scientific thesis template latex

The MIT thesis template in LaTeX

The latex template.

The current MIT thesis template was developed in 2023, using up-to-date LaTeX coding, to meet the current formatting requirements of the MIT Libraries. The title and abstract pages are automatically laid out from information provided by the user. This template includes options to use a variety of fonts, and it is compatible with either pdfTeX or unicode engines such as luaLaTeX. When using LaTeX formats dated November 2022 or later, the resulting pdf file meets the PDF/A-2b archivability standard. A standard TeX Live installation includes all other packages required by the template.

• Download The most current LaTeX files for this template are distributed through the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN): https://ctan.org/pkg/mitthesis
• Documentation Documentation for the template in pdf format Documentation: here . -->
• Gallery of fonts Sample theses in the font sets defined by the template. Gallery of fonts: here . -->
• Sample title pages Sample title pages for various combinations of authors and degrees. Sample title pages: are here . -->
• Overleaf The template is also in Overleaf.com's template gallery. Overleaf.com: , here .--> Learn more about Overleaf at MIT .

This template was written by John Lienhard at the request of the MIT Libraries.

Specifications for MIT theses

The formatting requirements for MIT theses are set by the MIT Libraries, as described at this url: http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/thesis-specs/ . Questions regarding these specifications should be directed to [email protected] .

The original LaTeX 2.09 template was written by Stephen Gildea in the late 1980s (also in CTAN, here ). That template was edited by many later students, leading to the files archived here.

LaTeX has changed greatly since the original MIT thesis template was written. LaTeX 2.09 was replaced by LaTeX2e in 1994. New engines were developed, particularly pdfTeX during the 1990s and Unicode-aware engines in the decades that followed. Many packages and fonts were developed to accompany the original platform, particularly after 2000; and major updates to the LaTeX kernel began in 2018. Over the years, the MIT Libraries have changed the required format several times, especially as electronic thesis submission has become the norm. The original template served MIT well; but by the early 2020s, it was substantially out of date. That situation motivated the creation of this new template.

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LaTeX templates for writing a thesis

Aside from CTAN, what are good resources/repositories for Latex templates? In particular, I'm looking for some pretty Thesis templates (I'm familiar with classicthesis)

• repositories
• Should this be for thesis templates, or for templates in general? So far, your answers have all been thesis templates. I'm looking for other templates. Please either edit the question to read "Resources/Sites for thesis templates", or clarify that you want general templates. (Or, simply delete your parenthetical note.) –  Kevin Vermeer Commented Jul 29, 2010 at 19:51
• I think 'templates in general' might be too broad. As it is, 'thesis templates' is quite a wide topic. –  Joseph Wright ♦ Commented Jul 30, 2010 at 5:43

17 Answers 17

In my case, I actually found it easiest to roll my own using the memoir package as a base. It's very well documented, and setting the appropriate margins, double/one-half line spacing, etc. was very easy. And it makes it easy to play around a bit within the thesis guidelines, for instance making fancy chapter headings.

• 1 Although it uses the book class, Siarhei Khirevich's tips might be inspiring to customize headers, chose a font, parametrize microtype, hacking bibtex, etc. –  Clément Commented Jun 12, 2014 at 16:33

Robert Poser has created a site dedicated to thesis templates:

http://www.thesis-template.com/

The link is currently dead, but that web site can still be read using archive.org (the Internet wayback machine) choosing a snapshot date such as February 8, 2014 . The thesis template site mostly just links to available external sites with templates.

It provides links to ready-to-go thesis templates of various universities worldwide. There's even a google map for viewing the templates origins on the world map.

Besides LaTeX templates there are also LyX thesis templates.

UK-TUG have a list of thesis templates from various UK institutions at http://uk.tug.org/training/thesis/ . There is also a good generic template at http://www.sunilpatel.co.uk/thesistemplate.php , but I'm note sure any of these are 'pretty'. At least in the UK the requirements tend to be vary much geared around a traditional manuscript style (double spaced and so on).

