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FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND RADAR SYSTEMS

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Nnaemeka Nweke

Radar (acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging) is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.

Vijay Chandu Gonnabattula

khushboo nigam

Nicolas Flores

Radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging) is widely used in both commercial and military applications. Air traffic control, mapping of ground contours and automotive traffic enforcement are just a couple civilian applications. Radar is ubiquitous in military applications being used in aircraft, missiles, ships, tanks, helicopters, ground stations, and more. Radar frequency bands Radar systems transmit electromagnetic, or radio waves. The reflected radio waves can be detected by the radar system receiver. The frequency of the radio waves used depends upon the radar application and are commonly classified according to Table 1. The required antenna size is proportional to wavelength and therefore inversely proportional to frequency. The ability of the radar to focus the radiated and received energy in a narrow region is also dependent upon both antenna size and frequency choice. A larger antenna allows the beam to be more tightly focused at a given frequency. The " focusing " ability of the antenna is often described using an antenna lobe diagram (see Figure 1), which plots the directional gain of an antenna over the azimuth (side to side) and elevation (up and down). Most airborne radars operate between the L and Ka bands, also known as the microware region. Many short range targeting radars, such as on a tank or helicopter, operate in the millimeter band. Many long range ground based operate at UHF or lower frequencies, due to the ability to use large antennas and minimal atmospheric attenuation and ambient noise. Table 1. Radar bands, frequencies, and wavelengths

IOSR Journals

RADAR can be defined as the electromagnetic system that senses, detects, and locates the objects that are present within the ambience. The word stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. The term was used in for the first time in the year 1940 by the US navy. During that time, the system was designed to transmit electromagnetic wave and detect the reflected signal. The operations attributed to the Radar were specifically for the detection and transmission of electromagnetic wave and reflected signals respectively. However, prior to 1940, the early development of the radar ensured the detection of an existing target and provision of its distance measurement from a specific location. In the Second World War, the Radar was used to give different notifications pertaining to the approach of a hostile aircraft. It also used for routing aircraft weapons to be used for the Second World War. In the modern times, the radar system has a lot of applications and uses. It can be used for the extraction of important information from reflected source. This paper examines a radar system, its problems and solutions. It also gives the outline of the principles used in the radar technology and applications such as air traffic control, climate and disaster monitoring.

Dawood Hassan Ali

This tutorial is meant to provide the readers to know and understand the working of various Radars that are used for detecting either stationary or non-stationary targets. It also provides the details of various Antennas that are used in Radar communication. So, this tutorial gives the overview of Radar communication. Audience This tutorial is meant for all the readers who are aspiring to learn the concepts of Radar Systems. In some universities, this subject is also called as "Radar Communication". Prerequisites The fundamental concepts covered in Analog Communication & Antenna Theory tutorials will be useful for understanding the concepts discussed in this tutorial.

hitesh dholakiya

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

IJRASET Publication

Radio detection and ranging, that is, RADAR is a radio wave technique to determine the range, altitude, direction of objects. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounces off any object in their path. It works by launching a short pulse at the ear audible frequency, after that microcontroller listens for echoes. The information about the distance to the object is given at the time elapsed during transmission to the echo reception. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at same site as the transmitter. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels.

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Microwave, Infrared & Bluetooth Communication

Nov 03, 2014

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Microwave, Infrared & Bluetooth Communication. Microwaves. microwaves - electromagnetic waves with a frequency between 1GHz (wavelength 30cm) and 12GHz (wavelength 1mm) microwaves frequency are further categorized into frequency bands: L (1-2 GHz), S (2-4 GHz), C (4-8 GHz), X (8-12 GHz)

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Microwave, Infrared & Bluetooth Communication

Microwaves • microwaves - electromagnetic waves with a frequency between 1GHz (wavelength 30cm) and 12GHz (wavelength 1mm) • microwaves frequency are further categorized into frequency bands: L (1-2 GHz), S (2-4 GHz), C (4-8 GHz), X (8-12 GHz) • receivers need an unobstructed view of the sender to successfully receive microwaves • microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered and there are no obstacles in the path

Advantages of microwaves over radio waves • because of high frequency, more data can be sent through microwaves -> increased bandwidth, higher speeds • because of their short wave length, microwaves use smaller antennas • smaller antennas produce a more focused beam which is difficult to intercept

Disadvantages of microwave communication • they require no obstacle is present in the transmission path • the cost of implementing the communication infrastructure is high • microwaves are susceptible to rain, snow, electromagnetic interference

Microwaves usages • carrier waves in satellite communications • cellular communication • bluetooth • wimax • wireless local area network • GPS (Global Positioning System)

Microwave communication concepts • microwaves are generated by magnetrons through vibration of electrons • LoS (Line of Sight) – is a visible straight line between the sender and the receiver • LoS propagation – propagation of microwaves in a straight line free from any obstructions • Fresnel zone – eliptical area around the LoS between a sender and receiver; microwaves spread into this area once are generated by an antenna; this area should be free of any obstacles:

