mla citation of research article

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MLA Style (9th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

• Introduction to MLA Style
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Videos/DVDs/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• 9th Edition Updates
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Basic style for citations of electronic sources (including online databases), journal article from library database with doi or a url, journal article in print.

Note: For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the article instead.

Access Date

Date of access is optional in MLA 8th/9th edition; it is recommended for pages that may change frequently or that do not have a copyright/publication date.

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows: 

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper. 

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every Web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible both for your citations and for your research notes:

• Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
• "Article name in quotation marks."
• Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
• Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
• Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
• Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
• ​Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.
• “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.
• Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed)—While not required, it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.
• Remember to cite containers after your regular citation. Examples of containers are collections of short stories or poems, a television series, or even a website. A container is anything that is a part of a larger body of works.

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database (italicized) before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

The eighth edition of the MLA Handbook does not require that you include a date of access—the date on which you consulted a work—when you cite an online work from a reliable, stable source. However, you may include an access date as an optional element if it will be useful to others. (See the MLA Handbook, eighth edition, pp. 50–53, for more on optional elements.)

Including an access date for an online work may be especially useful if the work lacks a publication date or if you suspect that the work may be altered or removed, which is more common with informal or self-published works. Place the access date at the end of the entry.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  N ame of Database,  doi:DOI number/URL/ Permalink . 

Works Cited List Example:

Cardanay, Audrey. “Illustrating Motion, Music, and Story.” General Music Today, vol. 29, no. 3, 2016, pp. 25-29. Academic Search Premier , doi:10.1177/1048371315626498.

In-Text Citation Example:

(Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: ( Cardanay  444)

Two Authors

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database ,  doi:DOI number/URL/Permalink.

Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”  Representations , vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR , doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1.

(First Author's Last Name and Second Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Best and Marcus 18)

Three or More Authors

For sources with three or more authors, list only the first author’s name followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for “and others”)

First Author's Last Name, First Name et al. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Name of Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database,  doi:DOI number/URL/Permalink. 

Isaac, Kathleen et al. "Incorporating Spirituality in Primary Care." Journal of Religion and Health , vol. 55, no. 3, 2016, pp. 1065-77. ATLA Religion Database , login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=114118885&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

(First Author's Last Name et al. Page Number)

Example: (Isaac et al. 1067)

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  

Poythress, Vern S. "Rain Water Versus a Heavenly Sea in Genesis 1:6-8." The Westminster Theological Journal, vol. 77, no. 2, 2015, pp. 181-91.

Example: (Poythress 183)

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MLA Citation (7th edition)

• Citing a book
• Citing the Parts of a Books

In Text Citations

Basic journal article citation, scholarly journal article - print, scholarly journal article - from a library database, magazine article - print, magazine article - from a library database.

• Citing a newspaper article
• Citing a Website
• MLA Resources

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Visit the Writing Center for help with brainstorming, organization, revising, citations, and other writing assistance! 

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Book an appointment  with a Writing Center consultant. 

For an overview of the various ways to cite information in text in MLA style, see the Purdue OWL , which provides an overview of the basic in text citation formats.

Author's last name, Author's first name.   "Title of the Article."   Name of   Publication  volume.issue (Year): pages.   Medium of

          publication.

Additional information required in citations of electronic journals:

After the page numbers, include the name of the database or website the piece comes from, and include the date the information was accessed after the medium of publication.

Mueller, Ned.   "The Teddy Bears' Picnic: Four-Year-Old Children's  Personal Constructs in Relation to Behavioural Problems and

          to  Teacher Global Concern."    Journal of Child Psychology and   Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines   37.4 (1996): 381-389.  

          Print.

Otgaar, Henry, Ingrid Candel, Harald Merckelbach, and Kimberley A. Wade.   "Abducted by a UFO: Prevalence Information Affects

          Young Children's False Memories for an Implausible Event."   Applied Cognitive Psychology   23.1 (2009): 115-125.  

          Psychology and Behavioral Sciences  Collection .  Web.  12 Aug. 2010.

Magazines are cited differently than journal publications. See if you can spot the difference between the journal citations above and the magazine citations below.

Davies, Paul.   "Are ALIENS Among Us?"    Scientific American  Dec. 2007:  62-69.   Print.

Citations from magazines for the general public, such as Scientific American , Time , Newsweek , or People , do not require volume or issue number, and the date is not placed in parentheses.

Brandt, Andrew.   "Gummi Bears Trick a Fingerprint Scanner."   PC   World  Aug 2004: 124-125.   Academic Search

          Complete .   Web. 10 June 2009.

