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How to Start a Research Paper: A Step-by-Step Guide

Starting a research paper can seem overwhelming, but breaking it down into manageable steps can make the process much easier. This guide will walk you through each stage, from choosing a topic to finalizing your paper, ensuring you stay organized and focused. Whether you're new to research or looking to improve your skills, these steps will help you create a strong, well-structured paper.

Key Takeaways

• Select a topic that interests you and has enough available resources.
• Formulate a clear and focused research question to guide your study.
• Conduct a thorough literature review to understand existing research and identify gaps.
• Develop a detailed research plan with a timeline and methodology.
• Ensure proper formatting and citation to maintain academic integrity.

Choosing a Research Topic

Choosing a research topic is a crucial first step in writing a research paper. It sets the stage for your entire project, so it's important to choose wisely. Here are some steps to help you select a topic that is both interesting and feasible.

Identifying Your Interests

Start by thinking about what excites you. Pick a topic that you find fun and fulfilling. This will keep you motivated throughout your research. Make a list of subjects you enjoy and see how they can relate to your field of study. Your job will be more pleasant if you choose a topic that holds your interest.

Evaluating the Scope of the Topic

Once you have a few ideas, check if they are too broad or too narrow. A good topic should be manageable within the time you have. Ask yourself if you can cover all aspects of the topic in your thesis. For example, exploring the link between technology and mental health could be narrowed down to how WhatsApp use impacts college students' well-being.

Ensuring Availability of Resources

Before finalizing your topic, ensure that there are enough resources available. Conduct preliminary research to see if there is sufficient data and literature on your chosen topic. This step is vital as you may discover issues with your original idea or realize you have insufficient resources to explore the topic effectively. This key bit of groundwork allows you to redirect your research topic in a different, more feasible, or more relevant direction if necessary.

Formulating a Research Question

Understanding the importance of a research question.

A well-defined research question is the cornerstone of any successful research paper. It provides a clear focus and direction for your study, ensuring that your efforts are both relevant and meaningful. A strong research question helps you stay on track and avoid unnecessary detours. It also makes it easier to communicate the purpose and significance of your research to others.

Techniques for Crafting a Strong Research Question

To develop a compelling research question, start by identifying your interests and the gaps in the existing literature. Use the 5 W's: who, what, where, when, and why , to explore different aspects of your topic. This approach will help you narrow down your focus and create a question that is both specific and researchable. Additionally, consider the feasibility of your question by evaluating the availability of resources and the scope of your study.

Aligning Your Question with Objectives

Your research question should align with the objectives of your study. This means that it should be directly related to what you aim to achieve through your research. Clearly defined objectives will guide your research process and ensure that your question remains relevant throughout your study. By aligning your question with your objectives, you can produce a coherent and focused research paper that effectively addresses the problem at hand.

Conducting a Literature Review

Gathering Relevant Sources

Start by collecting sources that are related to your research topic. Use libraries, online databases, and academic journals to find books, articles, and papers. Skimming sources initially can save you time; set aside those that seem useful for a more thorough read later.

Analyzing Existing Research

Once you have gathered your sources, read through them carefully. Take notes on key points and different viewpoints. This will help you understand the current state of research in your field. Look for common themes and debates that can inform your own work.

Identifying Research Gaps

As you analyze the existing research, look for areas that haven't been explored or questions that haven't been answered. These gaps can provide a direction for your own research and make your thesis more valuable. Identifying these gaps is crucial for crafting a strong research question and ensuring your work contributes new knowledge to the field.

Developing a Research Plan

Creating a solid research plan is crucial for the success of your thesis. It helps you stay organized and ensures that you cover all necessary aspects of your research.

Writing the Thesis Introduction

Establishing context.

Starting your thesis introduction can be daunting, but it's crucial for setting the stage for your research. Establishing the context for your study helps readers understand the background and significance of your work. This section should provide a clear overview of what your thesis will cover, making it easier for readers to follow your arguments.

Crafting a Thesis Statement

Your thesis statement is the heart of your introduction. Typically, it is placed at the end of the introductory paragraph. This statement should succinctly present the main argument or focus of your thesis, guiding the reader on what to expect.

Justifying the Research Problem

Once you have your research question, you need to justify why it is important. Explain the significance of your research problem in the context of existing literature. Highlight the gaps your research aims to fill and how it will contribute to the field. This step is crucial for crafting a bachelor thesis that stands out.

Structuring the Research Paper

Organizing sections.

A well-structured research paper is essential for clarity and coherence. Start by dividing your paper into key sections: Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Each section should serve a specific purpose and contribute to the overall argument of your paper. Organize your research by identifying main topics and subtopics, gathering relevant sources, and summarizing key points. This will help you maintain a logical flow throughout your paper.

Ensuring Logical Flow

Ensuring a logical flow between sections and paragraphs is crucial. Use transitions to connect ideas and guide the reader through your arguments. Each paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea, followed by supporting evidence and analysis. This approach not only enhances readability but also strengthens your argument.

Maintaining Coherence

Coherence is achieved when all parts of your paper work together to support your thesis statement. To maintain coherence, make sure each section and paragraph aligns with your research objectives. Regularly review your work to ensure that your ideas are presented logically and that your voice remains dominant. Cite sources carefully to avoid plagiarism and to give credit to the original authors.

Data Collection and Analysis

Choosing data collection methods.

Selecting the right data collection methods is crucial for the success of your research. Data collection is the process of gathering, measuring, and analyzing accurate data. Consider methods such as surveys, interviews, or experiments based on your research needs. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, so choose the one that best fits your study.

Analyzing Data Accurately

Once you have collected your data, the next step is to analyze it accurately. Use statistical tools and software to help you interpret the data. Create tables and graphs to illustrate your findings clearly. This will help you present your results in a structured and understandable way.

Interpreting Results

Interpreting your results is an essential part of your thesis. Discuss how your findings relate to your research questions and the existing literature. Highlight the significance of your analyses and the reliability of your findings. This will help you draw meaningful conclusions and provide valuable insights into your research topic.

Drafting and Revising the Paper

Writing the First Draft

Start by writing your first draft without worrying too much about perfection. Focus on getting your ideas down on paper. This initial draft is your chance to explore your thoughts and structure your argument. Remember, the goal is to create a foundation that you can build upon.

Incorporating Feedback

Once you have a draft, it's time to incorporate feedback. Share your work with your thesis supervisor and peers. Their insights can help you see your work from different perspectives and identify areas for improvement. Revising is a continuous process of re-seeing your writing. It involves considering larger issues like focus, organization, and audience.

Polishing the Final Draft

Finally, polish your final draft. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and formatting. Ensure that your thesis is clear, concise, and free of errors. This step is crucial for making a strong impression and effectively communicating your research findings.

Proper Formatting and Citation

Adhering to style guides.

When formatting your research paper, it's crucial to follow the specific style guide recommended by your institution. Common styles include APA, MLA, and Chicago. Each style has its own set of rules for formatting headings, tables, and references. Adhering to these guidelines ensures your paper meets academic standards and is easy to read.

Citing Sources Correctly

Citing your sources correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier) . Use the citation style specified by your university, such as APA or MLA . For example, in APA format, an in-text citation might look like this: (Smith, 2020).

Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. To avoid it, always cite the sources you use in your research. This not only gives credit to the original authors but also adds credibility to your work. Use tools like Grammarly’s Citation Generator to ensure your citations are flawless and your paper is free from plagiarism.

Maintaining Academic Integrity

Understanding academic integrity.

Academic integrity is the foundation of any scholarly work. It involves being honest and responsible in your research and writing. Maintaining academic integrity ensures that your work is credible and respected. It also means giving proper credit to the original authors of the sources you use. This practice not only helps you avoid plagiarism but also strengthens your arguments by backing them up with credible sources.

Strategies to Avoid Plagiarism

To avoid plagiarism, always cite your sources correctly. Use a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, and make sure to include all necessary information. Here are some tips to help you:

• Paraphrase information in your own words and cite the source.
• Use quotation marks for direct quotes and include a citation.
• Keep track of all the sources you consult during your research.
• Use plagiarism detection tools to check your work before submission.

