modern day slavery essay

What is modern slavery?

You might think that slavery is a thing of the past. But right now, almost 50 million people are trapped in slavery worldwide.   

It’s a problem that affects every country on earth –  including yours .   

“We were only there to work. It felt like I was in jail.” Laboni, Nepal

In many ways, slavery may look different from the slavery of the Transatlantic slave trade, but modern slavery – as a term – encompasses many forms of slavery, including human trafficking and people being born into slavery.  

There are hundreds of definitions of modern slavery. All of these include aspects of control, involuntary actions and exploitation.  

At Anti-Slavery International, we define modern slavery as when an individual is exploited by others, for personal or commercial gain. Whether tricked, coerced, or forced, they lose their freedom . This includes but is not limited to human trafficking, forced labour and debt bondage.

Our mission is to stop slavery – to secure freedom for everyone, everywhere, always.

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Stand up for human rights and fight modern slavery in 2024.

Modern slavery is all around us, often hidden in plain sight. People can become enslaved making our clothes, serving our food, picking our crops, working in factories, or working in houses as cooks, cleaners or nannies. Victims of modern slavery might face violence or threats, be forced into inescapable debt, or have their passport taken away and face being threatened with deportation.  

Many people have fallen into this trap because they were trying to escape poverty or insecurity, improve their lives and support their families. Now, they can’t leave.  

According to the latest Global Estimates of Modern Slavery (2022 ) from Walk Free, the International Labour Organization and the International Organization for Migration:  

• 49.6 million people live in modern slavery – in forced labour and forced marriage
• Roughly a quarter of all victims of modern slavery are children
• 22 million people are in forced marriages. Two out of five of these people were children
• Of the 27. 6 million people trapped in forced labour , 17.3 million are in forced labour exploitation in the private economy, 6.3 million are in commercial sexual exploitation , and nearly 4 million are in forced labour imposed by state authorities
• The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the conditions that lead to modern slavery
• Migrant workers are particularly vulnerable to forced labour.

Source: Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage , Geneva, September 2022  

Types of slavery today 

Modern slavery takes many forms. The most common are:  

• Human trafficking . The use of violence, threats or coercion to transport, recruit or harbour people in order to exploit them for purposes such as forced prostitution, labour, criminality, marriage or organ removal
• Forced labour . Any work or services people are forced to do against their will, usually under threat of punishment
• Debt bondage/bonded labour . The world’s most widespread form of slavery. People trapped in poverty borrow money and are forced to work to pay off the debt, losing control over both their employment conditions and the debt
• Descent –based slavery (where people are born into slavery). A very old form of slavery, where people are treated as property, and their “slave” status has been passed down the maternal line.
• Child slavery . When a child is exploited for someone else’s gain. This can include child trafficking, child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic slavery
• Forced and early marriage . When someone is married against their will and cannot leave. Most child marriages can be considered slavery
• Domestic servitude . Domestic work and domestic servitude are not always slavery, and when properly regulated can be an important source of income for many people. However, when someone is working in another person’s home, they may be particularly vulnerable to abuses, exploitation, and slavery, as they might be hidden from sight and lack legal protection.

Why are people in slavery today? 

People may end up trapped in slavery because they’re vulnerable to being tricked, trapped and exploited, often as a result of poverty and exclusion and because laws do not properly protect them.  

People can be particularly vulnerable to modern slavery when external circumstances push them into taking risky decisions in search of opportunities to provide for their families, or when people find they are simply pushed into jobs in exploitative conditions. Anyone could be pressed into forced labour, but people in vulnerable situations – such as being in debt, or not having access to their passport – are most at risk. Crises like the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change can make people even more vulnerable to exploitation.  

Where do we find slavery? 

People are being exploited and pushed into slavery all around the world. While it may take different forms, we’re committed to ending slavery for everyone, everywhere.  

Slavery is a problem in the UK, where many people experience human trafficking, bonded labour and forced labour. Many products on our local shop shelves might have been made by people in forced labour, but the complex supply chains that businesses have created might make it harder for business to spot exploitation and abuses in their supply chains. In many cases they even hide behind this complexity to evade responsibility. That’s why we are pushing for new laws to protect workers and hold businesses accountable for exploitation occurring in their supply chains.  

Slavery may be hidden but it exists and it’s controlling the lives of millions of people .  

Modern-Day Slavery: An Invisible Epidemic in Plain Sight 

Slavery is often talked about in the past tense, as if it no longer exists and hasn’t for quite some time. Unfortunately, that is not the reality. Devastatingly, slavery is still very much alive in today’s world. Unlike in the past where individuals were openly bought and sold, the current form of slavery is often hidden from public view.  As slavery exists now, it is commonly referred to as ‘modern-day slavery.’ 

What is Modern-Day Slavery?  

“Although modern slavery is not defined in law, it is used as an umbrella term covering practices such as forced labour, debt bondage, forced marriage, and human trafficking. Essentially, it refers to situations of exploitation that a person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, deception, and/or abuse of power.”( United Nations ) 

Prevalent Forms of Modern-Day Slavery  

The most common types of modern-day slavery are: 

• Child Labor – minors (18 and under) are forced to work against their will 
• Sex Trafficking – individuals are required to engage in sexual activities 
• Debt Bondage – a type of slavery in which victims are required to pay off debt 
• Domestic Servitude – forced labor that occurs in a private household 
• Forced Labor – adults (18 and older) are required to work involuntarily 
• Forced Marriage – victims are forced to marry another person without giving consent 

Recent Stories of Slavery 

• A man in his early forties forced a minor to marry him with the help of her own family. At age 15 and only a year after her father passed away, the minor was required to live with the man and perform sexual acts as his wife. After she bravely ran away, some of her family members threatened to return her to the abuser. O.U.R. stepped in to help get the marriage dissolved and find an aftercare home for the minor.  
• A father sexually abused and exploited his 5-year-old daughter by producing & distributing 50 Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) videos of her. He also molested his 9-year-old niece. In December 2023, both minors were rescued and taken to a medical facility for examination. The 5 y/o has since been removed from the home for her safety while authorities are still determining next steps for the 9 y/o. 
• A Thai bar owner sold two girls for sex, charging nearly double for a child. The human trafficker took advantage of the minors’ vulnerabilities and used sextortion to coerce them into providing sexual services. O.U.R. supported authorities with the rescue of three individuals, including the two minors. They were then placed in a shelter to receive essential care and protection. 

