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[ hahy- poth - uh -sis , hi- ]
/ haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs /
/ hī-pŏth ′ ĭ-sĭs /
, Plural hypotheses hī-pŏth ′ ĭ-sēz′
Origin of hypothesis 1
Example sentences.
Each one is a set of questions we’re fascinated by and hypotheses we’re testing.
Mousa’s research hinges on the “contact hypothesis,” the idea that positive interactions among rival group members can reduce prejudices.
Do more research on it, come up with a hypothesis as to why it underperforms, and try to improve it.
Now is the time to test your hypotheses to figure out what’s changing in your customers’ worlds, and address these topics directly.
Whether computing power alone is enough to fuel continued machine learning breakthroughs is a source of debate, but it seems clear we’ll be able to test the hypothesis.
Though researchers have struggled to understand exactly what contributes to this gender difference, Dr. Rohan has one hypothesis.
The leading hypothesis for the ultimate source of the Ebola virus, and where it retreats in between outbreaks, lies in bats.
In 1996, John Paul II called the Big Bang theory “more than a hypothesis.”
To be clear: There have been no double-blind or controlled studies that conclusively confirm this hair-loss hypothesis.
The bacteria-driven-ritual hypothesis ignores the huge diversity of reasons that could push someone to perform a religious ritual.
And remember it is by our hypothesis the best possible form and arrangement of that lesson.
Taken in connection with what we know of the nebulæ, the proof of Laplace's nebular hypothesis may fairly be regarded as complete.
What has become of the letter from M. de St. Mars, said to have been discovered some years ago, confirming this last hypothesis?
To admit that there had really been any communication between the dead man and the living one is also an hypothesis.
"I consider it highly probable," asserted Aunt Maria, forgetting her Scandinavian hypothesis.
What is a hypothesis .
In science, a hypothesis is a statement or proposition that attempts to explain phenomena or facts. Hypotheses are often tested to see if they are accurate.
Crafting a useful hypothesis is one of the early steps in the scientific method , which is central to every field of scientific experimentation. A useful scientific hypothesis is based on current, accepted scientific knowledge and is testable.
Outside of science, the word hypothesis is often used more loosely to mean a guess or prediction.
The first records of the term hypothesis come from around 1590. It comes from the Greek term hypóthesis , meaning “basis, supposition.”
Trustworthy science involves experiments and tests. In order to have an experiment, you need to test something. In science, that something is called a hypothesis . It is important to remember that, in science, a verified hypothesis is not actually confirmed to be an absolute truth. Instead, it is accepted to be accurate according to modern knowledge. Science always allows for the possibility that new information could disprove a widely accepted hypothesis .
Related to this, scientists will usually only propose a new hypothesis when new information is discovered because there is no reason to test something that is already accepted as scientifically accurate.
It can take a long time and even the discovery of new technology to confirm that a hypothesis is accurate. Physicist Albert Einstein ’s 1916 theory of relativity contained hypotheses about space and time that have only been confirmed recently, thanks to modern technology!
While in science, hypothesis has a narrow meaning, in general use its meaning is broader.
"This study confirms the hypothesis that individuals who have been infected with COVID-19 have persistent objectively measurable cognitive deficits." (N=81,337) Ventilation subgroup show 7-point reduction in IQ https://t.co/50xrNNHC5E — Claire Lehmann (@clairlemon) July 23, 2021
Not everyone drives. They can walk, cycle, catch a train, tram etc. That’s alternatives. What’s your alternative in your hypothesis? — Barry (@Bazzaboy1982) July 27, 2021
True or False?
In science, a hypothesis must be based on current scientific information and be testable.
Hypothesis is a hypothesis is fundamental concept in the world of research and statistics. It is a testable statement that explains what is happening or observed. It proposes the relation between the various participating variables.
Hypothesis is also called Theory, Thesis, Guess, Assumption, or Suggestion . Hypothesis creates a structure that guides the search for knowledge.
In this article, we will learn what hypothesis is, its characteristics, types, and examples. We will also learn how hypothesis helps in scientific research.
Table of Content
Characteristics of hypothesis, sources of hypothesis, types of hypothesis, functions of hypothesis, how hypothesis help in scientific research.
Hypothesis is a suggested idea or an educated guess or a proposed explanation made based on limited evidence, serving as a starting point for further study. They are meant to lead to more investigation.
