connects the hook to the thesis statement
summarizes the overall claim of the paper
» Opening with a Story (Anecdote)
A good way of catching your reader’s attention is by sharing a story that sets up your paper. Sharing a story gives a paper a more personal feel and helps make your reader comfortable.
This example was borrowed from Jack Gannon’s The Week the World Heard Gallaudet (1989):
Astrid Goodstein, a Gallaudet faculty member, entered the beauty salon for her regular appointment, proudly wearing her DPN button. (“I was married to that button that week!” she later confided.) When Sandy, her regular hairdresser, saw the button, he spoke and gestured, “Never! Never! Never!” Offended, Astrid turned around and headed for the door but stopped short of leaving. She decided to keep her appointment, confessing later that at that moment, her sense of principles had lost out to her vanity. Later she realized that her hairdresser had thought she was pushing for a deaf U.S. President. Hook: a specific example or story that interests the reader and introduces the topic.
Transition: connects the hook to the thesis statement
Thesis: summarizes the overall claim of the paper
» Specific Detail Opening
Giving specific details about your subject appeals to your reader’s curiosity and helps establish a visual picture of what your paper is about.
Hands flying, green eyes flashing, and spittle spraying, Jenny howled at her younger sister Emma. People walked by, gawking at the spectacle as Jenny’s grunts emanated through the mall. Emma sucked at her thumb, trying to appear nonchalant. Jenny’s blond hair stood almost on end. Her hands seemed to fly so fast that her signs could barely be understood. Jenny was angry. Very angry. | a specific example or story that interests the reader and introduces the topic. connects the hook to the thesis statement summarizes the overall claim of the paper |
» Open with a Quotation
Another method of writing an introduction is to open with a quotation. This method makes your introduction more interactive and more appealing to your reader.
“People paid more attention to the way I talked than what I said!” exclaimed the woman from Brooklyn, New York, in the movie American Tongues. This young woman’s home dialect interferes with people taking her seriously because they see her as a New Yorker’s cartoonish stereotype. The effects on this woman indicate the widespread judgment that occurs about nonstandard dialects. People around America judge those with nonstandard dialects because of _____________ and _____________. This type of judgment can even cause some to be ashamed of or try to change their language identity.* | a specific example or story that interests the reader and introduces the topic. connects the hook to the thesis statement summarizes the overall claim of the paper |
» Open with an Interesting Statistic
Statistics that grab the reader help to make an effective introduction.
American Sign Language is the second most preferred foreign language in the United States. 50% of all deaf and hard of hearing people use American Sign Language (ASL).* ASL is beginning to be provided by the Foreign Language Departments of many universities and high schools around the nation. The statistics are not accurate. They were invented as an example. | a specific example or story that interests the reader and introduces the topic. connects the hook to the thesis statement summarizes the overall claim of the paper |
» Question Openings
Possibly the easiest opening is one that presents one or more questions to be answered in the paper. This is effective because questions are usually what the reader has in mind when he or she sees your topic.
Is ASL a language? Can ASL be written? Do you have to be born deaf to understand ASL completely? To answer these questions, one must first understand exactly what ASL is. In this paper, I attempt to explain this as well as answer my own questions. | a specific example or story that interests the reader and introduces the topic. connects the hook to the thesis statement summarizes the overall claim of the paper |
Source : *Writing an Introduction for a More Formal Essay. (2012). Retrieved April 25, 2012, from http://flightline.highline.edu/wswyt/Writing91/handouts/hook_trans_thesis.htm
The conclusion to any paper is the final impression that can be made. It is the last opportunity to get your point across to the reader and leave the reader feeling as if they learned something. Leaving a paper “dangling” without a proper conclusion can seriously devalue what was said in the body itself. Here are a few effective ways to conclude or close your paper. » Summary Closing Many times conclusions are simple re-statements of the thesis. Many times these conclusions are much like their introductions (see Thesis Statement Opening).
Because of a charter signed by President Abraham Lincoln and because of the work of two men, Amos Kendall and Edward Miner Gallaudet, Gallaudet University is what it is today – the place where people from all over the world can find information about deafness and deaf education. Gallaudet and the deaf community truly owe these three men for without them, we might still be “deaf and dumb.” |
» Close with a Logical Conclusion
This is a good closing for argumentative or opinion papers that present two or more sides of an issue. The conclusion drawn as a result of the research is presented here in the final paragraphs.
As one can see from reading the information presented, mainstreaming deaf students isn’t always as effective as educating them in a segregated classroom. Deaf students learn better on a more one-on-one basis like they can find in a school or program specially designed for them. Mainstreaming lacks such a design; deaf students get lost in the mainstream. |
» Real or Rhetorical Question Closings
This method of concluding a paper is one step short of giving a logical conclusion. Rather than handing the conclusion over, you can leave the reader with a question that causes him or her to draw his own conclusions.
Why, then, are schools for the deaf becoming a dying species? |
» Close with a Speculation or Opinion This is a good style for instances when the writer was unable to come up with an answer or a clear decision about whatever it was he or she was researching. For example:
Through all of my research, all of the people I interviewed, all of the institutions I visited, not one person could give me a clear-cut answer to my question. Can all deaf people be educated in the same manner? I couldn’t find the “right” answer. I hope you, the reader, will have better luck. |
» Close with a Recommendation
A good conclusion is when the writer suggests that the reader do something in the way of support for a cause or a plea for them to take action.
American Sign Language is a fast growing language in America. More and more universities and colleges are offering it as part of their curriculum and some are even requiring it as part of their program. This writer suggests that anyone who has a chance to learn this beautiful language should grab that opportunity. |
202-448-7036
Gallaudet University, chartered in 1864, is a private university for deaf and hard of hearing students.
Copyright © 2024 Gallaudet University. All rights reserved.
800 Florida Avenue NE, Washington, D.C. 20002
The main part of your research paper is called “the body.” To write this important part of your paper, include only relevant information, or information that gets to the point. Organize your ideas in a logical order—one that makes sense—and provide enough details—facts and examples—to support the points you want to make.
Transition words and phrases, adding evidence, phrases for supporting topic sentences.
Examples of effective transitions, drafting your conclusion, writing the body paragraphs.
Get 10% off with 24start discount code.
The topic of each paragraph will be supported by the evidence you itemized in your outline. However, just as smooth transitions are required to connect your paragraphs, the sentences you write to present your evidence should possess transition words that connect ideas, focus attention on relevant information, and continue your discussion in a smooth and fluid manner.
You presented the main idea of your paper in the thesis statement. In the body, every single paragraph must support that main idea. If any paragraph in your paper does not, in some way, back up the main idea expressed in your thesis statement, it is not relevant, which means it doesn’t have a purpose and shouldn’t be there.
Each paragraph also has a main idea of its own. That main idea is stated in a topic sentence, either at the beginning or somewhere else in the paragraph. Just as every paragraph in your paper supports your thesis statement, every sentence in each paragraph supports the main idea of that paragraph by providing facts or examples that back up that main idea. If a sentence does not support the main idea of the paragraph, it is not relevant and should be left out.
A paper that makes claims or states ideas without backing them up with facts or clarifying them with examples won’t mean much to readers. Make sure you provide enough supporting details for all your ideas. And remember that a paragraph can’t contain just one sentence. A paragraph needs at least two or more sentences to be complete. If a paragraph has only one or two sentences, you probably haven’t provided enough support for your main idea. Or, if you have trouble finding the main idea, maybe you don’t have one. In that case, you can make the sentences part of another paragraph or leave them out.
Arrange the paragraphs in the body of your paper in an order that makes sense, so that each main idea follows logically from the previous one. Likewise, arrange the sentences in each paragraph in a logical order.