Operation Underground Railroad (O.U.R.) assists law enforcement in cases like these weekly, helping ensure the safe rescue and aftercare of those in need. 

The Magnitude of Modern-Day Slavery 

Today, there are 49.6 million people in modern slavery worldwide, according to the  International Labour Organization  (ILO) . That number is larger than the population of countries like Uganda, Spain, and Canada. It is also an increase of 9.3 million from the previous estimate given by the ILO in 2016. 

While these statistics are extremely alarming, they only reflect  reported  numbers. With a lack of consistency in reporting worldwide combined with what goes unnoticed, it is very likely even more people are living in modern-day slavery. 

Slavery Statistics 

According to the ILO: 

• Almost four out of five victims of commercial sexual exploitation are women or girls 
• 86% of forced labor cases are found in the private sector 
• 22 million people were estimated to be living in forced marriage on any given day in 2021 

Slavery Specific to the United States 

In the United States, it is estimated that 1,091,000 people live in modern-day slavery, which equals about 3.3 victims for every 1,000 people in the country. (Walk Free  Global Slavery Index ) When it comes to prevalence rankings, this places the U.S. 122nd out of 160 countries included, indicating the country has one of the lower rates in the world. 

However, with one of the largest populations globally, the U.S. has the tenth-most people of any country estimated to be living in modern-day slavery. 

The Global Fight Against Modern-Day Slavery 

The international community recognizes the importance of collaboration to end slavery in all forms. Government agencies and non-governmental organizations across the globe like O.U.R. are in the fight together. 

This united approach is required because the issue is too large to ignore – too large to leave to any one government or entity. 

Help Make A Difference 

Awareness is the first line of defense against any crime, including modern-day slavery. Once someone is made aware of the issue, they are better equipped to address it. 

Additional steps to take:  

• Education – learn the  signs of slavery  
• Take Action –  join the fight   with O.U.R. 
• Contact Authorities – report potential cases of slavery by contacting local authorities  

About OUR Rescue 

We lead the fight against child sexual exploitation and human trafficking worldwide.

Our work spans the globe as we assist law enforcement in rescue efforts and help provide aftercare to all those affected. While we prioritize children, we work to empower the liberation of anyone suffering at the hands of those looking to sexually exploit. We offer vital resources to authorities around the world and work tirelessly to raise awareness and meet survivors on their healing journey. Our resolve never falters, and we will boldly persevere until those in need are safe.

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The Scourge Of Modern-Day Slavery

Millions of people wake up each day to a life of forced labor, violence, sexual assault, and dehumanization. 

Editor’s note: This essay is adapted from the Hoover Press book Invisible Slaves: The Victims and Perpetrators of Modern-Day Slavery.

The legacy of slavery haunts the West, especially the United States. Indeed, critics of the West cite slavery among the many evils spawned by Western Civilization in general and the United States in particular. But nothing could be further from the truth. Slavery existed before the discovery of the New World and before the origins of Western Civilization. The abolition movement is Western in origin and sprung from the enlightenment in Europe. Great Britain and the United States were the first countries to ban the trade in slaves—and the West led the globe in enacting laws prohibiting the institution of slavery.

Yet slavery continues to exist in virtually every country of the world. Thus, slavery is not a problem of the past, but a present-day scourge. As many as 46 million human beings will wake up today to a life of forced labor, violence, sexual assault, and dehumanization under the yoke of slavery. A major part of the solution is an acknowledgement and awareness that slavery exists today in all reaches of the globe. It is possible, indeed likely, that the clothes, shoes, and jewerly that you wear, the mobile phone and computer you use, the food that you eat, and the coffee that you drink have at some point been touched by the hands of slaves.

For many reasons, estimates of the reach of global slavery today vary greatly. As with other criminal activities, slavery is difficult to quantify because it is part of an underground economy that takes place behind closed doors and is hidden from investigators, law enforcement, and the public at large thanks to bribes and corrupt government officials. Also, victims are reluctant to seek help or cooperate with law enforcement due to fear of reprisals to themselves or their families. Many countries—particularly those with the highest levels of poverty and lowest levels of literacy—greatly underestimate the levels of slavery within their borders or deny its existence entirely. These countries have an incentive to downplay slavery because the profits for law enforcement from bribery are lucrative and sanctions from the United States are costly. Another factor complicating the estimates is that various NGOs and governmental agencies use different methodologies to calculate the number of slaves within a country.

Slavery, however, is hardly a third-world problem. The institution remains a largely intractable problem even in the world's most developed countries—including the United States. The Walk Free Foundation estimates that the United States has 57,700 people in slavery, while the CIA maintains that 14,500 to 17,000 victims of slavery are brought into the United States annually. Anti-Slavery International, the oldest human rights organization, calculates that there are over 200 million people who are victims of slavery or slavery-like conditions, although they may not qualify as pure chattel slaves. According to the United Nation's Office of High Commission for Human Rights, one hundred million children are exploited for their labor. These figures are more than the number of slaves in any year in the past when slavery was legally practiced.

There are various types of slaves—and a slave today might fall into one or several of these categories. Chattel slavery is perhaps the oldest form of slavery. A chattel slave is the property of the owner or master. The chattel slave is no different than an animal or other object that the master may own and can be sold, auctioned, purchased, hypothecated, or loaned. The master has total control over the slave, including the power over his or her life or death. Descendant-based or inherited slavery is often associated with chattel slavery.

Debtor slaves are those that are forced into involuntary servitude because of a debt burden. The debt may have been incurred from a recruitment agency or trafficker, or from the cost of shelter and food. A person may have pledged himself or a family member as collateral for a loan. Regardless of how the loan was incurred, the work performed is insufficient to cover the interest on the loan or charges for food and shelter. Debtor slavery or bonded labor is the most widely used form of modern-day slavery.

Forced labor or involuntary servitude is another type of modern-day slavery. A person is offered a good-paying job by a trafficker or recruiter. The offer may come via an advertisement in a newspaper. Upon delivery to the employer, the person finds himself or herself a victim of forced labor. Their documents have been confiscated and they are confined to the workplace and subject to physical abuse. They receive little or no pay. They are often in a place where they cannot speak the language. They are threatened with violence and beatings if they try to escape, as well as told that their family members back home will incur reprisals if they do not cooperate.

