how to cite a phd thesis bibtex

Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis

BibTeX is a reference management tool that is commonly used in LaTeX documents. The “phdthesis” BibTeX type is used for PhD dissertations or theses. In this guide, we will explain the required and optional fields for the “phdthesis” BibTeX type.

Need a simple solution for managing your BibTeX entries? Explore CiteDrive!

• Web-based, modern reference management
• Collaborate and share with fellow researchers
• Integration with Overleaf
• Comprehensive BibTeX/BibLaTeX support
• Save articles and websites directly from your browser
• Search for new articles from a database of tens of millions of references

Required Fields

The “phdthesis” BibTeX type requires the following fields:

• author : The author of the thesis.
• title : The title of the thesis.
• school : The name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• year : The year the degree was awarded.

Optional Fields

In addition to the required fields, the “phdthesis” BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to provide additional information. These fields include:

• type : The type of the thesis, such as “PhD thesis” or “Master’s thesis”.
• address : The location of the institution.
• month : The month the thesis was submitted.
• note : Any additional information about the thesis.

Here is an example of how to use the “phdthesis” BibTeX type:

In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a PhD thesis authored by John Smith titled “An Analysis of Example”. The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as “PhD thesis”, and a note is included that provides a URL for the thesis.

Get the Reddit app

How to cite a published phd dissertation in bibtex using @phdthesis.

I have the following entry. But when I cite it in my paper, I keep getting "Unpublished doctoral dissertation" showing up in the entry. As far as I can tell there's no field to specify publishing information, so how do I get rid of this message?

No Search Results

How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX (Part 4): Bibliographies with BibLaTeX

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

Author: Josh Cassidy (August 2013)

This five-part series of articles uses a combination of video and textual descriptions to teach the basics of writing a thesis using LaTeX. These tutorials were first published on the original ShareLateX blog site during August 2013; consequently, today's editor interface (Overleaf) has changed considerably due to the development of ShareLaTeX and the subsequent merger of ShareLaTeX and Overleaf. However, much of the content is still relevant and teaches you some basic LaTeX—skills and expertise that will apply across all platforms.

In the previous post we looked at using images and tables in our thesis. In this post we are going to look at adding a bibliography to our thesis. To do this we are going to use the biblatex package . This involves creating a list of sources in a separate file called a .bib file.

The Bib File

When we create this file we need to choose a name for it and save it as a .bib file rather than a .tex file.

Now every time we need to reference a source we can cite it in the text and then fill in the source details in the .bib file. First we'll look at filling in our .bib file and then we'll move on to discussing citations. To add a new entry to our .bib file we need to first tell BibLaTeX what type of source we are referencing. We do this using an @ symbol followed immediately by the source type.

Then comes an opening curly bracket and a citation key of our choice followed by a comma. We then need to tell it all the details it wants for that particular type of source. We do this using a list of keywords each followed by an equals sign and the corresponding information in curly brackets. Items in the list are separated by commas. Each recognised source type has a list of required details which we must provide. But we'll often want to give more details. For example, for an article entry we need to use the author , title , journaltitle and year or date keywords. For an online source we need to use the author or editor , title , year or date and url keywords, and finally for a book it's the author , title and year or date keywords. Here's an example of what they might look like filled-in:

All of the information about the recognised source types and all the keywords you can use can be found in the biblatex documentation .

Now let's return to the main .tex file. To set it up for a bibliography we need to load up the biblatex package using the \usepackage command. Also in the preamble we need to specify which .bib files we want to use by calling the \addbibresource command and entering the file name in the curly brackets including the .bib extension.

Now let's look at citations. To cite a source in the text we use one of the biblatex citation commands. The simplest is the \cite command which prints the citation without any brackets unless you are using the numeric or alphabetic styles. We'll discuss styles a little later on. For example we may cite a source in the text like this:

Another one is the \parencite command which prints citations in parentheses except when using the numeric or alphabetic styles when it uses square brackets. There are more citation commands available to you which again can be found in the biblatex documentation .

The citation commands in biblatex also give us the option of adding a prenote and postnote in as arguments:

• a prenote is a word or phrase like "see" that is inserted at the start of the citation;
• a postnote is text you want inserted at the end of the citation.

To add these notes in you uses two sets of square brackets in the citation command. If you only open one set of square brackets it will assume the contents of the brackets is a postnote , so if you only want a prenote make sure you still open the second set of square brackets and then just leave them empty. Here are some examples:

Now to actually get the bibliography printed in our thesis we use the \printbibliography command at the end of the document. By default the bibliography and citations use the numeric style which looks like this:

To change the style we pass more arguments into the \usepackage command in square brackets. For example this specifies the alphabetic style:

Which looks like this:

And this is the authoryear style:

Another thing we can change here is the way the bibliography is ordered. For example this sorts entries by year , name , title :

While this doesn't sort them at all but displays them in the order they are cited.

More information about the numerous styles and sorting options available can be found in the biblatex documentation . This concludes our discussion on adding a bibliography. In the final post of this series we'll look at customising some of the opening pages.

All articles in this series

• Part 1: Basic Structure ;
• Part 2: Page Layout ;
• Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables ;
• Part 4: Bibliographies with BibLaTeX ;
• Part 5: Customising Your Title Page and Abstract .
• Documentation Home
• Learn LaTeX in 30 minutes

Overleaf guides

• Creating a document in Overleaf
• Uploading a project
• Copying a project
• Creating a project from a template
• Using the Overleaf project menu
• Including images in Overleaf
• Exporting your work from Overleaf
• Working offline in Overleaf
• Using Track Changes in Overleaf
• Using bibliographies in Overleaf
• Sharing your work with others
• Using the History feature
• Debugging Compilation timeout errors
• How-to guides
• Guide to Overleaf’s premium features

LaTeX Basics

• Creating your first LaTeX document
• Choosing a LaTeX Compiler
• Paragraphs and new lines
• Bold, italics and underlining

Mathematics

• Mathematical expressions
• Subscripts and superscripts
• Brackets and Parentheses
• Fractions and Binomials
• Aligning equations
• Spacing in math mode
• Integrals, sums and limits
• Display style in math mode
• List of Greek letters and math symbols
• Mathematical fonts
• Using the Symbol Palette in Overleaf

Figures and tables

• Inserting Images
• Positioning Images and Tables
• Lists of Tables and Figures
• Drawing Diagrams Directly in LaTeX
• TikZ package