If you carefully organized your notes and made your outline, your ideas will fall into place naturally as you write your draft. The main ideas, which are building blocks of each section or each paragraph in your paper, come from the Roman-numeral headings in your outline. The supporting details under each of those main ideas come from the capital-letter headings. In a shorter paper, the capital-letter headings may become sentences that include supporting details, which come from the Arabic numerals in your outline. In a longer paper, the capital letter headings may become paragraphs of their own, which contain sentences with the supporting details, which come from the Arabic numerals in your outline.
In addition to keeping your ideas in logical order, transitions are another way to guide readers from one idea to another. Transition words and phrases are important when you are suggesting or pointing out similarities between ideas, themes, opinions, or a set of facts. As with any perfect phrase, transition words within paragraphs should not be used gratuitously. Their meaning must conform to what you are trying to point out, as shown in the examples below:
Other phrases that can be used to make transitions or connect ideas within paragraphs include:
Remember, a sentence should express a complete thought, one thought per sentence—no more, no less. The longer and more convoluted your sentences become, the more likely you are to muddle the meaning, become repetitive, and bog yourself down in issues of grammar and construction. In your first draft, it is generally a good idea to keep those sentences relatively short and to the point. That way your ideas will be clearly stated.You will be able to clearly see the content that you have put down—what is there and what is missing—and add or subtract material as it is needed. The sentences will probably seem choppy and even simplistic.The purpose of a first draft is to ensure that you have recorded all the content you will need to make a convincing argument. You will work on smoothing and perfecting the language in subsequent drafts.
Transitioning from your topic sentence to the evidence that supports it can be problematic. It requires a transition, much like the transitions needed to move from one paragraph to the next. Choose phrases that connect the evidence directly to your topic sentence.
If an idea is controversial, you may need to add extra evidence to your paragraphs to persuade your reader. You may also find that a logical argument, one based solely on your evidence, is not persuasive enough and that you need to appeal to the reader’s emotions. Look for ways to incorporate your research without detracting from your argument.
It is often difficult to write transitions that carry a reader clearly and logically on to the next paragraph (and the next topic) in an essay. Because you are moving from one topic to another, it is easy to simply stop one and start another. Great research papers, however, include good transitions that link the ideas in an interesting discussion so that readers can move smoothly and easily through your presentation. Close each of your paragraphs with an interesting transition sentence that introduces the topic coming up in the next paragraph.
Transition sentences should show a relationship between the two topics.Your transition will perform one of the following functions to introduce the new idea:
Transitions make a paper flow smoothly by showing readers how ideas and facts follow one another to point logically to a conclusion. They show relationships among the ideas, help the reader to understand, and, in a persuasive paper, lead the reader to the writer’s conclusion.
Each paragraph should end with a transition sentence to conclude the discussion of the topic in the paragraph and gently introduce the reader to the topic that will be raised in the next paragraph. However, transitions also occur within paragraphs—from sentence to sentence—to add evidence, provide examples, or introduce a quotation.
The type of paper you are writing and the kinds of topics you are introducing will determine what type of transitional phrase you should use. Some useful phrases for transitions appear below. They are grouped according to the function they normally play in a paper. Transitions, however, are not simply phrases that are dropped into sentences. They are constructed to highlight meaning. Choose transitions that are appropriate to your topic and what you want the reader to do. Edit them to be sure they fit properly within the sentence to enhance the reader’s understanding.
How to make effective transitions between sections of a research paper? There are two distinct issues in making strong transitions:
The first is the most important: Does the upcoming section actually belong in the next spot? The sections in your research paper need to add up to your big point (or thesis statement) in a sensible progression. One way of putting that is, “Does the architecture of your paper correspond to the argument you are making?” Getting this architecture right is the goal of “large-scale editing,” which focuses on the order of the sections, their relationship to each other, and ultimately their correspondence to your thesis argument.
It’s easy to craft graceful transitions when the sections are laid out in the right order. When they’re not, the transitions are bound to be rough. This difficulty, if you encounter it, is actually a valuable warning. It tells you that something is wrong and you need to change it. If the transitions are awkward and difficult to write, warning bells should ring. Something is wrong with the research paper’s overall structure.
After you’ve placed the sections in the right order, you still need to tell the reader when he is changing sections and briefly explain why. That’s an important part of line-by-line editing, which focuses on writing effective sentences and paragraphs.
Effective transition sentences and paragraphs often glance forward or backward, signaling that you are switching sections. Take this example from J. M. Roberts’s History of Europe . He is finishing a discussion of the Punic Wars between Rome and its great rival, Carthage. The last of these wars, he says, broke out in 149 B.C. and “ended with so complete a defeat for the Carthaginians that their city was destroyed . . . .” Now he turns to a new section on “Empire.” Here is the first sentence: “By then a Roman empire was in being in fact if not in name.”(J. M. Roberts, A History of Europe . London: Allen Lane, 1997, p. 48) Roberts signals the transition with just two words: “By then.” He is referring to the date (149 B.C.) given near the end of the previous section. Simple and smooth.
Michael Mandelbaum also accomplishes this transition between sections effortlessly, without bringing his narrative to a halt. In The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets , one chapter shows how countries of the North Atlantic region invented the idea of peace and made it a reality among themselves. Here is his transition from one section of that chapter discussing “the idea of warlessness” to another section dealing with the history of that idea in Europe.
The widespread aversion to war within the countries of the Western core formed the foundation for common security, which in turn expressed the spirit of warlessness. To be sure, the rise of common security in Europe did not abolish war in other parts of the world and could not guarantee its permanent abolition even on the European continent. Neither, however, was it a flukish, transient product . . . . The European common security order did have historical precedents, and its principal features began to appear in other parts of the world. Precedents for Common Security The security arrangements in Europe at the dawn of the twenty-first century incorporated features of three different periods of the modern age: the nineteenth century, the interwar period, and the ColdWar. (Michael Mandelbaum, The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets . New York: Public Affairs, 2002, p. 128)
It’s easier to make smooth transitions when neighboring sections deal with closely related subjects, as Mandelbaum’s do. Sometimes, however, you need to end one section with greater finality so you can switch to a different topic. The best way to do that is with a few summary comments at the end of the section. Your readers will understand you are drawing this topic to a close, and they won’t be blindsided by your shift to a new topic in the next section.
Here’s an example from economic historian Joel Mokyr’s book The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . Mokyr is completing a section on social values in early industrial societies. The next section deals with a quite different aspect of technological progress: the role of property rights and institutions. So Mokyr needs to take the reader across a more abrupt change than Mandelbaum did. Mokyr does that in two ways. First, he summarizes his findings on social values, letting the reader know the section is ending. Then he says the impact of values is complicated, a point he illustrates in the final sentences, while the impact of property rights and institutions seems to be more straightforward. So he begins the new section with a nod to the old one, noting the contrast.
In commerce, war and politics, what was functional was often preferred [within Europe] to what was aesthetic or moral, and when it was not, natural selection saw to it that such pragmatism was never entirely absent in any society. . . . The contempt in which physical labor, commerce, and other economic activity were held did not disappear rapidly; much of European social history can be interpreted as a struggle between wealth and other values for a higher step in the hierarchy. The French concepts of bourgeois gentilhomme and nouveau riche still convey some contempt for people who joined the upper classes through economic success. Even in the nineteenth century, the accumulation of wealth was viewed as an admission ticket to social respectability to be abandoned as soon as a secure membership in the upper classes had been achieved. Institutions and Property Rights The institutional background of technological progress seems, on the surface, more straightforward. (Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 176)
Note the phrase, “on the surface.” Mokyr is hinting at his next point, that surface appearances are deceiving in this case. Good transitions between sections of your research paper depend on:
Every good paper ends with a strong concluding paragraph. To write a good conclusion, sum up the main points in your paper. To write an even better conclusion, include a sentence or two that helps the reader answer the question, “So what?” or “Why does all this matter?” If you choose to include one or more “So What?” sentences, remember that you still need to support any point you make with facts or examples. Remember, too, that this is not the place to introduce new ideas from “out of the blue.” Make sure that everything you write in your conclusion refers to what you’ve already written in the body of your paper.
