research proposal deliverables examples

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What Are Project Deliverables: The Ultimate Guide with Examples and Templates

Whether you’re launching a groundbreaking product , executing a complex marketing campaign, or constructing a towering architectural marvel, every project requires planning and execution. 

At the heart of this process lie the “project deliverables”.

This comprehensive guide will dive into deliverables, exploring their definition, significance, and the essential steps to identify, plan, and execute them efficiently. 

Along the way, we will provide real-world examples and templates to illustrate how different industries and disciplines utilize deliverables to achieve project success.

Let’s unlock the potential to deliver projects that exceed expectations and drive lasting impact.

Table of contents

What are project deliverables, what are planning deliverables, what are internal deliverables, what are external deliverables, project deliverable vs. milestone, project deliverable vs. objective, project deliverable vs. task, project vs. process deliverable, project vs. product deliverable, product development team deliverables, it team deliverables, research and development team deliverables, steps to managing project deliverables, essential project documentation helps define deliverables [+ 8 handy templates], tools for managing project deliverables, tips for managing project deliverables.

Only 40% of organizations consistently achieve the full benefits of their projects. And here, deliverables come into play.

In project management , deliverables are the specific outputs, products, or results that must be achieved and provided to fulfill the requirements of a project. 

In essence, project deliverables are the measurable “milestones” that showcase progress and demonstrate the successful completion of various project phases.

A well-defined deliverable has several key elements and needs to be:

• Specific: Deliverables must be clear, precise, and unambiguous in describing what needs to be accomplished or produced.
• Measurable: Each deliverable should be quantifiable and measurable, enabling objective progress assessment and issue identification.
• Time-bound: Deliverables are associated with specific deadlines , establishing a project timeline , and fostering accountability among team members (might using the RACI framework ).
• Client-oriented: Deliverables align with stakeholder requirements and are customer-centric, delivering value to clients or end-users.
• Quality-focused: Deliverables must meet pre-defined quality standards to ensure client satisfaction and maintain project credibility.

Project deliverables can vary significantly based on the nature of the project, its scope , and the industry it belongs to. They range from physical items and documents to intangible outcomes like improved processes or increased customer satisfaction. 

Common categories of project outputs include:

• Reports and documentation: These include project plans, feasibility studies, portfolio reports , and final project summaries.
• Prototypes and products: In product development projects, prototypes, finalized products, or software applications are common deliverables.
• Infrastructure and constructions: Construction projects yield tangible deliverables like buildings, bridges, roads, or other physical structures.
• Marketing and advertising materials: Deliverables in marketing projects may include advertising campaigns, brochures, websites, or social media assets.
• Training and workshops: In educational or training projects, deliverables can be the development of training materials, workshops, or e-learning modules.

The process of defining deliverables in project management begins during the project’s initiation phase. 

Key stakeholders collaborate to outline the project’s scope, objectives, and expected outcomes. As the project progresses, deliverables are refined and detailed, laying the groundwork for efficient execution and successful completion.

As we have explored the fundamental concept of project deliverables, let’s dive into the diverse categories encompassing different project outputs.

Types of project deliverables

Project deliverables come in various forms, each serving a specific purpose and contributing to the project’s overall success. 

This section will explore three primary project management deliverables categories: planning, internal, and external.

Let’s start with planning deliverables.

Planning deliverables refer to the deliverables to facilitate effective project planning and decision-making. 

These deliverables serve as essential reference points and guidelines for the project team , enabling them to strategize, allocate resources , and anticipate potential challenges.

Examples of planning deliverables:

• Project scope statement: A clear and concise definition of the project’s objectives, deliverables, constraints, and project assumptions .
• Work Breakdown Structure: A hierarchical breakdown of the project’s tasks and activities, enabling better task management and resource allocation .
• Project timeline and Gantt chart : A visual representation of the project’s schedule, showing task dependencies and milestones.
• Resource allocation plan: Details on the allocation of personnel, budget, and other resources throughout the project.
• Risk management plan: Identification and mitigation strategies for potential risks that could impact the project’s success.

P.S. We’ll discover all of them in the template section later on.

Having briefly explored the various planning project deliverables, let’s focus on the critical internal deliverables.

Internal deliverables are the outputs that are primarily intended for consumption within the project team or organization. 

Internal deliverables are often intermediary steps necessary to complete the final project outcome successfully.

Examples of internal deliverables include:

• Team progress reports: Regular updates on individual and team progress, highlighting accomplishments, challenges, and action plans.
• Task assignments and deadlines: Allocating tasks to team members with clear deadlines and responsibilities.
• Research findings and analysis: Information gathered through research, market studies, or data analysis that informs decision-making within the project.
• Project prototypes: Early-stage versions or models of the final product, allowing teams to evaluate and refine design concepts.
• Project management documents: These include project plans, roadmaps , risk assessments, and resource allocation charts. 

Having examined the distinct internal deliverables in project management, let’s focus on the external project deliverables, which encompass the tangible outcomes for stakeholders beyond the project team.

External deliverables are the outputs intended for clients, customers or other stakeholders external to the project team. 

These deliverables represent the project’s results and are often used to measure its success in meeting its objectives and client expectations.

Examples of external deliverables:

• Completed product or service: The final version of the product or service that satisfies the client’s requirements.
• Client reports and documentation: Detailed client-oriented reports outlining project progress, achievements, and future recommendations.
• Marketing materials: Deliverables like brochures, promotional videos, or websites developed for advertising a product or service.
• Training and user manuals: Documents providing instructions on how to use the delivered product or service.
• Test results and certifications: Official test results and certificates, ensuring compliance with industry standards or regulations.

Now that we have a comprehensive understanding of the various project outputs, let’s compare them to other essential project elements to further grasp their significance in the project management process.

Comparing project deliverables with other project elements

It’s essential to distinguish deliverables from other project elements in order to properly understand their role and significance. 

This section will compare project deliverables with milestones, objectives, tasks, process deliverables, and product deliverables.

We’re going to start with the difference between deliverables and milestones.

Project milestones are specific points in a project’s timeline that mark significant achievements or the completion of critical phases. 

While milestones indicate progress and act as reference points in the project schedule , deliverables are the outputs produced due to these accomplishments. 

Practical example:

• Milestone : Completion of the prototype development phase.
• Deliverable: The finalized product prototype ready for testing and evaluation.

Having examined the distinct relationship between project deliverables and milestones, let’s explore how project outputs align with the broader project objectives to drive successful project outcomes.

Project objectives are the goals and purposes a project aims to achieve. 

Objectives define the “what” of the project, while deliverables represent the “how” and “when” these objectives will be accomplished.

• Objective: Increase market share by 15% within the next fiscal year.
• Deliverable: Launch and implement a targeted marketing campaign to reach new customers.

Having gained an insight into aligning deliverables in project management with objectives, let’s shift our focus to the granular level and explore how deliverables relate to the specific tasks that drive project progress.

Tasks are individual activities or actions that must be completed to accomplish deliverables and achieve project objectives. 

Tasks are the actionable steps that make up a project’s work breakdown, while deliverables represent the outputs of these tasks.

• Task: Conduct market research to identify customer preferences.
• Deliverable: Market research report summarizing customer preferences and market trends .

Having explored the connection between project deliverables and tasks, let’s now examine how they differ from process deliverables, which are crucial in ensuring efficient project execution and continuous improvement.

Process deliverables refer to the documentation, guidelines, or materials generated during a project that facilitate the execution of tasks and project management activities. 

By contrast, project deliverables pertain to the specific outputs produced during the project’s life cycle. 

Process deliverables maintain consistency, efficiency, and quality throughout the project.

• Project deliverable: Finalized architectural blueprints for a new building.
• Process deliverable: Project management templates for progress tracking and risk analysis while constructing a new apartment building.

Having distinguished between project and process deliverables, let’s now compare project deliverables with product deliverables, representing the tangible outcomes delivered to clients or end-users.

Product deliverables refer to the tangible outputs that are the direct result of the project and are delivered to the client or end-user. 

In contrast, project deliverables encompass all outputs produced during the project, including both interim and final results. 

• Project deliverable: Marketing plan to promote a new software application.
• Product deliverable: The fully developed and operational software application.

Now that we have explored the differences between project outputs and other project elements let’s shift our focus to practical applications and examine specific examples of deliverables in project management for different teams.

Examples of project deliverables for different teams

Project outputs vary significantly depending on the nature of the project and the specific goals of each team involved. 

This section will explore examples of project deliverables for different teams, demonstrating their distinct contributions to a project’s success.

We’ll start with the product development team and its deliverables.

The product development team focuses on creating new products or enhancing existing ones. 

Their deliverables revolve around the actual product development process and include:

• Product prototypes: Physical or digital prototypes that allow the team to test and refine the product design .
• Product requirements documentation: Detailed specifications and feature lists that serve as guidelines for the product’s development.
• Product testing reports: Results from extensive testing and quality assurance procedures to ensure a robust and reliable final product.

Top tip: Here is a great guide to creating a product requirement document (PRD) by Jira.

Having examined the specific examples of project deliverables from the product development team, let’s shift our focus to the IT team and explore the distinct outputs they contribute to project success.

The IT team handles technical aspects, infrastructure, and software development. 

Their deliverables focus on implementing and maintaining technology solutions and include:

• Software applications: Delivering fully functional and tested software applications tailored to the project’s requirements.
• System integration plans: Strategies and documentation for integrating different software systems to ensure seamless operation.
• Security and compliance documentation: Ensuring the project meets security standards and regulatory compliance.

Piece of advice: Here is a comprehensive guide to system integration .

Now that we’ve explored the IT team’s contributions to project deliverables, let’s shift our focus to the research and development team and discover the innovative outcomes they bring to the project’s fruition.

The R&D team focuses on innovation and creating new solutions. Their deliverables involve exploring new ideas and advancing the organization’s capabilities and include:

• Innovation proposals: Presenting new ideas and concepts for potential products, services, or processes.
• R&D reports: Documenting findings from research activities and experiments.
• Prototype demonstrations: Showcasing functional prototypes that demonstrate the viability of innovative concepts.

Pro tip: If you’re searching for ideation and innovation management functionality, PPM Express can provide you with both. 

Now that we have examined examples of specific project outputs from various teams, let’s focus on essential steps for effectively managing project deliverables, ensuring seamless execution and successful project outcomes.

Effectively managing deliverables in project management is crucial for ensuring project success, meeting objectives, and satisfying stakeholders. 

A well-structured approach to deliverable management helps keep the project on track, minimizes risks, and fosters collaboration among team members. 

As Martin Luther King Jr. said, “ You don’t have to see the whole staircase; just take the first step. ” Let’s take the first step and start managing deliverables.