References and Citations

• Bibliography management with bibtex
• Bibliography management with natbib
• Bibliography management with biblatex
• Bibtex bibliography styles
• Natbib bibliography styles
• Natbib citation styles
• Biblatex bibliography styles
• Biblatex citation styles
• Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using polyglossia and fontspec
• Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using babel and fontspec
• International language support
• Quotations and quotation marks

Document structure

• Sections and chapters
• Table of contents
• Cross referencing sections, equations and floats
• Nomenclatures
• Management in a large project
• Multi-file LaTeX projects
• Lengths in L a T e X
• Headers and footers
• Page numbering
• Paragraph formatting
• Line breaks and blank spaces
• Text alignment
• Page size and margins
• Single sided and double sided documents
• Multiple columns
• Code listing
• Code Highlighting with minted
• Using colours in LaTeX
• Margin notes
• Font sizes, families, and styles
• Font typefaces
• Supporting modern fonts with X Ǝ L a T e X

Presentations

• Environments

Field specific

• Theorems and proofs
• Chemistry formulae
• Feynman diagrams
• Molecular orbital diagrams
• Chess notation
• Knitting patterns
• CircuiTikz package
• Pgfplots package
• Typesetting exams in LaTeX
• Attribute Value Matrices

Class files

• Understanding packages and class files
• List of packages and class files
• Writing your own package
• Writing your own class

Advanced TeX/LaTeX

• In-depth technical articles on TeX/LaTeX

Get in touch

Have you checked our knowledge base ?

Message sent! Our team will review it and reply by email.

Email: 

• Future Students
• Parents and Families

College of Engineering

• Research and Facilities
• Departments

Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX

The bibliography and list of references.

The Graduate School requires a Bibliography which includes all the literature cited for the complete thesis or dissertation. Quoting from the Graduate School’s Guidelines for the Format of Theses and Dissertations :

“Every thesis in Standard Format must contain a Bibliography which lists all the sources used or consulted in writing the entire thesis and is placed at the very end of the work. The complete citations are arranged alphabetically by last name of the author. Individual citations are not numbered. No abbreviations in titles of published works will be accepted. The full title of a book, journal, website, proceedings, or any other published work must be italicized or underlined. Citations must follow standards set by the style manual that the student is using. The bibliography for URI theses is not broken into categories.”

The List of References is not required by the Graduate School, but is the style commonly used in Engineering, Mathematics, and many of the Sciences. It consists of a numbered list of the sources used or consulted in writing the thesis in the order that they are referenced in the text. There can be either one List of References for the entire thesis, or a List of References at the end of each chapter.

Both the Bibliography and the List of References will be generated by the urithesis LaTeX class. All you need to do is add information about your sources to the references.bib file, which is a database containing all of the necessary information about the references, then cite the reference in your thesis using the \cite{} command.

Generating the Bibliography and References

The bibliography and list of references are generated by running BibTeX. To generate the bibliography, load the file thesisbib.tex into your editor, then run BibTeX on it.

If each chapter has its own list of references, you will need to run BibTeX on each chapter to update its list of references. If there is one list of references for the whole thesis (because you used the oneref option, you will only need to run BibTeX on the top level file thesis.tex .

How to Add a Bibliography Entry

When we want to refer to a source in the thesis, we place an entry for that source in the file references.bib , then cite the source in the thesis with the \cite{LABEL} command. The syntax for an entry in the references.bib file is of the form:

ENTRYTYPE is the type of bibliographic entry such as Book , Article , or TechReport , that this entry describes. At the end of this page is a list of all possible entry types .

LABEL is a unique string that is used to refer to this entry in the body of the thesis when using the \cite{LABEL} command.

The FIELDNAMEn entries are the fields that describe this entry, (ie. author, title, pages, year, etc.). Each entry type has certain required fields and optional fields. See the list of all entry types for a description of the available fields.

As an example, suppose we have a paper from a conference proceedings that we want to cite. First we make an entry in the our references.bib file of the form:

We then cite this source in the text of our thesis with the command \cite{re:toolan:as03} . This will generate a Bibliography entry that looks something like:

and a List of References entry that looks something like:

[1]	T. M. Toolan and D. W. Tufts, “Detection and estimation in non-stationary environments,“ in , Nov. 2003, pp. 797-801.

Types of List of References

The Graduate School requires that the bibliography is always at the end of the thesis and sorted alphabetically by author, therefore there is no options that affect it. The list of references is optional, therefore there are a few different ways that it can created.

By default a separate list of references appears at the end of each chapter, and are sorted by the order that they are cited in that chapter. The option oneref (see options ) will create a single list of references for the whole thesis, which due to the requirements of the Graduate School, will appear after the last chapter and before any appendices.

The option aparefs will cite references using the APA style, which is the last name of the author and year of publication, such as (Toolan, 2006), instead of the default IEEE style, which is a number, such as [1]. This option will also sort the references alphabetically by author, instead of in order of citation. The options oneref and aparefs can be used together to create a single list of references using the APA style.

Supported Bibliography Entry Types

The following is a list of all the entry types that can be used. Click on the desired type to see a detailed description of how to use that type.

• Article – An article from a journal or magazine
• Book – A book with an explicit publisher
• InBook – A part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s)
• InCollection – A part of a book having its own title
• Booklet – Printed and bound works that are not formally published
• Manual – Technical documentation
• InProceedings – An article in a conference proceedings
• Proceedings – The entire proceedings of a conference
• MastersThesis – A Master’s thesis
• PhDThesis – A Ph.D. dissertation
• TechReport – A report published by a school or other institution
• Unpublished – A document that has not been formally published
• Electronic – An internet reference like a web page
• Patent – A patent or patent application
• Periodical – A magazine or journal
• Standard – Formally published standard
• Misc – For use when nothing else fits

Required fields:
Optional fields:

Articles that have not yet been published can be handled as a misc type with a note. Sometimes it is desirable to put extra information into the month field such as the day, or additional months. This is accomplished by using the BIBTEX concatenation operator “#“:

Example .bib using this type:

Required fields:	and/or
Optional fields:

Books may have authors, editors or both. Example .bib using this type:

Inbook is used to reference a part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s). The type field can be used to override the word chapter (for which IEEE uses the abbreviation “ch.”) when the book uses parts, sections, etc., instead of chapters

Incollection is used to reference part of a book having its own title. Like book , incollection supports the series, chapter and pages fields. Also, the type field can be used to override the word chapter.