Microwave propagation modes • microwaves, one generated, propagate in a straight line in all directions • there are 3 modes of propagation possible, and the mode is decided based on distance and terrain:

Microwave signal attenuation

Infrared & Bluetooth communication - are used in Wireless Personal Area Networks, a small area wireless network, spanning a range around 30 feet, involving computers/laptops, PDAs, cellular phones

Infrared waves • have frequency between 300 GHz and 400 THz and wave lengths between 1 mm and 750 nm • are classified into sub bands: • near-infrared (120THz-400THz): are visible to the human eye as red and violet • mid-infrared (30THz-120THz) • far-infrared (300GHz-30THz): are not visible to the human eye, but are radiated in the form of heat • electromagnetic waves which are pulses of infrared light • are used for short range communication, unobstructed (e.g. remote control for a TV set), though they can reflect on hard surfaces • factors affecting communication: bright sunlight, hard obstacles (e.g. walls, doors), smoke, dust, fog

Wireless infrared communication = Wireless optical communication

Infrared configuration • there are 2 infrared system configurations: • point-to-point communication : transmitter and receiver are placed in the LoS, directed toward each other, free of obstacles; directed LoS systems • diffuse communication: transmitter and receiver are placed in the vicinity, but not necessary in a straight line; non-directed non-LoS systems

Infrared devices • LED (Light Emitting Diode) • wider transmission beam • suitable for diffuse configuration • more widely used • LD (Laser Diode) • have more focused beam • are more efficient • many infrared devices (e.g. remote control, laptop, pda) follows the rules from IrDA (InfRared Data Association)

Infrared communicating devices

Bluetooth (2) • short range communication (30 feet) between various devices like laptops, PDAs, PCs, gaming consoles etc. • creates a WPAN • data and voice is exchanged at 2.4 GHz • max 8 devices can be connected to each other (piconet) • bluetooth devices operate at low power levels (1miliWatt) • “Bluetooth” technology was named in the memory of Danish king Harald Bluetooth

Bluetooth security • is wireless, so susceptible to interception • Bluetooth offers authentication and authorization • Bluetooth offers non-discoverable mode

Bluetooth devices • laptops • personal computers • printers • PDA • GPS receivers • cellular phones • gaming consoles • head phones

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July 11, 2024

Milwaukee County and Waukesha County Unveil Enhanced Emergency Communication System to Promote Public Safety

This is a joint third-party release from Waukesha and Milwaukee Counties in Wisconsin. 

Milwaukee County and Waukesha County are announcing new enhancements to the region’s public safety and emergency communication infrastructure through the transition to the Wisconsin Public Safety Network (WiPSN).

WiPSN is a radio network that helps first responders stay connected when every second counts. As founding partners of WiPSN, Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties have worked with Motorola Solutions to upgrade their regional public safety communications infrastructure in order to enhance reliability and interoperability of their radio system.

“Milwaukee County is committed to deploying world-class technology and resources to enhance public safety and ensure our region’s emergency communication system aids first responders in carrying out their life-saving work,” said Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley. “Whether there are major events occurring in Milwaukee County, or it’s a normal day in one of our neighborhoods, we are leveraging WiPSN to enhance public safety, improve emergency response times, and provide a resilient communication backbone for our communities. In collaboration with Waukesha County and Motorola Solutions, I am proud we are working to do just that.”

In the event of a primary connection failure, the system can seamlessly switch to alternate paths, facilitating uninterrupted communication. The microwave network's design further enhances reliability with interconnected transmitters forming redundant loops, capable of automatically rerouting communications to maintain service availability under any circumstances, within fractions of seconds. This design aims to eliminate the risk of system-wide failure, ensuring constant communication capability for emergency responders and public safety officials across Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties.

"At Waukesha County, public safety is our paramount funding priority. In emergencies, every second counts, and our 911 dispatchers at the communications center are essential in providing life-saving services. Partnering with WiPSN and Milwaukee County fortifies our dedication to safeguarding our community, improves the well-being of our residents and enhances borderless compatibility among our public safety partners in the field,” said Waukesha County Executive Paul Farrow.

Public safety communications – which include both devices like radios and the networks they operate on – are critical tools that first responders rely on to coordinate and respond to emergencies. From day-to-day communications to natural disaster emergencies, reliable radio communications help public safety agencies coordinate a response even if other systems like phone networks are knocked out.

“Natural disasters and other emergency situations require reliable mission-critical communications that make intra-agency coordination across city and county lines seamless. We are proud to support first responders in Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties and across the state with WiPSN, a radio network they can trust as they tirelessly work to keep their communities safe,” said Motorola Solutions Vice President Frank Galvin. 

WiPSN eliminates the need for physical infrastructure within Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties, offering unparalleled flexibility and immediate access to advancements as they are implemented by Motorola Solutions. Through WiPSN, Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties have integrated new technologies without the delays associated with traditional system updates. Motorola Solutions’ hosting allows for instantaneous upgrades and enhancements, boosting operational efficiency and responsiveness.