Back to How To Write A Research Paper .
Paper writing: introduction, body and conclusion, what is an essay made up of.
A standard essay is made up of 5 paragraphs. An introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs and a conclusion.
First, we'll talk about the introductory paragraph: In this paragraph, you give a brief overview of the topics you're going to talk about. Generally you will provide three topics of discussion. You will provide your thesis in this paragraph.
The thesis acts as a roadmap for the entire essay. The point you are trying to prove is stated in the thesis, and generally falls at the end of the introductory paragraph.
In the body paragraphs you delve deeper into the points made in your intro paragraph.
Following the last body paragraph, you will provide a conclusion paragraph . In your conclusion you will sum up the points you made, and restate your thesis.
Example of a short 5 paragraph essay about writing an essay:
It is important in education today that students know how to write a five paragraph essay. Most five paragraph essays include an introduction like this one, as well as three body paragraphs and a conclusion. Each body paragraph argues a different point. The first body paragraph argues the strongest point, the second boy paragraph argues the second strongest point and the third body paragraph argues the weakest point. The conclusion ends the essay, and restates the thesis which belongs here.
The first paragraph contains the strongest argument in the paper (or the mot obvious beginning point). The topic for this paragraph, as with the other paragraphs should be stated within the first several sentences. The thesis should be supported by content in the paragraph. Then you should move on to the next paragraph, providing a clear transition.
The second paragraph should contain the second most significant example or point in the paper. It should provide evidence for the point being made (as should the other paragraphs) with quotes or other content. It should relate to the thesis (in favor of or against it). Then this paragraph can be wrapped up neatly, and transition nicely into the next paragraph.
The third paragraph should contain the weakest argument, follow up to the previous point(s), weakest example, etc. All of the paragraphs should flow seamlessly together, and should not feel awkward or disjointed. This paragraph should also tie into the thesis. The last sentence in this paragraph should signify somehow that you are moving into your conclusion; this paragraph should feel complete.
The concluding paragraph should slightly mirror the introduction. You should revisit the points you made in your previous paragraphs. This paragraph should echo your thesis/ provide a description of how you proved your thesis (i.e "through the intense character analysis of Hester Prynne through her interactions with Pearl we find 1, 2 and 3). Then, provide a final statement signifying you have completed your paper/point/argument.
Source: wiki, nikki
This brief slideshow discusses different types of essays, as well as a two points to remember.
This song will help you remember the steps to writing an essay!
Source: myself and a little inspiration from grancie
© 2024 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC.
The introduction and conclusion are the strong walls that hold up the ends of your essay. The introduction should pique the readers’ interest, articulate the aim or purpose of the essay, and provide an outline of how the essay is organised. The conclusion mirrors the introduction in structure and summarizes the main aim and key ideas within the essay, drawing to a logical conclusion. The introduction states what the essay will do and the conclusion tells the reader what the essay has achieved .
The primary functions of the introduction are to introduce the topic and aim of the essay, plus provide the reader with a clear framework of how the essay will be structured. Therefore, the following sections provide a brief overview of how these goals can be achieved. The introduction has three basic sections (often in one paragraph if the essay is short) that establish the key elements: background, thesis statement, and essay outline.
The background should arrest the readers’ attention and create an interest in the chosen topic. Therefore, backgrounding on the topic should be factual, interesting, and may use supporting evidence from academic sources . Shorter essays (under 1000 words) may only require 1-3 sentences for backgrounding, so make the information specific and relevant, clear and succinct . Longer essays may call for a separate backgrounding paragraph. Always check with your lecturer/tutor for guidelines on your specific assignment.
The thesis statement is a theory, put forward as a position to be maintained or proven by the writing that follows in the essay. It focuses the writer’s ideas within the essay and all insights, arguments and viewpoints centre around this statement. The writer should refer back to it both mentally and literally throughout the writing process, plus the reader should see the key concepts within the thesis unfolding throughout the written work. A separate section about developing the thesis statement has been included below.
The essay outline is 1-2 sentences that articulate the focus of the essay in stages. They clearly explain how the thesis statement will be addressed in a sequential manner throughout the essay paragraphs. The essay outline should also leave no doubt in the readers’ minds about what is NOT going to be addressed in your essay. You are establishing the parameters, boundaries, or limitations of the essay that follows. Do not, however, use diminishing language such as, “this brief essay will only discuss…”, “this essay hopes to prove/will attempt to show…”. This weakens your position from the outset. Use strong signposting language, such as “This essay will discuss… (paragraph 1) then… (paragraph 2) before moving on to… (paragraph 3) followed by the conclusion and recommendations”. This way the reader knows from the outset how the essay will be structured and it also helps you to better plan your body paragraphs (see Chapter 22).
(Background statement) Nuclear power plants are widely used throughout the world as a clean, efficient source of energy. (Thesis with a single idea) It has been proven that thermonuclear energy (topic) is a clean, safe alternative to burning fossil fuels. (Essay outline sentence) This essay will discuss the environmental, economic, social impacts of having a thermonuclear power plant providing clean energy to a major city.
Regardless of the length of the essay, it should always have a thesis statement that clearly articulates the key aim or argument/s in the essay. It focuses both the readers’ attention and the essay’s purpose. In a purely informative or descriptive essay, the thesis may contain a single, clear claim. Whereas, in a more complex analytical, persuasive, or critical essay (see Chapter 15) there may be more than one claim, or a claim and counter-claim (rebuttal) within the thesis statement (see Chapter 25 – Academic Writing [glossary]). It is important to remember that the majority of academic writing is not only delivering information, it is arguing a position and supporting claims with facts and reliable examples. A strong thesis will be original, specific and arguable. This means it should never be a statement of the obvious or a vague reference to general understandings on a topic.
The following examples are too vague and leave too many questions unanswered because they are not specific enough.
“Reading is beneficial” – What type of reading? Reading at what level/age? Reading for what time period? Reading what types of text? How is it beneficial, to who?
“Dogs are better than cats” – Better in what way? What types of dogs in what environment? Domesticated or wild animals? What are the benefits of being a dog owner? Is this about owning a dog or just dogs as a breed?
“Carbon emissions are ruining our planet” – Carbon emissions from where/what? In what specific way is our planet suffering? What is the timeframe of this problem?
A strong thesis should stand up to scrutiny. It should be able to answer the “So what?” question. Why should the reader want to continue reading your essay? What are you going to describe, argue, contest that will fix their attention? If no-one can or would argue with your thesis, then it is too weak, too obvious.
A strong thesis treats the topic of an essay in-depth. It will make an original claim that is both interesting and supportable, plus able to be refuted. In a critical essay this will allow you to argue more than one point of view (see Chapter 27 – Writing a Discursive Essay ). Again, this is why it is important that you complete sufficient background reading and research on your topic to write from an informed position.
“Parents reading to their children, from age 1-5 years, enhance their children’s vocabulary, their interest in books, and their curiosity about the world around them.”
“Small, domesticated dogs make better companions than domesticated cats because of their loyal and intuitive nature.”
“Carbon emissions from food production and processing are ruining Earth’s atmosphere.”