• Note (Jan 2014): many of the links from the above age are dead now. –  Chris H Commented Jan 6, 2014 at 11:44
• @ChrisH I will see what I can do about that: we don't unfortunately get much direct information on this so have to rely on what we find! –  Joseph Wright ♦ Commented Jan 6, 2014 at 12:08
• The link to "Using LaTeX to Write a PhD Thesis" is now dickimaw-books.com/latex/thesis (sys.uea.ac.uk was changed to cmp.uea.ac.uk many years ago, if anyone finds any old links to it, although I've moved most of my LaTeX resources from cmp.uea.ac.uk to dickimaw-books.com.) –  Nicola Talbot Commented Jun 12, 2014 at 16:31

I'm currently writing a (bachelor) thesis myself and just using the LaTeX's own "report" class, I find it meets all of my universities requirements when I only use a custom title page.

• 3 I used scrreprt and I didn't even have to modify the title page. –  marczellm Commented Jan 6, 2015 at 15:28

For the spanish speaking community, I maintain a thesis format which can be easily adapted to the requirements of different universities. The format itself can be used to write thesis documents in any language, but it has a spanish option which takes care of loading a suitable set of packages and options to get the entire format consistently translated into spanish.

There is an unofficial class sapthesis for the Laurea, Laurea Specialistica and Dottorato degrees at the La Sapienza university of Rome.

Chances are, your institution will have pretty strict specifications for your thesis format. If you're lucky your institution may have a class file or some grad students may maintain a unofficial template.

Purdue University (a state school in Indiana, USA) has a document class that may be a good starting point.

https://engineering.purdue.edu/~mark/puthesis/

An additional complication at Purdue is that each department has additional constraints on the formatting so the document class takes an option to specify the department.

• 5 “ Chances are, your institution will have pretty strict specifications” – is this actually common? My University has absolutely zero specs. I’m the author, I decide the format. –  Konrad Rudolph Commented Aug 5, 2010 at 9:34
• 8 In U.S. institutions it's the absolute norm, not the exception. And the formatting guidelines are usually awful as well. –  Alan Munn Commented Jan 10, 2011 at 1:09
• 6 @Konrad: When Alan says "awful," he really means awful . They're atrocious. –  TH. Commented Jan 10, 2011 at 1:57
• 1 In German institutions it's the absolute exception, not the norm. Only things like the exact words to be used for the declaration about having written the thesis oneself, marked quotations, named all sources and so on as well as some rules about the title page, inclusion of CV and such things are regulated. –  Stephen Commented Sep 26, 2011 at 7:11

There seems to be a nice compilation of thesis templates on this site:

https://www.sharelatex.com/templates/thesis/

These templates include many already mentioned here.

A really great place for LaTeX templates is:

http://www.latextemplates.com

This website is beautifully laid out and the templates are sorted into categories that make it easy to find the template that is best suited to your purposes. All of the templates have PDF examples and full template code.

I am not affiliated with this website in any way but have used it many times.

I use tex live utility on the mac to maintain my tex distribution. Specifically I use the ctan repository. On searching for thesis templates, I got style (cls) files for the following thesis formats. More information can be found on their respective ctan pages.

afthesis, classicthesis, ebsthesis, gatech-thesis, hepthesis, muthesis, psu-thesis, ryethesis, seuthesis, thuthesis, ucdavisthesis, ucthesis, uiucthesis, umich-thesis, umthesis, ut-thesis, uwthesis, york-thesis

My suggestion would be to see which one of these is closest to your university's requirements and then build on that. To search for each of the above theses files, use the following link format: http://www.ctan.org/cgi-bin/filenameSearch.py?filename=afthesis&Search=Search and replace the name appropriately and on the page visit the readme page for more details.

Unofficial (but linked from the Graduate School webpages) thesis template for Tennessee Tech University .

At the moment, the development snapshot is more advanced (automatic generation of front matter pages, ToC and related list page headers), and is nearly ready to be merged back to the stable version. Only 13 commands required for generating a basic thesis (plus any \include commands for your chapters and appendices).

Based off memoir, with hyperref, hypcap, ifthen, indentfirst, listings, memhfixc, nomencl, refcount, rotating, and ted packages required.

I just redid the uclathesis class, and in the process collected (iirc without checking) about a dozen thesis classes from various schools in the US and Europe to look at how others did this or that. In the end I used memoir, and it was pretty simple and straightforward, all in all. The part that took the longest (a day?) was the construction of the frontmatter pages (titlepage, signature page, copyright, vita, dedication, acknowledgements, abstract) which all had to have a special format.