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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): In-Text Citation

• Understanding Core Elements
• Formatting Appendices and Works Cited List
• Writing an Annotated Bibliography
• Academic Honesty and Citation

In-Text Citation

• Charts, Graphs, Images, and Tables
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In-text citations are inserted in the body of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information. 

• In-text citations in MLA style follow the general format of author's last name followed by a page number enclosed in parentheses. Here is an example: "Here's a direct quote" (Smith 8).
• If the author's name is not given, use the first word (or words) of the title. Follow the same formatting that is used in the works-cited list, such as quotation marks. Here is an example: This is a paraphrase ("Trouble" 22).
• If the source does not have page numbers (for example, some online articles, websites and e-books), only include the author's name for the in-text citation. Do not estimate or make up page numbers.  
• In-text citations point the reader to the works-cited list, which is located at the end of your paper, for more complete bibliographic information.

Repeated Use of Sources

If you use information from a single source more than once in succession (i.e., no other sources referred to in between), you can use a simplified in-text citation. Here is an example:

Cell biology is an area of science that focuses on the structure and function of cells (Smith 15). It revolves around the idea that the cell is a "fundamental unit of life" (17).

  Note: If using this simplified in-text citation creates ambiguity regarding the source being referred to, use the full in-text citation format.

In-Text Citation Formatting and Examples

Format:  (Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Hunt 358)

Two Authors

Format:  (Author's Last Name and Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Case and Daristotle 57)

Three or More Authors

Format:   (Author's Last Name et al. Page Number)

Example: (Case et al. 57)

Unknown Author

Where you would normally put the author's last name, instead use the first one, two, or three words from the title. Do not use  initial articles such as "A", "An" or "The". Provide enough words to clarify which sources from your works-cited list that you are referencing. 

Follow the formatting of the title. For example, if the title in the works-cited list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation, and if the title in the works-cited list is in quotation marks, put quotation marks around the words from the title in the in-text citation.

Format: (Title Page Number)

Examples : 

( Cell Biology 12)

("Nursing" 12)

Multiple Sources

To cite more than one source when you are paraphrasing, separate the in-text citations with a semi-colon.

Format: (Author's Last Name Page Number; Author's Last Name Page Number).

(Smith 42; Bennett 71). 

( It Takes Two ; Brock 43).

 Note: In MLA style, the sources within the in-text citation do not need to be in alphabetical order.

Works Quoted in Another Source

Sometimes an author of a book, article or website will mention another person's work by using a quotation or paraphrased idea from that source. (This may be a secondary source.) For example, the Kirkey article you are reading includes a quotation by Smith that you would like to include in your essay. The basic rule is that in both your Works-Cited List and in-text citation you will still cite Kirkey. Kirkey will appear in your Works Cited list – NOT Smith. Add the words "qtd. in" to your in-text citation.

Examples of in-text citations:

According to a study by Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia.

Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) states that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (A.10).

Example of Works Cited List citation:

Kirkey, Susan. "Euthanasia."   The Montreal Gazette , 9 Feb. 2013, p. A.10. Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies.

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MLA Style Citation Examples

• Books/eBooks
• Images and Media
• Gov't/Legal
• Unpublished
• Ask a Librarian
• Online with DOI
• Online without DOI from a database
• Online without DOI from a nondatabase

NOTE: To standardize citations, all DOIs need to be proceeded by https: doi.org/ before the DOI number (p. 194).

WORKS CITED (ONE AUTHOR)

(For more examples, see pages 194 and 319-321 of the 9th edition)

IN TEXT 

(Caoncannon-Gibney 432).

WORKS CITED (TWO AUTHORS)

Barchas, Janine, and Devoney Looser. "Introduction: What's Next for Jane Austen?"  Texas Studies in Literature & Language , vol. 61, no. 4, winter 2019, pp. 335-344.  EBSCOhost,  https://doi.org/10.7560/tsll61401.

(Barchas and Looser 340).

WORKS CITED (THREE OR MORE AUTHORS)

Miano, Alice, et al. "Exploring the Effects of a Short-Term Spanish Immersion Program in a Postsecondary Setting."  Foreign Language Annals , vol. 49, no. 2, summer 2016, pp. 287-301.  EBSCOhost , https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12194.

(Miano et al. 293).

NOTE: To standardize permalinks/URLS, omit http:// or https://. When the permalink/URL is more than three lines, truncate it to the host name (do not use a shortening service website such as bit.ly) (p. 195-196.)