Booklet is used for printed and bound works that are not formally published. A primary difference between booklet and unpublished is that the former is/was distributed by some means. Booklet is rarely used in bibliographies.

Technical documentation is handled by the manual entry type.

References of papers in conference proceedings are handled by the inproceedings or conference entry type. These two types are functionally identical and can be used interchangeably. Example .bib using this type:

It is rare to need to reference an entire conference proceedings, but, if necessary, the proceedings entry type can be used to do so.

Master’s (or minor) theses can be handled with the mastersthesis entry type. The optional type field can be used to override the words “Master’s thesis” if a different designation is desired:

The phdthesis entry type is used for Ph.D. dissertations (major theses). Like mastersthesis , the type field can be used to override the default designation. Example .bib using this type:

Techreport is used for technical reports. The optional type field can be used to override the default designation “Tech. Rep.” Example .bib using this type:

The unpublished entry type is used for documents that have not been formally published. IEEE typically just uses “unpublished” for the required note field.

Required fields:	none
Optional fields:

The electronic entry type is for internet references. IEEE formats electronic references differently by not using italics or quotes and separating fields with periods rather than commas. Also, the date is enclosed within parentheses and is placed closer to the title. This is probably done to emphasize that electronic references may not remain valid on the rapidly changing internet. Note also the liberal use of the howpublished field to describe the form or category of the entries. The organization and address fields may also be used. Example .bib using this type:

Required fields:	or
Optional fields:

The nationality field provides a means to handle patents from different countries

The nationality should be capitalized. The assignee and address (of the assignee) fields are not used, however, they are provided. The type field provides a way to override the “patent” description with other patent related descriptions such as “patent application” or “patent request”:

The periodical entry type is used for journals and magazines.

The standard entry type is used for formally published standards. Alternatively, the misc entry type, along with its howpublished field, can be used to create references of standards.

Misc is the most flexible type and can be used when none of the other entry types are applicable. The howpublished field can be used to describe what exactly (or in what form) the reference is (or appears as). Possible applications include technical-report-like entries that lack an institution, white papers and data sheets.

Additional Comments

Because we are effectively creating multiple bibliographies, (one for the actual bibliography, and one for each list of references), the two LATEX commands \bibliographystyle{} and \bibliography{} are not used. They have been redefined to do nothing, and the equivalent of these commands are done automatically when necessary.

When there is a reference that should be included in the bibliography, but does not need to be explicitly referenced in the thesis, use the \nocite{} command. This command works like the \cite{} command, except it does not put the citation in the list of references, only in the bibliography. The \nocite{} command must appear after the first \newchapter{} command, or it will be ignored.

When using the option aparefs , and a citation does not have an author, (such as often occurs with a web page), the key field can be used to specify what to use in the citation instead of the author’s name.

About the Bibliography Format

The bibliography format used by the urithesis class is based on the IEEE format. See the article “How to Use the IEEEtran BIBTEX Style” by Michael Shell for more details.

• University of Wisconsin–Madison
• University of Wisconsin-Madison
• Research Guides
• LaTeX Guide
• Citing with BibTeX

LaTeX Guide : Citing with BibTeX

• Introduction
• Getting Started
• UW-Madison Templates

LaTeX uses the BibTeX (.bib) file format to manage and process lists of references in order to produce in-text citations and formatted bibliographies. It is possible to create a BibTeX file from scratch using a text editor, but many literature databases and most modern citation managers can export directly to this format.

• Bibliography management with BibTeX An introduction to using BibTeX and .bib files for bibliography management, including solutions to common problems. From Overleaf.
• BibTeX Basic introduction to the BibTeX file format and how to use it with LaTeX.
• Choosing a BibTeX style Guide from Reed College on various citation styles and how to use them with BibTeX and LaTeX.

Citation Managers and LaTeX/BibTeX

Jabref is a free reference manager with native BibTeX and BibLaTeX support—it's designed for use with systems like LaTeX and includes cite-while-you-write functionality for LaTeX editors like Kile, LyX, and TeXstudio.

• JabRef Free citation manager with BibTeX support. Made by researchers for researchers.

Zotero is a free, open source citation manager. To create a BibTeX file with Zotero:

• Save all your references into a single collection folder
• Right click that collection in Zotero ( Ctrl + click for Mac OS)
• Choose Export Collection...
• Change the format from RIS to BibTeX

This will create a .bib file for you. Because Zotero is open source, there are a number of third-party plugins you can get to add or improve functionality. Better BibTeX for Zotero is highly recommended if you will be using Zotero for citation management for a LaTeX project.

• Better BibTeX for Zotero A plugin for Zotero that makes it easier for LaTeX users to manage bibliographic data.
• How to link your Overleaf account to Mendeley and Zotero For users with premium subscriptions only.

EndNote is a powerful citation manager, but the full version cannot be used without the purchase of a software license. The paid version of EndNote can produce a BibTeX file for your references, with some limitations. To do this:

• Save all your references into a single EndNote group
• Select the references in EndNote (use Ctrl +A for Windows or Cmd + A for Mac OS to select all)
• From the main menu choose File > Export...
• Choose BibTeX Export as the file output style (this may require installing the BibTeX Export style from the Style Manager)
• Save the file
• EndNote creates a plain text (.txt) file with BibTeX formatting inside; you will need to manually change it to .bib

Note: these instructions were created using EndNote 20. The process may not be exactly the same for other versions of EndNote.

• Can I use Overleaf with EndNote? Instructions for using EndNote to manage references for an Overleaf LaTeX project.

Mendeley is a free citation manager. Follow the directions below to create a BibTeX file containing the references from a Mendeley collection.

• Save all your references into a single folder
• Navigate to that folder in Mendeley Reference Manager
• Choose File > Export All from the main menu
• Choose BibTeX (*.bib) and save your file

Note: the steps may vary depending on the version of Mendeley being used.

• Exporting references from Mendeley Instructions for exporting your Mendeley reference library to a variety of formats. Note that this creates a static file.
• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: UW-Madison Templates >>
• Last Updated: May 29, 2024 3:50 PM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/latex

• NPS Dudley Knox Library
• Research Guides

Citation Guide

• BibTeX Code
• Examples & Rules
• Zotero Examples
• Examples & Rules
• BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6
• Other Styles
• Generative AI

  NPS Thesis Template v2.7 (rel. 3 April 2023): Code Examples (Using template version ≤  2.6? Click here:  IEEE  or  INFORMS )

The following codes are customized for NPS theses and are not intended for use with any other publisher or template. The NPS thesis LaTeX template comes prepackaged with a BibTeX tool and a bib file containing the examples below.

