presentation on microwave communication

Microwave Active Devices and Circuits for Communication pp 583–646 Cite as

Microwave Communication Systems

• Subhash Chandra Bera 33  
• First Online: 11 December 2018

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Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering ((LNEE,volume 533))

This chapter presents terrestrial mobile communication and satellite communication systems with emphasis on design and analysis of various subsystems used in receiver and transmitter sections. Homodyne and heterodyne receivers and different transmitter architectures for wireless mobile communication systems are described. Satellite communication systems defining important parameters like EIRP, G/T and SFD are also presented. Detailed design, analysis and realization of various microwave subsystems for satellite transponders like receivers, channel amplifiers, linearizers, TWTAs, SSPAs, microwave power module (MPM) and multiport power amplifier (MPA) are also described.

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Wang C-X et al (2014) Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Commun Mag, Feb 2014

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Buch SD, Bera SC (2013) Transponder nonlinearity characterization & mitigation techniques: present scenario & future trends. In: International workshop on sensor network and wireless communication, ADIT, Oct 2013

Yadav SP, Bera SC (2014) Nonlinearity effect of high power amplifiers in communication systems. In: International conference on advances in communication and computing technologies (ICACACT), Aug 2014

Yadav SP, Bera SC (2014) Nonlinearity effects of power amplifiers in wireless communication systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on electronics, communication and computational engineering (ICECCE 2014), Hosur, India, pp 1011–1016, Nov 2014

Bera SC, Singh RV, Garg VK (2006) Design and temperature compensation of a Ku-band channel amplifier with ALC for a satellite transponder. Microw J 49(4):68–82

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Bera SC, Singh RV (2004) A temperature-compensated closed loop overdrive level controller for microwave solid-state power amplifiers. Microw J 47(4):114–122

Yamauchi K, Mori K, Nakayama M, Mitsui Y, Takagi T (1997) A microwave miniaturized linearizer using a parallel diode with a bias feed resistance. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 45(12):2431–2435

Bera SC, Bhardhwaj PS, Singh RV, Garg VK (2003) A diode linearizer for microwave power amplifiers. Microw J 46(11):102–113

Bera SC, Singh RV, Garg VK (2004) A compact Ku-band linearizer for space application. In: Proceedings of Asia Pacific microwave conference, 2004, pp 37–38

Bera SC, Singh RV, Garg VK (2008) Diode-based predistortion lineariser for power amplifiers. IEE Electron Lett 44(2):125–126

Bera SC, Kumar V, Singh S, Das DK (2013) Temperature behavior and compensation of diode-based predistortion linearizer. IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett 23(4):211–213

Abrams RH, Parker RK (1993) Introduction to the MPM: what it is and where it might fit. IEEE MTT-S Int Microw Symp Dig 1:107–110

Kowalczyk R, Zubyk A, Meadows C et al (2016) High efficiency E-band MPM for communications application. In: 17th IEEE international vacuum electronics conference, pp 513–514, 2016

Bera SC, Singh RV, Garg VK (2008) Modified Wilkinson power divider with harmonic suppression characteristic. Microw J, Nov 2008

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Bera, S.C. (2019). Microwave Communication Systems. In: Microwave Active Devices and Circuits for Communication. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 533. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3004-9_19

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Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design

(2 reviews)

Michael Steer, NC State

Copyright Year: 2019

Publisher: North Carolina State University Libraries

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Timothy Brooks, Instructor - Electrical Engineering, Hanover College on 4/23/21

The great thing about engineering is the basic theory remains the same. This book was published in 2019 and contains updated technology. One example is cell phone technology. Doing so drives home the technology to an application students are... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

The great thing about engineering is the basic theory remains the same. This book was published in 2019 and contains updated technology. One example is cell phone technology. Doing so drives home the technology to an application students are familiar with.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

No errors were noted.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

This book could supplement either an electronics communications course, a course on electromagnetics or a stand alone course on RF/Microwaves.