(For more examples, see pages 138, 178, and 319-321 of the 9th edition)

(Hlinak 22).

  WORKS CITED (TWO AUTHORS)

Pierce, Jennifer B., and Micah Bateman. "Song of 2000 Whitman Lovers."  Chronicle of Higher Education , vol. 61, no. 17, Jan. 2015, pp. 10-12.  EBSCOhost , https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=2015870518&site=eds-live&scope=site.

(Pierce and Bateman 10).

WORKS CITED (THREE OR MORE AUTHORS)

Sableski, Mary-Kate, et al. "Children's Literature and Classroom Communities: Helping Teachers and Students Navigate Traumatic Events." Journal of Children's Literature , vol. 47, no. 1, spring 2021, pp. 134-140.  EBSCOhost , https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=149982986&site=eds-live&scope=site.

(Sableski et al. 135).

(For more examples, see pages 319-321 of the 9th edition)

(For more examples, see pages 158, 164, and 319 of the 9th edition)

(Franke 3).

• Online, from database
• Online, from nondatabase

(For more examples, see page 323 in the 9th edition)

(Mead 40).

WORKS CITED (ONE AUTHOR - No season, volume number, or issue number)

WORKS CITED (ONE AUTHOR - With season, volume number, or issue number)

Kirsch, Adam. "The Classicist Who Killed Homer."  The New Yorker , vol. 97, no. 16, 14 June 2021, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/06/14/the-classicist-who-killed-homer.

IN TEXT  

(Rodriguez et al. 131).

(For more examples, see page 321-322 in the 9th edition)

(Beckerman).

(Cooper et al.).

WORKS CITED (Opinion or Editorial)

Editorial Board. "Lift Chicago's 10 p.m. Curfew on Liquor Sales: "'We are not Wheaton.'"  Chicago Tribune , 1 June 2021, www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/editorials/ct-editorial-chicago-liquor-sales-lightfoot-20210601-tt4unndnc5acblui67co7lfz3y-story.html.

(Editorial Board).

       IN TEXT

       (Kingsley).

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• Free Tools for Students
• MLA Citation Generator

Free MLA Citation Generator

Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib!

😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?

An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.

It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.

The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?

It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for MLA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Welcome

What kind of source is this.

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• Book Reviews
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• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Government Documents
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• Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Primary Sources
• Religious Texts
• Social Media
• Videos & DVDs
• In-Text Citation
• Works Quoted in Another Source
• No Author, No Date etc.
• Works Cited List & Sample Paper
• Annotated Bibliography
• Powerpoint Presentations

What is MLA?

MLA style was created by the Modern Language Association of America. It is a set of rules for publications, including research papers.

There are two parts to MLA: In-text citations and the Works Cited list.

In MLA, you must "cite" sources that you have paraphrased, quoted or otherwise used to write your research paper. Cite your sources in two places:

• In the body of your paper where you add a brief in-text citation.
• In the Works Cited list at the end of your paper where you give more complete information for the source.

Core Elements of an MLA Citation

MLA 9th edition provides 9 core elements to complete any works cited entry. It is your job to try to fill in these core elements with the information you have about a source. If any element is missing or not applicable, you can skip that element.

The 9 Core Elements

(1) Author. (2) “Title of Source.” (3) Title of Container , (4) Other contributors, (5) Version,  (6) Number,  (7) Publisher, (8) Publication date, (9) Location.

For sources that are part of a larger work, you include core element (2) “Title of Source.” ​        ( e.g. journal articles from a journal, essays or chapters from a book, webpages from a website)

For sources that are self-contained, you skip core element (2).         (e.g. books, websites, or journals)

Other contributors includes people such as editors, translators, or directors.

Example 1. A source found within a larger work (a journal article)

Guillen, Jorge. "Does Financial Openness Matter in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Distribution in Latin America?"  Emerging Markets Finance & Trade , vol. 52, no. 5, 2016, pp. 1145-1155.  Business Source Complete,  https://do.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1046337.

(1) Guillen, Jorge. (2) "Does Financial Openness Matter in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Distribution in Latin America?" (3) Emerging Markets Finance & Trade , (4) (5) (6) vol. 52, no.5, (7) (8) 2016, (9) pp. 1145-1155.   

Example 2.  A self-contained source (a book)

Kirsh, Steven J.  Children, Adolescents, and Media Violence: A Critical Look at the Research.  2nd ed., Sage, 2006. 