Blog

Blog

J. Locke, “Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using Cthulhean logic,” The Thing’s Credible!, blog, Dec. 22, 2020. Available: https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html   TBA @misc{locke_2020, author = "J. Locke", title = "Effect of weird tails in 35mm {I}nnsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using {C}thulhean logic", month = "Dec. 22,", year = "2020", howpublished = "The Thing’s Credible!, blog", url = "https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html" }

Chapter in Edited Book
Book Chapter One author, two editors	P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in , D. Moran and J. A. Russel, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–77.   Haynes P (2009) Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy. Moran D, Russel JA, eds., (Routledge, New York, NY, USA), 62–77. @incollection{haynes_2009,   author        = "P. Haynes",   editor        = "D. Moran and J. A. Russel",   title         = "Al-{Q}aeda, oil dependence, and {U.S.} foreign policy",   booktitle     = "Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management",   publisher     = "Routledge",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   year          = "2009",   pages         = "62--77" }
Electronic Book
DOI or URL	M. E. Bonds, . New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 2014. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004   Bonds ME (2014) , https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780199343638.003.0004. @ebook{bonds_2014,     address = {New York, NY, USA},     author = {M. E. Bonds},     doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004},     publisher = {Oxford University Press},     title = {Absolute Music: The History of an Idea},     year = {2014}}
From book provider	A. Krishnan, as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Available: Kindle   Krishnan A (2008) , Kindle. @book{krishnan_2008,     address = {Aldershot, England},     author = {A. Krishnan},     publisher = {Ashgate},     title = {War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting},     url = {Kindle},     year = {2008}}
Print Book
One author	M. Pollan, Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Penguin, 2006.   Pollan M (2006) , 2nd ed. (Penguin, New York, NY, USA). @book{pollan_2006,   author        = "M. Pollan",   title         = "The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals",   publisher     = "Penguin",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2006" }
Two authors with edition number	A. Strindberg and M. Wärn, , 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2011.   Strindberg A, Wärn M (2011) , 2nd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA). @book{strindberg_warn_2011,   author        = "A. Strindberg and M. Wärn",   title         = " Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance",   publisher     = "John Wiley and Sons",   address       = "Hoboken, NJ, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2011" }
Section (in a series, portion, volume)
In a series	M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., (Applied Mathematics Series 55). Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964, pp. 32–33.   N/A @inbook{abramowitz_64,   editor        = "M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun",   title         = "Handbook of Mathematical Functions",   series        = "Applied Mathematics Series 55",   publisher     = "NBS",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   pages         = "32--33",   year          = "1964" }
Portion	B. Orend, , 2nd ed. Tonawanda, NY, USA: Broadview Press, 2013, ch. 2, sec. 3, pp. 67–70.   N/A @inbook{orend_2013,   author        = "B. Orend",   title         = "Morality of War",   publisher     = "Broadview Press",   address       = "Tonawanda, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2013",   chapter       = "2, sec.\ 3",   pages         = "67--70" }
Volume	R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in , vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 47–160.    N/A @incollection{myer_77,   author        = "R. L. Myer",   editor        = "P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret",   title         = "Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials",   booktitle     = "Nonlinear Optics",   publisher     = "Academic Press",   address       = "San Francisco, CA, USA",   year          = "1977",   volume        = "4",   pages         = "47--160" }

Class Notes / Lecture / Presentation / Workshop

“New applications in computational mechanics,” class notes for Computational Mechanics, Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, spring 2013.   Houston A (2016) Why capitalization matters when visiting the House of Potato Chips. Class notes, Performance Management and Budgeting, University of Idaho, September 28, Fort Chip, ID. @misc{NPS_notes_2013,   title         = "New applications in computational mechanics",   organization  = "Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School",   howpublished  = "class notes for Computational Mechanics",   address       = "Monterey, CA, USA",   year          = "spring 2013" }

Computer Program / Software

M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein, Englewood, NJ, USA. 2005. , ver. 2. Available: http://www.meta-analysis.com/   Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis, ver. 2, Englewood, NJ, USA. Accessed May 8, 2015, http://www.meta-analysis.com. @software{comprehensive_2005,   author        = "M. Borenstein and L. Hedges and J. Higgins and H. Rothstein",   address       = "Englewood, NJ, USA",   title         = "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis",   howpublished  = "ver. 2",   year          = "2005",   url           = "http://www.meta-analysis.com" }

Conference Proceedings (online)	J. W. Morentz, C. Doyle, L. Skelly, and N. Adam, “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing,” in for Homeland Security, 2009. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032    Morentz JW, Doyle C, Skelly L, Adam N (2009) Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing. , https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032. Variant of inproceedings class. Note "and" between multiple authors. @inproceedings{morentz_2009,   author        = "J. W. Morentz and C. Doyle and L. Skelly and N. Adam",   title         = "{Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing}",   booktitle     = "2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security",   year          = "2009",   url           = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032" }
Conference Proceedings (print)	I. Katz, K. Gabayan, and H. Aghajan, “A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras,” in , 2007, pp. 133–203.    Katz I, Gabayan K, Aghajan H (2007) A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. (Berlin, Germany), 133–203. @inproceedings{katz_2007,   author        = "I. Katz and K. Gabayan and H. Aghajan",   title         = "A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras",   booktitle     = "Adv. Conc. for Intell. Vis. Sys.: 9th Intl. Conf.",   year          = "2007",   pages         = "133--203" }
Paper Presented at a Conference Unpublished	K. Kirby and J. Stratton, “Van Allen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring Earth’s radiation belts,” presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 2013.   Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM (2005) Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA. Use misc. Notice the {} around first letters of proper nouns in the title. @misc{kirby_2013,   author        = "K. Kirby and J. Stratton",   title         = "{V}an {A}llen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring {E}arth's radiation belts",   howpublished  = "presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference",   address       = "Big Sky, MT, USA",   year          = "2013" }