I could email you any or all of these, and, even tho I'm probably not in the same class as many of the latex coders here, I'd be happy to advise you if you need it, since this is an exercise that I just finished.

Illinois Institute of Technology has their thesis class at available from the Graduate College website . A lot of the commands are somewhat nonstandard (for example capitalized \Section commands), so I've been redoing the class file as I work on my thesis. I'll post the result somewhere when the thesis examiner likes it.

The Université de Lorraine (in France), and more specifically the LORIA lab, developped a template that can be easily adapted.

You may find it at http://www.loria.fr/~roegel/TeX/TUL.html , but this page as well as the documentation is in French.

8< = = = = = = = = = = =

Another template was developped by the "association des doctorants de l'IRISA et de l'École doctorale Matisse en informatique, traitement du signal et électronique", a french team.

You may find it at http://www.irisa.fr/adoc/WikiWeb/pmwiki.php?n=Main.ModeleLatex

http://github.com/AndreyAkinshin/Russian-Phd-LaTeX-Dissertation-Template

Russian PhD thesis (Candidate of Sciences dissertation) template compatible with national standard (GOST).

NOVAthesis is an active and full featured LaTeX thesis template, designed to be easily accessible to LaTeX beginners. It will do all you need except writing the thesis for you!

The template is multilingual and easily costumizable. It has considerable large user communities at Facebook (use PT or EN) and GitHub (use EN only). There is also a new blog (in PT) about LaTeX and with tips on how to use and configure the novathesis template.

Give it a try… you won't regret! :)

• The NOVAthesis template is now an official template at Overleaf , making it trivial to experiment with it. –  João Lourenço Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 3:01

I really like and highly recommend the LaTeX Thesis Template from Matthias Pospiech. It's so huge, it's actually more like a framework, comes with it's own 272 page documentation and is constantly being revised with it's current version from 2018-09-20, compilable with the current TeXlive 2018.

target users This template was developed with all sorts of structured documents in mind that require a good citation and reference framework with a customizable layout. It has so far been used for bachelor, master and phd-thesis as well as the thesis of teachers in their practical year. These theses had all a natural science background, which means that also this template is optimized for the needs of people in natural sciences. Nevertheless it should be easily adaptable to topics in humanities, linguistics or even arts. This template has been used under the supervision of the maintainer by very early beginners and also advanced LaTeX users. The experience was that beginners as well as advanced users are more productive with it because ‘it just works’, while the more advanced users additionally know that they can find all options for later modifications because of the documentation in the code.

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A LaTeX template for thesis, dissertations and similar monograph-like documents

View the Project on GitHub joaomlourenco/novathesis

• Download ZIP File
• Download TAR Ball
• View On GitHub

With a Local LaTeX Installation

With a remote cloud-based service, problems and difficulties, suggestions, bugs and feature requests, word templates.

If you choose to use this project, please:

• Give it a star by clicking the (⭐️) at the top right of the project’s page .
• Make a small donation ( pay me a beer! )
• Cite the NOVAthesis manual in your thesis/dissertation (e.g., in the acknowledgments) with \cite{novathesis-manual} (the correct bibliographic reference will be added automatically).

The “ novathesis ” LaTeX template is an Open Source project for writing thesis, dissertations, and other monograph-like documents, which…

• Just select the School, provide the cover info, your chapters with text… and you’re done!
• It’s LaTeX! What would you expect?! 😉
• E.g., multiple chapter styles, multiple font styles, automatic book spine generation, …
• Currently supports +20 Schools, drawing the covers and typesetting the text according to the rules of each School.

This work is licensed under the LaTeX Project Public License v1.3c. To view a copy of this license, visit the LaTeX project public license .