→ Step 1: Define clear and measurable deliverables

If you’re a project manager or business analyst , at the project’s initiation, work closely with stakeholders to clearly define the project deliverables. 

Each deliverable should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound ( SMART ). 

Ensure that the deliverables align with the project’s overall objectives and contribute to meeting the client’s expectations.

Example: For a software development project, a clear and measurable deliverable could be completing a user registration module with specific functionalities, such as user sign-up, login, and profile creation.

→ Step 2: Break down deliverables into tasks

Once the deliverables have been defined, break them down into smaller, manageable tasks. 

Create a Work Breakdown Structure outlining the hierarchical structure of tasks, sub-tasks, and interdependencies. 

Assign responsibilities and deadlines for each task to promote accountability and efficient progress.

Example: Breaking down the user registration module deliverable into tasks, such as designing the user interface , developing backend logic, implementing database integration, and conducting testing.

→ Step 3: Set realistic timelines

Develop a project timeline that includes estimated start and end dates for each task and deliverable. 

Consider dependencies between tasks and allocate sufficient time for potential contingencies. 

Realistic timelines help avoid schedule overruns and ensure the timely completion of deliverables.

Example: Allocating two weeks for designing the user interface, three weeks for backend development, one week for database integration, and one week for testing to ensure a realistic timeline for completing the user registration module.

→ Step 4: Establish clear communication channels

Set up regular meetings, status updates, and reporting mechanisms to inform team members about progress, challenges, and changes. 

Encourage open communication and address any concerns promptly to maintain project momentum.

Example: Conducting weekly status meetings with the development team to discuss progress, roadblocks, and updates on the user registration module’s development.

→ Step 5: Monitor and track progress

Implement a reliable project management system or software to track the progress of deliverables and tasks. 

Regularly monitor KPIs and OKRs to assess progress against the project timeline and make data-driven decisions to keep the project on course.

Example: Using project portfolio management software like PPM Express to track the completion status of each task in the user registration module and visualize progress through Gantt charts and dashboards.

→ Step 6: Manage risks and mitigate issues

Identify potential risks that may impact the successful delivery of project deliverables. 

Develop a risk management plan to address and mitigate these risks proactively. Be prepared to adapt and adjust plans as unforeseen issues arise.

Example: Identifying the risk of potential security vulnerabilities in the user registration module and developing a risk management plan to conduct thorough security testing and address any vulnerabilities.

→ Step 7: Review and quality assurance

Regularly review the deliverables at various stages to ensure they meet the defined quality standards. 

Conduct thorough quality assurance checks and seek stakeholder feedback to validate that deliverables align with their expectations.

Example: Conducting a review of the user registration module’s design and functionality with stakeholders to ensure it aligns with their expectations and conducting quality assurance tests to verify that it meets defined standards.

→ Step 8: Obtain stakeholder sign-off

Before closing out each deliverable, obtain formal sign-off from relevant stakeholders. 

This approval indicates that the deliverable meets the specified requirements and is ready for further use or integration into the project.

Example: Requesting formal sign-off from the project sponsor and key stakeholders after demonstrating the user registration module’s functionalities and addressing any feedback or concerns.

→ Step 9: Document and archive deliverables

Maintain a comprehensive repository of all project deliverables, including associated documentation and reports. 

Properly archive and organize these materials to facilitate easy access and reference for future projects or audits.

Example: Creating a comprehensive repository that includes design documents, test reports, and code documentation for the user registration module, organized adequately for future reference or audits. For instance, use Sharepoint to create the repository.

→ Step 10: Celebrate achievements and learn from challenges

Recognize and celebrate the successful completion of deliverables and major milestones. 

Likewise, use any challenges or shortcomings as learning opportunities to improve processes and enhance future project outputs.

Example: Celebrating the successful completion of the user registration module with a team recognition event while conducting a retrospective to identify areas for improvement and learning from challenges encountered during the development process.

Having explored the essential steps for managing project deliverables, let’s focus on the significance of basic project documentation and its role in defining clear deliverables through templates.

Precise and well-structured project documentation clarifies project objectives and requirements and plays a pivotal role in defining deliverables with clarity and precision. 

Let’s explore a set of essential project documentation templates that aid in defining project deliverables efficiently.

• Project charter: This serves as the foundational document for any project. It outlines the project’s purpose, objectives, scope, and key stakeholders. This template provides a comprehensive overview of the project’s context, helping to set the stage for defining clear and aligned deliverables.

Here, you can get your project charter template .

• Work Breakdown Structure: This template breaks the project’s deliverables into manageable tasks and sub-tasks. It provides a hierarchical representation of all the work required to accomplish the project’s objectives, aiding in resource allocation and task management.

Here, you can get your WBS template in Google Sheets and Google Slides .

• Project and portfolio dashboards: These comprehensive visual representations display KPIs, progress, and status for individual projects and the entire project portfolio . They serve as guiding references, helping the project team make informed decisions, monitor achievements, and ensure successful project execution and portfolio management.

Here, you can discover up to 200 PowerBI reports for your project and portfolio activities.

• Project Statement of Work: This comprehensive document defines the project’s scope, objectives, and deliverables in detail. It outlines what each deliverable should achieve and provides the criteria for success, serving as a guiding reference for the project team throughout its execution.

Here, you can get your Project Statement of Work template .

• Project budget management plan: This template outlines the financial aspects of the project, including the allocated budget, cost estimation methods, and cost control measures. 

Here, you can get your project budget management template .

• Gantt chart: This chart visually represents the project schedule, showing the start and end dates of tasks, milestones, and deliverables. 

You can use PPM Express to create a roadmap for your project.

• Risk register : This template identifies potential risks affecting the project deliverables. It documents each risk’s impact, probability, and mitigation strategies, aiding in proactive risk management and contingency planning.

Here, you can get your risk register template .

• Resource allocation plan: This is a structured document that outlines the allocation and utilization of various resources, including human resources, equipment, and budget, throughout the project. It defines how resources will be distributed to specific project tasks and deliverables, ensuring efficient utilization and optimization of available resources for successful project execution.

Here, you can get your resource allocation plan template .

Now that we understand the importance of basic project documentation and its role in defining deliverables through templates, let’s explore a range of tools specifically designed to aid in efficiently managing project deliverables.

Project management software solutions provide collaborative platforms, communication channels, and organization features, ensuring seamless coordination among team members and stakeholders. 

This section will explore various categories of tools commonly used for managing deliverables in project management, along with examples of software in each category.

Project and portfolio management software

Project management software offers comprehensive platforms to plan, track, and execute projects efficiently. These tools facilitate task management, resource allocation , and progress tracking, making them essential for managing project deliverables.

Example software: Monday.com , Smartsheet , Microsoft Project Online , and MS Project Desktop

In addition to project management tools there are portfolio management platforms. These provide a centralized and integrated environment for project data, allowing stakeholders to monitor project progress, assess risks , and make informed decisions.

Example software: PPM Express , Workfront, OnePlan

Collaboration and communication tools

Collaboration and communication tools enable real-time interaction among team members, fostering efficient collaboration on project deliverables. They facilitate discussions, document sharing, and instant messaging, promoting seamless teamwork.

Example software: Microsoft Teams , Slack, Google Workspace (formerly G Suite)

Document management systems

Document management systems offer secure and organized storage for project-related files and deliverables. They ensure easy access, version control, and collaboration on important project documentation.

Example software: SharePoint , Google Drive, Notion, Coda, Microsoft Loop

Issue and bug tracking tools

Issue and bug tracking tools help identify, log, and resolve issues that may arise during project execution. They ensure the timely resolution of problems related to deliverables.

Example software: Jira Software , Bugzilla, Redmine

Reporting and analytics software

Reporting and analytics tools provide insights into project progress and performance related to deliverables. They enable data-driven decision-making and facilitate clear communication with stakeholders.

Example software: Power BI , Tableau, Google Looker Studio (formerly Data Studio)

Having familiarized ourselves with various effective tools for managing project deliverables, let’s focus on valuable tips to enhance the management process further and ensure successful project outcomes.

Effectively managing project outputs is vital for project success and meeting stakeholder expectations. 

To ensure seamless execution and achieve desired outcomes, project managers should adopt efficient strategies. In this section, we will provide valuable tips for successfully managing deliverables in project management:

• Clear scope and alignment: Define a clear scope for each deliverable and ensure alignment with project objectives and stakeholder expectations. This will prevent scope creep and keep the project on track.
• Engage stakeholders early: Involve key stakeholders early in the project to gather their input on deliverables. Regularly communicate progress and seek feedback to make necessary adjustments and ensure buy-in.
• Agile adaptation: Embrace agile project management principles to foster flexibility and adaptability in delivering iterative results. Regularly reassess priorities and adjust deliverables based on evolving project needs.
• Empower collaboration: Encourage effective collaboration among team members to ensure seamless coordination and timely delivery of deliverables. Utilize collaboration tools and hold regular meetings to foster communication.
• Quality assurance and testing: Implement a comprehensive quality assurance process to validate deliverables against established standards. Thoroughly test each deliverable to ensure its functionality and compliance with requirements.

Remember, managing project deliverables requires a well-structured approach, effective communication, and the right tools to streamline project execution.

So, if you want a powerful tool to streamline your project and portfolio deliverables, try PPM Express . This comprehensive project portfolio management platform simplifies deliverable planning, tracking, and reporting. 

Take control of your project deliverables today with PPM Express!

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• Knowledge Base
• Starting the research process
• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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Final Deliverables

20 Research Deliverables

Mackenzie Collins and Amanda McEachern Gaudet

The research deliverable should have a minimum framework used as guidelines for students (and clients) to understand expectations and outcomes.

The amount of time spent on each deliverable can fluctuate as needed; however it is important to remember the total length of time necessary to complete the project. If we were to break down one semester into 3 equal parts, one for each deliverable, each individual deliverable should take no longer than 4 weeks .

However, with this being the first deliverable, it is advised to give attention to the chaotic nature of the semester in the first week as students are introduced to their courses initially. Ideally, the students should spend a minimum of 2 weeks on deliverable #1.

Students should be asking the client:

• How do they want the research presented to them?
• What level of detail is expected? How in-depth should the research be?
• How much information do they want?
• Sources, Viewpoints, Organizations, Types of Researchers, etc.
• How do they want the data stored/sent to them?
• What is required/will be given from the client?
• Are labs and/or equipment necessary?
• If clients require supplementary materials alongside any presentation, such as additional brochures, pamphlets, infographics, or other.

Research papers should be a minimum of 5 pages, properly cited using APA Citation.

APA Citation Guide (Purdue University)

Presentations should be 5-10 minutes minimum , with or without slides depending on the client’s preference. (See professional presentations chapter ).