(1) Kirsh, Steven J. (2) (3) Children, Adolescents, and Media Violence: A Critical Look at the Research.   (4) (5) 2nd ed., (6) (7) Sage, (8) 2006.  (9)

Note on Publisher Information: 

According to p. 165 of the  MLA Handbook , you don’t need to include publisher information for:

• periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers)
• works published by an author or editor
• web sites whose title is the same as the name of the publisher
• a web site not involved in producing the work it makes (e.g. user-generated content sites like  YouTube )

Commonly Used Terms

Access Date: The date you last looked at a source. Do not provide an access date for sources from library databases. Access dates should be added to the end of citations for online sources that lack a publication date, or if a publication has been removed or appears to have been altered.

Citation : The details about one source you are citing.

Citing : The process of acknowledging the sources of your information and ideas.

In-Text Citation : A brief note in your paper or essay at the point where you use information from a source to indicate where the information came from. An in-text citation should always match more detailed information that is available in the Works Cited List.

Paraphrasing : Taking information that you have read and putting it into your own words.

Plagiarism : Taking the ideas or words of another person and using them as your own.

Quoting : Copying words of text originally published elsewhere. Direct quotations generally appear in quotation marks and end with a citation.

Works Cited List : Contains details on ALL the sources cited in a text or essay, and supports your research and/or premise.

MLA Citation Guide QR Code

Use this QR code to quickly access this guide on your phone.

Sample Paper & Works Cited List

• MLA Sample Paper Template

This sample paper includes a sample assignment page with an example of how to include your student information and a Works Cited list in MLA format.

It can be used as a template to set up your assignment.

MLA Interactive Practice Template

• MLA Practice Template Use this interactive webpage to see how the elements of a source are formatted and arranged in an MLA-Style citation.

Do You Need Citation Help?

Stop by the library and speak with a Librarian, or use the chat box below to chat with a Librarian from home. 

This citation guide is based on the MLA Handbook  (9th ed.). The contents are accurate to the best of our knowledge.

Seneca College Libraries

This guide is used/adapted with the permission of Seneca College Libraries. For information please contact [email protected] .

Note: When copying this guide, please retain this box.

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MLA Citation Guide

• Paper Format
• Books/eBooks
• Annotated Bibliography

Database Article Citations

MLA Format for items found using a library database , such as Academic OneFile , Opposing Viewpoints , JSTOR , and more.

Basic Format:

DOIs and PermaLinks

What Are DOIs and PermaLinks?

• A DOI (digital object identifier) is a short code given to some types of sources. Example DOI – 10.1111/jvim.14591 
• A PermaLink  is a stable, permanent URL (web address) that does not expire after you log out of a search session. In library databases, the URL in your browser address is often NOT a permalink.

Which Should Be In Your Citation?

• DOI – If the item you're citing has a DOI , include it in your citation.
• NO DOI – If what you're citing does not have a DOI, use a permalink .

What Items Have DOIs? Many (not all) scholarly articles originally published in journals have DOIs. Some government publications also have DOIs.

Where Are DOIs Found?  If an item has a DOI, it is usually near the title or other publication details such as authors or publication date. Library databases also include DOIs near such details. In research databases, such as Academic OneFile , the MLA citation found by clicking on an article title and then on the Cite button will already include the DOI (if available) or permalink (if no DOI available). You can also find this information by clicking on the article title and looking below the title for a DOI.

Searching with DOIs. Because each DOI is unique, it can be used to search for an item without needing other information. For example, instead of using a long article title and author name to find a specific journal article, you can just search with the DOI.

Journal Article Database Examples

One Author (Without DOI)

Two Authors (Without DOI)

More Than Two Authors (With DOI)

No Author (Without DOI)

Magazine & Newspaper Article Database Examples

Newspaper - One Author  (Without DOI)

Magazine - One Author (Without DOI)

Magazine - Two Authors (Without DOI)

Magazine - More Than Two Authors (Without DOI)

Magazine - No Author (Without DOI)

Articles in Print Citations

MLA Format for articles from  periodicals (magazines, newspapers and journals) in print that you physically hold in your hands -  NOT  articles found in a library database

Print Article Examples

Magazine Article

Scholarly Journal Article

Newspaper Article

More Help Online

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite a Report in MLA

How to Cite a Report in MLA

Citing a report.

Report – A document containing the findings of an individual or group. Can include a technical paper, publication, issue brief, or working paper.

Report Citation Structure

Last, First M. Report Title . Publisher, date published, URL (if applicable).