Getting Started

See below for alternatives to a local LaTeX installation

See “ minimal installation ” for instructions on how to build/use a minimal installation of LaTeX (<100 MB vs. 5GB for tex-live), which is just enough to compile the template successfully

• Windows: install TeX-Live or MikTeX .
• Linux: install TeX-Live or MikTeX .
• macOS: install MacTeX (a macOS version of TeX-Live ) or MikTeX .
• Cloning the GitHub repository with git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/joaomlourenco/novathesis.git ; or
• Downloading the latest version from the GitHub repository as a Zip file
• The main file is named “ template.tex ”.
• Either load it in your favorite LaTeX text editor or compile it in the terminal with latexmk -shell-escape -file-line-error -pdf template . If you use a LaTeX text editor, please notice that the NOVAthesis template uses biber and not bibtex to process the bibliography, which means that most probably you have to open the Editor Preferences and somewhere (depends on the Editor) change bibtex to biber .
• If Murphy is elsewhere, LaTeX will create the file “ template.pdf ”, which you may open with your favorite PDF viewer.
• Edit the files in the “ Config ” folder:

• See 3. above.
• You’re done with a beautifully formatted thesis/dissertation! 😃

See above for using a local installation of LaTeX

NOVAthesis v6.10.10 is available as an Overleaf template . Just select open as template and follow from step 3 above !

• Download the latest version from the GitHub repository as a Zip file .
• Login to your favorite LaTeX cloud service. I recommend Overleaf but there are alternatives (these instructions apply to Overleaf and you’ll have to adapt for other providers).
• In the menu select New project -> Upload project
• Upload the zip with all the “novathesis” files.
• Select “ template.tex ” as the main file.
• Follow from step 3 above

• Install LaTeX in your computer and use a the template locally !
• Opt for a hassle free solution and buy a (student) plan in Overleaf .

Getting Help

Check the wiki and have some hope! :smile:

If you couldn’t find what you were looking for, ask for help in:

• The GitHub Discussions page (only EN please) at https://github.com/joaomlourenco/novathesis/discussions.
• The Facebook page (PT or EN) at https://www.facebook.com/groups/novathesis.
• The Reddit novathesis community at r/novathesis .
• You may also give a look at the novathesis blog at https://novathesis.blogspot.pt .

Please don’t try to contact me directly for questions or support, by email or any other channel! I will not answer such requests… The GitHub Discussions page and the Facebook page are the right places to ask for help and support!

• Do you have a suggestion? Please add it to the wiki and help other users!
• Did you find a bug? Please open an issue . Thanks!
• Would you like to request a new feature (or support of a new School)? Please open an issue . Thanks!

List of Supported Schools

• NOVA School for Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA)
• PhD in Information Management
• Master in Geographical Information Systems and Science
• Master in Statistics and Information Management
• Master in Information Management
• Master in Geospatial Technologies
• Master in Data Science and Advanced Analytics
• Masters in Geospatial Technologies
• National School of Public Heath (ENSP-NOVA)
• Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais (FCSH-NOVA)
• Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologica Antonio Xavier (ITQB-NOVA)
• Instituto Superior Técnico (IST-ULISBOA)
• Faculdade de Ciências (FC-ULISBOA)
• Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV-ULISBOA)
• Escola de Arquitetura (EA-UMIMHO)
• Escola de Ciências (EC-UMIMHO)
• Escola de Direito (ED-UMIMHO)
• Escola de Economia e Gestão (EEG-UMIMHO)
• Escolha de Engenharia (EE-UMIMHO)
• Escola de Medicina (EM-UMIMHO)
• Escola de Psicologia (EP-UMIMHO)
• Escola Superior de Enfermagem (ESE-UMIMHO)
• Instituto de Ciências Sociais (ICS-UMIMHO)
• Instituto de Educação (IE-UMIMHO)
• Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas (ILCH-UMIMHO)
• Instituto de Investigação em Biomateriais, Biodegradáveis e Biomiméticos (I3Bs-UMIMHO)

Departamento de Engenharia Informática e Sistemas de Informação (ULHT-DEISI)

<!– * ISCTE – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

Escola de Tecnologia e Arquitectura (ETA-ISCTE-IUL) NOTE: this template is outdated (there are new covers/specifications) –>

• Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL-IPL)

Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal

• Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro (ESTB-IPS)
• Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto (ESEP)

Although the template goes far beyond the cover… some covers from the supported schools are is display below.

These are not official templates for FCT-NOVA nor any other School, although we have done our best to make it fully compliant to each School regulations for thesis/dissertation presentation.

All contributors , both sporadic and regular, are welcome. :) Please contact me to join the team.

If you are here looking for the (deprecated) Word templates (not maintained anymore), please go to this other repository .

scientific-thesis-template

Latex template for master, bachelor, diploma, and student theses, usage at overleaf, automatic setup, manual setup.