It’s mainly a smart guess or suggested answer to a problem that can be checked through study and trial. In science work, we make guesses called hypotheses to try and figure out what will happen in tests or watching. These are not sure things but rather ideas that can be proved or disproved based on real-life proofs. A good theory is clear and can be tested and found wrong if the proof doesn’t support it.
A hypothesis is a proposed statement that is testable and is given for something that happens or observed.
Here are some key characteristics of a hypothesis:
Hypotheses can come from different places based on what you’re studying and the kind of research. Here are some common sources from which hypotheses may originate:
Here are some common types of hypotheses:
Complex hypothesis, directional hypothesis.
Alternative hypothesis (h1 or ha), statistical hypothesis, research hypothesis, associative hypothesis, causal hypothesis.
Simple Hypothesis guesses a connection between two things. It says that there is a connection or difference between variables, but it doesn’t tell us which way the relationship goes. Example: Studying more can help you do better on tests. Getting more sun makes people have higher amounts of vitamin D.
Complex Hypothesis tells us what will happen when more than two things are connected. It looks at how different things interact and may be linked together. Example: How rich you are, how easy it is to get education and healthcare greatly affects the number of years people live. A new medicine’s success relies on the amount used, how old a person is who takes it and their genes.
Directional Hypothesis says how one thing is related to another. For example, it guesses that one thing will help or hurt another thing. Example: Drinking more sweet drinks is linked to a higher body weight score. Too much stress makes people less productive at work.
Non-Directional Hypothesis are the one that don’t say how the relationship between things will be. They just say that there is a connection, without telling which way it goes. Example: Drinking caffeine can affect how well you sleep. People often like different kinds of music based on their gender.
Null hypothesis is a statement that says there’s no connection or difference between different things. It implies that any seen impacts are because of luck or random changes in the information. Example: The average test scores of Group A and Group B are not much different. There is no connection between using a certain fertilizer and how much it helps crops grow.
Alternative Hypothesis is different from the null hypothesis and shows that there’s a big connection or gap between variables. Scientists want to say no to the null hypothesis and choose the alternative one. Example: Patients on Diet A have much different cholesterol levels than those following Diet B. Exposure to a certain type of light can change how plants grow compared to normal sunlight.
Statistical Hypothesis are used in math testing and include making ideas about what groups or bits of them look like. You aim to get information or test certain things using these top-level, common words only. Example: The average smarts score of kids in a certain school area is 100. The usual time it takes to finish a job using Method A is the same as with Method B.
Research Hypothesis comes from the research question and tells what link is expected between things or factors. It leads the study and chooses where to look more closely. Example: Having more kids go to early learning classes helps them do better in school when they get older. Using specific ways of talking affects how much customers get involved in marketing activities.
Associative Hypothesis guesses that there is a link or connection between things without really saying it caused them. It means that when one thing changes, it is connected to another thing changing. Example: Regular exercise helps to lower the chances of heart disease. Going to school more can help people make more money.
Causal Hypothesis are different from other ideas because they say that one thing causes another. This means there’s a cause and effect relationship between variables involved in the situation. They say that when one thing changes, it directly makes another thing change. Example: Playing violent video games makes teens more likely to act aggressively. Less clean air directly impacts breathing health in city populations.
Hypotheses have many important jobs in the process of scientific research. Here are the key functions of hypotheses:
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
Mathematics Maths Formulas Branches of Mathematics
Hypothesis is a testable statement serving as an initial explanation for phenomena, based on observations, theories, or existing knowledge . It acts as a guiding light for scientific research, proposing potential relationships between variables that can be empirically tested through experiments and observations.
The hypothesis must be specific, testable, falsifiable, and grounded in prior research or observation, laying out a predictive, if-then scenario that details a cause-and-effect relationship. It originates from various sources including existing theories, observations, previous research, and even personal curiosity, leading to different types, such as simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative hypotheses, each serving distinct roles in research methodology .
The hypothesis not only guides the research process by shaping objectives and designing experiments but also facilitates objective analysis and interpretation of data , ultimately driving scientific progress through a cycle of testing, validation, and refinement.
What is a hypothesis.
A guess is a possible explanation or forecast that can be checked by doing research and experiments.