Ensuring Originality

Ensuring the originality of your work is crucial. This means that your ideas and findings should be your own, even if they are based on existing research. Here are some ways to ensure originality:

• Conduct thorough research to understand what has already been done in your field.
• Identify gaps in the existing research and focus on filling those gaps with your work.
• Develop your own unique perspective or approach to the topic.
• Regularly review and revise your work to ensure it reflects your original ideas.

By following these steps, you can maintain academic integrity and produce a research paper that is both credible and original.

Finalizing the Research Paper

Proofreading and editing.

Before submitting your research paper, it's crucial to proofread and edit your work thoroughly. Start by reviewing the content for clarity and coherence. Ensure that each section flows logically and that your arguments are well-supported. Pay close attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as these can detract from the professionalism of your paper. Consider reading your paper aloud or using a text-to-speech tool to catch mistakes you might have missed.

Preparing for Submission

Once you have polished your paper, it's time to prepare it for submission. Make sure you adhere to the specific formatting guidelines provided by your institution or the journal you are submitting to. This includes checking the font style and size, margins, and page numbering. Ensure that all citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required style guide, such as APA or MLA. Double-check that your paper meets all the submission requirements, including word count and any additional documents that need to be included.

Seeking Peer Review

Before finalizing your research paper, seek feedback from peers or mentors. A fresh set of eyes can provide valuable insights and help identify areas for improvement that you might have overlooked. Share your paper with colleagues or use online platforms to get constructive criticism. Incorporating feedback from others can enhance the quality of your work and ensure that your arguments are clear and compelling.

Wrapping up your research paper can be a daunting task, but it doesn't have to be. Our step-by-step Thesis Action Plan is here to guide you through every stage, making the process smoother and less stressful. Ready to conquer your thesis challenges? Visit our website now and discover how we can help you achieve your academic goals.

Starting a research paper can seem overwhelming, but breaking it down into manageable steps makes the process much easier. By choosing a topic that interests you, conducting thorough research, and organizing your findings, you lay a strong foundation for your paper. Remember to create a clear thesis statement to guide your writing and keep your arguments focused. Drafting, revising, and seeking feedback are crucial steps to refine your work. Finally, ensure your paper is well-formatted and free of errors. With dedication and careful planning, you can successfully navigate the research paper writing process. Good luck!

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i choose a research topic.

Start by thinking about what interests you. Pick a topic that you find fun and fulfilling. This will keep you motivated throughout your research. Also, make sure there are enough resources available on the topic.

Why is a research question important?

A research question guides your study, helping you focus on a specific issue. It makes your research more organized and meaningful.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

A literature review helps you understand what has already been studied about your topic. It shows gaps in the research that your study can fill.

How do I create a research plan?

Outline your methodology, create a timeline, and allocate resources. This helps you stay organized and ensures you cover all necessary aspects of your research.

What should be included in the thesis introduction?

Your thesis introduction should establish the context, present your thesis statement, and justify the research problem. This sets the stage for your study.

How do I ensure my research paper is well-structured?

Organize your sections logically, ensure a smooth flow of ideas, and maintain coherence throughout the paper. Each part should connect well with the others.

What are the best methods for data collection and analysis?

Choose methods that best suit your research needs, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments. Use statistical tools to analyze data accurately and interpret your results.

How can I avoid plagiarism in my research paper?

Always cite your sources correctly and follow the citation style recommended by your institution. Use plagiarism checkers to ensure your work is original.

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Home > Graduate College > Student Work > Graduate Research Papers

Graduate Research Papers

The Graduate Research Paper/Project is a non-thesis paper/project, which can be considered the capstone of the graduate program. For the paper, students synthesize information they have learned throughout the program and apply it to the field experience. There are some papers/projects in this collection that were done for specific classes within the graduate curriculum. To view the Award Winners , click here .

Browse Graduate Research Paper/Project by academic department :

College of Education

• Curriculum and Instruction
• Educational Psychology, Foundations, and Leadership Studies
• Health, Recreation, and Community Services
• Kinesiology
• School of Kinesiology, Allied Health and Human Services

College of Humanities, Arts, and Sciences

• Chemistry and Biochemistry
• Communication Sciences and Disorders
• Communication and Media
• Earth and Environmental Sciences
• Languages and Literatures
• Science Education Program

College of Social and Behavioral Sciences

• Social Work

Browse Graduate Research Papers by year of completion :

Submissions from 2024 2024

Student Reading Motivation through Book Talks , Amy Abbott, Stephanie Stockton, Luvy Webb, and Jessica Werderman Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A Case Study of the Impact of Lateral Reading Instruction On Students’ Evaluation of Digital Information , Devon Allbee, Jenny Marburger, and Tiffany Ostrowski Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Emma Andersen, Violin , Emma Andersen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Components of Effective After School Programs in Under Resourced Communities , Hector Salamanca Arroyo Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teacher Librarian Book Promotion: Bringing Motivation to The Forefront: A Research Proposal , Christy Bartels, Bree Dickens, Chris Frimml, Jennifer George, and Kristel Groenewold Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Examining the Effectiveness of Rhythmic Sight Reading Strategies for Elementary Level Band Literature , Nick Behrends Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A Proposal for an Analysis of the Depiction of Prosocial Behaviors in High Quality Early Elementary Picture Books , Teresa Bettin Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Impact of Book Self-Selection and Format on Student Motivation to Read , Josie Bishop, Mattie Carstens, and Molly Mitola Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults , Karlyn Bouska Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Gamification and Engagement in a 3rd Grade Classroom , Ellen Braet Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Physical Activity and Mental Health Symptoms in Adults , Olivia A. Brecht Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Impacts of Schools, Technology, and Covid-19 on Elementary Students’ Social Skills: Next Steps Post Covid-19 , Paige Busick Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Adverse Childhood Experiences Increasing the Likelihood of Substance Use Disorder , Kelsey L. Cain Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Graduate Portfolio , Olivia Campbell Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Desert or Mirage? An Examination of Food Deserts in Iowa Cities , Andrew Creasey Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Examining the Impact Book Promotions Have on Student Book Selection , Chelsea Dearborn Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Impact of Alcohol Use on Dating Violence among Adolescents , Kaygen Kay Deitrick Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teacher Librarians’ Influence on Information Literacy Skills: A Research Proposal , Amy Diewold, Diana Lord, and Sierra Johnson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Addressing the "Why" Behind Student Behavior Through Tier 2 Behavioral Interventions , Meg Dredge Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Alcohol Use in Adulthood , Callie Franzen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Achieving Cost-Effectiveness in the Production of High-Quality Plastic Tiles through Chemical Recycling , Emmanuel Ophel Gilbert Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Body Image in College Athletics , Tyrell Gordon Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Music in Pioneer-era Southwestern Minnesota Norwegian Churches and Schools , Andrew S. Hasty Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Examining the Use of Personal Narrative on Students’ Understandings of Identity , Abigail Heggen Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Cognitive Decline , Ashley Highland Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Effect of Gratitude Journaling on Counselor Stress , Emily Kause Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Experiences of Women High School Band Directors in Iowa , Karina Kelso Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Evidence Behind the Use of Mental Health and Social-Emotional Screenings in Schools , Makenna C. Klug Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Academic Health Department Partnerships: Impacts and Implications , Madeline Kraft Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Equity Focused PBIS as a Potential Solution to the Discipline Gap , Sydney Laures Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Evaluating the Impact of Model-Evidence-Link Charts in Seventh-Grade Student’s Ability to Engage in Scientific Argumentation over Plant Reproductive Structures , Josephine Libby Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Morgan List, Piano In a Graduate Recital , Morgan List Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