Database Published

“NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.” Object name IRAS F00400+4059. Accessed Dec. 10, 2012. Available: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/   Suro R (2004) Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media. Pew Research Center. Accessed April 30, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/hanging-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/. @misc{nsa_ipac_2012,     journal = {database},     note = {Accessed Dec. 10, 2012},     organization = {Object name IRAS F00400+4059},     title = {{NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database}},     url = {http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/}}

Dictionary / Encyclopedia

"Metamorphosis,” . Accessed July 6, 2017. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis    Metamorphosis (2017) . Accessed July 6, 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis. @misc{merriam_2017,   title         = "Metamorphosis",   howpublished  = {\emph{Merriam-Webster}. Accessed July 6, 2017},   url           = "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis" }

Fact Sheet	Texas Instruments, , SNAS548D, 2015. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf    Department of Labor (2008) , http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm. @manual{texas_2015,     author = {{Texas Instruments}},     howpublished = {SNAS548D},     title = {LM555 timer},     url = {http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdfs},     year = {2015}}

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

-->

Directive
Directive	, DOD Directive 5000.1, Under Secretary of Defense (AT&L), Washington, DC, USA, 2003. Available: http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf   Department of Defense (2005) . DoD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC, http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf. @manual{dod_5000.1,   title = "The Defense Acquisition System",   howpublished  = "DOD Directive 5000.1",   organization  = "Under Secretary of Defense (AT\&L)",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2003",   url = "http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf" }
Doctrine
Doctrine	Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, JP-1, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC, USA, 2017. Available: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf   Joint Chiefs of Staff (2017) . JP 3-01. Washington, DC, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_01_20172104.pdf. @manual{JP1,   title = "Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States",   howpublished = "JP-1",   organization = "Joint Chiefs of Staff",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2017",   url = "https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf" }
Field Manual / Military Regulation
Field Manual / Military Regulation	, FM 23-10, U.S. Dept. of the Army, Washington, DC, USA, 1995. Available: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf   Department of the Army (1995) . FM 23-10. Washington, DC, USA, https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf. @manual{sniper_2011,   title = "Sniper Training",   howpublished = "FM 23-10",   organization = "U.S. Dept. of the Army",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "1995",   url = "https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10\%2894\%29.pdf" }
Government Report
CRS or GAO Report	M. C. Erwin, “Intelligence issues for Congress,” CRS Report No. RL33539, Washington, DC, USA, 2011. Available: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/ RL33539.pdf   TBA @misc{erwin_2011,   author = "M. C. Erwin",   title = "Intelligence issues for {C}ongress",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   howpublished = "CRS Report No. RL33539",   year = "2011",   url = "http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf" }
NEED CODE for  White House. National Security Strategy
Instruction
Instruction	, DOD Instruction 1000.01, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2012, pp. 1-1–1-10.   See . @manual{instruction_1000.01,   title = "Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention",   howpublished = "DOD Instruction 1000.01",   organization = "Department of Defense",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2012",   pages = "1\hyphen1--1\hyphen10" }
Memorandum
Memorandum	T. M. Takai, “Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense,” official memorandum, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2013. Available: http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/ 2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf   N/A @misc{takai_2013,   author = "T. M. Takai",   title = "Adoption of the national information exchange model within the {D}epartment of {D}efense",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   howpublished = "official memorandum, {D}epartment of {D}efense",   year = "2013",   url = "http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28\%20Adoption\%20of\%20the\%20NIEM\%20within\%20the\%20DoD.pdf" }

Print	Communications, 3rd ed., Western Elect. Co., Winston- Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.   Western Elect. Co. (1985) , 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). @manual{transmission_comm_85,   title = "Transmission Systems for Communications",   edition = "3rd",   organization = "Western Elect. Co.",   address = "Winston-Salem, NC, USA",   year = "1985",   pages = "44--60" }

Online	G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka, “Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support,” Econ., vol. 19, no. 2, Apr. 2018. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419    Sanico G, Kakinaka M (2018) Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. 19(2) (April), https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419. @article{sanico_2018,     author = {G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka},     doi = {10.1080/10242690701505419},     journal = {Def. \& Peace Econ.},     month = Apr,     number = {2},     title = {Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support},     volume = {19},     year = {2018}}
Print	W. Q. Wang and H. Shao, “High altitude platform multichannel SAR for wide-area and staring imaging,” , vol. 29, no. 25, pp. 12–17, Mar. 2014.   Griffin G (2009) Managing peacekeeping communications. 3(2):317–327. @article{wang_2014,   author = "W. Q. Wang and H. Shao",   title = "High altitude platform multichannel {SAR} for wide-area and staring imaging",   journal = "Aerosp. and Electron. Syst.",   volume = "29",   number = "25",   month = mar,   year = "2014",   pages = "12--17" }

Legislative Document	-->   U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, of Military Action. Available: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH   INFORMS: No reference required. @electronic{congress_1991,     author = {{U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session}},     month = {Jan. 11},     title = {H. Con. Res. 1, \emph{Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action}},     url = {http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH},     year = {1991}}
Public Law Published in the	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101. 1991.   No reference required. @misc{americans_1991,     howpublished = {42 U.S.C. {\S} 12101},     journal = {law},     title = {Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990},     year = {1991}}

Google Map

Google. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed Jul. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106, -122.0843052,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311   N/A @misc{Google_2017,     author = {Google},     journal = {map},     note = {Accessed Jul. 6, 2017},     title = {Monterey {B}ay},     url = {https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311}}

Online	L. Linguine, “Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair,” , Jul. 15, 2016. Available: http://www.chickenyodeling.com/ dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/    Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat?   (January 1), https://pastadynamics.com/2014/11/03/skettibrrrrrrr.html. @article{linguine_2016,     author = {L. Linguine},     journal = {Knife and Spork Semi-Weekly},     month = {Jul. 15,},     title = {Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair},     url = {http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/},     year = {2016}}
Print	J. Stulberg, “The art of creating crossword puzzles,” , Jul. 15, 2016.   Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? (January 1). @article{stulberg_2016,     author = {J. Stulberg},     journal = {New York Times},     month = {Jul. 15,},     title = {The art of creating crossword puzzles},     year = {2016}}

Patent

A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174 465, Mar. 7, 1876. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465 Bell AG (1876) U.S. Patent No. 174,465. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, https://www.google.com/patents/US174465. @patent{bell_1876,   author = "A. G. Bell",   title = "Improvement in telegraphy",   nationality = "United States",   number = "174465",   day = "7",   month = Mar,   year = "1876",   url = "https://www.google.com/patents/US174465" }