The components of a Hypothesis are Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Relationship between Variables, Directionality etc.
Testability, Falsifiability, Clarity and Precision, Relevance are some parameters that makes a Good Hypothesis
You cannot prove conclusively that most hypotheses are true because it’s generally impossible to examine all possible cases for exceptions that would disprove them.
Hypothesis testing is used to assess the plausibility of a hypothesis by using sample data
Yes, you can change or improve your ideas based on new information discovered during the research process.
Hypotheses are used to support scientific research and bring about advancements in knowledge.
Similar reads.
Other forms: hypotheses
In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation. Outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis .
A hypothesis is something more than a wild guess but less than a well-established theory. In science, a hypothesis needs to go through a lot of testing before it gets labeled a theory. In the non-scientific world, the word is used a lot more loosely. A detective might have a hypothesis about a crime, and a mother might have a hypothesis about who spilled juice on the rug. Anyone who uses the word hypothesis is making a guess.
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The circumstances are always changing, but successful investors look beyond the present situation.
Everyone likely knows that something is up with the U.S. economy -- it's a major talking point for the upcoming presidential election. That said, it's hard to say what exactly is happening. But Dollar General ( DG -0.66% ) CEO Todd Vasos believes he has a better idea than most.
On Aug. 29, Dollar General reported its financial results for the second quarter of 2024, and Vasos went into finer detail than usual to discuss what's happening beneath the surface. And for low-income Americans, the picture isn't pretty.
Dollar General has over 20,000 locations and positions itself in rural areas where people might not have many shopping options. But these tend to be lower-income areas, meaning that a large percentage of its customers -- over 60% -- earn less than $35,000 per year. This income bracket is struggling.
Vasos says that 30% of its customers have maxed out at least one credit card, and about one-quarter believe they'll miss a payment in the next six months. This situation is affecting consumer behavior, and Dollar General isn't the only company seeing it.
Since many of them are struggling to pay the bills, Dollar General's customers are cutting back on discretionary purchases and only buying the essentials, such as food. Rival Dollar Tree ( DLTR -1.02% ) noticed the same trend in its Q2 2024. At both its Dollar Tree chain and its Family Dollar chain, sales for consumable products were up, whereas sales for discretionary items were down.
According to Dollar Tree's management: "As we have seen for several quarters now, demand from Family Dollar's core lower-income customer remains weak." This is what Dollar General has observed.
It's more than just the dollar store chains. Even an e-commerce giant such as Amazon ( AMZN -0.44% ) is noting some related trends. CEO Andy Jassy recently said: "We're seeing lower average selling prices or ASPs right now because customers continue to trade down on price when they can."
Management at Walmart ( WMT 0.41% ) agrees that everyone is looking for value. But it offered an additional insight that bears mentioning. The company's CFO says: "Upper-income households [are] continuing to account for the majority of gains."
Putting all these insights together, it seems that lower-income consumers are struggling, whereas people in higher income brackets are fine. Now, I know that this sounds intuitive, but it's actually a little unusual. During tough economic times, people often change behavior regardless of income brackets.
Investors can look at companies such as RH (NYSE: RH) for additional insight here. RH sells luxury furniture, and provides other services to upper-income individuals. The company expects to grow its revenue by 5% to 7% this year, in a relative show of strength for high-income customers.
In other words, it appears that higher-income individuals are continuing on as if things are normal with the economy. But lower-income individuals are struggling to make ends meet and have consequently modified their spending habits.
Everyone wants to know what's going to happen with the economy so that they know exactly how to "play" it. But I'm afraid it's impossible to say what will happen next, because the past isn't a reliable guide for the future.
Investors can certainly find similarities to past economic cycles. But how things are playing out are unique to right now. Stanford professor Scott Sagan once wryly said: "Things that have never happened before happen all the time."
Therefore, if you're looking for a detailed stock market playbook for the next year or so, I'm sorry to disappoint you. I don't have one.
The truth is that investors don't know what's coming next. Ironically, investors never actually do. But there are times -- like now -- when investors feel less confident than they normally do. When things are going well, people think they know exactly what will happen, even though they don't. It's only when things start going downhill that they feel uneasy.
However, there is an actionable takeaway nevertheless. It just might not be the expected takeaway.