How Pizza and Stickers Drove My Kids to Read and Kept Them Reading , Tiya Montaño Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Impact of Bullying on Depression in Sexual Minority Adolescents , Ian Neff Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Retention and Attrition of Teachers of Color: Why Teachers of Color Leave the Profession , Alexix Noring Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A Departure from Standards Focused Writing , Clement Peneueta Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A Case Study of the Influence of the Teacher Librarian On Middle and High School Student Book Selection , Hilary Peyton, Lindsay Salinas, Josie Smock, and Meg Tisinger Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Evaluating the Impact of an OpenSciEd Natural Selection Unit on Students’ Understanding of Disciplinary Core Ideas and Transfer of Scientific and Engineering Practices , Austin Read Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Impact of Sexual Assault and the Influence of Leadership within the Military , Holly Rigel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Joley Seitz, Soprano In a Graduate Recital , Joley Seitz Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Caleb Self, Composition in a Graduate Student Recital , Caleb Self Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Evaluation of a Plate Tectonic NGSS-Designed Unit in Ninth-Grade Earth and Space Science Using an EQuIP Rubric , Amber Rose Heller Sherwood Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Culturally Responsive Practice and Reading Motivation: Action Research on Community Involvement in Literature Circles , Lindsey Sinnwell Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Implications of Educational Environments for Gender and Sexually Diverse Adolescents , Margaret J. Staff Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Effect of Student Discussion Groups on Music Preference , Abby Steffen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Role of Parental Divorce in Childhood on Depression Among Adults , Amy Stoermer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Smart Grids: A Comprehensive Literature Review , Steven Stroud Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Culturally Responsive Music Education: A Review of the Literature , Heidi Terrell Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Representation of LGBTQ+ Characters In the 2019 to 2022 Iowa Teen Award Books , Jamie Thompson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Yoga and Mental Health among Young Adult Women , Coryssa Tucke Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Investigating the Effects Math Achievement Has on a Student’s Attitude Toward Physics , Katherine Weivoda Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Impact on Growth of the Scientific and Engineering Practices Throughout the Semester in 9th Grade Earth Science , Mallory Wills-Howe Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Impact of Gamification on the Motivation of Students in the Classroom Setting , Jack Woodard Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Submissions from 2023 2023

An Analysis of Sex Trafficking Support Services in Mental Health Care for Survivors , Darian Marie Alexandria Auge Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Motivations and Execution of Corporate Charitable Giving , Matthew Richard Johnson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Impact of Philanthropic Stewardship on Distributions from Donor Advised Funds , Elizabeth Messerli Open Access Graduate Research Paper

How Women Are Changing Philanthropy in the United States , Katrina M. Pipasts Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Latino/a First Generation College Students: Academic Success, Sense of Belonging, and Overall Well-Being , Alma Puga Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Digital Marketing as Best Practice for Fundraising and Donor Loyalty , Jake Hennes Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Matching the Art with Science: Best Practices for Major Gift Programs , Andrew Peter Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

An Analysis of Social Media Practices in the Nonprofit Field , Samantha Schupanitz Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

An Analysis of a Multigenerational Workforce , Paula F. Atkins Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Assessing Policy Implementation In The Iowa Department of Veterans Affairs: A Case-By-Case County Analysis , Dylan Boles Open Access Graduate Research Paper

¿Adónde ir? Los efectos perpetuos de la formación "inexistente" para maestros de inmersión lingüística , Cody J. Boozell Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Diversity in Collections Utilizing Accelerated Reader Programs , Leah Cahill Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Tolerance Allocation Considering Multiple Phases of the Product Life Cycle for Optimum Cost, Performance, and Sustainability Using the HEIM Framework , Shravya Dorna Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Aligned 3rd Grade Weather Unit , Jennifer Hageman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Development and Implementation of a NGSS Curriculum Unit for Astronomy in Ninth-Grade Earth and Space Science , Jessica Hughes Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Communicating Emotions Through Art and Conversation , Paige E. Kayvan, Samantha R. Doyle, Payton Cannon, and Traci Jolley Open Access Graduate Research Paper 2024 Award

The Impact of Summer Camps on the Perceptions of Individuals with Disabilities and Their Support Systems , Sally Krull Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Failure to Thrive: Exploring the Relationship Between Organizational Resilience, COVID-19, and The Great Resignation , Tyler R. Lanz Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in a Trap-Neuter-Release (TNR) Program and Its Effects on Urban and Rural Demographics as a Long-Term Solution for Community Cat Management , Hannah E. Litke Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Research Portfolio , JuanDaniel Lopez Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Read the Feed: Evaluating the Role of an Interactive Infant Feeding Simulator on Demonstrated Feeding Skills , Sarah MacDougall, Kelsey Feller, and Alyssa Mason Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Promoting Social-Emotional Development in Elementary Children Through the Use of Quality Picture Books: A Content Analysis , Shauna Mostek Open Access Graduate Research Paper

White Saviorism and the Nonprofit Sector , Candice Revita-Ramirez Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Effect of Walking Outdoors on Stress , Riley N. Rodemaker Open Access Graduate Research Paper

What's Your Story? An Analysis of Video Storytelling for Nonprofit Organizations , Madeline Rummel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Factors Influencing Participation in Collegiate Bands , Stephen Seaberg Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Fostering Post-Secondary Education Opportunities for Today's Foster Children , William Michael Smith Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Does systematic phonological awareness in the early primary grades impact student learning beyond primary grades , Renee Lyn Sorenson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

La Serva Padrona: Production Research and Design , Grace Sullivan Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Comparison of Load Balancing Algorithms in Cloud Computing , Rajkumar Vishnani Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Using Fundraising Data Strategically in Nonprofit Organizations to Drive Relational Fundraising , Anna L. Warner Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Somewhere I Belong: An Assessment of Nonprofit Retention Initiatives Through Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion , Janessa Weightman Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Submissions from 2022 2022

Building an understanding of the Common Core state standards and complex texts, while supporting upper elementary readers with complex text through shared reading , Joanna Mae Carlson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Identifying misconceptions about evolution relative to science curriculum exposure at the secondary level , Rachel Carney Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A historical analysis of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agencies (FEMA) response and recovery to Gulf Coast hurricane and other weather-related disasters , Lauren Marie Denning Open Access Graduate Research Paper

High school earth science students evaluating agricultural solutions , Jaclyn Citlali Sanchez Erickson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Relationship between decoding and writing with early readers: An action research study , Nicole M. Henningsen Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Vocabulary strategies in elementary science - A self-study , Katherine Hooey Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Partnership to grow effective readers: professional learning for interventionists and classroom teachers , Jennifer Lane Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teacher librarian influence on students' self-selection of books , Elizabeth A. Nelson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of Native Americans and Native culture in children's picture books , Janace Nester Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Integrating the Next Generation Science Standards into a 9th grade physical science classroom using Newton's second law of motion , Chad Pietig Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Pleasure reading workshop: Meeting SEL competencies based on sustained (and maybe not so silent) reading , Lora Sink Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The influence of book talks on reader engagement in fourth grade students , Jennifer Smith Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Sustainability aspects of 3D printing , Subhashree Sundharram Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A case study of the impact a pleasure reading curriculum has on students' passion for reading , Danielle M. Wolfe Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Hey! That's how I feel! A qualitative content analysis of anxiety in middle grade literature , Heather M. Wood Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Submissions from 2021 2021

The influence of book club conversations on reluctant or struggling readers , JaDee Jo Gloede Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Mental illness representation in young adult literature , Ashley Aberle Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Re-socialization within organizations: Examining the socialization and job satisfaction of employees following an organizational transition , Sloan T. Alberhasky Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Exploring work environment standards in Saudi Arabia companies , Yousef Almalki Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of characters with autism in picture books , Tara Amundson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The impact of advocacy and social justice work on nonprofit funding and support , Brittany Appleton Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Analysis of assessments on secondary students' development and interpretation of models , Alaina L. Appley Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Impact of inquiry science courses on preservice elementary students' ideas on science , Lance Charles Baetsle Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Bias and barriers: An exploration of preventive measures to minimize the presence of Latinx professionals in postsecondary education , Janine Baeza Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Teaching race through multicultural children's literature , Kaley Bailey and Maiya Duthoo-Wolpert Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The potential of affecting final potency of a poultry vaccine using Lean methodology , Amber Bergeson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A preferred vision for administering elementary schools : a reflective essay , Brenda M. Boleyn Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Examining diversity in the Iowa Goldfinch Award , Jill M. Doyle Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Creation and implementation of an integrated climate change curriculum centered on earth and life science standards , Katherine Eastin Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Best business practices in cause-related marketing , Anna Eiskamp Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Impacts of evolving technology In nonprofits , Abby E. Engelberth Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Examining teacher librarians' impact on students' self-selection strategies , Sarah Gunsolley Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

New frameworks for fundraising in performing arts nonprofits: trust, commitment, and utility as donor motivation , Evan Hilsabeck Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

The portrayal of fathers in children's literature , Kate A. Hite Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Inspiring students to take action in order to make positive change through the integration of social studies themes in children's literature , Morgan Ives, Taylor Marsho, Ashtyn Riley, and Deidra Rudd Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Accuracy of self-assessment in a ninth grade earth science classroom , Alyssa Jacobson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effects of stepwise guided inquiry on students' attitudes and depth of knowledge from written lab reflections in high school chemistry , Melissa Rae Campbell Johnson Open Access Graduate Research Paper 2022 Award