Clarity rating: 4

As an instructor, I had no issues. However, a casual student may find it more challenging. My students had no issues.

Consistency rating: 5

Formatting is consistent

Modularity rating: 5

I used this resource in a communications course. I found the chapters could stand alone for specific subject matter, with minimal references to prior chapters.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

Well organized.

Interface rating: 3

The pdf does not have a table of contents with hyperlinks. That would ease navigation.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I am old school. I like books that teach technology in the third person.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

Like most engineering subjects, this books sticks to the theory.

This book is a summary of four volume set of the same subject matter by the same author. I have used both this text book and selected books from his separate volumes. Excellent resource.

Reviewed by Keye Sun, Research Scientist, University of Virginia on 5/6/20

The book includes some of the topics in microwave engineering. However, lots of very important topics are missed. If this book only focuses on passive structures, at least the power combiner, splitter, filter should be added. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

The book includes some of the topics in microwave engineering. However, lots of very important topics are missed. If this book only focuses on passive structures, at least the power combiner, splitter, filter should be added.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

Equations are clear and easy to follow.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

The contents are relatively easy to follow.

Equations are clear.

Consistency rating: 4

Notations are clear and consistent.

Modularity rating: 3

I think more chapters should be included such as filter design and power combiner and splitter.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

Chapters are not so well organized. Important passive structures such as filters and power combiners, splitters are not introduced before the topic suddenly jumps into active components.

Interface rating: 4

The text is clear.

Good gramma.

I think the book can be further improved by carefully adding more important topics into it.

Table of Contents

• 1 Introduction to Microwave Engineering
• 2 Antennas and the RF Link
• 3 Transmission Lines
• 4 Planar Transmission Lines
• 5 Extraordinary Transmission Line Effects
• 6 Coupled Lines and Applications
• 7 Microwave Network Analysis
• 8 Graphical Network Analysis
• 9 Passive Components
• 10 Impedance Matching
• 11 RF and Microwave Modules

Ancillary Material

About the book.

Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design enables mastery of the essential concepts required to cross the barriers to a successful career in microwave and RF design. Extensive treatment of scattering parameters, that naturally describe power flow, and of Smith-chart-based design procedures prepare the student for success. The emphasis is on design at the module level and on covering the whole range of microwave functions available. The orientation is towards using microstrip transmission line technologies and on gaining essential mathematical, graphical and design skills for module design proficiency. This book is derived from a multi volume comprehensive book series, Microwave and RF Design, Volumes 1-5 , with the emphasis in this book being on presenting the fundamental materials required to gain entry to RF and microwave design. This book closely parallels the companion series that can be consulted for in-depth analysis with referencing of the book series being familiar and welcoming.

About the Contributors

Michael Steer is the Lampe Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University. He received his B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Queensland. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and is a former editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. He has authored more than 500 publications including twelve books. In 2009 he received a US Army Medal, “The Commander’s Award for Public Service.” He received the 2010 Microwave Prize and the 2011 Distinguished Educator Award, both from the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND RADAR SYSTEMS

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Radar (acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging) is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.

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Radio detection and ranging, that is, RADAR is a radio wave technique to determine the range, altitude, direction of objects. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounces off any object in their path. It works by launching a short pulse at the ear audible frequency, after that microcontroller listens for echoes. The information about the distance to the object is given at the time elapsed during transmission to the echo reception. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at same site as the transmitter. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels.

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Introduction to Microwave

Oct 31, 2019

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Introduction to Microwave. By. Bhagyashri Thorat Assistant Professor Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology.