Investors must invest in companies for the long term. Trying to make an investment based on where we are in the economic cycle, monetary policy, or geopolitics will yield lackluster returns because those are things we can't predict. Commentary from management teams at Dollar General and Walmart can be helpful to a degree. But investors still need to think in terms of years rather than months.
Famous investor Warren Buffett said: "If you aren't thinking about owning a stock for ten years, don't even think about owning it for ten minutes." That's the spirit behind this. Investors need to buy shares of top companies that are positioned to thrive in a variety of potential economic environments.
I could probably come up with a long list of stocks that I wouldn't mind owning for the next year or so, based on my assumptions of what will happen next with the economy. That list gets much shorter the further out I set my sights. But the list I create with a longer-term mindset will likely be of much higher quality, since I'd weed out the ideas that need things to go exactly according to my near-term assumptions.
The economy is in an interesting place, and we likely haven't seen things exactly as they are right now. But developing a long-term investor mindset is still best, regardless of what happens next.
John Mackey, former CEO of Whole Foods Market, an Amazon subsidiary, is a member of The Motley Fool's board of directors. Jon Quast has positions in Dollar General. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends Amazon and Walmart. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy .
Invest better with The Motley Fool. Get stock recommendations, portfolio guidance, and more from The Motley Fool's premium services.
What does the thunderbolts* asterisk mean 8 theories about the marvel movie's title.
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I think i know what the thunderbolts* asterisk means, & it’s bad news for the mcu’s team, thunderbolts*: everything we learned from the first trailer.
The title of Thunderbolts* is a massive talking point due to the addition of a mysterious asterisk, prompting many theories about what this could mean. Even after the release of Thunderbolts* first trailer , the asterisk is still the burning question about the film. Despite the combination of several popular Marvel characters comprising the Thunderbolts' MCU team members , the lingering idea that the title's asterisk has a hidden meaning is proving to overshadow most other aspects of the film.
The asterisk of the title is proving to be such a talking point that even the cast members of Thunderbolts* have addressed it. The likes of David Harbour and Florence Pugh have hinted that all will be revealed upon the release of the upcoming Marvel movie in May 2025, though this has not slowed down the theory-crafting from Marvel fans. With so many possibilities for what the asterisk could mean, Thunderbolts* is quickly becoming one of the more discussed movies of recent years concerning the MCU.
In literature, an asterisk is defined as a symbol used as a pointer to an annotation or footnote, usually leading to further, initially unseen information.
The marvel comics team could be making its way to the mcu.
Perhaps the most popular theory surrounding the Thunderbolts* asterisk is that it signifies an entirely different name for the team. The team in question is the Dark Avengers from Marvel Comics. The Dark Avengers were initially a collection of prominent Marvel supervillains - or heroes who were duped by Norman - who were dressed and marketed as popular Avengers, led by none other than Norman Osborn/Green Goblin himself. Osborn did this as both a way to undermine the real Avengers and increase his public perception, as he was widely known as the Goblin in the Marvel universe.
Marvel Comics Character | Supervillain Alias | Dark Avengers Alias |
---|---|---|
Norman Osborn | Green Goblin | Iron Patriot |
Mac Gargan | Venom | Spider-Man |
Benjamin Poindexter | Bullseye | Hawkeye |
Noh-Varr | N/A | Captain Marvel |
Karla Sofen | Moonstone | Ms. Marvel |
Daken | Hellverine (After Dark Avengers) | Wolverine |
The Thunderbolts/Dark Avengers theory stems from the idea that the MCU is telling a similar story in the 2025 film. In this case, Valentina Allegra de Fontaine can act as the morally questionable stand-in for Norman Osborn . As a result, the confirmed Thunderbolts members would be the former villains/antiheroes who take the place of prominent Avengers.
U.S. Agent and Sentry are both in Thunderbolts* and have been members of the Dark Avengers in the comics.
John Walker (U.S. Agent), Bucky (formerly Winter Soldier), and Alexei (Red Guardian) would serve as the Dark Avengers' Captain America, while Yelena Belove would do so for Black Widow. Taskmaster can mimic any superpowers, shown to do so with Hawkeye in Black Widow , thus being his replacement. Ghost could be the Ant-Man replacement, or even Iron Man depending on the powers of her new suit, while Bob a.k.a. Sentry rivals the raw strength of Thor and Hulk. Using Marvel Comics as a template, the Thunderbolts* asterisk could mean the members are the Dark Avengers after all.