As demonstrated, by adding a specific focus, and key claim, the above thesis statements are made stronger.
Beginner and intermediate writers may prefer to use a less complex and sequential thesis like those above. They are clear, supportable and arguable. This is all that is required for the Term one and two writing tasks.
Once you become a more proficient writer and advance into essays that are more analytical and critical in nature, you will begin to incorporate more than one perspective in the thesis statement. Again, each additional perspective should be arguable and able to be supported with clear evidence. A thesis for a discursive essay (Term Three) should contain both a claim AND counter-claim , demonstrating your capacity as a writer to develop more than one perspective on a topic.
Demonstrating that there is more than one side to an argument does not weaken your overall position on a topic. It indicates that you have used your analytical thinking skills to identify more than one perspective, potentially including opposing arguments. In your essay you may progress in such a way that refutes or supports the claim and counter-claim.
Please do not confuse the words ‘claim’ and ‘counter-claim’ with moral or value judgements about right/wrong, good/bad, successful/unsuccessful, or the like. The term ‘claim’ simply refers to the first position or argument you put forward, and ‘counter-claim’ is the alternate position or argument.
“ Although it is argued that renewable energy may not meet the energy needs of Australia, there is research to indicate the benefits of transitioning to more environmentally favourable energy sources now.”
“It is argued that multiculturalism is beneficial for Australian society, economy and culture, however some members of society have a negative view of multiculturalism‘s effects on the country.”
“The widespread adoption of new technologies is inevitable and may benefit society, however , these new technologies could raise ethical issues and therefore might be of detriment .”
Note the use of conjunctive terms (underlined) to indicate alternative perspectives.
In term three you will be given further instruction in developing a thesis statement for a discursive essay in class time.
The conclusion is the final paragraph of the essay and it summarizes and synthesizes the topic and key ideas, including the thesis statement. As such, no new information or citations should be present in the conclusion. It should be written with an authoritative , formal tone as you have taken the time to support all the claims (and counter-claims) in your essay. It should follow the same logical progression as the key points in your essay and reach a clear and well-written conclusion – the statement within the concluding paragraph that makes it very clear you have answered the essay question. Read the marking criteria of your assignment to determine whether you are also required to include a recommendation or prediction as part of the conclusion. If so, make recommendations relevant to the context and content of the essay. They should be creative, specific and realistic. If you are making a prediction, focus on how the information or key arguments used in the essay might impact the world around you, or the field of inquiry, in a realistic way.
A strong, well-written conclusion should draw all of the threads of the essay together and show how they relate to each other and also how they make sense in relation to the essay question and thesis.
make clear, distinct, and precise in relation to other parts
Synonyms: catch and hold; attract and fix; engage
researched, reliable, written by academics and published by reputable publishers; often, but not always peer reviewed
concise expressed in few words
assertion, maintain as fact
a claim made to rebut a previous claim
attract and hold
used to link words or phrases together See 'Language Basics'
able to be trusted as being accurate or true; reliable
decision reached by sound and valid reasoning
Academic Writing Skills Copyright © 2021 by Patricia Williamson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
Introductions and conclusions play a special role in the academic essay, and they frequently demand much of your attention as a writer. A good introduction should identify your topic, provide essential context, and indicate your particular focus in the essay. It also needs to engage your readers’ interest. A strong conclusion will provide a sense of closure to the essay while again placing your concepts in a somewhat wider context. It will also, in some instances, add a stimulus to further thought. Since no two essays are the same, no single formula will automatically generate an introduction and conclusion for you. But the following guidelines will help you to construct a suitable beginning and end for your essay.
Consider these strategies for capturing your readers’ attention and for fleshing out your introduction:
In fleshing out your introduction, you will want to avoid some common pitfalls:
The following strategies may help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your essay:
Most of the advice in this handout pertains to argumentative or exploratory academic essays. Be aware, however, that different genres have their own special expectations about beginnings and endings. Some academic genres may not even require an introduction or conclusion. An annotated bibliography, for example, typically provides neither. A book review may begin with a summary of the book and conclude with an overall assessment of it. A policy briefing usually includes an introduction but may conclude with a series of recommendations. Check your assignment carefully for any directions about what to include in your introduction or conclusion.
How to compose a research paper introduction, body and conclusion.
All research paper structures are the same which makes them pretty easy to create if you know what to put where. This article with give some insight into just that so that you can create great works of your own with ease. Keep in mind that research is a huge part of the process but after that is all done and you have notes on all of your research it is best to create an outline for your paper to make is easier to write. In order to do this though, you need to know what information goes where. Here is a guide for how to learn just how to organize your paper.
Introduction.
The introduction is where you introduce the topic of the work, so the reader knows what to expect to learn about in it. You want to hint at the ideas that will be going into it without giving too much away. It is a delicate balance between too much and too little information. You want to give them a taste of what is to come and entice them to read further so it should be interesting. It is the first thing they read, so it has to make them want to read further as well.
The body is where all of the real information goes. Usually, it is a five paragraph structure, so you have three body paragraphs. Each body paragraph should center around one single idea and relate well to the topic to prove something or show something about it. The topic is your main point, but these are your backup points to prove your main point. All of the information you gathered from each point goes in its respective body paragraph to give substance to your backup points
First you want to go back to your main point and explain once more why it is true or why it is what it is. This is your last chance to get them to understand you and your points. This should also be an ending. As the conclusion, it should conclude the paper nicely by wrapping up any loose ends and reiterating anything that needs to be said again.
As long as you know where everything goes and in what order, you should do just fine. Again, you do need the right information to make any of this work, and that takes some hard work as well but more or less they are pretty straight forward. Now that you know all of the steps you are ready to write one of your own!
We are a group of academic nerds who care about the contemporary level of college education and help students worldwide get better grades.
If you would like to share your expertise with our readers, feel free to contact us.
Transcription Service for Your Academic Paper
Start Transcription now
Editing & Proofreading for Your Research Paper
Get it proofread now
Online Printing & Binding with Free Express Delivery
Configure binding now
Transcription Service for Your Paper
Printing & Binding with 3D Live Preview
How do you like this article cancel reply.
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
An essay is a structured piece of writing that presents an argument, tells a story, or explores a topic in depth. In academic writing , the term academic essay is frequently used. This denotes a carefully crafted piece of writing that adheres to certain standards and conventions, aiming to contribute to existing discourse or to provide a fresh perspective. With this article, we will help you understand the basics of how to write an essay, so you can receive good grades on your next work.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Before you start on how to write an essay, you should read the essay question or topic carefully. Know what’s being asked of you. In the next step, you gather information and ideas about the topic. Use books, articles, or other reputable sources. Afterward, outline your main points and decide on a thesis (your main argument or stance) and supporting arguments.
An essay is typically made up of three parts :
After you finish writing your essay, review your writing by paying attention to errors, clarity, and flow. Make sure your arguments are logical and well-presented. Check format, and citations (if any), and ensure it adheres to any guidelines given.
How to write an essay refers to the systematic process of creating a structured written piece that presents and supports a specific idea or argument. This process typically involves selecting a topic, conducting research, planning and organizing one’s thoughts, drafting the content, and revising for clarity and coherence. The final product, an essay, is often a combination of an introduction that presents the main idea (thesis), body paragraphs that provide evidence or examples supporting the thesis, and a conclusion that summarizes and reinforces the main points.
If you are eager to learn how to write an essay, keep these five types in mind:
Note: It is important to know what type of academic essay you have to write for your assignment. The type helps you to decide on a topic to write about as well as how to structure your essay outline.