At least 10 secondary sources of research should be cited in the results, these sources should be those most relevant to answering the research question – not the first 10 sources that appear in the search.

If primary research is being done, a sample size of at least 10% should be taken. In the case of participant interviews, this number may be lowered to accommodate for time.

Types of Research

• A/B Testing
• User Testing

Sample Sizes in Primary Research

Qualitative research.

The key in qualitative research is not the number of participants, but rather your justification for the sample size. A minimum of 12 cases in a sample is the recommendation when conducting qualitative research (Boddy, 2016).

https://www.qualtrics.com/blog/calculating-sample-size/

Quantitative Research

Once you determine a few bases, you can calculate your sample size through a formula (or online tool).

• Population Size – the number of people in the entire group you are researching (i.e., all the employees at the company, all customers)
• Confidence Level – the statistical probability that the value of a parameter falls within a specified range of values. The most used confidence level is 95%. The higher the confidence level, the higher the probability your results will truly reflect the population.
• The margin of Error – the maximum acceptable difference in results between the population and the sample. The smaller the margin of error, the more predictive your results are of the general trend of the population. The recommended margin of error to be used is between 5-10%.

Research Paper

Understand your target audience when deciding length. A highly technical audience will appreciate a highly detailed paper that includes visuals, charts, and more. This could be 30-50 pages. A non-technical audience will appreciate a shorter paper that clearly synthesizes all points in an easy-to-understand way. This could be 10-15 pages.

Background Work

• Think about different forms of evidence that can aid your research
• Gather evidence from a variety of sources
• Develop a bibliography
• Write a thesis for your research
• Critically analyze and write about key pieces of evidence
• Consider the possible reasons one may disagree or question the premise of your thesis
• Categorize and evaluate evidence

The Components of a Research Paper

• The Formal Outline : Formal outlines are a sort of table of contents for your essay: they give the reader a summary of the main points and sub-points of what they are about to read.
• The Introduction : Get the reader’s attention and briefly explain what the essay will encompass.
• Background Information : Explain, contextualize, and orient your readers.
• Evidence : Generally speaking, you need to have a piece of evidence in the form of a direct quote or paraphrase every time you make a claim that you cannot assume your audience “just knows.” Your audience wants to know your interpretation of these quotes and paraphrases as you guide them through your research. To do this, you need to explain the significance of your evidence throughout your essay.
• Possible Arguments and Rebuttals : Anticipate the ways in which a reader might disagree with your point, and address them. Demonstrate your knowledge of the different sides of the issue by acknowledging and answering them.
• Conclusion : Make a connection in the conclusion of your essay with the introduction, and restate your thesis, Note that you don’t necessarily have to restate your thesis in the same words you used in your introduction.
• Works Cited / References  (ensure you understand the difference between ‘in-text citations’ and the end list of sources)

Sources & Examples

Courses and Guided Projects

Research Writing (2018)  by Shaelynn Long-Kish, OER The Argumentative Research Project by Sara Layton, OER

Tools and Templates

citethisforme.com : Get the citation for any website you’re visiting online easybib.com : Manage citations for a project flightradar24.com : Live air traffic map. Track, search and view info on capacity, cargo, route and more for any aircraft in the sky. importyeti.com : Find any company’s suppliers worldwide, and view shipment dates, maps and more scholar.google.com : Find academic journals, books, and articles related to any topic

Any unique and verifiable product, result, or capability to perform a service that must be produced to complete a process, phase or project. (PMBOK Guide)

Tools and Resources for Capstone (v. 1.2 Jan 2024) Copyright © by Mackenzie Collins and Amanda McEachern Gaudet is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Top 10 Data Analysis Research Proposal Templates with Examples and Samples

Himani Khatri

In a world awash with data, the real challenge lies not in the abundance of information but in deciphering its true meaning, making sense of the chaos, and addressing pressing real-world problems. If you're a researcher or student, you know the struggle: the pain points of grappling with data quality, precision, and relevance. It's these very challenges that underscore the critical importance of crafting a well-structured data analysis research proposal.

Think of it as your toolkit, a roadmap to navigate the complexities of data-driven research and turn information into solutions. In this blog, we're here to help you master the art of creating a data analysis research proposal, providing you with the key to unlock the answers to those nagging questions, and offer solutions (Our editable templates) to problems that keep you up at night.

As we start this journey, let's draw inspiration from two illustrious examples, Google Flu Trends and Netflix's Recommendation Algorithm, which have not only captured the limelight but have tackled data-related pain points and transformed them into remarkable solutions. These examples will serve as guiding stars as we navigate the intricacies of data analysis to craft proposals that address real-world issues head-on.

Google Flu Trends : Conquering the Challenge of Data Accuracy

Imagine having the power to predict flu outbreaks with uncanny precision. Google Flu Trends did just that, tapping into the vast sea of search queries. But it wasn't just about innovation; it was also about recognizing the persistent pain point of data accuracy and modeling. The project revealed that behind every data analysis success story lies the challenge of ensuring data quality and building models that stand up to the rigorous demands of real-world problems.

Netflix's Recommendation Algorithm : Navigating the Data Overload Dilemma

In the world of entertainment, where options seem endless, Netflix's Recommendation Algorithm emerged as a winner. It tackled the overwhelming pain point of information overload by leveraging data to understand users better. The result? A recommendation system that not only improved user satisfaction but also demonstrated how data analysis can help individuals navigate through the ever-growing sea of choices and make their lives easier.

In these two case studies, we uncover the real-world challenges that data analysis can address, from accuracy dilemmas to information overload.

Let's explore the research proposal presentation templates now!

Template 1: Data Analysis in Research Proposal

Click Here to Download

Introducing this cover slide of the proposal that has been professionally designed and sets the stage for your entire research proposal. With ample space for an image, it captures your audience's attention from the start. Your proposal's credentials, both for the recipient and the preparer, can be displayed. Both researchers and professionals can take assistance to streamline the presentation creation process, leaving you more time to focus on your data analysis. Make a lasting impression and get your proposal noticed with this polished, easy-to-use template.

Template 2: Cover Letter for Research Data Analysis Proposal

Introducing this Cover Letter Slide, which will help you make a lasting impression in the world of research and analytics. We understand the importance of clear and concise communication in proposals. Our professionally crafted slide provides a perfect introduction, addressing your customers and outlining your company's objectives. Say goodbye to the hassle of creating proposals from scratch – with our ready-made slide, you can simply insert your details and be on your way to success. This cover letter helps you state that your experience and expertise will help your audience achieve their goals effortlessly. Don't miss this opportunity – grab this proposal slide and make a strong, confident start in the world of data analytics.

Template 3 – Project Context and Objectives of Research Data Analysis Proposal

This slide simplifies the process of impressing your clients. It explains your project's context and objectives, leaving a lasting impact on your audience.

Project Context: We provide a clear and concise space for explaining the background and significance of your research, setting the stage for your proposal.

Project Objectives: Clearly outline your research goals and what you aim to achieve, ensuring everyone understands your mission.

Make your research proposal shine with this template at your disposal.

Template 4: Scope of Work for Research Data Analysis Proposal

This slide outlines your research data analysis journey, making client presentations a breeze. Our scope of work slide covers all the essentials: Acquisition & Extraction, Examination, Cleaning, Transformation, Exploration, and Analysis, leading to the grand finale - Presenting and Sharing your findings. With clear and easy-to-understand visuals, impress your clients and streamline your workflow.

Template 5: Plan of Action for Research Data Analysis Proposal

Are you looking to present your research data analysis plan with clarity and professionalism? Our ready-made PowerPoint slide has got you covered. This user-friendly template features a visual diagram illustrating the entire process, from data collection through pre-processing, analysis, and classification. With easy-to-understand icons and clear labels, you can effectively convey your plan to your audience.

Template 6: Timeline for Research Data Analysis Project

Designed with simplicity, this timeline slide offers a user-friendly layout to help you convey complex ideas easily. It covers every crucial step of your analysis journey, from tackling business issues to final presentation. With vibrant visuals and customizable elements, you can effortlessly illustrate data understanding, preparation, exploratory analysis, validation, and visualization. Get it today!

Template 7: Key Deliverables for Research Data Analysis Proposal

With clear, concise visuals, this slide presents your key deliverables. From ‘Decision Mapping’ that outlines your project's path to ‘Analysis and Design’ for robust strategies, and ‘Implementation’ for real-world action, it's all here. Even better, it highlights ‘Ongoing Steps’ for sustained success. Why waste time on complex slides when you can have this ready-made gem? Elevate your presentations and win your audience over with this template at your disposal.

Template 8: Why Our Data Analytics Company?

This slide helps you showcase why people should choose your company rather than your competitors. Elucidate what makes your organization stand out from the rest by taking assistance of this readily-available PowerPoint slide. 

It lists down the strength that keeps your firm on the top in comparison with your rivals.

Some of the strengths mentioned in the slide are:

• Reduced churn rate
• Reduced operational cost
• Increased revenue
• Faster data analysis reporting

Template 9: Services Offered by Data Analytics Company 

This slide presents the services offered by data analysis company in a clear and precise way. Get your hands on this slide to present your offerings. The template encapsulates services like data collection services, data quality assess, data integration, policy analytics, social media and digital outreach, enterprise analytics, and more.

Template 10: Team Structure of Data Analysis Company

The slide presents team structure of data analytics company in a comprehensive format. A hierarchy chart makes it easy for organization to showcase their talented staff and the driving forces behind their firm’s success, this is where this template comes into assistance. Put your hands on this template to present head of advanced analytics, COE Support office, demand management, analytics development, analytics support, etc.

These templates are your one-stop solution for crafting compelling Research Data Analysis Proposals.

With a subscription to our service, you gain access to an extensive library of ready-made PowerPoint templates that will save you time and effort. But that's not all – if you require a personalized touch, our team can also design a custom proposal that perfectly aligns with your unique needs.

Why wait? Join our community of satisfied customers and supercharge your research endeavors today.

Subscribe now and get your hands on impactful presentations!

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Writing a Scientific Research Project Proposal

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Table of Contents

The importance of a well-written research proposal cannot be underestimated. Your research really is only as good as your proposal. A poorly written, or poorly conceived research proposal will doom even an otherwise worthy project. On the other hand, a well-written, high-quality proposal will increase your chances for success.

In this article, we’ll outline the basics of writing an effective scientific research proposal, including the differences between research proposals, grants and cover letters. We’ll also touch on common mistakes made when submitting research proposals, as well as a simple example or template that you can follow.

What is a scientific research proposal?

The main purpose of a scientific research proposal is to convince your audience that your project is worthwhile, and that you have the expertise and wherewithal to complete it. The elements of an effective research proposal mirror those of the research process itself, which we’ll outline below. Essentially, the research proposal should include enough information for the reader to determine if your proposed study is worth pursuing.