Sexual slavery is yet another form of bondage, where the slaves are used for sexual exploitation and prostitution. As with forced labor, their documents are confiscated, they are confined to the workplace (brothel), threatened with punishment if uncooperative, work to pay off both the debt incurred when the trafficker bought them and the increasing debt of housing, food, and interest. It is estimated that two million women and children are sold into sex slavery annually. In countries that have high poverty rates, or the areas of wealthier countries that have impoverished sections, it is not uncommon for families to sell their children to brothels. Prostitution exists in every corner of the world, and sex slavery contributes significantly to one of the world's oldest profession.

There are documented reports of slavery taking place around the world. Bonded slavery is prevalent in the cocoa farms of West Africa, the carpet-making factories in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh, and the ranching, agriculture, logging, and charcoal industries of Brazil. Forced labor camps are prevalent in China and North Korea. Women, men, and children are rescued every year in the United States from forced labor and sexual slavery. Virtually every country in the world has bonded domestic servants. Many girls and women are forced into prostitution to repay debts incurred in fleeing their impoverished countries.

Women and girls who have been captured in armed conflicts in Nigeria, Syria, Iraq, and several sub-Saharan African countries have been held as slaves or sold into slavery. Widespread violence caused by ethnic, tribal, and civil war has plagued the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR) for decades. These armed conflicts have been fueled and funded by the profits from the extraction of minerals worth billions of dollars to the outside world. These natural resources are often called conflict minerals or blood diamonds because they are produced by slave labor. Child slavery is particularly prominent because children are easily coerced, illiterate, respond to violence or the threat of violence, and will work just to be fed.

There is no country in the world where slavery is legal today. Nonetheless, slavery and slavery-like conditions continue. Modern-day slavery has been labeled "the fastest-growing criminal enterprise in the world." Human trafficking is the second most profitable criminal activity in the world after the illegal drug trade and ahead of the illegal firearms trade. The International Labour Organization estimates that the illicit profits from slavery by traffickers are about $150 billion annually.

In 2000, the Congress of the United States enacted the Trafficking Victims Protection Act to monitor annually how countries are combating slavery and slavery-like practices. Countries that do not comply with the minimum standards of the TVPA can be sanctioned. As readers, you can bring awareness to this global atrocity. Demand that your elected representatives hold other countries, as well as your own, accountable for enforcing laws against slavery and slavery-like practices. 

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Modern Slavery

Introduction

Slavery, long banned and universally condemned, persists in many corners of the world, victimizing tens of millions of people.

Slavery disproportionally affects women and girls while also victimizing men and boys of all backgrounds, and no country in the world is immune. Consumers buy slave-made goods and services for which victims toil in mines, farms, factories, or private homes. Ending slavery takes political will, moral courage, and the collaboration of governments, businesses, and consumers.

Discussion and Essay Questions

Discussion questions.

• What is slavery and what drives it? Is there a global consensus on the definition of slavery?
• Are there places in the world where slavery is more prevalent? What are the drivers of higher prevalence in different parts of the world?
• Is poverty a root cause of slavery? If so, would eliminating poverty eliminate slavery?
• Are slavery and human trafficking the same thing? Can they be used interchangeably?
• How does slavery impact women and children specifically?
• How many slaves are in the world today and where are they?
• Why is it difficult to eradicate slavery?
• What does “state-sponsored slavery” mean? How can governments be pushed to end “state-sponsored slavery”?
• How are people enslaved because they owe a debt to someone else?
• Does law enforcement do enough to eradicate slavery?
• Why is forced marriage considered a form of slavery?
• Whose responsibility is it to end slavery? What are some common tactics and strategies used to combat slavery?

Essay Questions

• The Walk Free Foundation and the International Labor Organization released a new estimate of modern day slavery in the world in 2017. Of the 40 million people living in slavery they found in the previous year, millions are said to be victims of forced marriage. What is forced marriage and why is it considered slavery? Should forced marriage be considered on par with sexual exploitation found in sex trafficking, or forced or child labor?
• Many goods that we consume today could be made by slaves. These goods can be found in common products and components that are sourced from countries around the world. This means that many of us are inadvertently supporting exploitative labor practices. What role can consumers play to ensure that we don’t support factories and production facilities that exploit workers? What can businesses do to support fair and ethical supply chains? Are consumers and businesses doing enough?
• Western definitions of slavery conflict with local and customary practices in some countries. For example, child marriage and even some forms of child labor are acceptable in some parts of the world, but considered human rights violations according to international standards. Is it fair to impose Western or international human rights norms on countries that conflict with their local customs and supersede local culture?
• There is some evidence that labor trafficking is more prevalent throughout the world than sex trafficking, however, law enforcement arrests and prosecutes more offenders for sex trafficking than labor trafficking. Why is this the case? Why does sex trafficking get more attention than labor trafficking by law enforcement?
• The U.S. government uses various foreign policy instruments to pressure other governments to uphold certain human rights standards. For example, the Trafficking in Persons Report issued annually by the U.S. State Department grades countries for their individual efforts to eradicate trafficking and slavery in their jurisdictions. Does this type of government-to-government advocacy and pressure have an effect? Is it important to integrate slavery concerns into U.S. foreign policy and for the U.S. government to hold other governments accountable?

Supplementary Materials

ILO/Walk Free Global Estimate

Modern-day Slavery in the United States

Despite legal abolishment, forms of slavery persist in the U.S., with human trafficking representing its modern incarnation. This topic delves into the manifestations of trafficking within the U.S., the systems and industries where it thrives, and the challenges in identifying and rescuing victims given its hidden nature. You can also find more related free essay samples at PapersOwl about Abuse topic.

How it works

Human trafficking is a global issue and is often referred as modern-day slavery, in the United States there is an estimate of 244,000 to 325,000 minors that are at risk for sexual exploitation, with an estimated 199,000 incidents of sexual exploitation of a minor. (In Our Backyard) These victims come from all walks of life, looking for love or hopes of a new life. Minor victims are vulnerable and considered an easy target by their traffickers. (Carpenter) As one trafficker explained, You make a dream and get them to believe you, and then it’s completely different from what you told them (qtd.

in Carpenter) Many girls are deceived by false promises of love, and once hooked on the dream traffickers use physical and psychological abuse to break down the victims. These victims can create strong bonds between them and their abuser due to such trauma many victims do not realize they are victims. (Carpenter) In many states, these minors can often be charged with crimes committed due to the result of being trafficked. While laws are making stride in meeting the needs of the victims, there needs to be a unity of commitment between the states to provide funding for services and to protect victims from criminal liability.