Abracadabra: Combatting Nonprofit Turnover When Your Staff Perform the Disappearing Act , Averi Gabrielle Jones Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Data-Driven Decision Making in Nonprofit Organizations , Amanda Kline Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Process for Nonprofits and Foundations to Engage in Productive Partnerships , Anna McCutcheon Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Diverse representation within secondary-level state consortium-provided e-books , Jill McDonald Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Enhancing scientific literacy through attention to argumentation as a disciplinary literacy practice , Whitney McWilliams Open Access Graduate Research Paper

School speech-language pathologists' identification, use, and need of resources and materials , Emily Michael, Melissa Tranel, and Hannah Fahey Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Rising above the Stigma: Developing young leaders through Peer Mentoring , Shawn Miller Open Access Graduate Research Paper

What are the benefits and challenges of diversification of revenue for nonprofit organizations , Mckenzie Musser Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

A case study of the impact of teacher librarian collaboration in the instruction of information literacy and digital citizenship on student achievement in inquiry skills , Abby M. Mussmann Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

It's hard to lose: Embracing a place-based mindset and reculturing rural areas and students , Anthony T. Skip Olson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Student access to school-based health care and the effects on academic achievement, behavior, and mental health , Brooke C. Olson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The historical and cultural accuracy of the Japanese internment camps in children's literature , Zoey Perrigo Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Human impact on the environment: A middle school project based learning unit development , Shannon Power Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Development of a NGSS curriculum unit for periodic trends and properties in ninth-grade physical science , Amy L. Price Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Engaging Older Adults in Virtual Volunteering: Benefits and Barriers in Good and Trying Times , Theresa Price Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Portrayal of females in notable science trade books for children , Carolyn Proesch Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Model-based predictive controller design , Soheil Sadeghi Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Analysis of student perceptions on climate change in a rural Iowa school district , Tyler Scholl Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Nonprofit Crowdfunding Best Practices , Shelly Smith Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Immediate vs. deferred feedback during formative assessments in a 9th grade physical science course , Jordan Sonntag Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Examining the impact a teacher librarian has on students' self-selection strategies , Stefanie Throndson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Autoethnography on teaching during a pandemic , Kelsey Ufford Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Nonprofit fundraising: A look at effective employees’ participation , Moses A. Ulom Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Collaboration in a Crisis Management , Ann Wolf Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Submissions from 2020 2020

Representation of Native peoples in picture books about Christopher Columbus: A literary analysis , Mari Butler Abry Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of characters with physical disabilities in picture books , Emily Biederman Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Presentation of Race at Mark Twain Historical Sites in Hannibal, Missouri , Anthony Wayne Birch Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The impact of the use of mobile computing on vocabulary learning in the language classroom , Lorena Harger Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Characterizing protagonists in graphic novels for teens , Danielle Lahr Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of immigration in fiction for grades 4-6 , Melissa N. Marwedel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Culture in transitional chapter books: Assimilation or inclusion , Jeanette P. White Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using adapted primary science literature to enhance argumentation and reasoning skills in middle school students , Betsy Wiederin Lemus Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Elementary school library program integration with art, literacy, and STEAM through makerspaces , Kristi Baldwin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Disclosure of trans & gender variant identities by students to students , C. A. Brimmer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The impact of confidence-based marking on unit exam achievement in a high school physical science course , Casey Clark Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using mentor texts to enhance the teaching of reading comprehension and writing , Alexandra Jordyn Cushman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of Diverse Family Structures in Children's Literature , Beth Grafft Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of educational attainment of state legislators on state appropriations to public higher education , Nathan J. Gruber Open Access Graduate Research Paper

An analysis of learning targets on summative assessments in a high school chemistry course , Mark R. Hennessy Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

De Vos a Tú: Acomodación lingüística y actitudes lingüísticas en estudiantes internacionales de Centroamérica en los Estados Unidos = De Vos a Tú: linguistic accommodation and language attitudes among Central American international students in the United States , Jose Salinas Herrera Open Access Graduate Research Paper 2021 Award

Clinical outcomes of orofacial myofunctional therapy in children without concurrent orthodontia , Julia Logan Open Access Graduate Research Paper 2021 Award

Issues of accessibility in victim services for survivors with disabilities: an agency assessment , Sara Naughton Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Three cases of makerspace integration in school library programs in conjunction with district initiatives: Literacy, design thinking, and STEAM , Sara Pflughaupt Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Influence of book clubs on reading motivation for third through fifth grade students , Allyson Reister Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Trauma in children's literature , Kyra Ross Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Trump Administration: Government secrecy, bureaucracy, and democracy , Logan J. Santel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Utilizing pre-laboratory strategies in a high school chemistry classroom to improve performance on guided inquiry labs , Jacquelyn Schmitt Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

An analysis of ADHD in middle grade and young adult literature , Sydney Schuler Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Representation of LGBTQ characters in 2019 young adult literature , Janelle M. Snyder Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Gazing at scattered stars: Immigration through the lens of elementary graphic literature , Jennifer K. Stanerson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The digital bridge to campus: Mass communication and graduate student enrollment decisions , Ashley Stoppel Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Making the water cycle accessible and relevant for English language learners , Summer Teed Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Three cases of makerspace integration in school library programs in conjunction with district initiatives: STEAM, design thinking, and literacy , Lisa Tegels Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Identification of trends in scientific communication by minority students in an integrated and advanced ninth grade science curriculum , Loren Thalacker Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Submissions from 2019 2019

Communicating about being parents in the workplace , Ruqayah Almuzayn Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teacher perceptions of understaffed school libraries , Amanda Bonjour Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effect of gamification on student motivation , David A. Brahn Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The effects of gamification on student engagement and motivation , Sara Butcher Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Computer science is elementary: Comprehensive plan for computer science implementation at the elementary level , Erin Chute Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using critical literacy and emotionally responsive teaching to discuss racism in a literature circle unit , Autumn Rose Den Boer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Student engagement within the use of graphic novels , Melissa Felsenthal Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A Feasibility Study on Utilizing Data Science as an Advanced Lean Manufacturing Tool in the Biopharma Manufacturing Sector , Tanya Heerts Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Best practices in assessment and evaluation of literacy at the secondary level , Meaghan Kathleen Johnson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using NGSS phenomena as a formative assessment to measure understanding of science concepts in a ninth grade physical science classroom , Keith Richard Kohl Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Design of an Arduino Based Smart Home System , Qi Lu Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Is there a correlation between oral reading rate and social conversational speaking rate? , Sarah C. Mason Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of females in agriculturally themed children's books , Malinda Mick Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The effects of a makerspace curriculum on the 4C's in education , Staci Novak Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of text-to-speech on students with reading disabilities , Melissa Oberembt Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Data Analytics of Job Market Requirements for Technology Related Doctoral Degrees , Sidra Meo Rajput Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Representation of Controversial Materials in Middle School Library Collections in Iowa , Danielle Ramsey Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effect of digital game-based learning on student learning: A literature review , Katrina Serrano Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effective professional development design , Katie Stull Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The effectiveness of using intelligent tutoring systems to increase student achievement , Tedi Swanson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Supporting early social-emotional development with wordless picture books , Kayla E. Takatsuka Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The effects of computer coding on elementary students , Cassidy Winslow Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Submissions from 2018 2018

Capital Equipment Procurement Process and Integration Into Production , Mike A. Borwig Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Development of curriculum for Next Generation Science Standards in high school chemistry , Jennifer L. Brown Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teaching evolution and common ancestry with dissection, fossils and phylogeny , Nicolas A. Brown Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Parent perspectives on inclusive bookclubs , Amy Bucciferro Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Shift into ctrl: Integrating digital citizenship into high school freshman transition curriculum , Ellen Fairfield Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Blended learning and second language acquisition in the classroom , Victoria R. Hamilton Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Genetics unit lesson plan for the Next Generation Science Standards , Erin Hogan Open Access Graduate Research Paper 2020 Award