It is not an uncommon misunderstanding to think that a research proposal and a cover letter are the same things. However, they are different. The main difference between a research proposal vs cover letter content is distinct. Whereas the research proposal summarizes the proposal for future research, the cover letter connects you to the research, and how you are the right person to complete the proposed research.

There is also sometimes confusion around a research proposal vs grant application. Whereas a research proposal is a statement of intent, related to answering a research question, a grant application is a specific request for funding to complete the research proposed. Of course, there are elements of overlap between the two documents; it’s the purpose of the document that defines one or the other.

Scientific Research Proposal Format

Although there is no one way to write a scientific research proposal, there are specific guidelines. A lot depends on which journal you’re submitting your research proposal to, so you may need to follow their scientific research proposal template.

In general, however, there are fairly universal sections to every scientific research proposal. These include:

• Title: Make sure the title of your proposal is descriptive and concise. Make it catch and informative at the same time, avoiding dry phrases like, “An investigation…” Your title should pique the interest of the reader.
• Abstract: This is a brief (300-500 words) summary that includes the research question, your rationale for the study, and any applicable hypothesis. You should also include a brief description of your methodology, including procedures, samples, instruments, etc.
• Introduction: The opening paragraph of your research proposal is, perhaps, the most important. Here you want to introduce the research problem in a creative way, and demonstrate your understanding of the need for the research. You want the reader to think that your proposed research is current, important and relevant.
• Background: Include a brief history of the topic and link it to a contemporary context to show its relevance for today. Identify key researchers and institutions also looking at the problem
• Literature Review: This is the section that may take the longest amount of time to assemble. Here you want to synthesize prior research, and place your proposed research into the larger picture of what’s been studied in the past. You want to show your reader that your work is original, and adds to the current knowledge.
• Research Design and Methodology: This section should be very clearly and logically written and organized. You are letting your reader know that you know what you are going to do, and how. The reader should feel confident that you have the skills and knowledge needed to get the project done.
• Preliminary Implications: Here you’ll be outlining how you anticipate your research will extend current knowledge in your field. You might also want to discuss how your findings will impact future research needs.
• Conclusion: This section reinforces the significance and importance of your proposed research, and summarizes the entire proposal.
• References/Citations: Of course, you need to include a full and accurate list of any and all sources you used to write your research proposal.

Common Mistakes in Writing a Scientific Research Project Proposal

Remember, the best research proposal can be rejected if it’s not well written or is ill-conceived. The most common mistakes made include:

• Not providing the proper context for your research question or the problem
• Failing to reference landmark/key studies
• Losing focus of the research question or problem
• Not accurately presenting contributions by other researchers and institutions
• Incompletely developing a persuasive argument for the research that is being proposed
• Misplaced attention on minor points and/or not enough detail on major issues
• Sloppy, low-quality writing without effective logic and flow
• Incorrect or lapses in references and citations, and/or references not in proper format
• The proposal is too long – or too short

Scientific Research Proposal Example

There are countless examples that you can find for successful research proposals. In addition, you can also find examples of unsuccessful research proposals. Search for successful research proposals in your field, and even for your target journal, to get a good idea on what specifically your audience may be looking for.

While there’s no one example that will show you everything you need to know, looking at a few will give you a good idea of what you need to include in your own research proposal. Talk, also, to colleagues in your field, especially if you are a student or a new researcher. We can often learn from the mistakes of others. The more prepared and knowledgeable you are prior to writing your research proposal, the more likely you are to succeed.

One of the top reasons scientific research proposals are rejected is due to poor logic and flow. Check out our Language Editing Services to ensure a great proposal , that’s clear and concise, and properly referenced. Check our video for more information, and get started today.

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17 Research Proposal Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

Learn about our Editorial Process

A research proposal systematically and transparently outlines a proposed research project.

The purpose of a research proposal is to demonstrate a project’s viability and the researcher’s preparedness to conduct an academic study. It serves as a roadmap for the researcher.

The process holds value both externally (for accountability purposes and often as a requirement for a grant application) and intrinsic value (for helping the researcher to clarify the mechanics, purpose, and potential signficance of the study).

Key sections of a research proposal include: the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research design and methods, timeline, budget, outcomes and implications, references, and appendix. Each is briefly explained below.

Watch my Guide: How to Write a Research Proposal

Get your Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

Research Proposal Sample Structure

Title: The title should present a concise and descriptive statement that clearly conveys the core idea of the research projects. Make it as specific as possible. The reader should immediately be able to grasp the core idea of the intended research project. Often, the title is left too vague and does not help give an understanding of what exactly the study looks at.

Abstract: Abstracts are usually around 250-300 words and provide an overview of what is to follow – including the research problem , objectives, methods, expected outcomes, and significance of the study. Use it as a roadmap and ensure that, if the abstract is the only thing someone reads, they’ll get a good fly-by of what will be discussed in the peice.

Introduction: Introductions are all about contextualization. They often set the background information with a statement of the problem. At the end of the introduction, the reader should understand what the rationale for the study truly is. I like to see the research questions or hypotheses included in the introduction and I like to get a good understanding of what the significance of the research will be. It’s often easiest to write the introduction last

Literature Review: The literature review dives deep into the existing literature on the topic, demosntrating your thorough understanding of the existing literature including themes, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature. It serves both to demonstrate your knowledge of the field and, to demonstrate how the proposed study will fit alongside the literature on the topic. A good literature review concludes by clearly demonstrating how your research will contribute something new and innovative to the conversation in the literature.

Research Design and Methods: This section needs to clearly demonstrate how the data will be gathered and analyzed in a systematic and academically sound manner. Here, you need to demonstrate that the conclusions of your research will be both valid and reliable. Common points discussed in the research design and methods section include highlighting the research paradigm, methodologies, intended population or sample to be studied, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures . Toward the end of this section, you are encouraged to also address ethical considerations and limitations of the research process , but also to explain why you chose your research design and how you are mitigating the identified risks and limitations.

Timeline: Provide an outline of the anticipated timeline for the study. Break it down into its various stages (including data collection, data analysis, and report writing). The goal of this section is firstly to establish a reasonable breakdown of steps for you to follow and secondly to demonstrate to the assessors that your project is practicable and feasible.

Budget: Estimate the costs associated with the research project and include evidence for your estimations. Typical costs include staffing costs, equipment, travel, and data collection tools. When applying for a scholarship, the budget should demonstrate that you are being responsible with your expensive and that your funding application is reasonable.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: A discussion of the anticipated findings or results of the research, as well as the potential contributions to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in the field. This section should also address the potential impact of the research on relevant stakeholders and any broader implications for policy or practice.

References: A complete list of all the sources cited in the research proposal, formatted according to the required citation style. This demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the relevant literature and ensures proper attribution of ideas and information.

Appendices (if applicable): Any additional materials, such as questionnaires, interview guides, or consent forms, that provide further information or support for the research proposal. These materials should be included as appendices at the end of the document.

Research Proposal Examples

Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section.

1. Education Studies Research Proposals

See some real sample pieces:

• Assessment of the perceptions of teachers towards a new grading system
• Does ICT use in secondary classrooms help or hinder student learning?
• Digital technologies in focus project
• Urban Middle School Teachers’ Experiences of the Implementation of
• Restorative Justice Practices
• Experiences of students of color in service learning

Consider this hypothetical education research proposal:

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Middle School Mathematics

Abstract: The proposed study will explore multiplayer game-based learning techniques in middle school mathematics curricula and their effects on student engagement. The study aims to contribute to the current literature on game-based learning by examining the effects of multiplayer gaming in learning.

Introduction: Digital game-based learning has long been shunned within mathematics education for fears that it may distract students or lower the academic integrity of the classrooms. However, there is emerging evidence that digital games in math have emerging benefits not only for engagement but also academic skill development. Contributing to this discourse, this study seeks to explore the potential benefits of multiplayer digital game-based learning by examining its impact on middle school students’ engagement and academic performance in a mathematics class.

Literature Review: The literature review has identified gaps in the current knowledge, namely, while game-based learning has been extensively explored, the role of multiplayer games in supporting learning has not been studied.

Research Design and Methods: This study will employ a mixed-methods research design based upon action research in the classroom. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will first be used to compare the academic performance and engagement of middle school students exposed to game-based learning techniques with those in a control group receiving instruction without the aid of technology. Students will also be observed and interviewed in regard to the effect of communication and collaboration during gameplay on their learning.

Timeline: The study will take place across the second term of the school year with a pre-test taking place on the first day of the term and the post-test taking place on Wednesday in Week 10.

Budget: The key budgetary requirements will be the technologies required, including the subscription cost for the identified games and computers.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: It is expected that the findings will contribute to the current literature on game-based learning and inform educational practices, providing educators and policymakers with insights into how to better support student achievement in mathematics.

2. Psychology Research Proposals

See some real examples:

• A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team
• The effect of musical preference on running performance
• Relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating amongst adolescent females

Consider this hypothetical psychology research proposal:

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students

Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods .

Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels during exam weeks. This can affect both mental health and test performance. This study explores the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions such as meditation as a way to mediate stress levels in the weeks leading up to exam time.

Literature Review: Existing research on mindfulness-based meditation has shown the ability for mindfulness to increase metacognition, decrease anxiety levels, and decrease stress. Existing literature has looked at workplace, high school and general college-level applications. This study will contribute to the corpus of literature by exploring the effects of mindfulness directly in the context of exam weeks.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n= 234 ) will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, receiving 5 days per week of 10-minute mindfulness-based interventions, or a control group, receiving no intervention. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires, measuring stress levels, semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ experiences, and students’ test scores.

Timeline: The study will begin three weeks before the students’ exam week and conclude after each student’s final exam. Data collection will occur at the beginning (pre-test of self-reported stress levels) and end (post-test) of the three weeks.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: The study aims to provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress among college students in the lead up to exams, with potential implications for mental health support and stress management programs on college campuses.

3. Sociology Research Proposals

• Understanding emerging social movements: A case study of ‘Jersey in Transition’
• The interaction of health, education and employment in Western China
• Can we preserve lower-income affordable neighbourhoods in the face of rising costs?

Consider this hypothetical sociology research proposal:

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Interpersonal Relationships among Young Adults

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effects of social media usage on interpersonal relationships among young adults, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach with ongoing semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data.

Introduction: Social media platforms have become a key medium for the development of interpersonal relationships, particularly for young adults. This study examines the potential positive and negative effects of social media usage on young adults’ relationships and development over time.