	R. Ajanlekoko, private communication, Sep. 2009.    Wunkerbunk TT (2002) Moss-growing statistics provided to the author via personal communication, June 11. @misc{ajanlekoko_2009,   author = "R. Ajanlekoko",   howpublished = "private communication",   year = "2009",   month = "Sep." }

Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper	L. Dixon , “The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City,” RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC, 2017. Available: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/ RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf  Dixon L, Clancy N, Miller BM, Hoegberg S, Lewis MM, Bender B, Ebinger S, et al. (2017) The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City. Report RR-1776-NYCEDC, RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf. @techreport{dixon_2017,     address = {Santa Monica, CA, USA},     author = {Lloyd Dixon and Noreen Clancy and Benjamin M. Miller and Sue Hoegberg and Michael M. Lewis and Bruce Bender and Samara Ebinger and Mel Hodges and Gayle M. Syck and Caroline Nagy and Scott R. Choquette},     institution = {RAND Corp.},     number = {RR-1776-NYCEDC},     title = {The cost and affordability of flood insurance in {N}ew {Y}ork {C}ity},     url = {https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf},     year = {2017}}
Technical Report
Technical Report Author given (online)	S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson, “The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2009. Available: https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html   Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK, https://www.beanfeast.org/badegg/wahwah.pdf. @techreport{effendi_2009,   author = "S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson",   title = "The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella",   institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address = "Madison, WI, USA",   number = "Rep. 17-59",   year = "2009",   url = "https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html" }
Technical Report Author given (print)	K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov, “The absorption rate of E. coli in cats,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2012.   Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK. @techreport{abdulatipov_2012,   author = "K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov",   title = "The absorption rate of {E}. coli in cats",   institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address = "Madison, WI, USA",   number = "Rep. 17-59",   year = "2012" }
Technical Report Organization as author (online)	National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethy- lolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580?/listedreports/tr576/index.html   TBA @techreport{national_toxicology_2012,     address = {Washington, DC, USA},     institution = {National Toxicology Program},     number = {Rep. TR-576},     title = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate {(CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies)}},     url = {https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580 ?/listedreports/tr576/index.html},     year = {2012}}

Standard	Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5, 1968.   N/A @manual{standard_1968,   title = "Letter Symbols for Quantities",   howpublished = "ANSI Standard Y10.5",   year = "1968" }

Dissertation (print)	Check your output:   J. Rivera, “Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010.    Yoshi H (1988) Effects of pizza consumption on katana-wielding dexterity in terrapinoids. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Reptile Bellicosity, Eastman & Laird University, New York, NY, https://hdl.handle.net/6576565753/splinter.html. @phdthesis{rivera_2010,   author = "J. Rivera",   title = "Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems",   school = "Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ.",   address = "Cambridge, MA, USA",   year = "2010" }
Thesis From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun	T. D. Moon, “Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam,” M.A. thesis, Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS, Monterey, CA, USA, 1993. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694  Nekeip R (2008) Pescatarians and daisies: A match made in sushi heaven. Master’s thesis, Garden of Sushi School of Sushi, Maui, HI, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426). @mastersthesis{Moon_1993,   author = "T. D. Moon",   title = "Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and {C}hinese influence in {V}ietnam",   school = "Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS",   address = "Monterey, CA, USA",   type = "M.A. thesis",   year = "1993",   url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694" }

Unpublished Work Accepted for publication	R. Briscoe, “Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception,” unpublished.   Horse BB (1995) Back in the saddle. Unpublished memoir, Leaping H Ranch, Peoria, IL. @unpublished{briscoe_unpub,   author = "R. Briscoe",   title = "Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception",   note = "unpublished" }

Author and date given	R. Roth, “75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history,” CNN, Apr. 18, 2017. Available: http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle- raid/index.html  Sushi UQ (1995) Absorption of cats in sushi. Sushi Lab. Accessed November 9, 1999, http://www.wallcrust.com/hgtehrwOIASD.html. @misc{Roth_2017,   author = "R. Roth",   title = "75 years ago, the {D}oolittle {R}aid changed history",   howpublished = "CNN",   month = "Apr. 18,",    year = "2017",   url = "http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html" }
Organization as author	Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Forging papers to sell fake art,” Apr. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art    Federal Bureau of Investigation (2017) Forging papers to sell fake art. Apr. 6, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art. @misc{FBI_2017,   author = {{Federal Bureau of Investigation}},   title = {Forging papers to sell fake art},   month = "Apr. 6,",    year = "2017",   url = "https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art" }
Organization as author, no date given	Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed Apr. 18, 2017. Available: https://www.defense.gov/About/  Python M (2017) Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk. Ministry of Silly Walks. Accessed August 6, 2017, https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers. @misc{dep_defense_2017,     author = {{Department of Defense}},     note = {Accessed Apr. 18, 2017},     title = {{About the Department of Defense (DOD)}},     url = {https://www.defense.gov/About/}}
Janes example	“Mali: Executive summary,” Jane’s, May 31, 2017. Available: https://customer.janes.com/    Jane's (2017) Mali: Executive summary. May 31, https://customer.janes.com/. @misc{Janes_2017,     howpublished = {Jane's},     month = {May 31,},     title = {Mali: Executive summary},     url = {https://customer.janes.com/},     year = {2017}}

Wikipedia	“Psychology,” . Accessed May 17, 2011. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology Psychology (2016) . Accessed May 17, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology. @article{wiki_2016,     journal = {Wikipedia},     note = {Accessed May 17, 2011},     title = {Psychology},     url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology}}

Working Paper / Occasional Paper

U. Q. Sushi, “Three-handed Fibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in Hilbert space,” working paper, Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron., Pierre, SD, USA, 2021. Available: https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf%oii%/gonzoponzu.html TBA @misc{sushi_2021,     address = {Pierre, SD, USA},     author = {U. Q. Sushi},     howpublished = {working paper},     organization = {Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron.},     title = {Three-handed {F}ibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in {H}ilbert space},     url = {https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf\%oii\%/gonzoponzu.html},     year = {2021}}

• << Previous: Zotero Examples
• Next: BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6 >>
• Last Updated: Jun 28, 2024 6:39 PM
• URL: https://libguides.nps.edu/citation