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• microwave frequencies
• communication systems
• electromagnetic radiation
• generally microwave frequencies
• predicted electromagnetic wave propagation

Presentation Transcript

Introduction to Microwave By. Bhagyashri Thorat Assistant Professor Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Electromagnetic Spectrum & spectrum meaning • a band of colours, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength. • the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. noun: the spectrum • a characteristic series of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by a substance. • the components of a sound or other phenomenon arranged according to such characteristics as frequency, charge, and energy. • used to classify something in terms of its position on a scale between two extreme points. Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Electromagnetic Spectrum Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Brief Microwave History • Maxwell (1864-73) • integrated electricity and magnetism • set of 4 coherent and self-consistent equations • predicted electromagnetic wave propagation • Hertz (1886-88) • experimentally confirmed Maxwell’s equations • oscillating electric spark to induce similar oscillations in a distant wire loop (=10 cm) Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Brief Microwave History • Marconi (early 20th century) • parabolic antenna to demonstrate wireless telegraphic communications • tried to commercialize radio at low frequency • Lord Rayleigh (1897) • showed mathematically that EM wave propagation possible in waveguides • George Southworth (1930) • showed waveguides capable of small bandwidth transmission for high powers Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Brief Microwave History • R.H. and S.F. Varian (1937) • development of the klystron • MIT Radiation Laboratory (WWII) • radiation lab series - classic writings • Development of transistor (1950’s) • Development of Microwave Integrated Circuits • microwave circuit on a chip • microstrip lines • Satellites, wireless communications, ... Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Advantages of Microwaves • Increased bandwidth availability • More bandwidth can be realized at higher frequencies. Bandwidth is critically important because available frequency bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are being rapidly depleted. • Microwave signals travel by line of sight are not bent by the ionosphere as are lower frequency signals and thus satellite and terrestrial communication links with very high capacities are possible. • Effective reflection area (radar cross section) of a radar target is proportional to the target’s electrical size. Thus generally microwave frequencies are preferred for radar systems. Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Advantages of microwaves Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Advantages of microwaves • Power Requirments: • Transmitters/Receivers power requirments are pretty low at microwave frequencies compared to short wave band • Transparency property of microwaves: • Microwave frequency band ranging from 300 MHz -10 GHz are capable of freely propagating through the ionized layers surrounding the earth as well as through the atmosphere. Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Application of microwave • Various molecular, atomic, and nuclear resonances occur at microwave frequencies, creating a variety of unique applications in the areas of basic science, remote sensing, medical diagnostics and treatment, and heating methods. • Today, the majority of applications of microwaves are related to radar and communication systems. Radar systems are used for detecting and locating targets and for air traffic control systems, missile tracking radars, automobile collision avoidance systems, weather prediction, motion detectors, and a wide variety of remote sensing systems. • Microwave communication systems handle a large fraction of the world’s international and other long haul telephone, data and television transmissions. • Most of the currently developing wireless telecommunications systems, such as direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television, personal communication systems (PCSs), wireless local area networks (WLANS), cellular video (CV) systems, and global positioning satellite (GPS) systems rely heavily on microwave technology. Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]

Thank You For further details please feel free to contact BhagyashriThorat Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT P-14, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, MIDC Phase 1, Hinjawadi, Pune – 411 057 Tel +91 20 22933441 / 2 /3 www.isquareit.edu.in [email protected] | [email protected]

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Improving your communication skills in the workplace and your personal life includes verbal and non-verbal communication. Follow these 22 tips for improving your communication skills, from body language to eye contact to active listening skills.

Communication skills are essential to positive professional and personal relationships. You use communication skills when you interact with your family, present at work, or address a problem with your boss. 

While it’s easy to think of communication simply as talking, there’s more to it. Everything from your facial expressions and word choice to presentation graphics and tone of voice plays a part in communication. Learn the critical areas for improving your communication skills and 22 helpful tips for becoming a more effective communicator. 

What are communication skills, and why are they important? 

We communicate any time we transfer information from one place to another via voice, written words, visuals, or non-verbal gestures. We use our communication skills in various ways: conversations, emails, written documents, presentations, and visuals like graphics or charts. 

Communication skills are essential, especially in the workplace, because they can: 

Improve your relationships with your manager and co-workers

Build connections with customers 

Help you convey your point quickly and clearly

Enhance your professional image

Encourage active listening and open-mindedness

Help advance your career

4 types of communication

Becoming a better communicator often means focusing on improving in each of the four main areas of communication. This means focusing on listening skills and non-verbal communication, practising emotional awareness, building empathy and professionalism, and developing questioning skills. Let's take a closer look at each area. 