Marvel comics' big coincidence could be made a distinct mcu choice.
One of the biggest coincidences in Marvel Comics is that Red Hulk/Thunderbolt Ross eventually becomes a member of the Thunderbolts team. In the MCU, it could be the case that the Thunderbolts are being changed to be named after Thunderbolt Ross/Red Hulk, with the asterisk in the Thunderbolts* title signifying his involvement in the film. Only three months before Thunderbolts* releases, the cast of Captain America: Brave New World will introduce Harrison Ford as the recast Thunderbolt Ross and depict his transformation into Red Hulk.
Captain America: Brave New World is set to introduce Red Hulk, a new villain with ties going as far as the very beginning of the entire MCU.
Captain America 4 will introduce Ross as the President of the United States, meaning he has authority over Val, who Black Panther: Wakanda Forever confirmed as the director of the CIA. As such, a connection between the two characters makes sense. A popular theory is that Ross is involved in Thunderbolts* in some capacity, either as its pseudo-leader, hence the name and the asterisk , or as a powerful ally they can call in if they need the strength of a Hulk, with the asterisk hiding his involvement as a member.
A covert version of the avengers could be built in thunderbolts*.
Although the MCU Thunderbolts could be built as the Dark Avengers, the asterisk could mean another version of Earth's Mightiest Heroes. After the Dark Avengers were disbanded in Marvel Comics, Captain America took over from Norman Osborn, reformed The Avengers, and even built a covert, black ops team dubbed the Secret Avengers. In the MCU, the asterisk in Thunderbolts* could signal that this team is not the Thunderbolts at all, but instead the beginnings of the Secret Avengers.
The Secret Avengers has somewhat been depicted in the MCU between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War, consisting of Steve Rogers' Captain America, Black Widow, Falcon, and Scarlet Witch.
This connects again to Captain America: Brave New World 's story , which could end with Sam taking over from Ross/Red Hulk to lead America's security. He could contact Bucky, who he has a close connection with, and form the Secret Avengers. Sam Wilson knows the advantages of a covert Avengers group after being part of one in the MCU's Phase Three, with Captain America building his own version for Phase Five. While Val's involvement could put a spanner in the works, Thunderbolts* could end with the titular team being Val's version, and the asterisk signifying Cap's version: the Secret Avengers.
The Thunderbolts members being reformed as the Secret Avengers would also make more sense than the Dark Avengers. After all, it is difficult to class any of Thunderbolts* characters as supervillains, with most being conflicted, flawed antiheroes . Therefore, the Thunderbolts being the Secret Avengers in the MCU simply fit each character better than changing them to be outright supervillains like Green Goblin, Venom, and Bullseye.
Val is an mcu wildcard in thunderbolts*.
Undoubtedly, the biggest mystery of the Thunderbolts* roster is Valentina Allegra de Fontaine. Thus far in the MCU, Val's motivations have been incredibly unclear. At first, she was a secretive, spy-like character who recruited John Walker and Yelena Belova, the latter to kill Clint Barton/Hawkeye for unknown reasons, theorized to be Madame HYDRA. Then, she was developed as the director of the CIA who wanted to get her hands on Vibranium from Wakanda.
Thunderbolts* has been made more interesting due to an asterisk in the title; I think I know what it means, and it spells trouble for the team.
Going into Thunderbolts* it is still unclear what Val wants in the long run. With that in mind, this could be what the title's asterisk signifies. Asterisks are used to denote further information that is not immediately visible. In this case, that information could be Val's villainous motivations that no one knows about before Thunderbolts* releases .
Thunderbolts* has a secret team member.
Another mystery raised by the trailer for the 2025 Marvel film was the identity of Thunderbolts* Bob . Bob is depicted as a seemingly normal man in the Thunderbolts* trailer who is simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. However, rumors from the casting of Bob as well as hints in the trailer point toward Bob being Robert Reynolds a.k.a. Sentry. Sentry is a superhero from Marvel Comics who is essentially the Marvel version of Superman, a near-invulnerable hero with many powers and immense durability.
The trailer for Thunderbolts* shows Bob uninjured yet wearing clothes littered with bullet holes, indicating his durability as Sentry.