Upload scientific-thesis-cover.sty Similar as llcaps.sty . Use https://raw.githubusercontent.com/latextemplates/scientific-thesis-cover/master/scientific-thesis-cover.sty as URL.

Switch build tool to lualatex. LuaLaTeX is currently not working on Overleaf. You have to wait for an overleaf update. Choose lualatex in project settings as outlined at https://www.overleaf.com/blog/167-new-build-options-available-on-writelatex-compile-with-lualatex-or-latex-plus-dvipdf#.WqE7rOdG3kY .

Now you can start working in the main file.

• create new overleaf project
• clone the overleaf project using git
• copy the files to that directory. Follow the steps at “Download” above
• delete .latexmkrc
• git commit -m"initial import"

An academic thesis, also known as a dissertation, is a substantial work produced by a graduate student to communicate their research and earn a degree. A thesis will typically include a review of the current state of research in the field of study followed by a central hypothesis to be investigated. The bulk of the thesis will then focus on the methods and results of the research performed, followed by a discussion on how the results add to the field in general. Theses are long, highly structured and include a lot of advanced document elements.

This template is designed for writing books and graduate-level theses and provides numerous examples and documentation to enable complex requirements. The design features a relatively narrow main text column with an adjacent wide margin to house notes, figures, tables, citations and captions.

• View Template Information

Masters/Doctoral Thesis

This template provides a full framework for writing a graduate level thesis. It is carefully structured and separated into multiple parts for easy editing. Included are the following pages/sections: a cover page, declaration of authorship, quotation, abstract, acknowledgements, contents page(s), list of figures, list of tables, abbreviations, physical constants, symbols, dedication, example chapter, example appendix and bibliography.

Classicthesis Typographic Thesis

This template has been designed as a homage to the Elements of Typographic Style. As such, it has an air of efficiency and optimal design. It is suitable for any high-level degree thesis such as for a PhD, Masters or Honors. Sections within the thesis are clearly separated in a consistent way, as are sections within each chapter. The default structure of the thesis proceeds in the following order: title page, dedication, abstract, publications, acknowledgements, contents, list of tables/figures/listings, acronyms, content chapters, appendices, bibliography, colophon and declaration.

Maggi Memoir Thesis

This template uses the memoir document class to beautifully typeset a thesis. It is suitable for any high-level degree thesis such as for a PhD, Masters or Honors. The layout of the content is in a thin format to promote easy reading and the template features advanced specification of margins and trimming. The thesis boasts a professional look which is immediately obvious from the title page itself and carries through the design of the rest of the document. Three custom fonts are used in the template to match the design and beautifully display your content.

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Get Started With Our LaTeX Thesis Template

However, setting up new documents can be time-consuming and a bit daunting, especially at the beginning. To help you get started writing your $\LaTeX$ document more quickly, we provide you with our custom-made thesis template in this building block.

Master the Basics

If you’re new to $\LaTeX$, it’s essential to grasp the basics before customizing templates.

• Our tutorial, Getting started with $\LaTeX$ will guide you through your very first $\LaTeX$ document within minutes.
• Haven’t installed $\LaTeX$ yet? Follow our installation guide .

Download our Thesis Template

We provide a ready-to-use $\LaTeX$ template to get you started working on your thesis project.

You can also download a PDF preview to see what the output file would look like.

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Dissertation, Doctoral Project, and Thesis Information & Templates

Note: Forms required for the submission of theses and dissertations are available on the  Academic Forms  page.

Important Notes for Dissertation, Doctoral Project & Thesis Writers

• Information is available in Section IV.B.2 Research on Human Subjects of the  Graduate Bulletin   (from the  Resources and Policies page ).
• Additional information and forms are available on the   IRB website . Your IRB approval number must be included on the Thesis or Dissertation Proposal Form.
• Consult the  Guidelines for Dissertation, Doctoral Project and Thesis Writers  before beginning your thesis or dissertation.
• Download a template to assist with formatting your work. The templates are unlocked and can be edited (links to the template can be found in the “Submission Procedures” sections below).
• Check the Resources & Guidelines section of the ProQuest website for instructions on using the site. The Library has created a very informative series of  short videos  about the choices you must make on the ProQuest site.
• Additional information on copyright, publishing options and other topics is available on  Lauinger’s Scholarly Communication  website.
• More information about the requirements for dissertations, doctoral projects and theses can be found in the  Graduate Bulletin .