Literature Review: A preliminary review of relevant literature has demonstrated that social media usage is central to development of a personal identity and relationships with others with similar subcultural interests. However, it has also been accompanied by data on mental health deline and deteriorating off-screen relationships. The literature is to-date lacking important longitudinal data on these topics.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n = 454 ) will be young adults aged 18-24. Ongoing self-report surveys will assess participants’ social media usage, relationship satisfaction, and communication patterns. A subset of participants will be selected for longitudinal in-depth interviews starting at age 18 and continuing for 5 years.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of five years, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between social media usage and interpersonal relationships among young adults, potentially informing social policies and mental health support related to social media use.

4. Nursing Research Proposals

• Does Orthopaedic Pre-assessment clinic prepare the patient for admission to hospital?
• Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care to burns patients
• Registered psychiatric nurse’s practice with mentally ill parents and their children

Consider this hypothetical nursing research proposal:

The Influence of Nurse-Patient Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes following Emergency Cesarians

Abstract: This research will examines the impact of effective nurse-patient communication on patient satisfaction and health outcomes for women following c-sections, utilizing a mixed-methods approach with patient surveys and semi-structured interviews.

Introduction: It has long been known that effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for quality care. However, additional complications arise following emergency c-sections due to the interaction between new mother’s changing roles and recovery from surgery.

Literature Review: A review of the literature demonstrates the importance of nurse-patient communication, its impact on patient satisfaction, and potential links to health outcomes. However, communication between nurses and new mothers is less examined, and the specific experiences of those who have given birth via emergency c-section are to date unexamined.

Research Design and Methods: Participants will be patients in a hospital setting who have recently had an emergency c-section. A self-report survey will assess their satisfaction with nurse-patient communication and perceived health outcomes. A subset of participants will be selected for in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and perceptions of the communication with their nurses.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including rolling recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing within the hospital.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the significance of nurse-patient communication in supporting new mothers who have had an emergency c-section. Recommendations will be presented for supporting nurses and midwives in improving outcomes for new mothers who had complications during birth.

5. Social Work Research Proposals

• Experiences of negotiating employment and caring responsibilities of fathers post-divorce
• Exploring kinship care in the north region of British Columbia

Consider this hypothetical social work research proposal:

The Role of a Family-Centered Intervention in Preventing Homelessness Among At-Risk Youthin a working-class town in Northern England

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effectiveness of a family-centered intervention provided by a local council area in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth. This case study will use a mixed-methods approach with program evaluation data and semi-structured interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data .

Introduction: Homelessness among youth remains a significant social issue. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in addressing this problem and identify factors that contribute to successful prevention strategies.

Literature Review: A review of the literature has demonstrated several key factors contributing to youth homelessness including lack of parental support, lack of social support, and low levels of family involvement. It also demonstrates the important role of family-centered interventions in addressing this issue. Drawing on current evidence, this study explores the effectiveness of one such intervention in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth in a working-class town in Northern England.

Research Design and Methods: The study will evaluate a new family-centered intervention program targeting at-risk youth and their families. Quantitative data on program outcomes, including housing stability and family functioning, will be collected through program records and evaluation reports. Semi-structured interviews with program staff, participants, and relevant stakeholders will provide qualitative insights into the factors contributing to program success or failure.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Budget: Expenses include access to program evaluation data, interview materials, data analysis software, and any related travel costs for in-person interviews.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in preventing youth homelessness, potentially informing the expansion of or necessary changes to social work practices in Northern England.

Research Proposal Template

Get your Detailed Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

This is a template for a 2500-word research proposal. You may find it difficult to squeeze everything into this wordcount, but it’s a common wordcount for Honors and MA-level dissertations.

Your research proposal is where you really get going with your study. I’d strongly recommend working closely with your teacher in developing a research proposal that’s consistent with the requirements and culture of your institution, as in my experience it varies considerably. The above template is from my own courses that walk students through research proposals in a British School of Education.

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8 thoughts on “17 Research Proposal Examples”

Very excellent research proposals

very helpful

Very helpful

Dear Sir, I need some help to write an educational research proposal. Thank you.

Hi Levi, use the site search bar to ask a question and I’ll likely have a guide already written for your specific question. Thanks for reading!

very good research proposal

Thank you so much sir! ❤️

Very helpful 👌

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• Indian J Anaesth
• v.60(9); 2016 Sep

How to write a research proposal?

Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Devika Rani Duggappa

Writing the proposal of a research work in the present era is a challenging task due to the constantly evolving trends in the qualitative research design and the need to incorporate medical advances into the methodology. The proposal is a detailed plan or ‘blueprint’ for the intended study, and once it is completed, the research project should flow smoothly. Even today, many of the proposals at post-graduate evaluation committees and application proposals for funding are substandard. A search was conducted with keywords such as research proposal, writing proposal and qualitative using search engines, namely, PubMed and Google Scholar, and an attempt has been made to provide broad guidelines for writing a scientifically appropriate research proposal.

INTRODUCTION

A clean, well-thought-out proposal forms the backbone for the research itself and hence becomes the most important step in the process of conduct of research.[ 1 ] The objective of preparing a research proposal would be to obtain approvals from various committees including ethics committee [details under ‘Research methodology II’ section [ Table 1 ] in this issue of IJA) and to request for grants. However, there are very few universally accepted guidelines for preparation of a good quality research proposal. A search was performed with keywords such as research proposal, funding, qualitative and writing proposals using search engines, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus.

Five ‘C’s while writing a literature review

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer.[ 2 ] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about the credibility, achievability, practicality and reproducibility (repeatability) of the research design.[ 3 ] Four categories of audience with different expectations may be present in the evaluation committees, namely academic colleagues, policy-makers, practitioners and lay audiences who evaluate the research proposal. Tips for preparation of a good research proposal include; ‘be practical, be persuasive, make broader links, aim for crystal clarity and plan before you write’. A researcher must be balanced, with a realistic understanding of what can be achieved. Being persuasive implies that researcher must be able to convince other researchers, research funding agencies, educational institutions and supervisors that the research is worth getting approval. The aim of the researcher should be clearly stated in simple language that describes the research in a way that non-specialists can comprehend, without use of jargons. The proposal must not only demonstrate that it is based on an intelligent understanding of the existing literature but also show that the writer has thought about the time needed to conduct each stage of the research.[ 4 , 5 ]

CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The contents or formats of a research proposal vary depending on the requirements of evaluation committee and are generally provided by the evaluation committee or the institution.

In general, a cover page should contain the (i) title of the proposal, (ii) name and affiliation of the researcher (principal investigator) and co-investigators, (iii) institutional affiliation (degree of the investigator and the name of institution where the study will be performed), details of contact such as phone numbers, E-mail id's and lines for signatures of investigators.

The main contents of the proposal may be presented under the following headings: (i) introduction, (ii) review of literature, (iii) aims and objectives, (iv) research design and methods, (v) ethical considerations, (vi) budget, (vii) appendices and (viii) citations.[ 4 ]

Introduction

It is also sometimes termed as ‘need for study’ or ‘abstract’. Introduction is an initial pitch of an idea; it sets the scene and puts the research in context.[ 6 ] The introduction should be designed to create interest in the reader about the topic and proposal. It should convey to the reader, what you want to do, what necessitates the study and your passion for the topic.[ 7 ] Some questions that can be used to assess the significance of the study are: (i) Who has an interest in the domain of inquiry? (ii) What do we already know about the topic? (iii) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (iv) How will this research add to knowledge, practice and policy in this area? Some of the evaluation committees, expect the last two questions, elaborated under a separate heading of ‘background and significance’.[ 8 ] Introduction should also contain the hypothesis behind the research design. If hypothesis cannot be constructed, the line of inquiry to be used in the research must be indicated.

Review of literature

It refers to all sources of scientific evidence pertaining to the topic in interest. In the present era of digitalisation and easy accessibility, there is an enormous amount of relevant data available, making it a challenge for the researcher to include all of it in his/her review.[ 9 ] It is crucial to structure this section intelligently so that the reader can grasp the argument related to your study in relation to that of other researchers, while still demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. It is preferable to summarise each article in a paragraph, highlighting the details pertinent to the topic of interest. The progression of review can move from the more general to the more focused studies, or a historical progression can be used to develop the story, without making it exhaustive.[ 1 ] Literature should include supporting data, disagreements and controversies. Five ‘C's may be kept in mind while writing a literature review[ 10 ] [ Table 1 ].

Aims and objectives

The research purpose (or goal or aim) gives a broad indication of what the researcher wishes to achieve in the research. The hypothesis to be tested can be the aim of the study. The objectives related to parameters or tools used to achieve the aim are generally categorised as primary and secondary objectives.

Research design and method

The objective here is to convince the reader that the overall research design and methods of analysis will correctly address the research problem and to impress upon the reader that the methodology/sources chosen are appropriate for the specific topic. It should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

In this section, the methods and sources used to conduct the research must be discussed, including specific references to sites, databases, key texts or authors that will be indispensable to the project. There should be specific mention about the methodological approaches to be undertaken to gather information, about the techniques to be used to analyse it and about the tests of external validity to which researcher is committed.[ 10 , 11 ]

The components of this section include the following:[ 4 ]

Population and sample

Population refers to all the elements (individuals, objects or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe,[ 12 ] and sample refers to subset of population which meets the inclusion criteria for enrolment into the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria should be clearly defined. The details pertaining to sample size are discussed in the article “Sample size calculation: Basic priniciples” published in this issue of IJA.

Data collection

The researcher is expected to give a detailed account of the methodology adopted for collection of data, which include the time frame required for the research. The methodology should be tested for its validity and ensure that, in pursuit of achieving the results, the participant's life is not jeopardised. The author should anticipate and acknowledge any potential barrier and pitfall in carrying out the research design and explain plans to address them, thereby avoiding lacunae due to incomplete data collection. If the researcher is planning to acquire data through interviews or questionnaires, copy of the questions used for the same should be attached as an annexure with the proposal.

Rigor (soundness of the research)

This addresses the strength of the research with respect to its neutrality, consistency and applicability. Rigor must be reflected throughout the proposal.

It refers to the robustness of a research method against bias. The author should convey the measures taken to avoid bias, viz. blinding and randomisation, in an elaborate way, thus ensuring that the result obtained from the adopted method is purely as chance and not influenced by other confounding variables.

Consistency

Consistency considers whether the findings will be consistent if the inquiry was replicated with the same participants and in a similar context. This can be achieved by adopting standard and universally accepted methods and scales.