With the trailers for Thunderbolts* hiding Bob's real nature as Sentry, this is what the title's asterisk could mean. As alluded to several times, asterisks indicate footnotes that give further information. Regarding this theory specifically, the asterisk is signaling the extra member of the Thunderbolts in Bob, with the further information being his superhero identity as Sentry .
Sentry is an interesting double-edged sword in marvel comics.
In Marvel Comics, the character of Sentry comes as a package deal with a dark alter ego. That alter ego is named the Void as is essentially a manifestation of Robert Reynolds' darker side, possessing the same immense powers as he does as Sentry. This gives the character a notable weakness to offset his amazing power as well as sympathetic explorations of his darkest elements.
Much like how the asterisk in the Thunderbolts* title could indicate Bob as Sentry, it could also indicate the hidden antagonistic aspect of the Void...
Where Sentry is, the Void is not far behind. This indicates trouble for Thunderbolts* and the members of the titular team, with Bob's Void personality expected to be one of the film's primary villains. Much like how the asterisk in the Thunderbolts* title could indicate Bob as Sentry, it could also indicate the hidden antagonistic aspect of the Void.
The thunderbolts* trailer hints as much.
The final theory concerning the Thunderbolts* asterisk stems from the first trailer for the film released by Marvel Studios. The trailer gave some interesting insights into the formation of the Thunderbolts as a team, potentially hinting that they were never supposed to be a team at all. In the Thunderbolts* trailer, Yelena, John Walker, Ghost, and Taskmaster find themselves at a secluded location resembling a giant warehouse before fighting each other briefly and subsequently talking things out.
Yelena quickly comes to the realization that everyone there, seemingly minus Bob, has done awful things in the past. From taking down government labs to assassinations, each of the characters assembled in Thunderbolts* knows a lot about covert operations and could be someone who needs to be silenced. The members of the film are then shown escaping in various ways, leading to the theory that t he title's asterisk indicates that the Thunderbolts were never meant to be a team, but a hit list .
The thunderbolts will form from the ashes of this hit list.
The asterisk symbolizing that the Thunderbolts were never supposed to be a team could actually lead to another usage of the symbol in the title. If the above theory is correct and the members of the Thunderbolts were originally supposed to be killed, it would make a lot of sense for them to team up to find who was responsible. It is likely that this person is Val, and she plays it off as a way of bringing them together.
Regardless, this temporary alliance will likely spiral into a permanent one, thus forming the Thunderbolts. Herein lies the final potential meaning of the asterisk in the film's title. Assuming that it is true the Thunderbolts were never meant to be formed, the asterisk could symbolize this. The further information it denotes could be that, despite original intentions, a team formed in the alliance that spawned from the assassination attempt against each member. Whether this and the many other theories are true remains to be seen, and more will undoubtedly be crafted before Thunderbolts* releases in May 2025.
Marvel's Thunderbolts* is a superhero movie based on the comic team of the same name. The movie acts as a part of the MCU's fifth phase of films. The film sees the likes of Bucky Barnes, Yelena Belova, Wyatt Russell, the Red Guardian, and more as an unlikely group of heroes and villains brought together to fight for good.
Thunderbolts*.
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If "ultraav" has randomly appeared on your pc, here's why, openai's x account got hacked: here's what happened, quick links, what is doxing, how does doxing affect everyday people, how doxing ruins lives: examples, how could doxing affect you and what can you do about it.
Doxing is short for “dropping dox,” with “dox” simply being an abbreviation of “documents.” It sounds like a harmless thing to do, but victims of doxing would definitely disagree.
Doxing is a malicious attack typically perpetrated by hackers. So what is it and should you be concerned about being doxed?
Doxing—sometimes spelled ‘doxxing’—is the act of releasing private information publicly, without an individual’s consent.
This can be something seemingly simple like sharing your name, email address, date of birth, or similar Personally Identifiable Information (PII) . Or doxing can include data that’s an immediate red flag like your financial details, where you live, and personal photos.
Such information can be stolen and shared using various techniques including hacking, social engineering like phishing, exploitation of social media, and searching public databases then potentially linking gleaned data with an individual.
Even someone linking your personal social media accounts with your professional profiles and making that information public can be damaging.