Note: If the author and publisher of the report are the same, start your citation with the title of the report instead. 

First Page of Report

Report Citation Example:

Gorbunova, Yulia and Konstantin Baranov. Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency . Human Rights Watch, 2013.

Report In-text Citation Structure:

(Author Last Name(s) Page #)

Report In-text Citation Example: 

(Gorbunova and Konstantin 4)

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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To cite a report in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author or the organization name, title of the report, and publication year. The templates for in-text citations and works-cited-list entries of a report, along with examples, are given below:

Report created and published by the same organization

In-text citation template and example:

Use the organization’s name in both prose and parenthetical citation.

Citation in prose: Pew Research Center

Parenthetical: (Pew Research Center)

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

Title of the Chapter . Organization Name, Publication Date.

Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet . Pew Research Center, July 2018.

Different authors and publisher

Use the below template when the author and publisher are different. For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues.” In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues.” In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”

Citation in prose:

First instance: Kim Parker and others . . . Or Kim Parker and colleagues

Subsequent occurrences: Parker and others . . . Or Parker and colleagues

Parenthetical:

. . . (Parker et al.)

Surname, First Name, et al. Title of the Report . Organization Name, Publication Date, URL.

Parker, Kim, et al. About Half of Lower-Income Americans Report Household Job or Wage Loss Due to COVID-19 . Pew Research Center, Apr. 2020, www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/ 04 /21/about-half-of-lower-income-americans-report-household-job-or-wage-loss-due-to-covid-19/ .

To cite a government document in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author or the organization name, title of the document, and publication year. The templates for in-text citations and works-cited-list entries of a government document, along with examples, are given below:

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author in the first occurrence. In subsequent citations, use only the surname. In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the author.

First mention: Ferdinand Hayden . . .

Subsequent occurrences: Hayden . . .

. . . (Hayden)

Surname, First Name. Title of the Government Document . Organization Name, Publication Date.

Hayden, Ferdinand. Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories . Government Printing Office, 1872.

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Revolutionizing environmental sustainability: exploring the transformative potential of nanocomposites/nanomaterials from recycled waste

• Published: 27 April 2024

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• Vivek Dave 1 ,
• Prashansa Sharma 2 ,
• Arindam Kuila 3 &
• Shilpi Shree Sahay 2  

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The exponential growth of global waste production has reached alarming levels, prompting immediate action to mitigate its detrimental impact on ecosystems and public health. Conventional disposal methods, such as landfilling and incineration, have proven inadequate due to their adverse environmental consequences, including land pollution and water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and habitat destruction. Amidst these challenges, it is necessary to prioritize adopting sustainable practices, particularly when considering the limited supply of natural resources. Through repurposing waste materials, we can reduce the reliance on virgin resources and minimize the ecological footprint associated with their extraction and processing. In this context, one promising area for sustainable innovation lies in the exploration of nanocomposites and nanomaterials sourced from recycled waste. Recently, a significant focus has emerged on the convergence and interconnection of nanomaterials through pioneering methodologies. Nanocomposites and nanomaterials stand at the forefront of scientific progress, holding immense potential, and offering exciting prospects for innovation. Harnessing the potential of nanomaterials requires innovative approaches in synthesis, fabrication, surface modification, and functionalization to create a hybrid nanomaterial structure. Nanomaterials play a vital role in water filtration applications, wastewater treatment, and addressing global warming challenges. These materials can effectively adsorb and remove contaminants from various environmental matrices, such as soil, water, and air. Their high surface area and tailored surface chemistry enhance adsorption capacities, allowing for the efficient removal of pollutants like heavy metals, organic compounds, and microorganisms. This multifaceted approach highlights the versatility and potential of recycled nanocomposites and nanomaterials in combatting environmental threats and advancing sustainability efforts on a global scale.

This special issue “Nanocomposites/nanomaterials from recycled waste: applications and advancements,” edited by Dr. Vivek Dave, Dr. Prashansa Sharma, Ms. Shilpi Shree Sahay, and, Dr. Arindam Kuila is all about exploring the wide-ranging applications and progress in utilizing recycled waste for the creation of nanocomposites and nanomaterials, thus connecting sustainability with materials science. This special issue covers a wide range of topics, including eco-friendly synthesis methods, characterization techniques, disposal and recycling strategies, environmental remediation potential, and regulatory aspects concerning nanocomposites and nanomaterials derived from recycled waste. In this special issue, we explore the utilization of recycled waste materials to develop nanocomposites and nanomaterials with diverse applications.