411 Dyer Rd. Bldg. 339 Monterey, CA 93943

	(831) 656-2947 DSN 756-2947

Start Your Research

• Academic Writing
• Ask a Librarian
• Copyright at NPS
• Graduate Writing Center
• How to Cite
• Library Liaisons
• Research Tools
• Thesis Processing Office

Find & Download

• Databases List
• Articles, Books, & More
• NPS Faculty Publications: Calhoun
• Journal Titles
• Course Reserves

Use the Library

• My Accounts
• Request Article or Book
• Borrow, Renew, Return
• Remote Access
• Workshops & Tours
• For Faculty & Researchers
• For International Students
• Print, Copy, Scan, Fax
• Rooms & Study Spaces
• Computers & Software
• Adapters, Lockers & More

Collections

• NPS Archive: Calhoun
• Restricted Resources
• Special Collections & Archives
• Federal Depository
• Homeland Security Digital Library
• Library Staff
• Special Exhibits
• Our Affiliates

NPS-Licensed Resources - Terms & Conditions

Copyright Notice

Naval Postgraduate School 1 University Circle, Monterey, CA 93943 Driving Directions | Campus Map

This is an official U.S. Navy Website |  Please read our Privacy Policy Notice  |  FOIA  |  Section 508  |  No FEAR Act  |  Whistleblower Protection  |  Copyright and Accessibility  |  Contact Webmaster

Plagiarism Checker

Compare your paper to billions of pages and articles with Scribbr’s Turnitin-powered plagiarism checker.

Run a free check

AI Detector

Detect AI-generated content like ChatGPT3.5, GPT4 and Gemini in seconds

Try for free

Paraphraser

Rewrite and paraphrase texts instantly with our AI-powered paraphrasing tool.

Check your Citations

Improve your in-text citations and references for errors and inconsistencies using Scribbr's AI technology or human experts.

Grammar Checker

Eliminate grammar errors and improve your writing with our free AI-powered grammar checker.

AI Proofreader

Correct your document in minutes.

Upload my document

Proofreading & Editing

Have a human editor polish your writing to ensure your arguments are judged on merit, not grammar errors.

Get expert writing help

universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.title

universalSourceForm.overwrites.thesis.intro.text,universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.text

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Cite a Thesis in BIBTEX

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
• Citation Machine® Plus
• Citation Guides
• Chicago Style
• Harvard Referencing
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• DO NOT SELL MY INFO

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a PhD thesis in APA

• Google Docs

To cite a PhD thesis in a reference entry in APA style 6th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to seven authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For eight or more authors include the first six names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Year of publication: Give the year in brackets followed by a full stop.
• Title of the PhD thesis: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• URL: Give the full URL where the document can be retrieved from.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a PhD thesis in APA style 6th edition:

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the PhD thesis (PhD thesis). Retrieved from URL

If the thesis is available from a database, archive or any online platform use the following template:

• Author(s) of the thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to 20 authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For 21 or more authors include the first 19 names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Publication number: Give the identification number of the thesis, if available.
• Name of the degree awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.
• Name of Platform: Give the name of the database, archive or any platform that holds the thesis.
• URL: If the thesis was found on a database, omit this element.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a PhD thesis in APA style 7th edition:

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the PhD thesis ( Publication number ) [PhD thesis, Name of the degree awarding institution ]. Name of Platform . URL

If the thesis has not been published or is available from a database use the following template:

• Location: Give the location of the institution. If outside the United States also include the country name.

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the PhD thesis (Unpublished PhD thesis). Name of the degree awarding institution , Location .

If the thesis is not published, use the following template:

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the PhD thesis [Unpublished PhD thesis]. Name of the degree awarding institution .

APA reference list examples

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the APA style guidelines for a PhD thesis citation in action:

A PhD thesis found in an online platform

Confait, M. F . ( 2018 ). Maximising the contributions of PhD graduates to national development: The case of the Seychelles ( PhD thesis ). Retrieved from https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2060

Confait, M. F . ( 2018 ). Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: The case of the Seychelles [ PhD thesis , Edith Cowan University ]. Edith Cowan Online Repository . Retrieved from https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2060

An unpublished PhD thesis

Bowkett, D . ( 2015 ). Investigating the ligandability of plant homeodomains ( Unpublished PhD thesis ). University of Oxford , London, UK .

Bowkett, D . ( 2015 ). Investigating the ligandability of plant homeodomains [ Unpublished PhD thesis ]. University of Oxford .

This citation style guide is based on the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( 6 th edition).

More useful guides

• APA Referencing: Theses
• How do I reference a PhD dissertation or MA thesis in APA style?
• APA Citation Style: Theses and Dissertations

More great BibGuru guides

• MLA: how to cite a Hulu video
• Chicago: how to cite a software
• AMA: how to cite a UN report

Automatic citations in seconds

Citation generators

Alternative to.

• NoodleTools
• Getting started

From our blog

• 📚 How to write a book report
• 📝 APA Running Head
• 📑 How to study for a test

Thesis item type

• adamsmith March 11, 2019 The type of thesis. "PhD Thesis" "Doctoral Dissertation" "MA Thesis" etc.
• psycoperl March 11, 2019 Thanks! That is what I thought but wanted to confirm.
• leahperl August 20, 2022 the Thesis type gets printed out as "Ph.D. Dissertation" in my bibliography, but I want to cite an undergraduate thesis. Which Type should I use?
• adamsmith August 20, 2022 Which citation style? This may be hardcoded in the style.
• leahperl August 22, 2022 Sorry my last post was vague. This is when exporting to a .bib file. More specifically, here are the reproduction steps: 1. In the Zotero UI, select "Thesis" in the dropdown menu for my item type. 2. Export it to the .bib file. 3a. Expected: it shows as "@thesis" in the .bib file. 3b. Actual: it shows as "@phdthesis" in the .bib file. 4. Construct a bibliography from that .bib file in latex using "\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}" (the reference format required by my venue), and the citation says "Ph.D. Dissertation".
• bwiernik August 22, 2022 If you are writing with LaTeX, you should install the BetterBibTeX plugin and using its Better BibTeX or BetterBibLaTeX format. It has more sophisticated export of the myriad types of .bib theses
• emilianoeheyns August 22, 2022 Is an undergraduate thesis different from a bachelor thesis?
• bwiernik August 22, 2022 No those are the same. Sometimes they have additional qualifiers like “Honors thesis”
• emilianoeheyns August 22, 2022 But honors could be Ba or Ma, right? I've added undergrad as an alias for a bach thesis.
• leahperl August 25, 2022 edited August 25, 2022 @bwiernik , thanks for the suggestion. To clarify, I already have BetterBibTeX installed. My earlier posts describe the behavior of Zotero with BetterBibTeX. It sounds like you are hinting at some feature of BetterBibTeX that would enable me to differentiate between different kinds of theses? If so, could you please give me more detailed instructions on how to configure my export settings so I can create an item that will be exported to .bib with the type "@thesis"? Thanks!
• warwickmm August 25, 2022 This seems related: https://forums.zotero.org/discussion/comment/398735/#Comment_398735
• emilianoeheyns August 25, 2022 @warwickmm is right. Set the Item Type to "Thesis" and then enter the thesis type in the Type field.