When you are given a typical five-paragraph expository essay , you would simply spend most of your time writing in high school. However, if you are at university, a college-level argumentative essay is bound to be a more complex piece of writing. It demands extensive independent research from varied sources, has stricter guidelines, and often requires deeper critical thinking compared to the more straightforward or surface-level student papers in high school. Depending on where you are in your academic journey, there is a vast difference when it comes to how to write an essay.
The process of how to write an essay can be broadly distilled into three main points or stages: Pre-writing and planning, drafting, and revising and editing.
For the planning, you should:
During the drafting, you:
In the last step, you revise and edit your text. For this, you:
Below you find the steps on how to write an entire essay.
How to write an essay introduction is not difficult if you know what you should do. You have to lead into the topic and essay question, attract the reader’s attention, and give them a good idea of the focus of the essay. Use attention grabbers, also called hooks , like startling information, an anecdote, a dialogue, a strong statement, or a summary of the topic in general. Add a few more sentences to link the hook to your thesis statement, also called the topic sentence, that marks the end of the essay introduction .
From a child’s first taste of honey to the blooms in our gardens, honeybees touch our lives in unseen, myriad ways. These tiny workers, buzzing from flower to flower, play a crucial role in pollination, ensuring the reproduction of many of our favorite plants. However, the mysterious decline in honeybee populations poses a significant threat to our ecosystem. This essay will explore the significance of honeybees in our ecosystem, delve into the potential reasons behind their alarming decline, and propose solutions to address this growing crisis.
Each of the main ideas in your outline will become one paragraph. Each of those paragraphs follows the same basic structure. First, you have to write down your main ideas. Then you add your supporting points as well as an elaboration (description, explanation, etc.) for each point. Lastly, round it up with a closing sentence. Make sure to use connections between sentences with the help of transition words , so the change in topic does not come abruptly.
Honeybees are not merely producers of honey; they are pivotal players in the world’s food chain. According to a report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), over 75% of the world’s food crops rely to some extent on animal pollination, with honeybees being among the most effective pollinators. This means that fruits such as apples, nuts like almonds, and even the coffee beans that make our morning brew, owe their existence in large part to the tireless work of these bees. The evidence underscores the gravity of the situation: a world with a declining bee population is one that risks significant disruption in its food supply chain. Such a decline doesn’t only spell trouble for the plants directly dependent on bees, but also for the animals and humans that consume those plants, creating a cascading effect on the larger ecosystem.
You have to summarize your main points as well as give a final perspective on the topic. Help your reader to draw a logical conclusion from what they just read. Repack your thesis statement in your conclusion so that the reader can remember the individual steps taken to come to this conclusion. Moreover, you should answer questions like: What are the implications of your topic sentence being true? What comes next? What questions remained unanswered?
The waning number of honeybees in our environment is not just a matter of ecological concern, but a looming crisis that touches every facet of our lives. As we’ve explored, these industrious insects are instrumental in the pollination of a vast majority of our food crops, a process vital to our global food supply chain. The evidence from reputable sources, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, affirms the profound role honeybees play in sustaining our diets and of countless species. But beyond the tangible effects on food, the decline of honeybees serves as a potent reminder of the intricate, interconnected web of life and our role within it. If such a small creature can have such a vast impact on our world, it behooves us to take their decline as a clarion call. The broader implication is clear: preserving and nurturing our environment is not just an ethical duty; it’s a matter of survival, urging us to act with purpose.
Come up with an intriguing title that arouses the reader’s interest. Furthermore, take your time to do the formatting of your paper. You also might want to put the paragraphs in a different order. Check the instructions again because you might have to include other information (name, date, etc.). Handing in a well-formatted academic essay makes a good impression on your instructor.
When it comes to how to write an essay, revision is the key to success. You have to analyze your writing to figure out if it makes logical sense and if there is a natural flow that makes it easy to read. Is every main idea supported by enough evidence, did you make clear how ideas are linked? Run a spelling and grammar checker to be on the safe side. Moreover, ask a friend to read your academic essay to give you feedback. Occasionally, you cannot see the mistakes when it comes to your writing. Having another opinion on your paper helps you with your revisions.
Each paragraph should have an introductory, topic-based sentence as well as a concluding sentence that draws a link to the topic and critically summarizes your argument.
Follow with sentences that provide evidence or examples to back up the topic sentence. This can include data, quotations, anecdotes, or explanations. Delve deeper into the significance of the supporting details in relation to your main argument. Explain how the evidence supports the topic sentence and contributes to the overall thesis of the essay.
Furthermore, you should pay attention to coherence, consistency, flow, variety, and relevance.
In the following, you will find samples of how to write an essay. Here, you can read several essay types , whether to help you get started or if you’re simply unsure how to distinguish them.
Below, you will find a list of the dos and don’ts of how to write an essay.
Printing Your Thesis With BachelorPrint
Configure your binding now!
to the print shop
The typical essay structure is easier to understand than the structure of a dissertation or thesis. There are many types of essays, but the structure remains mostly unchanged. You start with the introduction, then the body paragraphs, and finally, the conclusion.
To start your essay, you first need an appropriate research paper topic . Ensure that your topic fits within the guidelines set by your institution, and it’s not too broad or narrow. Then, formulate your thesis statement and begin outlining a plan for your academic essay. Once you’re finished, you can start on how to write an essay.
A good essay introduction will begin with an opening statement that grabs the reader’s attention and draws them in. Then, you give a bit of background information and lay out the structure for the reader. The thesis statement should be placed towards the end of the introduction, as it provides one to two sentences of a summary of your essay and the main idea.
The five steps on how to write an essay are the following.
A good essay is clear, coherent, well-organized, presents strong arguments supported by relevant evidence, and is written with a consistent style and proper grammar. Furthermore, it starts with a bold statement and ends with an impactful conclusion.
They did such an excellent job printing my dissertation! I got it fast and...
We use cookies on our website. Some of them are essential, while others help us to improve this website and your experience.
Individual Privacy Preferences
Cookie Details Privacy Policy Imprint
Here you will find an overview of all cookies used. You can give your consent to whole categories or display further information and select certain cookies.
Accept all Save
Essential cookies enable basic functions and are necessary for the proper function of the website.
Show Cookie Information Hide Cookie Information
Name | |
---|---|
Anbieter | Eigentümer dieser Website, |
Zweck | Speichert die Einstellungen der Besucher, die in der Cookie Box von Borlabs Cookie ausgewählt wurden. |
Cookie Name | borlabs-cookie |
Cookie Laufzeit | 1 Jahr |
Name | |
---|---|
Anbieter | Bachelorprint |
Zweck | Erkennt das Herkunftsland und leitet zur entsprechenden Sprachversion um. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | ip-api.com |
Cookie Name | georedirect |
Cookie Laufzeit | 1 Jahr |
Name | |
---|---|
Anbieter | Playcanvas |
Zweck | Display our 3D product animations |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | playcanv.as, playcanvas.as, playcanvas.com |
Cookie Laufzeit | 1 Jahr |
Statistics cookies collect information anonymously. This information helps us to understand how our visitors use our website.
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Google Ireland Limited, Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland |
Zweck | Cookie von Google zur Steuerung der erweiterten Script- und Ereignisbehandlung. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Cookie Name | _ga,_gat,_gid |
Cookie Laufzeit | 2 Jahre |
Content from video platforms and social media platforms is blocked by default. If External Media cookies are accepted, access to those contents no longer requires manual consent.