In October of 2000, Congress made steps towards preventing human trafficking by enacting the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA ) which states: To stop human trafficking into the sex trade, slavery and involuntary servitudeThe TVPA and other federal laws have established a substantial foundation for the prosecution of human trafficking offense in federal courts. (qtd.in Colquitt 1) As time progressed, the Uniform Law Commissions noticed several states legislative efforts Are not uniform across the country. In 2013, the Uniform Law Commissions (ULC ) was created to address three main parts of human trafficking: Prevention of human trafficking, prosecution of offenders and protection of victims. This Act was created as a guideline for states to create new models or expand on existing models. According to Colquitt, to date, the uniform act has been enacted by only 7 states, with the bill being introduced in three more states (Colquitt) While this law is a good start, it’s hard to create uniformity through the country when the contents of each state will vary.

One issue with the Uniform Act is the eight sections in the law that are optional, three of these sections are meant to help the victim. (Coliquitt) One of these optional sections provide immunity for minors against crimes committed during their time as a victim of human trafficking. The Uniform Act provides immunity to a minor for [prostitution] or [ insert other nonviolent offenses]. Thus, enacting states may choose the nonviolent crimes for which the minor actor will not be criminally liable Such safe harbor laws already exist in a number of states, but the crimes for which minor victims are immunized will vary by state. (Coliquitt) Without laws to protect these children who are sexually exploited they are often viewed as criminals and are arrested and convicted with prostitution. (Human Trafficking Issue Brief) Safe Harbor Laws were created to help address the inconsistences with how minors are treated and to provide protection and services. According to (lost article) Twenty states and the district of Columbia have legislated immunity for youth, meaning minors cannot be charged with certain statutory specific crimes. (article)

Laws vary by state, some provide immunity to everyone under 18, while some require proof that the child was a trafficking survivor. (lost) Some argue with the misconception that some minors can willingly and consensually engage in commercial sex. (Shared Hope) Which leads to several states being reluctant to no criminal laws. Some state law enforcements and prosecutors oppose removing criminal liability for minors because they believe charging the victim is an effective way in getting the minor to testify against their trafficker. Despite their beliefs, evidence shows, this strategy goes against the evidence that a survivors’ cooperation in an investigation actually improves when the survivor, instead of being criminalized is able to access services and build rapport with law enforcements and prosecutors. (Shared Hope) Other concerns with the Safe Harbor laws were expressed during a comprehensive study of the nine states that were enacted into the Safe Harbor Law in 2012. (Barnet et al. 254)

During the study there was no consensus on the best approach when comparing the models of decimalization-only, diversion-only, and decriminalization plus models. (Barnet et al. 254) While many supported decriminalization-plus-diversions, a few expressed fears that these laws may be dangerous if passed without first creating diversion placement options. (Barnet et al. 254) Many issues revolve around lack of funding, the fines prescribed in Safe Harbor laws are meant to raise funds for victim services but has not reached service providers. (Barnert et al. 256) Some described lack of funds related to legal actions pursued, which can happen due to plea bargaining or charges being dropped. Because of this, some are states are worried that if they don’t have proper placement for the victims they will not be safe. (Barnet et al. 256) Another argument among the group included the question if placement for victims needed to be locked.

A few felt that secure placements were needed, while a majority felt secure placements were unjust and unnecessary. (Barnert et al. 258) Combat against human trafficking is a complicated matter. While there is no quick fix to this epidemic, local and state responders need to act together to protect victims against criminalization and potential further traumatization. By providing training to help recognize victims of trafficking, to provide established services and homes for these victims, and to create immunity for these victims against criminal liability, these victims can have a base and hope to start a new life. These victims are often treated as criminals and without laws to protect them, they can easily fall back into the world of human trafficking. When convicted of these crimes, those charges follow the victim for the rest of their life. Which can prevent them from affordable safe housing in safe neighbor hoods, While Safe Harbor laws are making stride in meeting the needs of victims, for this to be effective, there needs to be a commitment to funding programs that will help, protect and improve these traumatized victims’ lives.

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Essay on Modern Day Slavery

Students are often asked to write an essay on Modern Day Slavery in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Modern Day Slavery

What is modern day slavery.

Modern day slavery is when people are forced to work without pay, controlled by threats, debt, and violence. It’s like being trapped with no freedom. It’s not just in faraway places but can be found worldwide, even in wealthy countries.

Types of Modern Slavery

Who are the victims.

Victims can be men, women, or children of all ages. They are often poor or in need, making them easy targets for those who want to exploit them. They can be from any country, including our own.

Fighting Modern Slavery

To stop modern slavery, governments, organizations, and people must work together. Laws need to be strong, and everyone should learn about the signs of slavery to help set victims free. It’s a big problem, but we can fight it with awareness and action.

250 Words Essay on Modern Day Slavery

There are many forms of this bad practice. Some people are forced to work in houses, farms, or factories for little or no money. Others are made to fight as soldiers or are married without their choice. Then, there are those tricked into working by being promised a good job, but they end up in a bad situation they can’t escape from.

Who Does It Affect?

Anyone can be a victim, but it’s usually the poor or those without a lot of power. Children and women are especially at risk. People from places where there is a lot of war or not enough jobs are more likely to be tricked into slavery.

Many people and groups are working to stop modern slavery. They help by making laws stronger, rescuing victims, and teaching people about the dangers. It’s important for everyone to know about this problem so they can help stop it.

Modern day slavery is a big issue that hurts many people around the world. By learning and telling others, we can all help to end it. It’s up to us to make sure everyone is free and treated fairly.

500 Words Essay on Modern Day Slavery

Modern day slavery is a term that describes situations where people are forced to work or marry against their will. It also includes people who are bought and sold like objects. Even though slavery is illegal everywhere in the world, it still exists today. People who are trapped in these conditions often can’t leave because they are scared, being threatened, or they owe money they can’t pay back.

Why Does Modern Slavery Happen?