Embracing New Experiences: Young Adult Literature About the Immigrant Experience , Ashley Hoppenjan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Thermopile Sensor Imaging System , Sumit Joshi Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Blended learning in credit recovery , Robin Kuhn Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Qualitative Study of Realistic Fiction Subject Headings in a Middle School Library , Kathleen Michaelson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Selecting a Software Development Methodology Based on Project Characteristics , Semir Music Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Exploring the effects of web-based parenting support on access to information and resources for rural families , Anne Plagge Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Improving Machine Utilization with RFID Technology During the Acquisition of a Large Capital Equipment Purchase , Richard Price Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The role of virtual environment and virtual reality for knowledge transfer , Michelle Rice Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Depression and Anxiety in Current Middle Grade Fiction: Finding Quality, Authentic Portrayals for Use in Bibliotherapy , Tonia Sandersfeld-Miller Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of a station-rotation model of blended learning on student engagement , Melinda Tremmel Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The eleven days of Christmas: an analysis of and conductor's guide to Alfred Reed's Russian Christmas Music , Logan Vander Wiel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Information Literacy: Expectations of High School Students in Joint Enrollment Courses , Steven Witmer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Evaluation of a flipped classroom on student achievement in a low income school district , Michael Yeoman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Submissions from 2017 2017

Defying the odds: A research based reading program project guide , Megan Casey Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Collaborative learning: Do two-stage quizzes positively affect students' perceptions of their understanding and achievement in high school physics? , Benjamin J. Arp Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Fluency and instruction in the elementary grades , Stacey Bakken Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Taking university business courses online: An instructional designer's perspective , Zachary P. Benton-Slocum Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Ultrasound simulators: Determining the simulator's role in diagnostic medical sonography programs , Lisa Bindert Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Developing writing prompt assessments for the next generation science standards: Physical science , Kristen Ann Birchard Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Vocabulary matters : why vocabulary instruction is important and how to implement quality instruction in preschool , Melanie Blocker Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Visual phonics : its impact as an instructional tool to promote literacy development in kindergarten students , Lori J. Bower Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Going 1:1 across the district , Kim Carlson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

TPACK learning activity types for secondary computer science courses , Rebecca Carton Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Understanding by Design approach to a Next Generation Science Standard in high school chemistry: Chemical reactivity , Jill Christofferson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Invented spelling and its effect on kindergarten students' reading and writing abilities , Kelli A. Daly Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Examining student selection behaviors with library fiction collections , Katie Delaney Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using Google tools to enhance secondary writing instruction , Sarah Ebener Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The power of professional learning communities , Amanda Eller Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The value of inquiry-based science instruction for elementary students , Jessica Renae Enger Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Book selection approaches and the middle school student , Sara Fischer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A Comparison of Model-Based Design and Traditional 2D Engineering Drawings in Manufacturing Using Flowchart Analysis , Josh Gerbig Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Reading aloud to tweens and teens to create empathy: A functional criteria , Elizabeth Good Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of blended learning on K-12th grade students , Laura Hesse Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Impact of family engagement on child outcomes in preschool , Kathryn S. Ingham Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of using technology to enhance and enrich music instruction , Megan L. Kannenberg Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Dungeons and Dragons and literacy: The role tabletop role-playing games can play in developing teenagers' literacy skills and reading interests , Stefanie L. B. Kaylor Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teacher librarians and technology leadership , Jennifer Kizer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of using digital tools to support writing in the ELL classroom , Katrina Lint Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Play-based early childhood classrooms and the effect on pre-kindergarten social and academic achievement , Amy McGinn Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The use of touchscreen devices to support writing development of preschoolers , Celeste Mortvedt Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Collaboration between School and Public Librarians , Elizabeth Pearson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

First year professional learning community implementation within the Marion High School Science Department , Madilyn M. Ramaekers Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Energy, matter, and change: A high school chemistry unit development , Allison Schipper Open Access Graduate Research Paper

An Investigation of Gasket Improvement in Vehicle Drivetrain Applications , Keith David Schrader Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Strategies for integrating literacy into a science classroom , Michelle Seddon Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Development of a standards-based classroom for high school physics at Solon Community School District , Tim Sheeley Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Developing model identification skills in an advanced placement Physics 1 classroom , Ian Spangenberg Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Prep-kindergarten teachers' beliefs : basic skills versus child-centered orientation , Katie Stundahl Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Vocabulary development with instructional coaching support , Jessica L. Swaab Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Parent-child interaction : how it impacts language and literacy skills , Angie Thurman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Infant and toddler care , Maggie Trecker Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Technology and young children , Jamie Vircks Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Benefits of movement for academic achievement and classroom behaviors , Alison A. Waltz Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Recreational reading in secondary schools through book clubs , Briana White Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using the Next Generation Science Standards EQuIP Rubric: Evaluating a course in biomedical science , Brandon Yoder Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Submissions from 2016 2016

The development and support of geometric and spatial concepts in preschool- and kindergarten-aged children , Laura J. Becker Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effect of flipped instruction on student learning : perspectives from students and teachers , Britta Adams Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Fostering reading with a summer literacy unit for elementary students , Diane M. Bahrenfuss Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The use of meditation and yoga as a treatment tool for juvenile offenders in Residential Treatment Centers for relapse prevention , Danielle K. W. Ballard-Green Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effective professional development for teachers : read-alouds in the middle level , Kelly Ann Behmer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of digital storytelling on student motivation and student engagement , Robyn Bredvick Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Effective Implementation of Lean Practices in a Secondary Educational for the Purpose of More Effectively Preparing Students for a Career in a Manufacturing Setting , Brandon Brooks Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Developing authentic summative assessments that correlate to the Next Generation Science Standards for a middle school science classroom , Nick Bushkofsky Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Increasing vocabulary and oral language skills of pre-K English language learners through shared storybook reading and take-home literacy bags , Angela Butler Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Supporting reading curriculum without restricting access to library materials: Resources for teacher librarians , Tricia Carty Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using interactive read-alouds to support students' comprehension , Emily D. Chaffin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

How can a child's fluency be improved and provide support for comprehension? , Sharon Marie Collins Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Fogging practices of Iowa counties for mosquito abatement , Alex Jay Davey Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Exploring effective classroom management techniques in a 1:1 classroom setting , Kenton Engels Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The impact of specific interventions on child engagement in a preschool classroom , Sarah Elizabeth Farber Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of using digital storytelling for fourth graders' literacy learning , Benjamin J. Feight Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Continuous Manufacturing Performance Improvement: An Investigation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness as a Valid Shop Floor Performance Evaluation Tool , Jeremy Joseph Fettkether Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of flipped learning on students in secondary education , Abigail M. Fish Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Word study and its importance to reading and writing in the primary classroom , Korie Frazier Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Female sexuality in current young adult literature , Joanna M. Freking-Smith Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Parent perceptions of support from the school library , Heather Garrett Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Sign language in the preschool classroom : a self-study , DiAnna Geiger Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Readers' advisory program for non proficient readers , Lisa Gogel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Make it so: Employing a multi-player starship bridge simulator in a military-based leadership course , Robert Green Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A unit design : learning to code with Finches , William V. Gruman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A selective annotated list of reading promotion events recommended for elementary students , Nicole Nadine Guldager Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A twist on happily ever after : Fractured fairy tales for young adults , Kathryn Hale Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Critical literacy and digital technology with a novel unit , Brandon Harrison Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Comparing of Distance Education and Traditional Education , Chuan He Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The use of mentor texts to teach writing in kindergarten, first and second grades , Mary Heeringa Open Access Graduate Research Paper

E-readers and struggling middle school readers , Abigail L. Hendrickson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The impact of augmented reality on curriculum and training design , Destery K. Hildenbrand Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Content analysis of two libraries resources for supporting primary economics instruction , Lindsey J. Hilts Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Racial disparities among African Americans primarily in the criminal justice system and other areas in society , Juana D. Hollingsworth Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Enhancing student motivation and success in reading through learning clubs , Sarah Pamela Jackman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Strengthening early mathematics in early childhood classrooms : a professional development project , Jennifer Lynn Jansen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Empowering elementary teachers to explore critical literacy through drama-based instruction , Courtney J. Jensen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Utilizing local project experts to provide professional development for early childhood educators : a professional development project , Dawn Janette Johnson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Cinematherapy in gifted education identity development : integrating the arts through STEM-themed movies , Timothy Carl Kangas Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The attitudes of typically developing young children toward their peers with disabilities : a review of the literature , Sara Elizabeth Kayser Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Designing a self-directed gamified professional development course for technology integration , Rebecca J. Kinnander Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The design of a professional development program for technology integration , Dana M. Lampe Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The rise of close reading , Jayne E. Larsen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Changing early intervention provider practices to a coaching model through self-study and distance mentoring model : family-guided routines-based interventions and the key indicators , Cindy Lefeber Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Robotic High Precision Gaging Process , Andrew Leinen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Online audiobook reference guide for Iowa elementary school librarians , Kerry LeWarne Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Green Supply Chain Management , Ravi Teja Marneni Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Makerspaces and the Iowa Core: Connections in a high school library , Tracie Marshall Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The advantages and disadvantages of school- and center-based preschool programs : implications for early childhood policy , Christy Martin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Methods for Supporting 21st Century Learning in School Library Spaces , Ashley McGrath Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using digital writing tools in supporting student writing , Sarah McKee Open Access Graduate Research Paper