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Meta Platforms Ireland Limited, 4 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland |
Zweck | Wird verwendet, um Facebook-Inhalte zu entsperren. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | .facebook.com |
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Google Ireland Limited, Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland |
Zweck | Wird zum Entsperren von Google Maps-Inhalten verwendet. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | .google.com |
Cookie Name | NID |
Cookie Laufzeit | 6 Monate |
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Meta Platforms Ireland Limited, 4 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland |
Zweck | Wird verwendet, um Instagram-Inhalte zu entsperren. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | .instagram.com |
Cookie Name | pigeon_state |
Cookie Laufzeit | Sitzung |
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Openstreetmap Foundation, St John’s Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, United Kingdom |
Zweck | Wird verwendet, um OpenStreetMap-Inhalte zu entsperren. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | .openstreetmap.org |
Cookie Name | _osm_location, _osm_session, _osm_totp_token, _osm_welcome, _pk_id., _pk_ref., _pk_ses., qos_token |
Cookie Laufzeit | 1-10 Jahre |
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Twitter International Company, One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07, Ireland |
Zweck | Wird verwendet, um Twitter-Inhalte zu entsperren. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | .twimg.com, .twitter.com |
Cookie Name | __widgetsettings, local_storage_support_test |
Cookie Laufzeit | Unbegrenzt |
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Vimeo Inc., 555 West 18th Street, New York, New York 10011, USA |
Zweck | Wird verwendet, um Vimeo-Inhalte zu entsperren. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | player.vimeo.com |
Cookie Name | vuid |
Cookie Laufzeit | 2 Jahre |
Akzeptieren | |
---|---|
Name | |
Anbieter | Google Ireland Limited, Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland |
Zweck | Wird verwendet, um YouTube-Inhalte zu entsperren. |
Datenschutzerklärung | |
Host(s) | google.com |
Cookie Name | NID |
Cookie Laufzeit | 6 Monate |
Privacy Policy Imprint
We use cookies to analyse traffic and to improve your browsing experience on our website. To find out more, read our privacy policy .
Privacy by design awards 2024.
Published 3 May 2024
Read the keynote address prepared for delivery by Privacy Commissioner Carly Kind for the CyberCX and Tech Council of Australia Privacy by Design Awards on Thursday 2 May 2024.
Good evening
I am pleased to hear the Attorney-General speak so passionately about the need for privacy reform.
It was in part the Attorney-General’s leadership on the issue of privacy that drew me back to Australia, after 15 years living and working in Europe, to take on the role of Privacy Commissioner. It was so clear to me that he has a real, personal connection to this issue, which I also am a passionate advocate for.
I too share his belief that the time is right to move ahead and provide Australia with the privacy framework that will stand the test of time.
And I’m so honoured to have the opportunity to address you on the occasion of the Privacy by Design Awards.
As the organisers of today’s event know well, there is an important connection between the concept of privacy by design and privacy regulators such as myself. It was the then privacy regulator of Ontario, Canada, Ann Cavoukian, who conceptualised the privacy by design approach in 1995, almost 30 years ago.
The concept is deceptively simple. At its heart it is a recognition that technology is not exclusively, or even primarily, part of the problem when it comes to the protection of data privacy. Rather, it is an essential part of the solution.
Beyond that nub of the idea, however, the concept of privacy by design speaks to a deeper and more universal truth – that technology should be deployed in the pursuit of societal objectives, and not the other way around. That even as we, as individuals and communities, are shaped by technology, we also have the power to shape technology.
The key word there is power. Notions of power cut in every direction in the digital ecosystem – the power wielded by tech monopolies and duopolies; the power concealed in political microtargeting and misinformation campaigns; the lack of power and agency consumers feel when they’re using digital technologies.
To me, the right to privacy is all about power – the power to control who has what information about you, and the power to hold them to account in how they use it.
I’m speaking to you today on the eve of Privacy Awareness Week, which commences next week. This year, it was important to me that we centre the notion of power in our annual campaign, and so we are urging Australian organisations to power up their existing privacy practices and culture in advance of privacy law reform and changing technology. By powering up – by strengthening - your privacy practices, you are also empowering people.
Given that we’re here today to recognise and celebrate good ‘privacy by design’, I thought I’d take the opportunity to elaborate what powering up privacy by design might look like. I’d then like to share a few brief thoughts on what’s next when it comes to privacy and power.
True privacy by design isn’t about a single feature or gimmick. In the words of the European Data Protection Supervisor, privacy by design has ‘a visionary and ethical dimension’.
It’s about ensuring privacy is at the forefront of the entire design lifecycle. It is not a piecemeal approach but one that encompasses legal, governance and societal responsibilities.
So, what does this look like in practice?
As with everything in business, privacy by design begins with leadership.
Organisations should be making the case for privacy from the get-go, and they should be doing that in the C-suite. Not just because it is the right thing to do – although it is that – but because it makes good business and operational sense.
It starts at a fundamental level with legal compliance – no CEO, board or shareholders want to preside over an organisation that is breaking the law, especially in an environment where laws are changing, where penalties are increasing, and where the community has made it clear that it wants greater control over its privacy.
But legal compliance is the floor, not the ceiling. Increasingly, organisations need to prove they have a social licence, and a significant component of that is about considering and mitigating their role in collective and societal harms. Just as any responsible organisation now has a mechanism for considering the sustainability of its operations, and avoiding contributing to or exacerbating climate change, so too should responsible organisations consider their role in minimising harms for individuals and for groups that come through poor privacy practices. In recent years we’ve seen the immense harm that major data breaches, for example, can cause, particularly when they involve compromised credentials such as passports and driver licences, raising the risk of identity theft, or involve sensitive health information. What organisation wants to be responsible for the data version of an oil spill?
Ultimately, however, CEOs and boards need to be convinced to invest in privacy as a business offering. Good privacy practices make good business sense. As our Australian Community Attitudes to Privacy Survey has shown, consumers place a high value on privacy when choosing a product or service, with it ranking only after quality and price. They are even prepared to experience some inconvenience if their privacy is guaranteed.
With any new product or service offering, think about privacy right from the kick-off stage.
You need to think about privacy right from the start, right from your first meeting. Think about whether the community would consider what you’re intending to do as fair and reasonable. Don’t be the guys who are just preoccupied with whether you can, think first about whether you should.
In a world of increasing cyber threats, from motivated identity thieves to sophisticated threat actors, know that you can’t lose data you don’t hold in the first place. Map what information you need. Only collect that information that is necessary for you to carry out your business. Importantly, know what information you hold. Holding on to personal information for customers or shareholders that haven’t been contacted in many years is pointless, and the risks far outweigh any potential benefits. Do an audit of what information you’re collecting and your data holdings.
I’d strongly suggest organisations begin to take into account changes forthcoming in the Privacy Act reforms. In particular, as the Attorney-General outlined, the Government has agreed in principle tointroduce a new positive obligation that personal information handling is fair and reasonable. This is a fundamental shift in approach, and provides confidence that, like a safety standard, privacy is built into products and services from start.
The fair and reasonable standard would put the onus on organisations to consider, among other matters, whether consumers would reasonably expect their personal information to be used in particular ways, and to take into account the risk of unjustified adverse impact or harm, which could include physical, psychological or emotional harm or negative outcomes with respect to an individual’s eligibility for rights or benefits in employment, credit and insurance, housing, education, professional certification or provision of health care and related services.
Because organisations won’t be able to ‘consent out’ of the fair and reasonable requirement to justify their activities, I’m hopeful that this new feature of the Australian framework will set us aside from other jurisdictions worldwide and position us as Australia’s privacy regulator to take on some of the more concerning industry practices we’re seeing, whether those be related to emerging technologies such as biometric recognition, or to persistent problematic practices such as microtargeting or dark patterns.
Organisations can get in front of this now by thinking about how new products and offerings can embody fairness and reasonableness right from the start. One mechanism for facilitating this process is to get into the habit now of undertaking a privacy impact assessment at the commencement of any new technological deployment or novel use of personal data. This can help organisations identify and mitigate risks and think through the ‘should’ as well as the ‘could’.