Highlighted in this issue are five compelling research papers: The selected research papers and review papers in this special issue of ESPR are believed to provide the most recent advancement and scientific progress.

The demand for eco-friendly recycling methods for waste printed circuit boards is substantial due to their valuable components like high-purity copper and precious metals. Gautam et al. explored eco-friendly methods for recycling waste printed circuit boards, focusing on synthesizing Cu (OH)2/CuO and CuO nanostructures at low temperatures. The hybrid nanostructures exhibited better photocatalytic activity in degrading rhodamine blue dye compared to CuO nanostructures. This study presents a sustainable approach to waste recycling for waste treatment yielding high-value products without additional chemical precursors.

In response to the environmental impact of textile industry dye discharge, Thuan van Tran et al. conducted a comparative study on the adsorption of malachite green dye using chemically synthesized and greenly synthesized MgFe2O4 nanoparticles prepared with gerbera floral waste extract. The study utilized the Box-Behnken design and response surface method to optimize conditions achieving a high dye removal percentage. The bio-prepared MgFe2O4 exhibited higher adsorption capacity, excellent reusability, and structural stability compared to the chemically synthesized indicating its potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment.

Dave et al. provided a detailed review on the development of protective face masks focusing on mitigating environmental pollution. They examined different types of masks, their production methods, assessment criteria, and applications, including sterilization processes for reuse and smart masks. The paper highlights the importance of masks in protecting against infectious agents, airborne pathogens, and chemical hazards, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The review advocates for the adoption of smart masks which offer robust protection and self-sterilization capabilities, as a sustainable solution to address environmental concerns.

Chang Tang Chang authored a research article introducing a novel method for detecting oxytetracycline using sugarcane carbon-modified graphite electrodes. By utilizing CeO 2 -Co 3 O 4 quantum dots from waste sugar cane bagasse, the modified electrode exhibits high sensitivity and superior electrochemical performance. The method offers a cost-effective means of monitoring antibiotic residues in the environment showcasing excellent detection capabilities with long-term stability.

Aliyu Ishaq et al. conducted a review on using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for landfill leachate treatment and power generation, showcasing their potential for sustainable waste management and renewable energy production. Their study emphasizes the significance of bioelectrochemical systems in addressing environmental concerns while also highlighting the effectiveness of MFCs. The review focuses on exploring electrochemical technologies as a promising solution for mitigating contaminants in landfill leachate, a hazardous organic wastewater. It highlights the theoretical and practical aspects of landfill leachate treatment methods, comparing them with MFCs utilization, and serves as a valuable resource for researchers aiming to optimize landfill leachate treatment methods.

Through these contributions, this special issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in utilizing recycled waste materials for the development of functional nanocomposites and nanomaterials. This issue is a valuable resource covering different aspects of turning waste into useful materials, marking a step forward in environmental awareness and technology.

As the guest editors, we are thankful to the Editor-in-Chief of the ESPR journal for entrusting us with this opportunity. We express our sincere gratitude to all the reviewers for their valuable insights and feedback, which has significantly improved the quality of this special issue. Their expertise and dedication are deeply appreciated. We also acknowledge the authors, whose contributions have made this special issue possible. Their contributions have enriched the discourse on sustainable materials development and waste management, offering insights and innovative solutions. We sincerely hope that this collection serves as inspiration for further research and innovation while also contributing significantly to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable materials development and waste management.

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Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, Central University of South Bihar, Bihar, India

Department of Home Science, Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Prashansa Sharma & Shilpi Shree Sahay

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India

Arindam Kuila

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Dave, V., Sharma, P., Kuila, A. et al. Revolutionizing environmental sustainability: exploring the transformative potential of nanocomposites/nanomaterials from recycled waste. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33435-2

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Article Contents

National trends in prescription drug expenditures and projections for 2024.

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Eric M Tichy, James M Hoffman, Mina Tadrous, Matthew H Rim, Sandra Cuellar, John S Clark, Mary Kate Newell, Glen T Schumock, National trends in prescription drug expenditures and projections for 2024, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy , 2024;, zxae105, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxae105

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In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

To report historical patterns of pharmaceutical expenditures, to identify factors that may influence future spending, and to predict growth in drug spending in 2024 in the United States, with a focus on the nonfederal hospital and clinic sectors.