After-school success: Associations between youth participants and youth outcomes , Dana Miller Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Sound : the study of differentiating pitch and volume with preschoolers , Jennifer Lyn Miller Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effects of gamification on motivation and engagement in secondary curriculum , Matthew J. Molumby Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effect of serious gaming on elementary student learning , Amanda Moritz Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Self-study of one to one reading conferences in a third grade setting , Angel Munson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Robotics in the classroom: The effectiveness of robotics based curriculum in STEM education , Mark Nall Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Gender stereotypes in children's literature , Christine C. Nebbia Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Six Sigma Research Project: Loss of Hydraulic Fixture Pressure , Tyler Neigum Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Differentiated reading instruction through guided reading : a framework for effective reading instruction in the primary grades , Kara L. Neville Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A professional development plan to increase student motivation through the analysis of three motivational components : student, teacher, and accountability measures , Ashley Ann Oleson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using sign language in the infant room , Sara Paar Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A Picture Book Biography of Jessie Field Shambaugh , Kimberly Peterson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Adjusting Production Processes for Use in Engineering and Testing Environments , Jordan Proctor Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Manual Versus Automated Drawing Checking: A Case Study , Thirupathi Reddygari Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The need for a teacher librarian to take a leadership role in the implementation of supplemental reading program initiatives to achieve desired student outcomes , Mindy M. Reimer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Exposure therapy discontinuation among Iraq War veterans , Kendra Renner Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Use of Minecraft as an Educational Tool to Improve Student Performance in the Classroom , James Roberts Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The transition of flipped instruction : from professional development to classroom , Alison J. Sauter Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A New Vision for a 6-12 Library Science Curriculum , Jacqueline Leigh Seidl Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Outsourcing Effect on Product Quality , Hasudin Siljkovic Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

What relationship between preschool class sizes and student behaviors do teachers report? , Lindsey Steen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A journey of designing and beta-testing a game-based unit , Renee E. Thomas Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using running records data in planning for literacy instruction , Tabitha A. Waltz Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using comprehensive literacy instructional modules for literacy instruction with students with disabilities , Amanda M. Wasylik Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Small-Scale Enterprises Supply Chain Lean Conversion , Jianhua Xu Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Impact of problem based learning on teaching light to middle school science students , Stephanie Yager Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Corner Case Strategy and Its Application in Medical Device Design Verification: A Case Study with Syringe Break Loose and Expulsion Force Testing , Xin Zhang Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Extending mathematic learning beyond the classroom through online discussion and reflection , Linsey Zimmerman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Submissions from 2015 2015

Osteoporosis in older Saudi women: A perspective study , Zahra Saeed Alfaraj Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Alternative therapy for sickle cell disease , Huda Alsultan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The 21st century school teacher librarian: Trends in the Iowa school library survey data over the last decade , Emily Baltes Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Active landing velocity: "pawing motion" , Erin Dean Blind Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The return on investment from comprehensive worksite health promotion programs , Kayla Nicole Blocker Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The downside of being up: The blight of the nonprofit pedestal , Jamie Branch Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Instruction and standards-referenced grading in a 9th grade conceptual physics classroom , John C. Chai Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Closing the knowledge gap between virtual design and product manufacturing : using 3D printing for the ninth grade , Jeremiah D. Cooper Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The 1930s: The Great Depression and beyond ; an annotated bibliography , Tydra Corbin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The impact of school library circulation policy change: A case study , Kristen Downes Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

On the Prediction of the Peak Demand of Electrical Energy Use , Mahmoud Elbokl Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Middle school leisure reading selection: Influences during selection and implications for school library programs , Jessica A. Elliot Open Access Graduate Research Paper

An annotated bibliography of materials recommended for middle school classrooms regarding the multiple perspectives on the causes of the American Civil War , Emma Folland Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Coaching stances : changing practice through self-reflection , Patricia D. Foster Open Access Graduate Research Paper

ELA teacher perceptions of the school librarian's role in standards implementation , Franny Frey Open Access Graduate Research Paper

How to Build an Effective, Engaged Nonprofit Board of Directors , Elizabeth D. Heins Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Genrifying the school library's fiction collection , Andrea Hora Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The use of marketing in nonprofit organizations , Elizabeth Kehret Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using a 5E learning cycle to adapt a college physics instructional unit for high school , Stacia Marie Kelly Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Best Practices for Adoption of an Inquiry Learning Model in K-5 Education , Michelle M. Kruse Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The inclusion of engineering design into the high school biology curriculum , Cody D. LaKose Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Examining variations in technology use for K-12 students of different gender and socioeconomic status , Nikki Lyons Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Bearing Endplay Verification: Oscillation Analysis , Nathan Madoerin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Generational characteristics: How do we all play together , Jessica L. Malcheff Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The Role of Importance of Right Goals Setting in Developing the Company's Financial , Seyed Nazar Mousavi Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effective professional development for elementary teachers : creating dialogic classrooms to improve reading comprehension , Amanda J. Mroch Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Poverty and homelessness : A content analysis of children's nonfiction literature , Christine Newell Open Access Graduate Research Paper

An analysis of online and blended learning environments : measuring approach and learning outcomes in corporate settings , Meghan B. O'Neal Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Factors influencing successful planning and implementation and employee participation in worksite wellness programs , Amanda Ramthun Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Lifeguard fitness readiness: Certification vs. qualification , Jacob Rasmussen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A study for comprehensive and collaborative relationships: Partnering public schools and nonprofit outdoor programs , Nicole Rottinghaus Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teacher librarians & literacy coaches: Their roles in reading support , Nicole N. Ruthaivilavan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Nonprofit marketing strategies for small organizations , Emily Saveraid Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Understanding by Design unit lesson plans for the next generation science standards: life science , Arie Schiller Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Annotated Bibliography of Thematically Related Historical Fiction Picture Books and Nonfiction Pairs , Katherine Seibel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Poverty's Effect on Students' 21st Century Skills Acquisition and Learning Experiences , Anne Sellers Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Public Library Experience: Choosing Books to Read from Predetermined Levels and Its Implications , Amy L. Seufert Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Student achievement in the area of inquiry learning with the implementation of 1:1 iPads , Denise Shekleton Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Strength in numbers: collaborating to support nonprofit advocacy , Emily J. Shields Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Plaque Manufacturing Process , Rhys South Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Influx of child immigrants to the United States: Policy & practice implications , Megan Vogt Open Access Graduate Research Paper 2016 Award

How Does the Use of Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Volunteer Programs Impact the Image of Manufacturers? , Krista L. Wahl Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Sustainable microfinancing: improving microenterprise's traditional measures of success , Stephen R. Watson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Submissions from 2014 2014

Productivity Improvement - Six Sigma Influence , Hamad Alhadab Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effectiveness of flipped classroom learning in higher education : a literature review from 2009 to 2014 , Samir Taha Amin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

An investigation of adolescent boys' dispositions toward leisure reading , Julie Barnett Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Value of 5S in Manufacturing , Emsad Begic Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Influencing incoming fourth graders' reading habits through a summer literature circle: A case study , Brandy E. Bingman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Affordances of flipped learning and its effects on student engagement and achievement , Jarod Bormann Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Overhand throwing: overuse injury analysis , Peter Z. Broome Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Examining professional history as context for instructional meaning , Kristie L. Beyer Campbell Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of on-line math games and e-books use on elementary student achievement , Mel Carnahan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

To complete or not complete : Student persistence in post-secondary education online courses , Amy Christian Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Mastery Climate in Physical Education and the Connection to Technology , Brett Delaney Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Why don't they read? , Cynde Duncan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Development and Evaluation of Effectiveness of Performance Improvement Program for a Call Center Organization , Aleksandr Durinov Open Access Graduate Research Paper

"Clicker-Type" Torque Tooling - Calibration Study , Duane Enos Open Access Graduate Research Paper