1. Listening skills

To communicate well, you need to listen. Give a person your full attention, hear what they’re saying verbally and non-verbally, and consider their thoughts. As an active listener, you can develop strategies that help you ask follow-up questions and gain clarity on someone’s thoughts. 

2. Non-verbal communication

The message a person communicates isn’t just spoken. It’s non-verbal, too. To improve communication, you need to pay attention to your and the other person's body language, tone of voice, eye contact, posture, and facial expressions. Verbal communication and body language must be in sync to convey a message.  

3. Emotional awareness

Improving communication means working towards emotional intelligence or a keen understanding of your emotions and those around you. You need to identify emotional situations, be aware of your feelings, show empathy, and keep your feelings in check.  

4. Questioning skills 

To create a two-way flow of communication, it’s important to develop questioning skills. When communicating with someone, ask brief questions to clarify the conversation’s main points. 

Why communication matters at work: 5 key stats

Research provides a snapshot of employee perspectives on communication in the workplace. Consider these facts [ 1 ]:

1. The pandemic increased the number of remote workers, and in turn, 33 percent of employees now find communication more of a struggle.

2. Only 20 percent of workers say their business is efficient due to a lack of communication.

3. As many as 65 percent of workers say they waste time in meetings. 

4. Poor communication is cited as the cause of 35 percent of businesses losing an employee. 

5. Most employees—95 percent—say their business could improve its communication skills.

22 ways to improve your communication skills in the workplace

Communicating effectively in the workplace is a practised skill. While communication comes naturally to some, everyone can improve their workplace communication skills. To do so, you need to understand the importance of listening, monitor non-verbal communication, elevate your verbal communication, enhance your written communication, and spend some time on visual communication. These 22 tips provide actionable steps you can take to improve all areas of workplace communication. 

1. Prepare what you’re going to say.

If you’re presenting an idea or having a meaningful talk with your supervisor, take some time to prepare what you’ll say. Organising your thoughts should make your conversation more transparent and lead to a more productive interaction. 

2. Simplify and stay on message.

Proofread and eliminate anything that strays from your message as you prepare your thoughts. One of the best ways to improve communication is to create concise and transparent conversations, emails, and presentations. 

3. Record yourself communicating.

Use your smartphone to record yourself giving a presentation or practising a tough conversation you need to have with a teammate about their lack of participation. Review the recording and look for places to improve. 

4. Engage your listeners. 

Keep your listeners engaged in the conversation. Effective communicators ask questions and encourage participation. An interactive discussion is an ideal way to keep everyone’s attention. 

5. Take time to respond.

Take time to create a thoughtful response. Often, you feel obligated to respond quickly, but it’s important to take a moment to compose your thoughts so you can have a meaningful conversation. 

6. Make sure you understand.

Before you end the conversation, please take a moment to ask a few follow-up questions and then recap the conversation. You'll be able to finish by explaining the next actionable steps.

7. Work on your body language.

Keep a straight posture, avoid slouching, and use natural hand gestures when you speak. Make eye contact with everyone who’s listening to you. Moving around the room, too, can be helpful when space allows. It can help listeners feel more included. 

8. Maintain eye contact.

During a conversation or presentation, try to hold a person’s gaze in four- to five-second intervals before looking at another person. You can also use natural hand gestures while you speak, which can help you feel more confident and look people in the eye.

9. Be respectful. 

When you finish communicating, you want your audience to feel you've respected their needs, and they, in turn, will more likely form respect for you. To earn that respect, thank them for their time, keep your presentation within its set time frame, and keep your jokes appropriate and to a minimum. 

10. Make communication a priority.

Elevating your communication skills is something to work on every day. Consider making a communication to-do list with a few things you’d like to work on for the day, like recognising body language, asking follow-up questions, or practising active listening.