Modern slavery happens for many reasons. Poverty is a big one. People who don’t have enough money may borrow some and then have to work to pay it back, but sometimes the work never ends. War and conflicts can also make people more vulnerable to slavery. Sometimes, it’s because of discrimination based on race, gender, or religion. People who are less powerful or have fewer rights are more at risk.

Anyone can become a victim of modern slavery, but some are more at risk than others. Often, it’s people who are in a tough spot, like those who are very poor, or who have been forced to leave their homes. Many times, these people are looking for a better life or a good job but end up being tricked and trapped by those who want to exploit them.

What Can We Do?

Modern day slavery is a serious problem that hides in the shadows of our world. It’s about people who are not free to live their own lives. By understanding it and working together to stop it, we can make a big difference. Every person deserves to be free and treated with respect, and it’s up to us to help make that a reality.

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• Fisher, M. (2013, October 17). This map shows where the world's 30 million slaves live. There are 60,000 in the U.S. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/10/17/this-map-shows-where-the-worlds-30-million-slaves-live-there-are-60000-in-the-u-s/
• Hodal, K. (2019, February 25). One in 200 people is a slave. Why? Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200
• Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery/#!/section1/item-1
• One in 800 People in the U.S. May Be A Slave. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2018-07-20/1-in-800-people-in-the-united-states-may-be-living-in-modern-slavery-group-warns
• Our work on supply chains - Anti-Slavery International. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/work-supply-chains/
• Slavery Today: Different Types of Human Trafficking. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.endslaverynow.org/learn/slavery-today
• United States: Global Slavery Index. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/country-studies/united-states/
• 2030 Development agenda: ILO Focus targets (The 2030 development agenda). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/sdg-2030/targets/lang--en/index.htm

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• Introduction

The trafficking scheme

Types of exploitation, legal response, human trafficking as organized crime, prevention and control of human trafficking.

human trafficking

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• United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime - Human Trafficking
• U.S Department of Homeland Security - Blue Campaign - What is Human Trafficking?
• National Crime Agency - Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking
• Social Sciences LibreTexts - Trafficking in Persons
• U.S. Department of State - Understanding Human Trafficking
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• human trafficking - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
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human trafficking , form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour , sexual exploitation , or activities in which others benefit financially. Human trafficking is a global problem affecting people of all ages. It is estimated that approximately 1,000,000 people are trafficked each year globally and that between 20,000 and 50,000 are trafficked into the United States , which is one of the largest destinations for victims of the sex-trafficking trade.

Although human trafficking is recognized as a growing international phenomenon, one with a long history (see the story of St. Josephine Bakhita , the patron saint of Sudan and of victims of human trafficking), a uniform definition has yet to be internationally adopted. The United Nations (UN) divides human trafficking into three categories— sex trafficking , labour trafficking, and the removal of organs —and defines human trafficking as the induction by force, fraud , or coercion of a person to engage in the sex trade, or the harbouring, transportation, or obtaining of a person for labour service or organ removal. Though the United States does not acknowledge the removal of organs in its definition, it does recognize sex and labour trafficking and describes human trafficking as the purposeful transportation of an individual for exploitation.

Human traffickers often create transnational routes for transporting migrants who are driven by unfavourable living conditions to seek the services of a smuggler. Human trafficking usually starts in origin countries—namely, Southeast Asia , eastern Europe , and sub-Saharan Africa —where recruiters seek migrants through various mediums such as the Internet , employment agencies, the media, and local contacts. Middlemen who recruit from within the origin country commonly share the cultural background of those migrating. Migrants view the services of a smuggler as an opportunity to move from impoverished conditions in their home countries to more stable, developed environments .

Because such circumstances make it difficult for victims to obtain legitimate travel documents, smugglers supply migrants with fraudulent passports or visas and advise them to avoid detection by border-control agents. Transporters, in turn, sustain the migration process through various modes of transportation: land, air, and sea. Although victims often leave their destination country voluntarily, the majority are unaware that they are being recruited for a trafficking scheme. Some may be kidnapped or coerced, but many are bribed by false job opportunities, passports, or visas. Transporters involved in trafficking victims from the origin country are compensated only after they have taken migrants to the responsible party in the destination country. Immigration documents, whether legitimate or fraudulent, are seized by the traffickers. After this, victims are often subjected to physical and sexual abuse , and many are forced into labour or the sex trade in order to pay off their migratory debts.

The cause of human trafficking stems from adverse circumstances in origin countries, including religious persecution, political dissension, lack of employment opportunities, poverty , wars , and natural disasters. Another causal factor is globalization , which has catapulted developing countries into the world’s market, increasing the standard of living and contributing to the overall growth of the global economy. Unfortunately, globalization is a double-edged sword in that it has shaped the world’s market for the transportation of illegal migrants, affording criminal organizations the ability to expand their networks and create transnational routes that facilitate the transporting of migrants. The U.S. Department of State adds that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has generated a large number of orphans and child-headed households, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, a situation that creates fertile soil for trafficking and servitude.

The most prevalent form of human trafficking that results in servitude is the recruitment and transport of people into the international sex industry. Sex slavery involves males and females, both adults and children, and constitutes an estimated 58 percent of all trafficking activities. It consists of different types of servitude, including forced prostitution , pornography , child sex rings, and sex-related occupations such as nude dancing and modeling. Forced prostitution is a very old form of enslavement, and recruitment into this lifestyle is often a booming business for purveyors of the sex trade. Victims of sexual slavery are often manipulated into believing that they are being relocated to work in legitimate forms of employment. Those who enter the sex industry as prostitutes are exposed to inhumane and potentially fatal conditions, especially with the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Additionally, some countries, including India , Nepal , and Ghana , have a form of human trafficking known as ritual (religion-based) slavery, in which young girls are provided as sexual slaves to atone for the sins of family members.

Forced labour has likely been around since shortly after the dawn of humankind, though there are a number of different forms of modern involuntary servitude that can go easily unnoticed by the general public. Debt bondage (also called peonage ), is the enslavement of people for unpaid debts and is one of the most common forms of contemporary forced labour. Similarly, contract slavery uses false or deceptive contracts to justify or explain forced slavery. In the United States the majority of nonsex labourers are forced into domestic service, followed by agriculture, sweatshops , and restaurant and hotel work.