How fifth grade elementary students select books , Tiffany Evans Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Digital storytelling : the impact on student engagement, motivation and academic learning , Mindy Foelske Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A review of the effects of computer-based reading programs on middle school students , Ann Hansen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Integrating iPads into the elementary physical education curriculum , Tyler M. Hellmann Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Usefulness of Graphic Novels as Information Sources for Nonfiction Reading , Sarah Holub Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Understanding motivating factors for college students involvement in club sports , Ryan Thomas Houselog Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Perceptions of Teacher Librarians and Principals Regarding the Role of the Teacher Librarian in the Implementation of the Iowa Multi-Tiered System of Supports , Katy A. Kauffman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The collaborative relationship between teacher librarians and public librarians , Jennifer J. Keltner Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of interactive videoconferencing on elementary literacy : collaborative learning environment , Heather A. Klenke Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of Web 2.0 pedagogy on student engagement, collaboration, and achievement , Kelsey Lage Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The impact of blogging on K-12 student learning: engagement, self-expression, and higher-order thinking , Brian McGurk Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Reducing the Manufacturing Critical-Path Time , Matt Meyers Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Technology's Role in Inquiry-Based Learning , Melissa Mulder Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Determining the benefits and designing an externship program for medical office students at Marshalltown Community College , Kristin Murphy Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effect of game-based learning on middle school students' academic achievement , Marija-Lisa Musselman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Strength Training for Children and Adolescents , Amy Nelson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Resource to Support Teaching Local History in Baxter, Iowa , Greg Pickett Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Resource to support teaching local history in Baxter, Iowa , Greg Pickett Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The implementation of problem-based learning for adults: Student, instructor, and organization leader challenges , Randon Ruggles Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Project Planning for Insourcing Manufactured Steel Components , Brett M. Schlomann Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using the Apprenticeship Model in a Library Setting , Jennifer Sloan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The health benefits of dietary fiber consumption of adults in the United States , Nathan Stewart Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Department of Technology Research Paper , Jeremy Thede Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effective implementation of 1:1 computing : benefits and teacher readiness , Kirstin Thompson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Video modeling : play skills for students with autism spectrum disorder via peers , Ashley Ulin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effectiveness of blended learning on student engagement , Tyler Youngers Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Induction Hardening of Axles for Tractors: Metallurgy & Processes , Stephanie Young Graduate Research Paper (Electronic Copy Not Available)

Submissions from 2013 2013

Reader's workshop: A new approach to integrating literacy , Ashlea M. Ahrenholtz Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Prevalence of obesity and culturally appropriate prevention among young adolescents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , Wardah Almahdi Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A Comparison of Obesity Patterns Between University Students From the United States and Gulf Arab Countries , Ali Alsultan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Improving multiplication fact recall; Interventions that lead to proficiency with mathematical facts , Brandon J. Bauer Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Cold Shoulder: An Alaskan adventure , Christine C. Berlin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

What are the effects of integrating technology into student literacy? , Lauren A. Bitetto Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Teacher perceptions of graphic novels , Katherine Block Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Getting graphic: Exploring the inferential thinking skills that are required to comprehend graphic novels , Angela Brauns Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Vocabulary instruction : becoming word conscious to support reading comprehension , Amy Evelyn Bries Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Building empathy through literacy: A review of classroom literacy practices , Alyssa J. Bruecken Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using TPACK to promote effective language teaching in an ESL/EFL classroom , Wilson M. R. Bugueño Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using readers theaters to help students develop reading fluency , Adrianna D. Cavanaugh Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of explicit writing instruction , Christine M. Clark Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Comparison of student achievement, understanding, enjoyment, and motivation in mathematics units for high-achieving fifth graders with and without creative problem solving games , Kalyn Jon Cody Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of Latinos in young adult fiction , Jennifer Cole Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A training guide and reference handbook for elementary school library secretaries in the Iowa City Community School District , Lisa Collier Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Library instruction designed to support core curriculum , Julie Courter Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Artist residency programs: The present and future , Emily Coussens Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Technology, toddlers and vocabulary development , Gwendolyn Dayton Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effective comprehension strategies in the elementary classroom , Melissa Ann Determan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The uniqueness of the English language learner : Research based strategies for English language learners , Carolyn Lindgren Dietz Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using the instructional coaching model to implement positive behavior supports in early childhood special education programs , Heather Donoho Open Access Graduate Research Paper

College freshmen dispositional readiness: Examining the perceptions , Jennifer Dovre Open Access Graduate Research Paper

College freshmen dispositional readiness: Examining the perceptions , Jennifer Dovre Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Literature circles and technology : a study of students' attitudes , Laura Ann Edwards Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Effect of student choice on acquisition of alphabet knowledge , Lindsey L. Fonkert Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

The effects of STEM inquiry practices on English language acquisition in a first grade classroom in Thailand , Rebecca J. Fuhrman-Petersen Open Access Graduate Research Paper

What are the mechanisms of action of stereotype threat and how does it contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease in African Americans , Anthony Gage Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Transition to kindergarten : a project for the Grinnell-Newburg School District , Donna Godar Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The effects of peer-conferencing on writing revisions in a second grade classroom , Emily C. Guetzlaff Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A WebQuest for the Instruction of Appropriate Online Behavior , Susan Heilig Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Books, blogging, and boredom : the impact of one-to-one computing on student engagement and literacy , Amanda M. Hudson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Iowa core technology integration: A resource for kindergarten through second grade teachers , Shalyn Huerter Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Investigating the use of an interactive whiteboard to teach literacy in the early childhood classroom , Laci A. Hummel Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

How elementary students can apply self-guided learning strategies in the classroom , Nicole Ivers Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Gifted student achievement and motivation levels related to participation in gifted programming , Stacey M. Jambura Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A comparison of print and e-book texts with 4th grade students to evaluate comprehension and motivation , Sarah Johnson Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

Misconceptions of the Teacher Librarian Role , Mary Junker Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Collaboration of the Teacher Librarian and the Classroom Teacher to Incorporate Literature and Information Literacy Skills into a Sixth Grade Social Studies Unit , Susan A. Klett Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Library Paraeducators' Training: Assumptions or Facts? , Virginia H. Knapp Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of agriculture in children's literature: Contemporary stories in picture books, traditional tales, and nonfiction , Kathryn S. Koller Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Making Historical Fiction Appealing to Young Adults Through Book Trailers , Chelsey Kolpin Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A professional development program for balanced literacy , Sheila Charlene McCullough Open Access Graduate Research Paper

How educators and parents can collaborate to improve student reading fluency , Jackie M. McDermott Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A selective annotated bibliography of materials recommended for junior high classrooms regarding resistance during the Holocaust , Katharine Mulfinger Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Effects of Physical Activity/Fitness on Academic Performance: A Review of Literature , Michaelene Powell Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Young Adult Memoir Dealing with Alcohol, Abuse, Infidelity, Violence and Poverty , Kelly Reinhold Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Using virtual worlds in medical and health education , Amy J. Renze Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Early Childhood Library Resources and Support , Lisa Catherine Riese Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Examining the benefits of technology in training , Nelson Rokke Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Portrayal of Characters with Disabilities within K-6 Fictional Literature , Katie Roling Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Vocabulary acquisition in kindergarten for English language learners: Ventriglia's Rule of 3, or Marzano's Six Steps to Effective Vocabulary Instruction? , Danielle Marie Rose Open Access Graduate Research Paper

101 books for youth that feature hunters & hunting , Leann Seddon Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Integrated curriculum in the elementary classroom , Katherine Decker Simpson Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Scheduled library visits and reading achievement , David Stanfield Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Improving 21st century literacy skills and student engagement by integrating digital storytelling across the curriculum , Sandra J. Steinfadt Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Student, Teacher and Parent Perceptions of the Role Accelerated Reader Plays in Elementary Students' Reading Motivation , Jannette Thrane Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Successful Leadership and Communication Within a Company , Ésaïe Toïngar Open Access Graduate Research Paper

A comparative analysis of leisure and tourism in China and in the USA , Xin Wang Graduate Research Paper (UNI Access Only)

A need for motivation : increasing engagement to bolster success , Libbie M. Willert Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Facilitating transfer for adult learners through cross-cultural e-learning , Min Zhang Open Access Graduate Research Paper

An Examination of the Criteria for the Iowa Children's Choice Award List , Jessica Zimmerman Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Submissions from 2012 2012