What does ‘public’ really mean? It can mean being shared on social media, obviously. But, it could also mean your email being added to lists on the dark web .
If someone has shared personal information of you without your consent and with malicious intent, you’ve been doxed. This can have serious ramifications, from identity theft to mental illness.
Sharing private information can mean someone is targeted by other hackers or by the general public. Firstly, it’s an invasion of privacy so that comes with a feeling of betrayal and vulnerability. Whether you know who leaked the information or not, you can still feel targeted and worry about further consequences.
Those consequences depend on what information is made public.
It can lead to identity theft or fraud. If financial data is shared, that can result in the loss of a lot of money. If your online purchases or search histories are leaked, you could risk your relationships or your job. If someone sees your sensitive photos online, that too could damage your personal and professional reputation.
Once your private details are out there, the genie won’t go back into that bottle.
Leaked information also means you’re a bigger target for other cybercriminals. We’ll take your email address as an example because it seems like something harmless. You give it out to family and friends already. Many shops ask for your email address to send digital receipts or sign up to loyalty cards. It’s understandable if you think it doesn’t matter if your email address is made public.
Your inbox is now fair game: anyone can email you.
Yes, you might start receiving a lot of spam messages. Some will inevitably get through your spam filters. You might accidentally open one and get drawn into the scam. By clicking on a link, even by mistake, you could have downloaded malware to your device; if you’re really fooled by the phishing message, you may submit further personal details, meaning more information is in the hands of cybercriminals.
They can also use your email address to sign up to services. If you receive a slew of messages saying that you’ve created an account or signed up for newsletters, there’s very little you can do about it, except, perhaps, unsubscribe from email lists in the latter case. (Although even then, you have to be careful when unsubscribing from spam : if this is a scam newsletter, a fake notification, then that link to unsubscribe could mean you accidentally download malware too.)
Make no mistake about it: doxing can ruin lives.
You may think that you have nothing to hide. That’s fine, but that doesn’t mean you can’t be affected by doxing. Firstly, note that, whether you’re an open book or not, falling victim to hackers and scammers will still feel awful. And don’t forget that doxing is an invasion of privacy.
Doxing can also simply mean your name is linked to something you’re otherwise unconnected to, and that can cause big problems.
Take Claira Janover as an example. As a hyperbolic reaction to the All Lives Matter movement, itself a response to the Black Lives Matter campaign after the death of George Floyd, Janover made a satirical TikTok video comparing stabbings to paper cuts. It was, perhaps, in poor taste, but nonetheless simply a tongue-in-cheek short video.
The video gained traction. This being the internet, things got out of hand very quickly. It wasn’t long before she was being accused of inciting violence. That resulted in her receiving rape and death threats. Janover’s real address was leaked online, so she had to move to a more private apartment with better security.
What’s more, her LinkedIn profile meant Janover was connected to her upcoming employment at financial auditors, Deloitte. The company rescinded her job offer, stating that it "cannot have somebody work for us who in any shape, way, or form endorses or promotes violence, even if it was satirical” (courtesy of Business Insider ).
The Boston bombings of 2013 are another good example of this. Public communities on Reddit, 4Chan, and similar platforms attempted to identify the bombers and misidentified numerous suspects. This included one person who’d been missing for a month and was later found having committed suicide. Being misidentified as a bomber caused immeasurable hurt for the family.
The internet is reactionary, and many users forget that online individuals are real people.
It doesn’t matter if you’re not on TikTok. Nor if you don’t have nudes hidden in your iCloud account. Doxing can affect anyone and everyone.
So what can you do to combat doxing ? There’s a limited amount you can do, but awareness is the first step, leading to a greater realisation that your private data is important and shouldn’t be handed out to any outlet asking for it.
Make sure your social media pages are private. This severely limits what information can be leaked. You have to be vigilant about who you accept as followers too: there’s no use making a private account if you’re then going to let complete strangers you’ve not vetted have access to your details.
Don’t forget that, if you want a public profile, you can also set more sensitive posts on Facebook as Friends Only .
Essentially, you need to practice strong cybersecurity measures like hiding your IP address using a VPN, creating numerous email accounts for different purposes, and learning how to spot phishing emails.
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Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question.
Definition: Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation. Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments ...
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ...