Children are often sold or sent to areas with the promise of a better life but instead encounter various forms of exploitation. Domestic servitude places “extra children” (children from excessively large families) into domestic service, often for extended periods of time. Other trafficked children are often forced to work in small-scale cottage industries, manufacturing operations, and the entertainment and sex industry. They are frequently required to work for excessive periods of time, under extremely hazardous working conditions, and for little or no wages . Sometimes they become “street children” and are used for prostitution, theft , begging, or the drug trade. Children are also sometimes trafficked into military service as soldiers and experience armed combat at very young ages.

Another recent and highly controversial occurrence involving human trafficking is the abduction or deception that results in the involuntary removal of bodily organs for transplant . For years there have been reports from China that human organs were harvested from executed prisoners without the consent of family members and sold to transplant recipients in various countries. There have also been reported incidents of the removal and transport of organs by medical and hospital employees. In addition, there have been claims that impoverished people sell organs such as kidneys for cash or collateral . Although there have been some allegations of trafficking of human fetuses for use in the cosmetics and drug industry, these reports have not been substantiated . In recent years the Internet has been used as a medium for the donors and recipients of organ trafficking, whether legal or not.

Although the practice of trafficking humans is not new, concerted efforts specifically to curtail human trafficking did not emerge until the mid-1990s, when public awareness of the issue also emerged. The first step to eradicating this problem was to convince multiple stakeholders that human trafficking was a problem warranting government intervention. As antitrafficking rhetoric gained momentum, efforts to address human trafficking crossed ideological and political lines. Recognizing the inadequacy of then-existing laws, the U.S. Congress passed the first comprehensive federal legislation specifically addressing human trafficking, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA). The primary goal of the TVPA is to provide protection and assistance to trafficking victims, to encourage international response, and to provide assistance to foreign countries in drafting antitrafficking programs and legislation. The TVPA seeks to successfully combat human trafficking by employing a three-pronged strategy: prosecution, protection, and prevention. Many federal agencies are given the oversight of human trafficking, including the Departments of Justice , Homeland Security , Health and Human Services , and Labor and the U.S. Agency for International Development. The primary U.S. agency charged with monitoring human trafficking is the State Department’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (also called the trafficking office).

In addition to the U.S., many governmental entities throughout the world are actively engaged in the attempt to stop or at least slow the activity of trafficking in humans. In 2000 the UN established the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children , which provided a commonly accepted working definition of human trafficking and called upon countries to promulgate laws to combat the practice, to assist victims, and to promote coordination and cooperation between countries.

The Office of Drugs and Crime is the UN arm that monitors and implements policies concerning human trafficking and is the designer of the Global Program Against Trafficking in Human Beings (GPAT). Another important international agency with responsibility in this area is Interpol , whose aims are to provide assistance to all national criminal justice agencies and to raise awareness of the issue. Other involved global organizations include the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

Human trafficking is a highly structured and organized criminal activity. The criminal enterprises need to transport a large number of migrants over a substantial distance, have a well-organized plan to execute the various stages of the crime , and possess a substantial amount of money for such undertakings. Human traffickers have developed a multibillion-dollar industry by exploiting those forced or willing to migrate. For this reason, migrant trafficking is increasingly recognized as a form of organized crime . Trafficking networks may encompass anything from a few loosely associated freelance criminals to large organized criminal groups acting in concert.

Human trafficking is a lucrative criminal activity, touted as the third most profitable business for organized crime, after drugs and the arms trade, at an estimated $32 billion per year. In fact, narcotics trafficking and human trafficking are often intertwined, using the same actors and routes into a country. Migrant trafficking is one of the fastest-growing criminal enterprises. Traffickers resort to other illicit activities to legitimize their proceeds, such as laundering the money obtained not only from trafficking but also from forced labour, sex industries, and the drug trade. To protect their investment, traffickers use terroristic threats as a means of control over their victims and demonstrate power through the threat of deportation, the seizing of travel documentation, or violence against the migrants or their family members remaining in the origin country.

Trafficking is a transnational crime that requires international cooperation, and the United States has taken a lead in promoting intercontinental cooperation. The TVPA provides assistance to foreign governments in facilitating the drafting of antitrafficking laws, the strengthening of investigations, and the prosecuting of offenders. Countries of origin, transit, and destination of trafficking victims are encouraged to adopt minimal antitrafficking standards. These minimal standards consist of prohibiting severe forms of trafficking, prescribing sanctions proportionate to the act, and making a concerted effort to combat organized trafficking.

Foreign governments are to make a sustained effort to cooperate with the international community , assist in the prosecution of traffickers, and protect victims of trafficking. If governments fail to meet the minimum standards or fail to make strides to do so, the United States may cease financial assistance beyond humanitarian and trade-related aid. Furthermore, these countries will face opposition from the United States in obtaining support from financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund . The U.S. Department of State annually reports antitrafficking efforts in the Trafficking in Persons Report on countries considered to have a significant trafficking problem.

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Modern Slavery, Essay Example

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Slavery is an age-old practice that rendered some people deprived of their fundamental human rights. The people enslaved were subjected to some form of control by other human beings. This act dispossessed them of their ability to choose what they wanted, where to live, whom to be with, and other life privileges that a free human being can get or must have in life.

The article confirms that slavery still exists in modern days as well. The only difference between this and the former type of slavery is in the manner it is done. Modern slavery is manifested in such forms as human trafficking, being locked up in brothels and subjected to poor and inhumane working conditions in restaurants and many others. This shows that the modern forms of slavery are related to work. When an employer subjects an employee to some hard labor conditions without good pay, then this can be seen as a form of slavery. The fact that someone is not happy about a position he or she is in but is forced to live in it, then this can be seen as a form of slavery. The slavery types identified in the article are labor slavery, sex slavery, and child slavery.

As presented in the article, the major causes of modern slavery are related to the pursuit of money. Virtually all activities that are seen to put people in a way of slavery, such as human trafficking and forced labor in brothels and restaurants, are all geared towards making monetary gains. These causes are also contributed by the lack of government surveillance to prohibit the bad practice in the society. Whereas slavery is specific to poor countries, Brazil, Haiti, India, Nepal, Congo, and Ghana have been identified as the major countries where labor slavery is rife.