Applicability

Applicability refers to the degree to which the findings can be applied to different contexts and groups.[ 13 ]

Data analysis

This section deals with the reduction and reconstruction of data and its analysis including sample size calculation. The researcher is expected to explain the steps adopted for coding and sorting the data obtained. Various tests to be used to analyse the data for its robustness, significance should be clearly stated. Author should also mention the names of statistician and suitable software which will be used in due course of data analysis and their contribution to data analysis and sample calculation.[ 9 ]

Ethical considerations

Medical research introduces special moral and ethical problems that are not usually encountered by other researchers during data collection, and hence, the researcher should take special care in ensuring that ethical standards are met. Ethical considerations refer to the protection of the participants' rights (right to self-determination, right to privacy, right to autonomy and confidentiality, right to fair treatment and right to protection from discomfort and harm), obtaining informed consent and the institutional review process (ethical approval). The researcher needs to provide adequate information on each of these aspects.

Informed consent needs to be obtained from the participants (details discussed in further chapters), as well as the research site and the relevant authorities.

When the researcher prepares a research budget, he/she should predict and cost all aspects of the research and then add an additional allowance for unpredictable disasters, delays and rising costs. All items in the budget should be justified.

Appendices are documents that support the proposal and application. The appendices will be specific for each proposal but documents that are usually required include informed consent form, supporting documents, questionnaires, measurement tools and patient information of the study in layman's language.

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your proposal. Although the words ‘references and bibliography’ are different, they are used interchangeably. It refers to all references cited in the research proposal.

Successful, qualitative research proposals should communicate the researcher's knowledge of the field and method and convey the emergent nature of the qualitative design. The proposal should follow a discernible logic from the introduction to presentation of the appendices.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

• Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

• Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
• Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

• Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

• Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
• Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

• Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
• If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

• Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
• Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

• Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

• Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

• Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

• Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

• Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
• State the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
• Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
• Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

• Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
• Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

• If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

• To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
• To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
• To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

• Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
• Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Project management

Understanding project deliverables: A complete breakdown with examples

“When there is teamwork and collaboration, wonderful things can be achieved.” ~Mattie J.T. Stepanek, poet and motivational speaker

Project deliverables are the lifeblood of project execution .

Whether internal or external, final products or points along the way, deliverables demonstrate that your team is achieving project objectives.

For a concept this important, it might be surprising that the term “deliverable” isn’t always clearly defined or understood. Poor knowledge or execution of the concept annihilates teamwork, unity, and collaboration.

It’s the quickest way to push those “wonderful achievements” Stepanek described further out of reach.

With so much riding on getting deliverables right, we want to show you how to approach project deliverables — and how to turn that into project success.

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• What are project deliverables?

Project deliverables refer to all the outputs — tangible or intangible — that are submitted within the scope of a project.

While the term may initially bring to mind the final outputs that get submitted at the end of a project, it actually refers to any project-related output submitted during any of the project phases.

Project deliverables need to be agreed upon early during the planning stage to properly set expectations and allocate resources, and documented within a governing project charter so they can be referenced throughout the duration of the project.

• Internal vs. external project deliverables

Project deliverables can be classified as either internal or external. It all depends on whether they will be submitted internally to your own agency or externally to a client.

Internal project deliverables are submitted to your team members or to a collaborating department. Some examples of internal project deliverables (that will go through internal reviews) include:

Initial design

Time-tracking report

Project budget report

Progress report

External project deliverables are submitted to stakeholders outside of your agency, including clients and investors. Some examples of external project deliverables (that will go through client reviews) include:

Final design

Final product

• Process deliverables vs. product deliverables

Project deliverables can further be classified as either process deliverables or product deliverables, depending on whether or not they will directly satisfy one or more project requirements.

Think of process deliverables like picking a color to paint your walls and product deliverables like revealing the first completed coat. Or, looking at a picture of a teal blue wall (process) vs. seeing it completed in all its glory in your actual home (product).

Both are important parts that make up the whole, but process deliverables don’t pack the same “wow” factor. Don’t get us wrong — that doesn’t make them any less important.

Process deliverables are intermediate outputs that move a project forward without directly satisfying a project requirement. These could look like:

Internal bug report to improve a software deliverable

Internal Gantt chart to inform the project workflow

Internal client onboarding checklist for a better project kickoff

Initial design project management plan for clients to review

Client onboard checklist template

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Product deliverables are final outputs that directly satisfy one or more of the project requirements. These are a bit more exciting.

They represent juicy project milestones that everybody is eager to review and weigh in on. They include things like:

Fully developed app

Live website

Complete content strategy

Finalized architectural blueprint

• Categories of project deliverables

The two classifications (internal/external and process/product) are not mutually exclusive. They exist simultaneously for every deliverable (kind of like your stress if you aren’t using a project management tool like Teamwork.com ).

Together, they produce four types of project deliverables:

Internal process deliverable

Internal process deliverables are those that an organization delivers to another part of the organization. These are also processes rather than finished products , which means they are elements that move a project forward. 

The copy or the artwork for that upcoming social ad is an example of an internal process deliverable: The asset moves from one party to another within your agency, and the asset is not the finished product.

External process deliverable

External process deliverables are the same concept as the previous, but developed and delivered to external partners.

A pitch, proposal, or marketing plan that’s destined for a client or prospect is one example: It isn’t the thing you’re selling, but it’s a key deliverable within (or heading toward) it.

Internal product deliverable

Internal product deliverables are cohesive, finished products. These items (physical or virtual) directly satisfy a project requirement and are delivered to internal teams rather than to end customers.

An inward-facing sales report is one example. It’s the thing you make, not just a part of that thing. It satisfies a project requirement and is delivered to your employees and teams, not clients.

External product deliverable

This is the client-facing version; the finished product you’re handing to your client that directly satisfies a project requirement.

Project deliverables examples from common teams

Your project deliverables will vary from team to team, just like your daily tasks, workflows, and processes vary from one department to another.

Creative teams

Creative teams may include writers (), editors, designers, videographers, etc. Examples of project deliverables for creative teams are:

Completed website wireframe

Finished print media graphic

Ready-to-send email outline

Professional services teams (client deliverables)

Professional services teams may include accountants, architects, IT specialists, and lawyers. Examples of project deliverables for professional services teams are:

Completed financial report

Initial blueprint design

Functional VoIP system

Ready-to-sign customized contract

One way to speed up the process of making a contract is to use an AI legal contract review .

Product teams

Product teams may include managers, designers, UX designers, and analysts. Examples of project deliverables for product teams are:

Product roadmap presentation

Initial UI wireframe

A complete user journey map

Finalized customer retention report

Marketing teams

Marketing teams may include positions like SEO specialists, copywriters, brand strategists, graphic designers, and email marketers. Examples of project deliverables for marketing teams are:

Keyword research report

Draft of sales copy

Brand identity package

Social media graphics

Agency teams

Agency teams may include content strategists, account managers, SMMs, and developers. Examples of project deliverables for agency teams are:

Content audit

Social media copy

Customized WordPress theme

• Tips for managing project deliverables

Project deliverables make business happen, but keeping track of them isn’t easy — especially as your agency grows.

Try these seven tips to improve your results when managing project deliverables.

• 1. Define clear and measurable objectives

Deliverables are usually not difficult to define. But how do you define (and measure) the progress toward completing them? More importantly, how do team members know whether they’re on track?

Clear project objectives are key here — and for an objective to be clear it must also be measurable. Because if you can’t measure it, you may never be certain you’ve achieved it (and you definitely don’t know how close or far you are from doing so).

• 2. Break down deliverables

In client-facing work, deliverables are often big, ominous things. An entire marketing campaign, rebrand, or website is a big deal!

Here’s the key: Your project deliverables don’t have to be big. Break down that marketing campaign or website rebuild into smaller, more attainable chunks. These become deliverables (perhaps process deliverables) supporting the big-picture project.

• 3. Set realistic deadlines

When project deliverables are smaller and related (dependent or sequential), one delay can cause a ripple effect that seems to grow and grow. You’ll never eliminate every possible delay, but setting realistic deadlines (even down to the task level) will increase your chances of on-time success.

• 4. Prioritize and sequence deliverables

One danger of breaking down deliverables into more digestible chunks is that now you have more deliverables.

Sounds obvious, we know. But more deliverables sometimes mean more blank stares from your project team. With 27 possibilities to choose from, how does your poor employee know where to focus?

As you break down deliverables into smaller, more attainable sizes, rank them by overall priority and sequence (if some deliverables are dependent on others).

• 5. Establish clear communication channels

“The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place.” ~ George Bernard Shaw , playwright and critic

Keeping deliverables on track means keeping people on track. To do this well, create an environment where your people know at least three things:

What’s expected

Who’s in charge

Who to go to when confused, encountering problems, or needing help

When people know who to talk to about what, and they hear from you and other agency leaders at appropriate times, projects and their deliverables run more smoothly.

• 6. Use project management tools

Keeping track of project deliverables on paper or in a spreadsheet is better than keeping a running tally in your head, but there’s a better way. Project management software like Teamwork.com gives you far greater real-time insights than manual methods for managing project deliverables so you can keep the details straight and the schedules visible.

Robust task management software

Plan, track, and monitor all aspects of your tasks across every project or break them down even further with subtasks.

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• 7. Monitor scope changes

Scope creep is a constant threat in the world of agencies and client services. Sometimes the scope of a project or a deliverable must change, but you need to know when that happens so you can adjust plans and budgets accordingly. When changes happen in secret or in the dark, project managers lose the ability to stay on top of schedules and keep project deliverables in the agreed-upon scope.

So keep an eye out for these changes, and create a communication environment where people volunteer this kind of information when they see it happening.

• Tracking and fulfilling your project deliverables

You can’t afford to lose track of your deliverables. Knowing the status of each task and who’s responsible for what is critical to staying in control.

This is best accomplished with project management software that provides you with a way to view the status of your project’s deliverables visually.

Teamwork.com’s Kanban board view allows you to track your projects at a glance, modify tasks as necessary, and even set up triggers to automatically assign tasks, change due dates, and notify the right people when tasks move from one column to another.

• Handling changes to your project deliverables

Occasionally, the deliverables of a project will need to change. This usually comes in the form of an expansion in the project scope where additional deliverables are added.

When a project is trending over budget, a project manager may work with the client to remove one or more of the lower priority, “nice-to-have” deliverables.

Whether you’re adding, removing, or modifying project deliverables, it’s important to be able to reflect any changes in your project management tool immediately. This will allow you to assess the changes' effects on your resources, budget, and project timeline .

• Improve your project deliverables with Teamwork.com

Having clear, well-defined, measurable project deliverables is one fundamental pillar of project success. Another pillar is tracking those deliverables and the litany of tasks involved in each one.

Teamwork.com is the project management platform that helps your agency do both — and much more.

With Teamwork.com, you’ll gain a centralized singular source of truth for all your project data. You’ll know who’s working on what, and you’ll see and track dependencies so you can help your team prioritize the right tasks in the right order.