Submission of the Thesis, Doctoral Project or Dissertation

Information on the forms required leading up to a defense and also afterward appear on Submission of Thesis  and  Submission of Dissertation or Doctoral Project .

Download a Thesis / Doctoral Project / Dissertation Template

(for Master’s and Doctoral candidates) We recommend that you download a Thesis / Doctoral Project / Dissertation Template using Mozilla Firefox, Safari, or Google Chrome browsers. There are some reported issues for students trying to download using Internet Explorer. The download links are shown below:

• The combined  Master’s Thesis / Doctoral Project / Doctoral Dissertation Template  for MS-Word for Windows is available at: Thesis/Project/Dissertation Template-PC
• The  Master’s   Thesis Template  for Word for Mac is available at:  Thesis Template-MAC
• The  Doctoral Template  for Word for Mac is available at  Dissertation Template-MAC
• If you use the LaTeX markup language, you can download a ZIP file folder containing several template and style documents, as well as an extensive tutorial manual, at this link:  Thesis/Dissertation Template-LaTeX . An updated .sty file was uploaded in June 2020.

LaTeX users please note: These LaTeX template materials are provided for the use of those who are already proficient in the use of LaTeX. Neither the Graduate School nor the faculty who helped develop this template are able to provide support or training in the use of this specialty software.

Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Using Templates on Overleaf

• Using Templates on Overleaf
• Reference Managers and Overleaf
• Adding Tables, Images, and Graphs

Start your projects with quality LaTeX templates for journals, theses, dissertations, CVs, resumes, papers, presentations, posters, assignments, letters, project reports, and more.

Getting started

Start with Overleaf templates

Overleaf templates make it easy to get started with all types of projects - from papers and presentations to newsletters, CVs, and much more! It's also a great way to learn LaTeX and produce professional looking projects quickly.

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New templates are added all the time. Follow us on Twitter for the highlights!

Find templates on Overleaf

Visit our thesis template gallery

Make your own templates on Overleaf

Upload or create templates for assignments, presentations, theses, posters, and student/faculty journals for your institution. Just create it as a project on Overleaf and use the publish menu.

Begin Your Work Using the Official 'University' Thesis Template on Overleaf

(If your University has an official thesis template published on Overleaf, you can customize this box accordingly with a link to the template)

Write your thesis using the official ' Name of University goes here ' thesis template

Find your University's template on Overleaf here ( insert link to official LaTeX thesis template on Overleaf Gallery or custom Overleaf institutional portal template page ).

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• URL: https://overleaf.libguides.com/Thesis

LaTeX Resources for Graduate Students: Formatting of theses and dissertations

• BibTeX reference format
• BibTeX command
• LaTeX bibliography file
• LaTeX editors and compilers
• Sample LaTeX file with bibliography
• Sample LaTeX file without bibliography
• Formatting of theses and dissertations

Formatting and structure

The Cornell Graduate School has become increasingly flexible about the formatting of theses and dissertations.  There now are only seven core requirements . For the structure of theses and dissertations here is a list of required and recommended sections .

Latex template

Among the available thesis and dissertation templates provided by the Graduate School is also a LaTeX template (ZIP archive). This template has been uploaded to Overleaf and placed in the Cornell template directory . This template contains a small fix to avoid an error message about \ifpdf .

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How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX (Part 1): Basic Structure

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

Author: Josh Cassidy (August 2013)

This five-part series of articles uses a combination of video and textual descriptions to teach the basics of writing a thesis using LaTeX. These tutorials were first published on the original ShareLateX blog site during August 2013; consequently, today's editor interface (Overleaf) has changed considerably due to the development of ShareLaTeX and the subsequent merger of ShareLaTeX and Overleaf. However, much of the content is still relevant and teaches you some basic LaTeX—skills and expertise that will apply across all platforms.

Your thesis could be the longest and most complicated document you'll ever write, which is why it's such a good idea to use L a T e X instead of a common word processor. L a T e X makes tasks that are difficult and awkward in word processors, far simpler.