The problem of slavery can be addressed by adopting two top-most strategies. First, the governments must adopt safety measures aimed at protecting their citizens from the vice. There should also be consultative programs among all governments to curb it because human trafficking is an inter-country problem. The strategy relates to the issuance of information relating to the forms of slavery and the ways of evading them. This will be helpful to the victims who end up being trapped in it without knowing.

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Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery Research Paper

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Introduction

Human trafficking and modern-day slavery statistics, where is human trafficking happening, modern-day slavery in the us and the globe, human trafficking and modern slavery in our neighborhoods, preventing human trafficking and modern-day slavery, works cited.

Human trafficking is defined as the illegal enrollment, shipment, keeping, or delivery of people through compulsion, trickery, application of force, or exploitation of authority. Perpetrators of this vice take advantage of the individual’s vulnerability. They also use payments to get consent from the targeted individual who is later exploited (Barner, Okech, and Camp 148). Such exploitation may include strained prostitution, servitude, removal of organs, or forced toil or service among others. Human trafficking goes hand in hand with modern-day slavery, which is also a major issue of concern (CME Resource/NetCE and Yick 2). By definition, modern slavery refers to the process of one person possessing or controlling another person. Such control significantly deprives the possessed person of his or her individual liberty to decide on his or her own (Kara 6).

Although human trafficking and slavery are illegal in all countries, their thriving has led to calls for increased efforts to curb them across the world. Human trafficking and modern slavery are issues of international distress because of the global perspectives that they take where people who are trafficked from one country are enslaved in foreign countries all over the world (Palmiotto 4). This paper discusses the two vices. The goal is to highlight important statistics and efforts that can be undertaken to reverse the trend.

Since the last decade, human trafficking and human slavery have become an increasing phenomenon and a major concern based on the increasing numbers of people, including children, who have fallen into the hands of the perpetrators. Human trafficking is an illegal activity, which many countries have sought to fight against. Indeed, estimates show that slaves are more in the modern times compared to the situation in the 17 th -19 th century when the vice was legal in many parts of the developed world such as the United States (Falls and Falls 3). In 1860, there were approximately 25 million slaves. However, in modern times, estimates indicate that the number of modern-day slaves has reached 27 million as of 2010 (Mills 52). One of the biggest challenges in addressing modern slavery and human trafficking is the fact that the vice is treated as a black market affair where facts about the perpetrators and the victims are difficult to get (Havoscope Report 16).

The 2014 Global Slavery Index revealed important statistical findings that painted a grim situation that is currently getting out of hand, as more people are being enslaved and trafficked across the world (Palmiotto 13). The index estimated that 35.8 million people were enslaved around the world in 2014. According to the index, the high number of people who are in slavery is not an indication of a rising number of the enslaved people, but more of increased accuracy in the methods of detecting slavery cases since human slavery is a highly concealed criminal activity across the world.

Since modern slavery is a globally prevalent crime, no country is devoid of elements of slavery. Among the countries that were involved in the index, Mauritania, a country is West Africa, was ranked number 1, followed by Republic of Uzbekistan , Haiti, Qatar, India, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, and Central African Republic, which were all in the top ten in terms of the percentage of the enslaved population to the whole population (Palmiotto 21).

On the other hand, human trafficking figures also indicate the enormity of the situation where the number of people who are trafficked across the world has been increasing. According to Kara, many reasons have been established to explain why people are trafficked. For instance, according to Havoscope, strained labor, sexual exploitation, and slavery are some of the reasons (8). Human trafficking majorly affects women who form the largest share of 59% of the victims as of 2012 (Havoscope 8). In this data, while this number is high, the ratio of women to the number of all trafficked people has actually decreased. Adult males account for 14%, girls 17%, and young boys 10% as shown below.

The number of trafficked children has been increasing. 2013 statistical findings show that 27% of the victims are children as compared to 20% that was recorded in 2000 (Palmiotto 26). The trend of the increase in the number of child victims varies from one region of the world to another. In this case, the Middle East and Africa have recorded the highest percentage (68%) of the number of trafficked children as compared to all victims while Europe and Central Asia have recorded the least number (16%) of child victims (CME Resource/NetCE and Yick 3). The table below gives a breakdown of victims of human trafficking by region:

Source: (Palmiotto 18)

The human trafficking is a multi-billion dollar industry. Estimates show that the global human trafficking syndicate brings profits of approximately $32 billion (Palmiotto 18). Of this amount, close to USD16 billion is generated in developed nations while close to USD10 billion, which translates to 33% of the total proceeds, is generated in the Asian nations (Havoscope 16). Further, each trafficked laborer generates approximately $13,000 per year (Kara 32). This figure translates to roughly $1,100 per month. In the United States alone, although figures are scarce, the US is responsible for 100,000-300,000 prostituted children (Kara 33). Further, studies show that more than 244,000 of the US kids and teenagers are victims of gender-based violence and illegal human capturing.

Human trafficking is a highly transnational crime where 6 out of 10 of the victims are foreigners in the country where they are identified as fatalities (Palmiotto 56). However, despite the transnational nature of the crime, domestic trafficking has become an increasing problem. In every three reported cases of human trafficking, one case involves exploitation within the country of citizenship of the victim. The chart below shows a breakdown of trafficking flows by geographical reach:

Overall, human trafficking and modern-day slavery are two intertwined vices where the former supplies the latter with the persons who are transformed into slaves (Barner, Okech and Camp 149). Due to its high-income returns to the traffickers and the slave masters, the problem will continue in the near and far future. Hence, it will be necessary for stronger approaches to be put in place to curb the menace.

To many people, human trafficking is not evident to them and that they are unaware if such a thing happens. Firstly, it is important to know that the vice is widespread across the world and that the victims of trafficking originate from different parts of the world. However, trafficking is more rampant in some countries than others. For instance, Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and the Pacific regions account for the largest number of victims of human trafficking (Palmiotto 58). The map below shows the flows of trafficking across the world:

From the above map, it is evident that human trafficking victims are majorly from the Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asian, Eastern and Central Europe, East Asia, and South America (Barner, Okech and Camp 153). One of the key trends in the flows of human trafficking is that it originates from a country that has high levels of poverty to high-income and developed countries.