Upload image file with the file dialog or by dragging and dropping images onto the dashed region

Space as Interface: A Computational Framework for Spatial Computing in Robotically-Assisted Construction

Since the early 1970s, many studies have explored integrating robotic systems into architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) to address challenges like low productivity, worker shortages, and safety concerns. Efforts have aimed to automate construction. However, complexities such as job site environments, worker safety, and economic factors limit fully unmanned systems in AEC. The increasing trend of robotically-assisted practices underscores the need for an effective human-machine interface for robotic manipulation.

Recent advancements in spatial interfaces — immersive technologies such as augmented reality (AR) allowing users to interact with virtual information in space — offer a promising direction for Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) in construction. This dissertation introduces an AR for HRI framework tailored for robotically-assisted construction, empowering operators to leverage physical space as a shared canvas for information visualization, robot supervision, and manipulation. The framework optimizes components such as indoor localization and point cloud processing for AEC’s unique demands. For instance, a multimodal localization approach combining visual simultaneous localization and mapping (vSLAM) with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signals enhances robustness under complex lighting conditions.

Building on this framework, bespoke spatial interfaces are devised and tested in two use cases: proxemic-aware AR for HRI and robotically-assisted quality assessment and management. Case studies illustrate how AR interfaces facilitate robotic manipulation in construction contexts.

This dissertation contributes a novel AR-enabled HRI framework for robotically-assisted construction, initiating broader discussions on spatial interfaces’ role in the built environment’s future.

Degree Type

• Dissertation
• Architecture

Degree Name

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Usage metrics

• Architectural Design

BibTeX mastersthesis template

The mastersthesis entry type is intended to be used for a Master's thesis.

Minimal template

Minimal template with required fields only for a BibTeX mastersthesis entry.

Full template

Full template including required and optional fields for a BibTeX mastersthesis entry.

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

Certain fields missing while citing PhD Thesis in BibTex

As far as I understand , the plain bibliography style in BibTex should display the school name when citing a Phd Thesis. However I can neither get the school name nor the URL to show.

Here is the MWE:

My bib file contains the following entry:

How do I get the school name and URL to show without changing the bibliography style? I know that I can just add a "note" field but the issue with that is that the "language" field is printed first, while school name should ideally be printed after "Ph.D. Thesis".

• bibliographystyle

• 1 \usepackage{amsrefs} forces a different \bibliographystyle than they one you set in your document. It effectively makes \bibliographystyle do nothing, so your \bibliographystyle{plain} has no effect at all and you are not actually using BibTeX's plain style. If you want to use normal BibTeX, remove \usepackage{amsrefs} . –  moewe Commented Jan 5, 2021 at 12:38
• @moewe I see. That solved my problem. However, now the "language" field is omitted from all the entries. I guess the "plain" style ignores it? Is there a way around this other than using the "note" field? –  Sahiba Arora Commented Jan 5, 2021 at 12:50
• Indeed, plain does not know a language field. If the information is required, you can use note - or you could use a different style. –  moewe Commented Jan 5, 2021 at 13:05
• @moewe Alright. Thank you! –  Sahiba Arora Commented Jan 5, 2021 at 13:08

The plain bibliography style is so very old that it actually predates the creation of the Internet, the WWW, and URLs. As such, plain doesn't know the url field name; fields with unknown names are ignored by BibTeX.

I suggest you load the natbib citation management package with the option numbers and employ the plainnat bibliography style instead of the plain style. The plainnat style does not ignore url fields.

The plainnat bib style doesn't process the language field. If you believe that it's essential to inform your readers that the document is in English, just change language = {English} to note = {Language: English} . (Personally, I wouldn't bother unless it's somehow essential to indicate the document's main language.)

• Would you recommend plainnat over plainurl? –  Sahiba Arora Commented Jan 5, 2021 at 14:04
• @SahibaArora - I'm afraid I'm not at all familiar with the plainurl bib style. –  Mico Commented Jan 5, 2021 at 14:30

You must log in to answer this question.

Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged bibtex bibliographystyle ..

• Featured on Meta
• Upcoming initiatives on Stack Overflow and across the Stack Exchange network...
• We spent a sprint addressing your requests — here’s how it went

Hot Network Questions

• Mathematical Induction over two numbers
• Can I reuse a large part of my own previously published paper in a new paper?
• Coincidence between coefficients of tanh(tan(x/2)) and Chow ring computations?
• Canon PowerShot A80 keeps shutting down and asking to change the battery pack. What should I do?
• Does the cosmological constant entail a mass for the graviton?
• What scientifically plausible apocalypse scenario, if any, meets my criteria?
• If Biden steps back or is replaced, until when must he do it?
• Another board component that I need help identifying
• Animate multiple material transitions smoothly
• Can computer components be damaged if they stay off for a long time?
• What properties to look for in a bottom bracket to survive winter use on a road bike
• Signature of Rav Ovadia Hedaya
• Why seperating a sphere gives different shades?
• What caused the builder to change plans midstream on this 1905 library in New England?
• Keyboard Ping Pong
• Understanding top memory bar
• Alternatives to iterrow loops in python pandas dataframes
• Identify the story about an author whose work-in-progress is completed by a computer
• How can I remove rust stains from outdoor vinyl flooring?
• These two Qatar flights with slightly different times and different flight number must actually be the same flight, right?
• Why bother with planetary battlefields?
• How is 11:22 four minutes slow if it's actually 11:29?
• Does the number of parameters in the model affect its intelligence?
• How to turn a sum into an integral?