With multiple views, project timelines, and powerful project planning capabilities, Teamwork.com is the solution you’ve been looking for to help you sort out your project deliverables and whip your projects into shape.

See more of what Teamwork.com can do for your business now — get started now for free, view our comprehensive pricing plans , or book a demo today.

The only all-in-one platform for client work

Trusted by 20,000 businesses and 6,000 agencies, Teamwork.com lets you easily manage, track, and customize multiple complex projects. Get started with a free 30-day trial.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Examples of project deliverables from common teams

Teamwork.com: The all-in-one platform for client work

Learn how Teamwork.com helps you drive business efficiency, grow profits, and scale confidently.

Alex York is a Content Marketing Manager who is passionate about marketing acquisition and content strategy. He has many years of experience in the Project Management space and loves providing expert advice and tips on how to improve team productivity and efficiency.

The engineer’s guide to project management software

How architects use project management software (+ 5 top tools)

What does a finance project manager do?

Product project management: How to ensure your agency delivers for early-stage founders

Standardizing your product management workflow for superior project outcomes

How product leads leverage the sprint cycle to meet client deadlines

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How to Write Project Deliverables: A Comprehensive Guide

Contents page

Understanding Project Deliverables

Types of project deliverables in project management, project deliverables examples, how to write deliverables, tips for managing project deliverables, what apps to use for creating project deliverables, mastering project deliverables for successful outcomes.

Try timeCamp Planner App and streamline your team collaboration

Project deliverables are tangible, measurable outcomes or outputs that result from a project's execution. These critical components showcase the value of a project and serve as the basis for evaluating its success.

In this article, we will discuss how to create project deliverables and provide examples, ensuring your projects are clear, concise, and effective.

Project deliverables may have many names—project milestones, project results, project outcomes, output, and more.

Writing your project deliverables is crucial for successful project management and brings many benefits. Here's why defining project deliverables in project management is important:

Better time management : when you know what project objectives you want to achieve, you can better plan your workflow.

Improved team collaboration : when you keep all your team involved in the project and keep them on the same page by sharing project deliverables, it's easier for them to stay engaged and work productively.

Effective project schedule: it's easier to plan workflow if you know your objectives and how you're going to achieve them.

Good communication : when all team members, project stakeholders, and people involved in the project know what needs to be achieved, it's easier for smooth information flow and two-way feedback.

Better risk management : when you know what needs to be achieved, you can easily avoid scope creep, mitigate risks, and prepare for possible obstacles.

Higher profits : project deliverables allow you to better manage the project's budget, prioritize work, and, as a result, stay profitable.

Understanding project deliverables and defining them properly can make you a better project manager because you can make well-informed decisions, meet stakeholder expectations, and grow your business in a smart way.

What is a Deliverable?

To better understand the importance of project deliverables, let's look at what exactly deliverable is, and what role it plays in project management.

A deliverable is a tangible or intangible output that is produced as a result of a project, task, or process. Deliverables can be products, services, documents, or any other outcomes that contribute to the project's goals. Understanding what a deliverable is helps project managers and team members stay focused on achieving the desired outcomes.

What are Project Deliverables?

Project deliverables are the specific outputs or results that a project aims to produce. They are the building blocks of a project and help stakeholders understand what will be achieved upon the project's completion.

In general, project deliverable is the final objective that needs to be accomplished at the end of the project.

In project management, deliverables are the concrete, measurable outcomes that demonstrate a project's success. Deliverables are used to evaluate project performance, monitor progress, and ensure that the project's objectives are met. Deliverables in project management can range from technical documentation to physical products or digital assets.

To manage project deliverables effectively, it's good to know the distinction between their different types, their purpose, and when to use them. Here are the key deliverables you should know:

Tangible Deliverables and Intangible Deliverables

Tangible deliverables are physical or concrete items that are produced as part of a project. These can include reports, prototypes, equipment, or any other tangible products. The tangible deliverable provides specific evidence of progress and serve as measurable outputs that contribute to the successful completion of the project.

Intangible deliverables, on the other hand, are not physical in nature but represent specific outcomes or results achieved through the project. They often involve knowledge, expertise, or intellectual property. Examples of intangible deliverables include a training program, guidelines, policies, or organizational changes.

Internal Deliverables and External Deliverables

Internal deliverables are specific outputs or results that are produced and utilized within the project team or organization. They may include project plans, progress reports, team communication channels, or any other internal project-related documents. These deliverables facilitate effective project management and collaboration within the team.

However, external project deliverables are produced for independent stakeholders or clients. They are intended to meet the requirements and expectations of these external parties, for example, client reports, product prototypes for user testing, customer documentation, or any other project outcomes tailored for external use or consumption.

Process Deliverables and Product Deliverables

Process deliverables focus on defining and documenting project processes, methodologies, and procedures. These deliverables enable efficient project execution and ensure consistent and standardized approaches. Examples of process deliverables include project plans, risk management frameworks, quality assurance processes, or change control procedures.

Product deliverables are the tangible outcomes that are created or developed as part of the project and delivered to the client or end-users. They can be physical products, software applications, or services that meet the specified requirements and provide value to the intended recipients.

Project Milestones

Project milestone is a significant point in a project that marks the completion of a specific phase, stage, or important event. It serves as a checkpoint to assess progress and ensure that the project is on track.

Milestones can be represented by specific deliverables, such as a project plan, design document, or a completed prototype. They help monitor project progress, manage dependencies, and allow for effective communication with internal and external stakeholders.

Project deliverables will vary depending on the type of work you do, team workflow, or project scope. Here are a few examples of project deliverables

1. Software development : in a software development project, deliverables might include a functional requirements document, a software prototype, and the final software application.

2. Marketing campaign : deliverables for a marketing campaign could include a marketing plan, promotional materials, and a post-campaign performance report.

3. Research project : here, deliverables might consist of a research proposal, a literature review, and a final research report.

4. Training program : comprehensive training curriculum, training materials, assessments, training sessions, documentation, facilities and resources, a training plan, certification process, needs analysis, and feedback and improvement plan.

5. Construction project : deliverables for construction might comprise constructed building or infrastructure according to the design plans, project completion documentation, including as-built drawings and specifications, safety and compliance certificates, or operation and maintenance manuals.

6. Organizational change project : here, managing project deliverables includes creating change management plan and strategy, communication materials for stakeholders, training programs and workshops, or evaluation reports on the impact of the change.

7. Product launch project : successfully launched product in the market will include the following—marketing and promotional materials, sales performance reports, customer feedback and satisfaction surveys.

These examples illustrate the diverse range of project deliverables across various industries. And it's important to customize them based on the specific requirements and project objectives.

Sometimes it may be challenging to define project deliverables when everything seems to be important for the final project output.

Here's how to define key project deliverables in five easy steps:

1. Define the Scope

Clearly outline the project's scope, including its objectives, goals, and constraints. This will help you identify the deliverables needed to achieve the project's goals.

Don't forget about additional elements that should be specified in your project charter—project scope statement, acceptance criteria, project requirements, project plan, all tasks, costs, people involved, etc.

2. Identify Internal or External Stakeholders

Identifying key stakeholders is an important step in project management for project success because you can then better identify internal or external deliverables.

Internal stakeholders are individuals or groups within the organization directly involved in or impacted by the project. External stakeholders, on the other hand, are individuals or entities outside the organization who have an interest in or are affected by the project.

2. Be Specific

Clearly define each deliverable, providing detailed descriptions, specifications, and requirements. Ensure that each deliverable is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).

Remember that one project deliverable can be part of other project deliverables, so it's important to precise the requirements. It'll help avoid confusion and will set your priorities straight.

3. Categorize Deliverables

Organize your deliverables into categories, such as functional, technical, or administrative. This will help you manage and prioritize them more effectively.

It's easier to manage deliverables when they're separated into specific items. You can use a Work breakdown structure (WBS) method to categorize your work. It's a method recommended by the Project Management Institute .

WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. It helps organize and structure the work required to complete the project.

Each component can be further broken down into smaller tasks and activities as needed. The WBS helps in defining the scope, estimating resources, and facilitating effective project planning and management.

4. Assign Responsibilities

Clearly identify the team members responsible for each deliverable, ensuring that everyone knows their role and can be held accountable for their work.

As a project manager, you should allocate resources according to the project charter and project requirements. Team members skills and experience should correspond to the difficulty of each task and its specification.

5. Establish Timelines

Define deadlines for each deliverable, helping to keep the project on track and ensuring that stakeholders have a clear understanding of when each deliverable will be completed.

Remember, project deliverables act as a contractual agreement between the project team and stakeholders. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that they accurately reflect the agreed-upon outcomes and are well-defined and realistic. It'll help to avoid any potential misunderstandings.

6. Review and Adjust

Following project's progress will help to avoid project scope creep and deliver your project deliverables on time.

Use project management software, such as TimeCamp Planner to manage project deliverables. Not only will it help you in defining deliverables but also ensuring everything is on the right track.

Defining a good project deliverable isn't always easy. Especially, if you work on complex projects. However, there are certain steps you can take to ease this process.

Hare are a few useful tips for project deliverables to push the project forward:

Use project management tools —the right tool can help you automate and streamline workflow, better allocate resources, and monitor overall project performance.

Have a good project management plan —when you know what you want to achieve, how you plan on doing it, and what'll be involved, it's easier for managing project deliverables.

Include important documentation —additional paers, files, and other type of documents are a good addition for clarity and transparency, and as a source of reference.

Use the right productivity method —when you use the right technique (according to your personal, business, and team needs), you prioritize work effectively and can better define project deliverable.

On of the best solutions is to use a dedicated project management software. It has all the features that can help you better plan your work, communicate with your team, stakeholders, and keep everyone on the same page.

Here's what you can do with TimeCamp Planner, a robust scheduling and collaboration app, to improve process of creating project deliverables:

User-friendly and intuitive interface makes it easy for eery project manager to administer work.

You can  easily convert part of your conversation into a task —a helpful feature for creating deliverables on-the-go.

Different views for an entire project plan: Kanban, Gantt chart, task list, project timelines, or project calendars.

Every task can be adjusted— you can set a due date, assign tasks to particular people, add tags, create a to-do list, description, files, checklists, comment on it, make it a recurring task, and watch overdue tasks.

You can connect with your team via different communication channels (individual or group chat, comments and notes within a task, or make a video call).

The feature of  workspaces  allows you to create many spaces so you can share each project milestone with the stakeholders.

Monitor progress throughout all project phases with Progress Bar.

You can connect it with TimeCamp time tracker to track time for an accurate schedule.

TimeCamp Planner gives you space to freely and smoothly organize tasks and projects. You can use it as central hub for all your project deliverables. You don’t have to switch between apps and tabs. Everything is in one place!