As we move through the product lifecycle, organisations should be building in consideration of privacy into their user research, and throughout the research and design phase.
We know that when individuals have the chance to exercise agency around their privacy, they often will. For example, when Apple turned on their Do Not Track feature across iPhone apps, upwards of 90% of users elected to enable it on apps.
Identify the moments when people make decisions about information, and aid them in how they can make reasonable, informed choices. Only 2 in 5 people feel most organisations they deal with are transparent about how they handle their information, and 58% say they don’t understand how it is used.
Ensure consent, where applicable, is valid. As I have said, in Australia we have relied on placing the burden of consent on consumers who often feel they have no choice but to accept what the service does with their data. Proposed changes to the Privacy Act will seek to address the clarity of collection notices and consent requests, to improve consumer comprehension. There will also be an enhanced legislative definition of consent, which would require that consent be voluntary, informed, current, specific and unambiguous.
The Privacy Act Review is also likely to empower people to exercise their information rights. The proposals also seek to support privacy self-management through new and enhanced individual rights, including a right to erasure and a right to de-index internet search results. The proposed new and enhanced rights draw on elements and serve a similar function to rights under the GDPR. The changes would be supported by the introduction of a direct right of action and a statutory tort for serious invasions of privacy to provide individuals with additional avenues of redress to protect their privacy.
Privacy should then be carried right through from research and design, to deployment.
Here, I want to emphasise the real role that privacy-preserving technologies can play. We hear a lot about the challenges that end-to-end encryption poses, but in terms of ensuring that individuals’ privacy is protected in their day-to-day use of products and services, encryption is a key element.
We are seeing somewhere in the vicinity of 1,000 data breaches that have serious implications for individuals each year, and the large majority of those are due to malicious or criminal attack. Phishing, compromised credentials, ransomware, hacking, malware and brute-force attack are among the many tactics deployed for accessing personal data and proprietary systems. Encryption, at rest and in transit, is one part of the puzzle when it comes to reasonable steps to protect the privacy and security of personal information.
Another part of the puzzle may be the government’s new Digital ID scheme.
Services and products that involve the collection of personal identity information can create serious privacy risks and harms.
Product and legal teams should strictly scrutinise such processes, considering what the minimum necessary information that needs to be collected is, and the minimum retention periods required. Organisations should also be looking to implement privacy-preserving digital systems wherever possible.
The Digital ID scheme will let us prove who we are online more easily and securely – and crucially, without sharing identity documents with every organisation. This will be good for individuals, and also good for business who generally don’t like storing this sort of information.
The OAIC will be the independent privacy regulator for the scheme and will enforce its privacy safeguards.
Many of the organisations in this room will be thinking about how to deploy large language models (LLMs) and other forms of generative AI in your services and products, and I’d remind you of the immense privacy challenges that are associated with the use of such tools. I think we’re going to see increasing pressure on regulated entities to think about privacy-preserving approaches to AI, including the use of homomorphic encryption, synthetic data, or differential privacy approaches. In the meantime, I’d suggest a precautionary approach to using personal information in the context of LLMs.
Finally, then, what does privacy by design mean once your product has gone to market?
If you have done all of the above, then you can be congratulated for engaging in best practice privacy. But continuous improvement and monitoring is essential.
Even the most secure organisations can be victims of sophisticated attacks, and for that reason you should be familiar with the specifics of the Notifiable Data Breaches (NDB) scheme, and what is required should you experience a breach.
The NDB scheme has been in operation for six years now – given the maturity of the scheme, we absolutely expect that organisations are aware of and comply with the requirements.
In the event of an incident, your organisations must also be able to expeditiously assess whether an eligible data breach has occurred, how it has occurred and what informationhas beenaffected – and notify affected as quickly as possible.
The response matters. By responding quickly, organisations can substantially decrease the impact of a breach on affected individuals, reduce the costs associated with dealing with a breach, and reduce potential reputational damage.
So, then, privacy by design has salience at each stage of the product lifecycle. This means taking a holistic approach. Importantly, it means breaking down silos at the structural, operation and leadership levels to advance privacy by design and good privacy outcomes. Privacy is no longer the preserve of the IT nerds, or the legal team, but needs to be mainstreamed from the board room to the lunchroom.
Here in Australia, we stand on the precipice of some big changes in the privacy space. With any luck, the reforms to the Privacy Act will be introduced to Parliament this year, finally making our framework fit for purpose to enable the effective regulation of organisational practices in this new AI era. Without these reforms, we will struggle to ensure regulation keeps apace of new developments, particularly when it comes to the protection of children and vulnerable individuals, and the protection of privacy in the online realm.
I know that many of you in the room are impatient for this change. Despite the best efforts of many people, including the Attorney-General, reform is overdue. Unbelievably, we’re now in a position where the US legislature is considering adopting its own modern privacy legislation, an eventuality those of us who have worked in tech policy for some time thought was unlikely to happen this year. Let’s hope Australia can pull out in front in that neck-to-neck contest.
After all, legal reform is the ultimate power move when it comes to privacy by design. It will strengthen the power of the OAIC as a regulator, strengthen the hand of individuals vis a vis the organisations that collect and use their data, and strengthen the Australian market, ensuring that entities can innovate with data technology in a trusted context.
I hope we are all agreed here that we all need to power up privacy – and privacy by design – to meet the challenges of the data age head on.
We are on the cusp of a new era of privacy reform and we need to be ready for it.
We'd love to hear more about your rating
Monday to Thursday 10 am to 4 pm (AEST/AEDT)
Acknowledgement of Country
The OAIC acknowledges Traditional Custodians of Country across Australia and their continuing connection to land, waters and communities. We pay our respect to First Nations people, cultures and Elders past and present.
© Commonwealth of Australia
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation.
There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements. However, most essays at university level are argumentative — they aim to persuade the reader of a particular position or perspective on a topic.
The essay writing process consists of three main stages:
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Essay writing process, preparation for writing an essay, writing the introduction, writing the main body, writing the conclusion, essay checklist, lecture slides, frequently asked questions about writing an essay.
The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay .
For example, if you’ve been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you’ll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay , on the other hand, you’ll need to spend more time researching your topic and developing an original argument before you start writing.
1. Preparation | 2. Writing | 3. Revision |
---|---|---|
, organized into Write the | or use a for language errors |
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example
Before you start writing, you should make sure you have a clear idea of what you want to say and how you’re going to say it. There are a few key steps you can follow to make sure you’re prepared:
Once you’ve got a clear idea of what you want to discuss, in what order, and what evidence you’ll use, you’re ready to start writing.
The introduction sets the tone for your essay. It should grab the reader’s interest and inform them of what to expect. The introduction generally comprises 10–20% of the text.
The first sentence of the introduction should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity. This sentence is sometimes called the hook. It might be an intriguing question, a surprising fact, or a bold statement emphasizing the relevance of the topic.
Let’s say we’re writing an essay about the development of Braille (the raised-dot reading and writing system used by visually impaired people). Our hook can make a strong statement about the topic:
The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.
Next, it’s important to give context that will help your reader understand your argument. This might involve providing background information, giving an overview of important academic work or debates on the topic, and explaining difficult terms. Don’t provide too much detail in the introduction—you can elaborate in the body of your essay.
Next, you should formulate your thesis statement— the central argument you’re going to make. The thesis statement provides focus and signals your position on the topic. It is usually one or two sentences long. The thesis statement for our essay on Braille could look like this:
As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness.
In longer essays, you can end the introduction by briefly describing what will be covered in each part of the essay. This guides the reader through your structure and gives a preview of how your argument will develop.