Historical patterns were assessed by examining data on drug purchases from manufacturers using the IQVIA National Sales Perspectives database. Factors that may influence drug spending in hospitals and clinics in 2024 were reviewed—including new drug approvals, patent expirations, and potential new policies or legislation. Focused analyses were conducted for biosimilars, cancer drugs, endocrine drugs, generics, and specialty drugs. For nonfederal hospitals, clinics, and overall (all sectors), estimates of growth of pharmaceutical expenditures in 2024 were based on a combination of quantitative analyses and expert opinion.

In 2023, overall pharmaceutical expenditures in the US grew 13.6% compared to 2022, for a total of $722.5 billion. Utilization (a 6.5% increase), new drugs (a 4.2% increase) and price (a 2.9% increase) drove this increase. Semaglutide was the top drug in 2023, followed by adalimumab and apixaban. Drug expenditures were $37.1 billion (a 1.1% decrease) and $135.7 billion (a 15.0% increase) in nonfederal hospitals and clinics, respectively. In clinics, increased utilization drove growth, with a small impact from price and new products. In nonfederal hospitals, a drop in utilization led the decrease in expenditures, with price and new drugs modestly contributing to growth in spending. Several new drugs that will influence spending are expected to be approved in 2024. Specialty, endocrine, and cancer drugs will continue to drive expenditures.

For 2024, we expect overall prescription drug spending to rise by 10.0% to 12.0%, whereas in clinics and hospitals we anticipate an 11.0% to 13.0% increase and a 0% to 2.0% increase, respectively, compared to 2023. These national estimates of future pharmaceutical expenditure growth may not be representative of any health system because of the myriad of local factors that influence actual spending.

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MLA Works Cited Page: Books

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

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When you are gathering book sources, be sure to make note of the following bibliographic items: the author name(s), other contributors such as translators or editors, the book’s title, editions of the book, the publication date, the publisher, and the pagination.

The 8 th  edition of the MLA handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

Please note these changes in the new edition:

• Commas are used instead of periods between Publisher, Publication Date, and Pagination.
• Medium is no longer necessary.
• Containers are now a part of the MLA process. Commas should be used after container titles.
• DOIs should be used instead of URLS when available.
• Use the term “Accessed” instead of listing the date or the abbreviation, “n.d."

Below is the general format for any citation:

Author. Title. Title of container (do not list container for standalone books, e.g. novels), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2 nd  container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Basic Book Format

The author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic form for a book citation is:

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

* Note: the City of Publication should only be used if the book was published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in more than one country, or if the publisher is unknown in North America.

Book with One Author

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science . Penguin, 1987.

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House . MacMurray, 1999.

Book with More Than One Author

When a book has two authors, order the authors in the same way they are presented in the book. Start by listing the first name that appears on the book in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in normal order (first name last name format).

Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

If there are three or more authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names. (Note that there is a period after “al” in “et al.” Also note that there is never a period after the “et” in “et al.”).

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition . Utah State UP, 2004.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the author’s name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three hyphens and a period.

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism . St. Martin's, 1997.

---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History . Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

Book by a Corporate Author or Organization

A corporate author may include a commission, a committee, a government agency, or a group that does not identify individual members on the title page.

List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry.

American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children . Random House, 1998.

When the author and publisher are the same, skip the author, and list the title first. Then, list the corporate author only as the publisher.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.

Book with No Author

List by title of the book. Incorporate these entries alphabetically just as you would with works that include an author name. For example, the following entry might appear between entries of works written by Dean, Shaun and Forsythe, Jonathan.

Encyclopedia of Indiana . Somerset, 1993.

Remember that for an in-text (parenthetical) citation of a book with no author, you should provide the name of the work in the signal phrase and the page number in parentheses. You may also use a shortened version of the title of the book accompanied by the page number. For more information see the In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author section of In-text Citations: The Basics .

A Translated Book

If you want to emphasize the work rather than the translator, cite as you would any other book. Add “translated by” and follow with the name(s) of the translator(s).

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason . Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

If you want to focus on the translation, list the translator as the author. In place of the author’s name, the translator’s name appears. His or her name is followed by the label, “translator.” If the author of the book does not appear in the title of the book, include the name, with a “By” after the title of the book and before the publisher. Note that this type of citation is less common and should only be used for papers or writing in which translation plays a central role.

Howard, Richard, translator. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason . By Michel Foucault, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Republished Book

Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition. New editions are typically revisions of the original work. For books that originally appeared at an earlier date and that have been republished at a later one, insert the original publication date before the publication information.

For books that are new editions (i.e. different from the first or other editions of the book), see An Edition of a Book below.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble . 1990. Routledge, 1999.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine . 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.