Many people think a hypothesis is just a wild guess. This is not true. A hypothesis is based on existing knowledge and theories. Another common mistake is making the hypothesis too broad. A good hypothesis should be specific and testable. Steps to Formulate a Hypothesis. Formulating a hypothesis is a critical step in the scientific method.
3 Define your variables. Once you have an idea of what your hypothesis will be, select which variables are independent and which are dependent. Remember that independent variables can only be factors that you have absolute control over, so consider the limits of your experiment before finalizing your hypothesis.
The meaning of HYPOTHESIS is an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument. How to use hypothesis in a sentence. The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory Synonym Discussion of Hypothesis.
Merriam Webster defines a hypothesis as "an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument.". In other words, a hypothesis is an educated guess. Scientists make a reasonable assumption--or a hypothesis--then design an experiment to test whether it's true or not.
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for an observation. The definition depends on the subject. In science, a hypothesis is part of the scientific method. It is a prediction or explanation that is tested by an experiment. Observations and experiments may disprove a scientific hypothesis, but can never entirely prove one.
A hypothesis is a prediction of what will be found at the outcome of a research project and is typically focused on the relationship between two different variables studied in the research. It is usually based on both theoretical expectations about how things work and already existing scientific evidence. Within social science, a hypothesis can ...
Examples. A research hypothesis, in its plural form "hypotheses," is a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study, established at its outset. It is a key component of the scientific method. Hypotheses connect theory to data and guide the research process towards expanding scientific understanding.
There are 5 main steps in hypothesis testing: State your research hypothesis as a null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis (H o) and (H a or H 1). Collect data in a way designed to test the hypothesis. Perform an appropriate statistical test. Decide whether to reject or fail to reject your null hypothesis. Present the findings in your results ...
5.2 - Writing Hypotheses. The first step in conducting a hypothesis test is to write the hypothesis statements that are going to be tested. For each test you will have a null hypothesis (H 0) and an alternative hypothesis (H a). When writing hypotheses there are three things that we need to know: (1) the parameter that we are testing (2) the ...
A hypothesis is a supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment. It is like a scientific guess. It's an idea or prediction that scientists make before they do experiments.
Hypothesis Versus Theory . Although in common usage the terms hypothesis and theory are used interchangeably, the two words mean something different from each other in science. Like a hypothesis, a theory is testable and may be used to make predictions. However, a theory has been tested using the scientific method many times.
hypothesis, something supposed or taken for granted, with the object of following out its consequences (Greek hypothesis, "a putting under," the Latin equivalent being suppositio). Discussion with Kara Rogers of how the scientific model is used to test a hypothesis or represent a theory Kara Rogers, senior biomedical sciences editor of ...
The hypothesis of Andreas Cellarius, showing the planetary motions in eccentric and epicyclical orbits. A hypothesis (pl.: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with ...
HYPOTHESIS definition: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
Hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a study. Hypotheses are drawn from theories and research questions or from direct observations. In fact, a research problem can be formulated as a hypothesis. To test the hypothesis we need to formulate it in terms that can actually be analysed with statistical tools.
HYPOTHESIS meaning: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
Hypothesis definition: a proposition, or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena, either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide investigation (working hypothesis ) or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts.. See examples of HYPOTHESIS used in a sentence.
Hypothesis is a hypothesis is fundamental concept in the world of research and statistics. It is a testable statement that explains what is happening or observed. It proposes the relation between the various participating variables. Hypothesis is also called Theory, Thesis, Guess, Assumption, or Suggestion. Hypothesis creates a structure that ...
In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation. Outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis.
Lower-income people in the U.S. are struggling to pay their bills and are choosing to cut everything but the basics. There's reason to think that higher-income individuals are still spending like ...
The title of Thunderbolts* is a massive talking point due to the addition of a mysterious asterisk, prompting many theories about what this could mean. Even after the release of Thunderbolts* first trailer, the asterisk is still the burning question about the film.Despite the combination of several popular Marvel characters comprising the Thunderbolts' MCU team members, the lingering idea that ...
Doxing can also simply mean your name is linked to something you're otherwise unconnected to, and that can cause big problems. Take Claira Janover as an example. As a hyperbolic reaction to the All Lives Matter movement, itself a response to the Black Lives Matter campaign after the death of George Floyd, Janover made a satirical TikTok video ...