The invention of Braille marked a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by blind and visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.
Write your essay introduction
The body of your essay is where you make arguments supporting your thesis, provide evidence, and develop your ideas. Its purpose is to present, interpret, and analyze the information and sources you have gathered to support your argument.
The length of the body depends on the type of essay. On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate school essay of 6,000 words, the body could take up 8–10 pages.
To give your essay a clear structure , it is important to organize it into paragraphs . Each paragraph should be centered around one main point or idea.
That idea is introduced in a topic sentence . The topic sentence should generally lead on from the previous paragraph and introduce the point to be made in this paragraph. Transition words can be used to create clear connections between sentences.
After the topic sentence, present evidence such as data, examples, or quotes from relevant sources. Be sure to interpret and explain the evidence, and show how it helps develop your overall argument.
Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.
See the full essay example
The conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay. It should generally take up no more than 10–15% of the text . A strong essay conclusion :
A great conclusion should finish with a memorable or impactful sentence that leaves the reader with a strong final impression.
To make your essay’s conclusion as strong as possible, there are a few things you should avoid. The most common mistakes are:
Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.
Write your essay conclusion
My essay follows the requirements of the assignment (topic and length ).
My introduction sparks the reader’s interest and provides any necessary background information on the topic.
My introduction contains a thesis statement that states the focus and position of the essay.
I use paragraphs to structure the essay.
I use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph.
Each paragraph has a single focus and a clear connection to the thesis statement.
I make clear transitions between paragraphs and ideas.
My conclusion doesn’t just repeat my points, but draws connections between arguments.
I don’t introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.
I have given an in-text citation for every quote or piece of information I got from another source.
I have included a reference page at the end of my essay, listing full details of all my sources.
My citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required citation style .
My essay has an interesting and informative title.
I have followed all formatting guidelines (e.g. font, page numbers, line spacing).
Your essay meets all the most important requirements. Our editors can give it a final check to help you submit with confidence.
Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint
An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.
In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.
Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.
The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.
The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.
Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:
The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .
A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.
The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:
Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.
A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
Other students also liked.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Part I: The Introduction. An introduction is usually the first paragraph of your academic essay. If you're writing a long essay, you might need 2 or 3 paragraphs to introduce your topic to your reader. A good introduction does 2 things: Gets the reader's attention. You can get a reader's attention by telling a story, providing a statistic ...
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
The primary function of the conclusion is to summarise the main points in your essay and how they are related and confirm the thesis stated in the introduction. The introduction and conclusion, when read together, should give a good overview of the essay's thesis/main argument, the main topic areas and the main points/claims.
Conclusions wrap up what you have been discussing in your paper. After moving from general to specific information in the introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion should begin pulling back into more general information that restates the main points of your argument. Conclusions may also call for action or overview future possible research.
Define your specific research problem and problem statement. Highlight the novelty and contributions of the study. Give an overview of the paper's structure. The research paper introduction can vary in size and structure depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or is a review paper.
The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper.
Writing Centre Learning Guide. Good essays, reports or theses start with good introductions and end with good conclusions. The introduction leads your reader into the main text, while the conclusion leaves your reader with a final impression. Although introductions and conclusions have some similarities, they also have many differences.
Step 1: Hook your reader. Step 2: Give background information. Step 3: Present your thesis statement. Step 4: Map your essay's structure. Step 5: Check and revise. More examples of essay introductions. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about the essay introduction.
Your introduction contains your thesis statement. Body: The paragraphs in between your introduction and conclusion. The body of your paper supports the main point of your paper. Topic Sentence: The sentence at the beginning of each body paragraph. It explains the main point that paragraph is going to make. Conclusion: The last paragraph of your ...
The basic structure of an essay always consists of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. But for many students, the most difficult part of structuring an essay is deciding how to organize information within the body. This article provides useful templates and tips to help you outline your essay, make decisions about your structure, and ...
Guide to Writing Introductions and Conclusions. First and last impressions are important in any part of life, especially in writing. This is why the introduction and conclusion of any paper - whether it be a simple essay or a long research paper - are essential. Introductions and conclusions are just as important as the body of your paper.
The conclusion of your paper is where you sum up your arguments and provide a final perspective on your topic. It's purpose it to bring closure on the topic for the reader from a broad perspective. The easiest way to create a conclusion is to restate the main points of your paper in a new way within a few sentences.
The main part of your research paper is called "the body.". To write this important part of your paper, include only relevant information, or information that gets to the point. Organize your ideas in a logical order—one that makes sense—and provide enough details—facts and examples—to support the points you want to make.
A standard essay is made up of 5 paragraphs. An introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs and a conclusion. First, we'll talk about the introductory paragraph: In this paragraph, you give a brief overview of the topics you're going to talk about. Generally you will provide three topics of discussion. You will provide your thesis in this ...
21 Writing an Introduction and Conclusion . The introduction and conclusion are the strong walls that hold up the ends of your essay. The introduction should pique the readers' interest, articulate the aim or purpose of the essay, and provide an outline of how the essay is organised. The conclusion mirrors the introduction in structure and summarizes the main aim and key ideas within the ...
Introductions and Conclusions. Introductions and conclusions play a special role in the academic essay, and they frequently demand much of your attention as a writer. A good introduction should identify your topic, provide essential context, and indicate your particular focus in the essay. It also needs to engage your readers' interest.
Conclusion. First you want to go back to your main point and explain once more why it is true or why it is what it is. This is your last chance to get them to understand you and your points. This should also be an ending. As the conclusion, it should conclude the paper nicely by wrapping up any loose ends and reiterating anything that needs to ...
The conclusion of a research paper restates the research problem, summarizes your arguments or findings, and discusses the implications. ... You will have discussed this problem in depth throughout the body, but now the point is to zoom back out from the details to the bigger picture. ... The introduction to a research paper presents your topic ...
Conclusions for academic papers. An academic conclusion paragraph reminds your reader of the main points of your paper and summarizes the "take away" or significance of the conversation. Think of your conclusion as an upside-down introduction paragraph. Returning to the triangle analogy from academic introductions: Specific
Basic essay structure: the 3 main parts of an essay. Almost every single essay that's ever been written follows the same basic structure: Introduction. Body paragraphs. Conclusion. This structure has stood the test of time for one simple reason: It works. It clearly presents the writer's position, supports that position with relevant ...
The conclusion is where you describe the consequences of your arguments by justifying to your readers why your arguments matter (Hamilton College, 2014). Derntl (2014) also describes conclusion as the counterpart of the introduction. Using the Hourglass Model (Swales, 1993) as a visual reference, Derntl describes conclusion as the part of the ...
Use books, articles, or other reputable sources. Afterward, outline your main points and decide on a thesis (your main argument or stance) and supporting arguments. An essay is typically made up of three parts: Introduction. Body. Conclusion. After you finish writing your essay, review your writing by paying attention to errors, clarity, and flow.
Conclusion. So, then, privacy by design has salience at each stage of the product lifecycle. This means taking a holistic approach. Importantly, it means breaking down silos at the structural, operation and leadership levels to advance privacy by design and good privacy outcomes.
Do your research and gather sources. Come up with a thesis. Create an essay outline. Write the introduction. Write the main body, organized into paragraphs. Write the conclusion. Evaluate the overall organization. Revise the content of each paragraph. Proofread your essay or use a Grammar Checker for language errors.
Introduction. Around the world, migration is on the rise. A record 117 million people have been forcibly displaced globally. 1 Advanced industrialized countries have experienced a "migration boom" in recent decades, and there are now more than 48.7 million foreign-born people living in the United States. As governments grapple with the political, economic, and social challenges of ...