An Edition of a Book

There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically an editor).

A Subsequent Edition

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students . 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

A Work Prepared by an Editor

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title with the label "edited by."

Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre,  edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 1998.

Note that the format for citing sources with important contributors with editor-like roles follows the same basic template:

...adapted by John Doe...

Finally, in the event that the source features a contributor that cannot be described with a past-tense verb and the word "by" (e.g., "edited by"), you may instead use a noun followed by a comma, like so:

...guest editor, Jane Smith...

Anthology or Collection (e.g. Collection of Essays)

To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "editor" or, for multiple editors, "editors." This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection below.

Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

Peterson, Nancy J., editor. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches . Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.

A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection

Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:

Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection , edited by Editor's Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry.

Some examples:

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One , edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer , edited by Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13-24.

Note on Cross-referencing Several Items from One Anthology: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, MLA indicates you may cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should consider this option if you have several references from a single text. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name as below:

Rose, Shirley K, and Irwin Weiser, editors. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher . Heinemann, 1999.

Then, for each individual essay from the collection, list the author's name in last name, first name format, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page range:

L'Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work on WPAs." Rose and Weiser, pp. 131-40.

Peeples, Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser, pp. 153-67.

Please note: When cross-referencing items in the works cited list, alphabetical order should be maintained for the entire list.

Poem or Short Story Examples :

Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems, edited by Philip Smith, Dover, 1995, p. 26.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories , edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

If the specific literary work is part of the author's own collection (all of the works have the same author), then there will be no editor to reference:

Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems, Dover, 1991, pp. 12-19.

Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected Stories, Penguin, 1995, pp. 154-69.

Article in a Reference Book (e.g. Encyclopedias, Dictionaries)

For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the entry name as you would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the article or item.

"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary.  3rd ed. 1997. 

A Multivolume Work

When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title, or after the work's editor or translator.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria . Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. Also, be sure in your in-text citation to provide both the volume number and page number(s) ( see "Citing Multivolume Works" on our in-text citations resource .)

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria . Translated by H. E. Butler, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. 4 vols.

If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes as if it were an independent publication.

Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution . Dodd, 1957.

An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the name of the author of the introduction/preface/foreword/afterword. Finish the citation with the details of publication and page range.

Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture , by Farrell, Yale UP, 1993, pp. 1-13.

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work , then write the full name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would write the entry as follows:

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, by Kenneth Burke, 1935, 3rd ed., U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii-xliv.

Book Published Before 1900

Original copies of books published before 1900 are usually defined by their place of publication rather than the publisher. Unless you are using a newer edition, cite the city of publication where you would normally cite the publisher.

Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions . Boston, 1863.

Italicize “The Bible” and follow it with the version you are using. Remember that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the chapter and verse(s). (See Citing the Bible at In-Text Citations: The Basics .)

The Bible. Authorized King James Version , Oxford UP, 1998.

The Bible. The New Oxford Annotated Version , 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2001.

The New Jerusalem Bible. Edited by Susan Jones, Doubleday, 1985.

A Government Publication

Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the number of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed as well as the report number. US government documents are typically published by the Government Printing Office.

United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the Geopolitics of Oil . Government Printing Office, 2007. 110th Congress, 1st session, Senate Report 111-8.

United States, Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs . Government Printing Office, 2006.

Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an author. Pamphlets and promotional materials commonly feature corporate authors (commissions, committees, or other groups that does not provide individual group member names). If the pamphlet you are citing has no author, cite as directed below. If your pamphlet has an author or a corporate author, put the name of the author (last name, first name format) or corporate author in the place where the author name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. (See also Books by a Corporate Author or Organization above.)

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs . California Department of Social Services, 2007.

Dissertations and Master's Theses

Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Unlike previous editions, MLA 8 specifies no difference in style for published/unpublished works.

The main elements of a dissertation citation are the same as those for a book: author name(s), title (italicized) , and publication date. Conclude with an indication of the document type (e.g., "PhD dissertation"). The degree-granting institution may be included before the document type (though this is not required). If the dissertation was accessed through an online repository, include it as the second container after all the other elements.

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign . 2002. Purdue University, PhD dissertation.

Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical Partnership . 2005. Ohio University, PhD dissertation.

Mitchell, Mark. The Impact of Product Quality Reducing Events on the Value of Brand-Name Capital: Evidence from Airline Crashes and the 1982 Tylenol Poisonings.  1987. PhD dissertation.  ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry if the author and publisher are not the same.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.