Aligning with your core values can help you communicate more effectively. The University of Pennsylvania's Achieving Personal and Professional Success Specialisation is designed to introduce tools and techniques for achieving success at home and work.

11. Learn to manage your emotions.

In a professional setting, keeping your emotions in check is necessary. If you have trouble managing your feelings, take a moment for a few deep breaths before speaking or writing an email. Take a moment alone at your desk or a break outside when possible.   

12. Prioritise workplace skills. 

Workplace skills like problem-solving, collaboration, and time management can also enhance communication. These skills require listening, patience, and organisation, which all play a role in sound communication. 

13. Get rid of conversation fillers.

To aid in your conversational improvement, work to eliminate fillers like “um” and “ah.” Start listening for these fillers so you can use them less and convey more confidence when you speak. Often, these phrases fill the silence, which is a natural part of the conversation, so try to embrace it rather than fill it. 

14. Have a plan for small talk. 

Small talk is its conversation challenge. To inspire, focus on topics included in the FORD method: family, occupation, recreation, and dreams.

15. Tell a story.

When you can, include stories in your communication. A story helps keep your audience engaged and makes it easier for people to relate to the topic. 

16. Ask questions and summarise the other person's main points.

Part of being an active listener is asking relevant questions and repeating pieces of the conversation to show that you understand a point. Listening makes communication a two-way street. 

17. Be receptive to feedback.

As you’re working to improve your communication skills, ask for feedback and be receptive to it. Asking your colleagues for feedback can help you pinpoint challenges and demonstrate a commitment to your job. Try incorporating the feedback into your next chat, brainstorming session, or video conference. 

18. Be ready for different answers.

Listen without judgement. That’s the goal of every conversation, but especially if you hear responses that are unexpected or different than you anticipate. Listen to the person openly, be mindful of your body language, and don’t interrupt. 

19. Put away distractions.

Communicating well means being fully present. Put away anything that can distract you, like your phone or tablet. It shows others that you’re respectfully listening and helps you respond thoughtfully to the conversation.  

20. Tailor your message to your audience.

Your communication should change based on your audience. Just as you personalise an email, personalise all of your communications. For example, your message, tone, and body language should be authentic yet adapted if you’re talking with your manager instead of an intern. 

21. Be brief yet specific.

Use the acronym BRIEF (background, reason, information, end, follow-up) to help guide your conversation. Think of it as a conversation outline meant to keep you on track. 

22. Up your empathy.

Consider the feelings of others as you speak with them. Part of having a meaningful conversation is being empathetic to others. If you try to put yourself in their shoes, you can better understand how to help. 

Further enhance your communication skills with Improving Communication Skills , which is part of the Achieving Personal and Professional Success Specialisation from the University of Pennsylvania or the Dynamic Public Speaking Specialisation from the University of Washington. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How can i improve my communication skills in my career ‎.

To start, talk with your manager about your desire to make improvements. You may be able to set improvements or goals as a team. If you’d like to take a more individualised approach, consider setting a personal goal, like completing a course in public speaking, to obtain guided support at your own pace. ‎ ‎

How does communication play a role in career development? ‎

Communication is one of the most essential workplace skills that a manager looks for when promoting from within. Communication, problem-solving skills, and time management are the top three qualities hiring managers look for, according to TopResume 2 . ‎

How can you practice communication skills? ‎

Every conversation that you have can serve as practice. You can also ask for more communicative roles at work, like offering to lead a meeting or presenting the teams’ findings. ‎

How does attitude play ‎a role in communication? ‎

People listen and respond to co-workers or supervisors with a fair, positive attitude. Stay upbeat, smile when you talk, and remove yourself from conversations that put others down. ‎

Article sources

Project.co. “ Business Communication Report 2022 , https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/project.co/PDFs/Projectco-Communications-Stats-2022.pdf.” Accessed April 3, 2024. 

TopResume. “ 9 Soft Skills Employers Are Looking For in 2021 , https://www.topresume.com/career-advice/6-soft-skills-employers-are-looking-for.” Accessed April 3, 2024. 

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