economic evaluation of new technologies, as well as the study of appropriate prices, anti-trust policy, optimal public and private investment and strategic behavior.

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The following are the key areas of our work: 

Health technology assessment and Benefit Package Design - One of the key objectives for policymakers is to use existing and additional resources efficiently. This calls for prioritizing between and amongst interventions. There are several initiatives related to health technology assessment (HTA) and health benefit package design. These are: 

• A survey on HTA and health benefit packages.
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• The UHC Compendium.
• The OneHealth Tool, used to help countries to examine the costs and feasibility of their strategic plans, as well as to evaluate the plan’s impact.

Costing and Technical Efficiency - The work on costing and technical efficiency explores questions around resource use in the health sector. Strategies for improving health and expanding access to health care services need to be examined from a resource perspective in order to ensure that they are feasible, efficient, affordable and sustainable.  

Health and the economy – While measurements of morbidity and mortality are key considerations for estimating the burden of disease in populations, they provide an incomplete picture of the adverse impact of ill health on human welfare. In particular, the economic consequences of poor health can be substantial. Analysis of the economic impact of ill-health addresses a number of policy questions concerning the consequences of disease or injury. Some of these questions relate to the microeconomic level of households, firms or government – such as the impact of ill-health on a household’s income or a firm’s profits – while others relate to the macroeconomic level, including the aggregate impact of a disease on a country’s current and future gross domestic product (GDP). WHO proposes a defined conceptual framework within which the economic impact of diseases and injuries can be considered and appropriately estimated.

AccessMod – This is a toolbox that has been developed by WHO in order to assist countries to examine the geographic aspects of their health system. It specifically addresses the first three layers of a well-known framework developed by Tanahashi (1978) to evaluate health service coverage (the specific three layers being: the target population, availability coverage and accessibility coverage).

EPIC – It is a model to estimate the burden of ill-health (or, conversely the contribution of improving health) on economic performance, through the direct and indirect impacts that health has on two key production factors: the labour force and physical capital. EPIC estimates how changes in health status affect the size of the effective labour force and the accumulation of physical capital and ultimately national income. EPIC may be used to conduct investment case in health.

One Health Tool - The OneHealth Tool is a software tool designed to inform national strategic health planning in low- and middle-income countries. While many costing tools take a narrow disease-specific approach, the OneHealth Tool attempts to link strategic objectives and targets of disease control and prevention programmes to the required investments in health systems. The tool provides planners with a single framework for scenario analysis, costing, health impact analysis, budgeting, and financing of strategies for all major diseases and health system components. It is thus primarily intended to inform sector wide national strategic health plans and policies.

UHC Compendium - The UHC Compendium is a database of health services and intersectoral interventions designed to assist countries in making progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC). It provides a strategic way to organize and present information and creates a framework to think about health services and health interventions. The database for the Compendium spans the full spectrum of promotive, preventive, resuscitative, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative services, as well as a full complement of intersectoral interventions. The Compendium will provide rapid one-stop access to supporting evidence, associated human and material resource inputs, and feedback on cost impact as interventions are selected. 

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• Walker, Damian G., et al. "Best practices for conducting economic evaluations in health care: A systematic review of quality assessment tools." (2012). http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/485/1302/MethodsBestPractices_FinalReport_20121023.pdf
• Evers, Silvia, et al. "Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: Consensus on Health Economic Criteria." International journal of technology assessment in health care 21.02 (2005): 240-245. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=292673&fileId=S0266462305050324
• Husereau, Don, et al. "Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (CHEERS) statement." BMC medicine 11.1 (2013): 80. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/80  
• CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009. http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/SysRev/!SSL!/WebHelp/5_5_QUALITY_ASSESSMENT.htm
• Drummond, M. F., and T. O. Jefferson. "Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ. The BMJ Economic Evaluation Working Party." BMJ: British Medical Journal 313.7052 (1996): 275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2351717/  
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• Cooper, Nicola, et al. "Use of evidence in decision models: an appraisal of health technology assessments in the UK since 1997." Journal of health services research & policy 10.4 (2005): 245-250. http://hsr.sagepub.com/content/10/4/245.long

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Rural land degradation assessment through remote sensing: current technologies, models, and applications.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 3.1. overall status and trends, 3.2. technologies, 3.3. current domains and indexes, 3.3.1. desertification, land, and soil degradation indexes, 3.3.2. environmentally sensitive area index and sdg 15.3.1 indicator, 3.4. models and methods, 3.4.1. risk models, 3.4.2. monitoring models, npp-based models, land use land cover change model, usle and rusle model, vegetation-based models, multiple-indexes models, 3.4.3. driving factors detection models, 3.4.4. prediction models, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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D’Acunto, F.; Marinello, F.; Pezzuolo, A. Rural Land Degradation Assessment through Remote Sensing: Current Technologies, Models, and Applications. Remote Sens. 2024 , 16 , 3059. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163059

D’Acunto F, Marinello F, Pezzuolo A. Rural Land Degradation Assessment through Remote Sensing: Current Technologies, Models, and Applications. Remote Sensing . 2024; 16(16):3059. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163059

D’Acunto, Federica, Francesco Marinello, and Andrea Pezzuolo. 2024. "Rural Land Degradation Assessment through Remote Sensing: Current Technologies, Models, and Applications" Remote Sensing 16, no. 16: 3059. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163059

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Advancing Public Health through Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Focus on Digital Well-Being and the Economy of Attention

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The adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) by users to perform everyday, work, and academic activities has fostered a global debate about the benefits and threats of AI to human health. There is a growing need to consider and address the potential consequences of widely accessible, improved, and user-friendly AI on mental health globally. Generative artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful tool with significant potential to transform various aspects of contemporary society. In the field of global public health, its impact is particularly relevant due to the opportunities it offers to improve the efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of mental health services. Research into the effects of generative AI on mental health from an economic and behavioral perspective is critical to fully exploit its benefits, address its challenges, and ensure that its implementation is equitable and sustainable globally. The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented opportunities to address public health challenges, particularly in mental health. This intersection of AI, public health, and economics demands rigorous research to harness its full potential. AI's capacity to process vast amounts of data can revolutionize mental health diagnostics, treatment, and resource allocation. However, its implementation raises critical questions about efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and ethical considerations. The economy of attention, which treats human attention as a scarce resource, is especially relevant in today's digital age where mental health is increasingly affected by information overload and digital distractions. Understanding how AI can be leveraged to optimize attention allocation in health interventions is crucial. Moreover, economic principles can guide the development of sustainable AI-driven health solutions, ensuring equitable access and efficient resource utilization. Research in this field is vital to inform evidence-based policies, improve health outcomes, and navigate the complex landscape of AI in public health. This research topic aims to examine how AI technologies, combined with economic principles, can revolutionize our approach to public health challenges, particularly in the mental health domain. We seek papers that contribute to the following broad themes (but not limited to the themes mentioned below): • AI applications in mental health screening, diagnosis, and intervention; • The role of the economy of attention in designing effective public health interventions; • Economic models for optimizing resource allocation in mental health services; • AI-powered predictive analytics for public health policymaking; • Ethical considerations in AI-driven mental health research; • The impact of digital attention-grabbing technologies on mental well-being; • Cost-effectiveness analysis of AI-based mental health interventions; • AI's potential in addressing health disparities and improving access to care We encourage interdisciplinary approaches that combine insights from public health, computer science, economics, psychology, and related fields. Submissions should highlight the potential of AI and economic concepts to drive innovation in public health research and practice.

Keywords : mental health, AI, digital wellbeing, economy of attention, public health

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