According to Barner, Okech, and Camp, human trafficking is a phenomenon that is majorly fueled by poverty, lack of democratic cultures, violence against women and children, conflict and post conflict situations, lack of access to education, lack of employment opportunities, discrimination, and lack of social integration (153). However, the above vulnerability issues do not mean that high-income countries do not have their own cases of human trafficking. Although they are major destinations for trafficked humans, they account for a considerable share of human trafficking cases, mostly domestically (Barner, Okech and Camp 154). Women from poor backgrounds and conflict-prone zones are highly vulnerable due to the weak policies that have been established to protect them not only from economic hardships but also from traffickers.

Modern slavery is a blanket term that is used to encompass all forceful or non-consensual activities that lead to the possession of one human being by another via human trafficking, strained labor, sexual exploitation, removal of organs, and servitude (Barner, Okech and Camp 148). Despite being a developed country, which has put strong legislation against human trafficking and modern slavery, the United States is also affected by the vice. Approximately 100000-300000 children in the United States are prostitutes and slaves. Other studies show that most of the people who work as slaves in the US are in the prostitution sector (Mills 25). Some of the slaves move to the country to work as domestic house cleaners. They usually go to the US with their masters from countries that have high slavery rates such as Qatar, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia (Kara 19).

According to Palmiotto, estimates show that the United States is a major destination for internationally trafficked individuals and that it is ranked 134 th in the world where approximately 60,000 of foreigners are enslaved (28). Most of the enslaved people in the US come from Latin America and Asian countries such as Mexico, Philippines, Thailand, Honduras, Guatemala, India, and El Salvador (Kara 47). The major modes of exploitation include strained work and prostitution. At the domestic level, children and young people from the United States are highly vulnerable to modern slavery, especially through forced toil and matrimonies where more than 3000 cases of strained marriages have been recorded since 2011.

Modern slavery is a global issue where 6 out of 10 of modern slaves are found in foreign countries, rather than their countries of origin. As long as the demand for slaves in one region prevails, it will be impossible to fight against the vice, regardless of the efforts that a given country puts in place. The vice is highly secretive. Hence, there is a need for more legislation and policies that will help to identify and break down the cartels that are fueling the vice across the world.

Human trafficking and modern slavery are also evident in our neighborhoods. For this reason, the world governments and powerful organizations have been unable to put accurate statistics on the number of people who are affected by the vice (Kara 43). Modern slavery and human trafficking occur majorly in urban centers where there is little sense of society groupings where people can address and/or the vices whenever they occur. Hence, it is difficult to identify who qualifies to be a slave in the society. Further, due to the secretive nature of the crime, which involves oppressions and threats, many victims never report or act in manner to raise an alarm, even when they have the opportunity to do so (Palmiotto 62). As such, the situation in the contemporary society allows modern slavery to thrive without the knowledge of the neighbors.

Slavery involves many activities such as strained labor, prostitution, and forced marriages among others. In the US, prostitution and strained labor are the most prevalent forms of slavery (Barner, Okech and Camp 158). Enslaved people are held against their will. They are forced to do difficult tasks such as hard labor or commercial sex among other activities where they get little or no pay. Most of them do not have valid documents. Hence, they live at the mercy of their masters. Becoming a slave is a mix of many factors that include poverty, conflict, and lack of opportunities among other aspects, which make people vulnerable. The vulnerable people become easily swayed by promises of better lives where they are trafficked within or across borders to be exposed to acts of slavery.

Fighting against human trafficking and modern-day trafficking requires a global approach where all countries dedicate more resources to implement legislation and policies that can effectively prevent the illegal transfer and enslavement of people both within and across borders (Kara 38). Currently, many countries where human trafficking and modern slavery are rampant have weak or no legislation to prevent the vice. This unpreparedness opens many loopholes, which are exploited by traffickers and slave masters.

Another important approach is to enact important policies and measures, which will lead to the unearthing of human trafficking and modern slavery syndicates while at the same time destroying them since they act as the main organizations that fuel the problems (Palmiotto 69). Global pressure such as economic sanctions or other measures on countries that demonstrate little action against the vice should also be considered to increase the governments’ activities towards fighting the problem. Providing resources and opportunities to the most vulnerable people is also another important approach to ensuring that people are not swayed into slavery through empty promises of better lives.

In conclusion, human trafficking and modern slavery are major global problems, which are increasing by the day. The situation needs proactive approaches to reversing the trend. The major factors that fuel these vices include the lucrative nature of the industry where human traffickers are able to give all possible incentives to win the hearts of their targets. As revealed in the paper, no country, including the US, is excluded in the vice. Hence, there is a need for a global approach where all countries will set aside resources to address the vices.

Barner, John, David Okech, and Meghan Camp. “Socio-Economic Inequality, Human Trafficking, and the Global Slave Trade.” Societies 4.2 (2014): 148-160. Print.

CME Resource/NetCE, and Flanagan Yick. Human Trafficking and Exploitation. London: CME Resource/NetCE, 2014. Print.

Falls, Abraham, and Sheri Falls. Human Trafficking: Complete Series-Global Perspective of Sex Slavery, Young Man’s Point of View of Human Trafficking in Thailand, Mother’s Point of View…Trafficking, Sex Slavery, Thailand, Asia. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014. Print.

Havoscope. Human Trafficking: Prices and Statistics of the Modern-Day Slave Trade. London: Havoscope Books, 2015. Print.

Havoscope Report. Black Market Crime Human Trafficking Prices and Statistics of the Modern-Day Slave Trade. London: Havoscope Books, 2015. Print.

Kara, Siddharth. Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2009. Print.

Mills, Bright. Human Trafficking: Modern-Day Slavery. Bloomington: Trafford Publishing, 2011. Print.

Palmiotto, Michael. Combating Human Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Chicago: CRC Press, 2014. Print.

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• Isaac Burt: Modern-Day Slavery in the US
• Human Trafficking and Healthcare Organizations
• U.S. in the Fight Against a Modern Form of Slavery
• Human Trafficking in Eastern Europe
• Human Trafficking between Africa and Europe: Security Issues
• Human trafficking in Mozambique
• “Not For Sale: End Human Trafficking and Slavery”: Campaign Critique
• The Human Trafficking Problem
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2020, May 16). Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery. https://ivypanda.com/essays/human-trafficking-and-modern-day-slavery/

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IvyPanda . (2020) 'Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery'. 16 May.

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Home — Essay Samples — Social Issues — Human Trafficking — Different Forms of Modern Day Slavery

Different Forms of Modern Day Slavery

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Published: May 19, 2020

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