Writing clear and concise project deliverables is essential for project success. By understanding what deliverables are, categorizing them, and defining them using SMART criteria, project managers can effectively communicate expectations, monitor progress, and ensure that project goals are met.

With these best practices in mind and good project management software, such as TimeCamp Planner, you'll be well-equipped to create effective project deliverables that drive successful outcomes.

Janelle Jenstad

At work and play

Plan Your Project: Outcomes, Objectives, and Deliverables

When I plan a project, I start with a single document or whiteboard that contains three headings: Outcomes , Objectives , and Deliverables . What goes under each of those headings? And how do I write each item? I’ve found that how I write the items is a crucial project-management strategy.

I use this method, derived from standard project management thinking, to help me write grant applications. It maps particularly well onto the components prescribed in SSHRC applications of various kinds. But you can use it for a digital humanities project, a curriculum redesign, your summer research plans, a house renovation, or even your weekend garden plans. Eventually, you’ll break down the deliverables into task and sub-tasks, but focussing initially on the Outcomes, Objectives, and Deliverables keeps you out of the weeds of detail.

I’ll give examples from a MoEML plan to finish the old-spelling anthology of the mayoral shows. See the end of the page for a non-scholarly example from a recent garden project.

How do you want the world to be different when your work is done? What do you want to be possible? What do you want people to be able to do?

The world is a big place, and perhaps your project will affect only a small corner of it, but something will be different for someone when you are done.

The standard formula is: X will VERB Y , where X is the user/person/group , the verb spells out the action that will become possible , and Y spells out the direct or indirect object and provides some context.

For the user/person/group , think about who will benefit. Whom are you trying to reach? For whom are you doing this work? It can be yourself, a particular type of person, a group, a country, or even the world.

For the verb, be specific. Use strong, descriptive verbs .

Example from MoEML:

• Teachers and students will be able to teach and read the pageant books in classrooms .
• Scholars will produce a new wave of scholarship on these occasional texts , drawing on the historical records, eyewitness accounts, and visual materials in our editions .
• Geohumanists will generate new insights about place and cultural performance .

Objectives are the things you have to do in order to make the outcomes possible. They always begin with a verb and end with a direct or indirect object . “I will” or “We will” is always the implied subject of the sentence. If your project is really big, you might want to specify the person, people,  or team who will undertake the objective; if you do specify the person/people/team, then add a comparable subject for each item so that they are grammatically and rhetorically parallel.

• [The Editorial Team will] Publish the full anthology of mayoral shows .
• [The Programming Team will] Prototype the edition of the event .
• [The General Editors will] Break the book to create the polychronic peripatetic edition .

Deliverables

Deliverables are the things you have to get done in order to achieve the objectives and make the outcomes possible . I always write deliverables as nouns. Usually, they are tangible (a file, a document, a tool, a text, a dataset, a database, a webpage, a chapter, a paper, an event). Deliverables are things you can publish, host, put somewhere, or send/read to someone.

You might divide up the deliverables into related groups. For this particular MoEML project, we had content deliverables (to be delivered by the scholarly team) and digital tool deliverables (to be delivered by the programming team). You might also add a date for delivery. SSHRC grants like deliverables spelled out by year; MoEML talks about Y1, Y2, and so on when we are organizing our deliverables.

• Transcription guidelines (Y1)
• Finding aid for extant mayoral shows in libraries (YI)
• Revised editorial declaration for shows (YI)
• Revised encoding declaration (YI)
• Finding aid and list of eyewitness accounts (YI)

Digital Tools

• Facsimile viewer (Y2)
• Encoding mechanisms for tagging place of performance, using  Triumphs of Truth  as proof of concept (by Y2)
• An anthology builder tool (Y3)
• A TEI model for the event edition (by Y4)
• A mechanism for rendering an event edition (Y5)

In two forthcoming pages, I’ll talk about how to turn deliverables in tasks, and how to mobilize your project plan for a SSHRC application. For now, I leave you with the fun example.

The Patio Project

Here’s a simplified version of the plan that drove much of my summer [2019] in direct and indirect ways. It had a few more moving parts that more than justified our use of a giant white board to plan it out. This project turned out to be dependent on several other projects (because clearing the patio meant moving a large planter box, which meant preparing beds for the plants elsewhere, which meant sifting soil, which precipitated several other projects) but that hydra-headed project is fodder for another page!

• We will be able to sit in comfort on a shady patio at high noon. [My world will be different when the project is done because the patio is currently in full sun, cluttered with planters, and occupied by an uncomfortable picnic table.]
• We will increase the food-growing capacity of our yard. [The world will be a tiny bit greener because one household will be eating fewer imported, transported, packaged, and/or sprayed food items.]
• Build a structure over the patio
• Provide seating
• Provide shade
• A clean slate for building
• Pergola design
• Completed pergola
• Four waterproof chairs
• An outdoor coffee table
• Four planting squares (amended soil, borders)
• Four grapevines

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25 Example Project Deliverables

January 27, 2022 by Bernie Roseke, P.Eng., PMP 12 Comments

Although it isn’t in the dictionary, the project management industry uses the term deliverables almost daily. I, for one am tired of MS Word underlining it as a spelling mistake.

Deliverables are the products, services, and results that a project produces. Thus, they are the cornerstone to project success.

Every project has to produce something. If you don’t have any deliverables, you don’t have a project.

Internal or External?

Deliverables can be for internal or external stakeholders.  For example, an engineering design is a deliverable for a bridge design project (external), but the biologists might produce a fish habitat study for the design team (internal – assuming they work for the same company).

Tangible or Intangible?

At our engineering company, the deliverables are usually something tangible, like a report or design plans. But they can be intangible too. For example, a project to train the employees of a certain division of the company in a certain knowledge area still has the knowledge (or courses) as the deliverable.

Big or Small?

There is no guideline as to the size of a deliverable. It is simply whatever the client, or deliveree for lack of a better term, wants.

I’m from the province of Alberta, Canada, where many oil sands mines are currently under construction, several of them worth greater than $20 billion (construction cost). For the heavy industrial construction companies that are contracted to the oil companies to build the mines, the deliverable is the completed mine. When my small engineering firm does a $5,000 hydrologic study for them, it’s also a deliverable. Even when it’s a sub-deliverable, it’s still a deliverable.

Example Deliverables

Here is a list of some sample deliverables.

• Engineering report
• Design drawings
• Design documents
• Completed product (building, bridge, etc.)
• Technical interpretation
• Site investigation report
• Design review
• Tender document
• Manufacturing process improvement
• Product quality enhancement
• New equipment or tools
• Service report
• Strategic report
• Progress report
• Improved process efficiency
• Better customer service
• Faster response time
• Marketing study
• Web site/page
• Useability report
• Product prototype
• New knowledge or experience
• Improved filing and organization systems
• Improved response procedures

What unique deliverables have you had on your projects? I’d love to hear your responses in the comments below.

Related posts:

About Bernie Roseke, P.Eng., PMP

Bernie Roseke, P.Eng., PMP, is the president of Roseke Engineering . As a bridge engineer and project manager, he manages projects ranging from small, local bridges to multi-million dollar projects. He is also the technical brains behind ProjectEngineer , the online project management system for engineers. He is a licensed professional engineer, certified project manager, and six sigma black belt. He lives in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, with his wife and two kids.

I am a student and my lecturer has giving me assignment on project management by developing a project plan for a wall construction. please help me through this email address: [email protected]

Check out our article on developing a project management plan: http://www.projectengineer.net/parts-of-a-project-management-plan/ . Also, the biggest part of a project management plan is a schedule, so here’s a handy guide on that: http://www.projectengineer.net/professional-project-scheduling/ . Good luck.

I am a student and have an assignment for a project description for a vocational training activity. What would be some of the deliverables.

I am an employee and i am confronting a project of insurance company and have to make the deliverables of it. Please give me any ide of it that what contents are including in it.

GOOD AFTERNOON. MY LECTURER GAVE US AN ASSIGNMENT OF CREATING A PROJECT CHARTER FOR A ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. PLEASE HELP AS I HAVE BEEN TRYING TO RESEARCH IT AND I CANT SEEM TO FIND THE INFORMATION.

Hi i am student and i am having an assignment to construct a swimming pull what are the deliverable and the tasks and light will assist

I am student, and have assignment for a project description of Merrall’s Airport Hotel-1, what could be some of the deliverables

I am employee a construction company as a store incharge i needs Key Deliverables points define the outcomes this position is expected to accomplish.

What is an example of a WBS element name and a deliverable name for interior finishing

Hi, I am an Immigration Officer. I am assigned as Project Coordinator to electronically register all migrants in my country, What are the deliverable, please

am a civil eng student at ksg msa kenya . i have been ask by my lecturer to write; As a project planner expert in your organization you have been asked by the management of your organization to plan for and design a project that will be implemented in the community as part of co-operate social responsibility(CSR). This project will be implemented in the next 12 months. You are required to follow this format.. i want my proposal of constractiong arural road in a remote area.plz assist

I’m trying to think of a practical example of how to differentiate between project Scope and deliverables? Can you help

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Deliverables Research Proposals Samples For Students

7 samples of this type

No matter how high you rate your writing skills, it's always a good idea to check out a competently written Research Proposal example, especially when you're dealing with a sophisticated Deliverables topic. This is exactly the case when WowEssays.com directory of sample Research Proposals on Deliverables will come in handy. Whether you need to come up with a fresh and meaningful Deliverables Research Proposal topic or survey the paper's structure or formatting peculiarities, our samples will provide you with the necessary material.

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A Comparison Of Socially-Motivated Discussion Forum Models From Lmses: Free Sample Research Proposal To Follow

Project description, good example of research proposal on plan for developing request for proposal document for immunization database in the.

The request for proposal (RFP) document for this project will be designed to address the following issues contained in the sections and subsections outlined: - Cover page This section will contain the following: name of the department (department of public health), which seeks to recruit technical team to develop the database; title of the request for proposal, date, due date for submitting the proposal, and the officer to contact. The information will be written in that order centered at the cover page. - Table of content

The table of content will contain sections within the document

Managing complex construction projects by public sector construction client research proposal examples, assessing the feasibility of opening an hm store in almaty kazakhstan research proposal examples, assessing the feasibility of opening an h and m store in almaty, kazakhstan 1.

Abstract 2 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Introduction 5 2. Problem /Opportunity 7 2.1 Business problem (opportunity) 7 2.2 Research Question 8 2.3 Research Purpose 8 2.4 Research Objectives 8 2.5 Research Scope 8 3. Literature Review 10 4. Proposed Methodology 13 4.1 Research Methodology 13 4.2 Ethical Considerations 17 5. Project Work Plan and Deliverables 18

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