When writing something like a thesis its worth splitting up the document into multiple .tex files. It's also wise to organise the project using folders; therefore, we'll create two new folders, one for all the images used in the project and one for all the .tex files making up the main body of the thesis.

• 1 The preamble
• 2 The frontmatter
• 3 The main body
• 4 The endmatter
• 5 All articles in this series

The preamble

In this example, the main.tex file is the root document and is the .tex file that will draw the whole document together. The first thing we need to choose is a document class. The article class isn't designed for writing long documents (such as a thesis) so we'll choose the report class, but we could also choose the book class.

We can also change the font size by adding square brackets into the \documentclass command and specifying the size—we'll choose 12pt. Let's also prepare the document for images by loading the graphicx package. We'll also need to tell L a T e X where to look for the images using the \graphicspath command, as we're storing them in a separate folder.

The start of our preamble now looks like this:

Now we can finish off the preamble by filling in the title, author and date information. To create the simplest title page we can add the thesis title, institution name and institution logo all into the \title command; for example:

This isn't the best way to alter the title page so we'll look at more elaborate ways of customising title pages later on in the series, but this will suffice for now.

This is what the \maketitle command now produces for us:

The frontmatter

After the title page we need to add in an abstract, dedication, declaration and acknowledgements section. We can add each of these in on separate pages using unnumbered chapters. To do this we use the \chapter command and add an asterisk. After these sections we'll add a table of contents using the \tableofcontents command:

The main body

Now for the main body of the document. In this example we will add-in five chapters, one of which will be an introduction and another will be a conclusion. However, instead of just composing these chapters in the main .tex file, we'll create a separate .tex file for each chapter in the chapters folder. We can then fill in these chapters with text remembering to split them up into sections and subsections.

Then to add these chapters into the document, we use the \input command in the root document. Remember to add in chapters/ before the file name so that L a T e X knows where to find it.

The endmatter

We will now add in an appendix at the end of the document. To do this we use the \appendix command to tell L a T e X that what follows are appendices. Again We'll write the appendix in a separate file and then input it.

If we now compile the document, all our chapters will be added to the document and the table of contents will be automatically generated.

Now we have a basic structure for a thesis set up. In the next post I will show you how to change the page layout and add headers.

All articles in this series

• Part 1: Basic Structure ;
• Part 2: Page Layout ;
• Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables ;
• Part 4: Bibliographies with BibLaTeX ;
• Part 5: Customising Your Title Page and Abstract .
• Documentation Home
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Document structure

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Field specific

• Theorems and proofs
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• Feynman diagrams
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• Typesetting exams in LaTeX
• Attribute Value Matrices

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• Understanding packages and class files
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• Writing your own class

Advanced TeX/LaTeX

• In-depth technical articles on TeX/LaTeX

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Environmental Science: Nano

Emerging investigator series: suspended air nanobubbles in water can shuttle polystyrene nanoplastics to air-water interface.

Nanoplastics in the environment are a great concern given their nanoscopic size, colloidal stability, and bio-recalcitrant and biomagnifying nature. They are detected ubiquitously in natural and built environments and pose harm to human and ecological health. In this study, we report the seminal evidence that suspended nanobubbles can remove nanoplastics when repulsive Coulombic forces between nanobubble and nanoplastic are subdued. Our findings showed 60% of 100 nm polystyrene latex was eliminated from the water column after stirring in nanobubble solution at the pHpzc of nanoplastics for 5 min whereas the controls with no nanobubbles showed no removal. Nanoparticle tracking analysis indicated a 61% decrease in number concentration and 27% increase in particle size in the subnatant due to plastic-bubble attachment. Additionally, the mass concentration of nanoplastics in the float after nanobubble flotation was 123% more than the concentration in the subnatant confirming an upward shuttling of plastic-bubble aggregate. This study paves the way forward for engineering systems where coagulation and flotation can deliberately contribute to the removal of nanoplastics with the utility of nanobubbles.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Emerging Investigators Series

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• Supplementary information PDF (467K)

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K. Mensah, A. Magdaleno, S. Yaparatne, S. Garcia-Segura and O. G. Apul, Environ. Sci.: Nano , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4EN00188E

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence . You can use material from this article in other publications, without requesting further permission from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given and it is not used for commercial purposes.

To request permission to reproduce material from this article in a commercial publication , please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

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