The transition to WiPSN provides public safety agencies across Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties with reliable, interoperable radio call processing that meets internationally-recognized radio network standards and helps first responders stay connected during emergencies. Since going live this April, WiPSN has processed four million radio calls for over 190 agencies in Waukesha and Milwaukee counties who utilize the system. 

A key benefit of this transition is the increased independence for Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties, enabling each to select more agile and customized service adjustments in order to meet respective needs. Another advantage of WiPSN is the robust redundancy this system provides. Multiple fiber connections and microwave radio linking the Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties to Motorola Solutions’ core help ensure continuous operation. Joining WiPSN is open to municipalities, counties and public safety agencies across Wisconsin.

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More From Forbes

Communication intelligence: the foundation of effective interactions.

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Communication Intelligence, or CQ, is an essential skill in the modern world

In today’s interconnected world, effective communication is the core of personal and professional success. As we navigate various communication landscapes, Communication Intelligence (CQ) has emerged as a pivotal skill set.

Unlike traditional measures of intelligence, such as IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and EQ (Emotional Intelligence), CQ focuses specifically on the nuances and dynamics of communication. In this blog post, I will explore the basics of CQ, its significance, and how it differs from other forms of intelligence.

What Is Communication Intelligence (CQ)?

Communication Intelligence, or CQ, is a key personal currency in the digital age. It refers to the ability to communicate extemporaneously effectively while under pressure, concurrently adapt to various social and cultural contexts, and control one’s physiology of anxiety and nervousness.

It encompasses a range of skills, including active listening, empathy, clarity in conveying messages, adaptability, and cultural awareness. In my recent book, The CQ Edge: How to Ignite Confidence, Eliminate Anxiety and Maximize Your Communication Intelligence, I discuss how CQ is not just about speaking or writing well; it is about understanding the context, the audience, and the most effective ways to engage in meaningful interactions.

CQ involves several core components:

• Understanding: Grasping the content and context of the communication.
• Empathy: Sensing and appreciating the emotions and perspectives of others.
• Adaptability: Modifying communication styles to suit different situations and audiences.
• Cultural Awareness: Recognizing and respecting cultural differences in communication.

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Apple iphone 16 pro design upgrade promises key feature boost, report says, the perseid meteor shower begins today: when to see it at its best, the importance of cq.

Effective communication is crucial for building relationships, resolving conflicts, and achieving goals. CQ is particularly important because:

• Enhances Interpersonal Relationships: High CQ individuals are adept at forming strong, positive relationships. They understand and respect the perspectives of others, making them more approachable and trustworthy.
• Facilitates Better Collaboration: In professional settings, teams with high CQ members tend to work more harmoniously. They can navigate diverse viewpoints and communicate effectively to reach common objectives.
• Improves Conflict Resolution: High CQ helps in identifying the root causes of conflicts and addressing them through empathetic and clear communication. This reduces misunderstandings and fosters a cooperative environment.
• Boosts Leadership: Leaders with high CQ are often more effective. They can inspire and motivate their teams, manage diverse groups, and lead with a vision that resonates with others.

CQ vs. IQ and EQ

While IQ (Intelligence Quotient) measures cognitive abilities such as logic, reasoning, and problem-solving, and EQ (Emotional Quotient) assesses one’s ability to manage and understand others’ emotions, CQ focuses on communication skills. Here’s how CQ stands apart:

• Scope: IQ is limited to intellectual capabilities, and EQ to emotional management. CQ, however, spans across both cognitive and emotional domains, emphasizing practical application in communication.
• Contextual Application: CQ is inherently contextual. It involves adapting communication styles based on the situation, culture, and audience, which is not a primary focus of IQ or EQ.
• Behavioral Aspect: While EQ deals with understanding and managing emotions, CQ translates this understanding into effective communication behavior. It bridges the gap between emotional awareness and practical interaction.

How Is CQ a Quotient?

CQ, like IQ and EQ, is considered a quotient because it represents a measurable ability. It quantifies an individual's capacity to communicate effectively across different contexts. Assessing CQ typically involves evaluating various dimensions of communication skills:

• Self-assessment: Reflecting on personal communication strengths and weaknesses.
• Feedback: Gathering insights from peers, mentors, or through structured feedback tools.
• Behavioral Analysis: Observing and analyzing communication behaviors in different scenarios.

By quantifying these elements, individuals can identify areas for improvement and track their progress over time. Organizations can also use CQ assessments to build more effective teams, design targeted training programs, and enhance overall communication culture.

Communication Intelligence (CQ) is an essential skill in the modern world, providing a foundation for effective interactions in personal and professional spheres. Unlike traditional measures of intelligence, CQ emphasizes the practical application of communication skills, adapting to diverse contexts, and building meaningful connections.

As we continue to navigate an increasingly complex communication landscape, developing a high CQ will be a crucial asset, enabling us to interact more effectively and achieve our goals with greater ease.

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