Understanding and meeting the needs of the millennials in the classroom: A literature review , Amanda Alexander Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Implementing a family involvement project in early childhood classrooms , Elizabeth Barrett Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teens Read book trailers , Jill Besler Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Teachers' perceptions of skills needed for children's entry into kindergarten , Jessica Blohm Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Early Algona: A digital story , Kathy Bottaro Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Relationship Between Absolute Strength, Relative Strength and Body Mass on Depth Jump Performance in Females , Erin Lynn Brocka Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Leadership of identified gifted compared to high-potential students studying Iowa's natural history , Katie E. Broeg Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Lecture capture technology : does it make a difference on college student achievement? , Debra S. Bruxvoort Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Parental perspective on technology integration in PK-2 in a rural community school , Stephanie L. Callan Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Outcomes and Attitudes of Service-Learning Gained Through Participation in Camp Adventure Child and Youth Services , Ashley Cayford Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Relationship Between Down’s Syndrome and Dementia , Allison Brooke Cutsforth Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The influence of digital communication on young adult contemporary fiction , Melissa J. Dagel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

School Wellness Policies, Impacts, and Challenges , Shenay Tekin Damirgi Open Access Graduate Research Paper

Program Design Considerations for a 8-Week After-School Program Focused on Social and Personal Development and Physical Fitness , Lawrence Daniel Open Access Graduate Research Paper

The Impact of Worksite Wellness Programs on Employee Productivity , Kacie K. Dielschneider Open Access Graduate Research Paper

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Journal of Student Research

Journal of Student Research (JSR) is an Academic, Multidisciplinary, and Faculty-reviewed Journal (Houston, Texas) devoted to the Rapid Dissemination of Current Research Published by High School Edition , Undergraduate and Graduate students.

Articles Indexed in Scholarly Databases

The journal seeks articles that are novel, integrative, and accessible to a broad audience, including an array of disciplines. The content of the journal ranges from Applied research to Theoretical research. In general, papers on all topics are welcome to submit. The journal uses an automated process from manuscript submission to publication. Manuscript submission, peer review, and publication are all handled online, and the journal automates all clerical steps during peer review.

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Students strive to be successful at publications, and with JSR, authors aspiring to publish will receive scholarly feedback after the reviews of their submissions are received. This feedback will help authors identify areas of improvement to their submission and help them better understand the process to be successful at publication. Once published, we strive to provide a global platform for our authors to showcase their work.

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This journal uses a double-blind review, which means that both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa, throughout the review process. Authors need to ensure that their manuscripts do not give away their identity to facilitate this. To find out more about the review process, please visit the  Author Guidelines  page. We invite teachers and faculty interested in reviewing articles for this journal; please visit our  Reviewers  page for more information.

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This journal provides access to its published content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Learn more about  Open Access .

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Announcements

Call for papers: volume 13 issue 4.

If you are an undergraduate or graduate student at a college or university aspiring to publish, we are accepting submissions. Submit Your Article Now!

Deadline: 11:59 p.m. August 31, 2024

Harvard University Theses, Dissertations, and Prize Papers

The Harvard University Archives ’ collection of theses, dissertations, and prize papers document the wide range of academic research undertaken by Harvard students over the course of the University’s history.

Beyond their value as pieces of original research, these collections document the history of American higher education, chronicling both the growth of Harvard as a major research institution as well as the development of numerous academic fields. They are also an important source of biographical information, offering insight into the academic careers of the authors.

Spanning from the ‘theses and quaestiones’ of the 17th and 18th centuries to the current yearly output of student research, they include both the first Harvard Ph.D. dissertation (by William Byerly, Ph.D . 1873) and the dissertation of the first woman to earn a doctorate from Harvard ( Lorna Myrtle Hodgkinson , Ed.D. 1922).

Other highlights include:

• The collection of Mathematical theses, 1782-1839
• The 1895 Ph.D. dissertation of W.E.B. Du Bois, The suppression of the African slave trade in the United States, 1638-1871
• Ph.D. dissertations of astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (Ph.D. 1925) and physicist John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (Ph.D. 1922)
• Undergraduate honors theses of novelist John Updike (A.B. 1954), filmmaker Terrence Malick (A.B. 1966),  and U.S. poet laureate Tracy Smith (A.B. 1994)
• Undergraduate prize papers and dissertations of philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson (A.B. 1821), George Santayana (Ph.D. 1889), and W.V. Quine (Ph.D. 1932)
• Undergraduate honors theses of U.S. President John F. Kennedy (A.B. 1940) and Chief Justice John Roberts (A.B. 1976)

What does a prize-winning thesis look like?

If you're a Harvard undergraduate writing your own thesis, it can be helpful to review recent prize-winning theses. The Harvard University Archives has made available for digital lending all of the Thomas Hoopes Prize winners from the 2019-2021 academic years.

Accessing These Materials

How to access materials at the Harvard University Archives

How to find and request dissertations, in person or virtually

How to find and request undergraduate honors theses

How to find and request Thomas Temple Hoopes Prize papers

How to find and request Bowdoin Prize papers

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Related Collections

Harvard faculty personal and professional archives, harvard student life collections: arts, sports, politics and social life, access materials at the harvard university archives.

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During the summer, PhD students engage in research and directed reading programs, and take courses in the university’s other schools and departments.

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Southern Illinois University

Research paper guidelines, on this page.

• General Instruction

Organization Of Material

Charts, tables, and figures, formatting guidelines, roles and responsibilities.

• Departmental Style Manual

/https://siu.edu/search-results.php

Last Updated: Aug 07, 2024, 10:14 AM

Standards for the preparation of research papers are established by the graduate faculty at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and the administration of the Graduate School. All revisions are subject to the approval of the Graduate School.

Guidelines for Preparation of Dissertations, Theses, and Research Papers

A research paper may have chapters or may be a continuous document (without chapters). If you are unclear as to whether you are completing a thesis or a research paper, please consult with your advisor.

Each graduate program has selected one or more preferred style manuals , and all students within the department are to use one of those styles.

How to Submit Research Papers (At a Glance)

Submission Site:

ALL REVISIONS ARE DUE BY THE DEADLINE DATE! NO EXCEPTIONS!

KEYWORD: Be Consistent

• Write your paper following the Graduate School Guidelines and the graduate program’s designated Style Manual.
• Apply for graduation by the 4th week of the term you plan to graduate for Fall / Spring and by the 2nd week of the Summer term.
• Defend your paper.
• Margins: Left, right, top, and bottom margins = 1 inch.
• Spacing: Double spacing throughout.
• Justification: Left justify; no right justification.
• Headings: Be consistent with top margin, font style, and size. Primary / Chapter headings should be in all caps.
• Pagination: Front matter should have Roman numeral page numbers bottom centered.
• Submit to OpenSIUC.
• Make formatting changes as indicated by the consultant.
• Your graduate program will submit one approval form and one oral defense form on your behalf.

General Instructions

Filing of research papers with the graduate school.

Submit electronically through  OpenSIUC . A Microsoft Word document is preferred, Adobe pdf documents are acceptable.

Approval Form

All research papers submitted to the Graduate School must have an original approval form signed by the student's committee and the school director. This must be submitted to the Graduate School by a faculty or staff member from the graduate program.

Human Subjects

All copies of research papers submitted to the Graduate School that need the human subjects approval as defined by the Human Subjects Committee must file a copy of the approval letter with the Graduate School.

Deadline Dates for Submission

The dates are posted at the Graduate School for both deadlines to apply for graduation and the submission of papers. These deadlines are firm dates and no extensions will be given.

Download the Research Paper Template to use for your research paper. It contains all of the required formatting.

Organizational format should be as follows:

• Approval page
• Abstract (optional)
• Acknowledgments / Dedication (optional)
• Table of Contents
• List of Tables with page references
• List of Figures with page references
•  Exhibits (tables, figures, photographs, etc. when not distributed in the text)
•  Bibliography (or appropriate title prescribed by style manual chosen)
• Appendices (optional)
• Human subjects committee approval letter when required 
• Vita (final page of the paper)

There should be a judicious use of spacing to "set off" tables, charts, and figures; typically one double-space before and after the table. Again, once spacing is chosen, you must be consistent throughout.

If a research paper is to be copyrighted, an extra page must be inserted after the title page.  The copyright statement is to be centered on the page as follows:

Copyright by (your name) 20__

All Rights Reserved

Research Paper Template

• Generally, students will use the computer to design figures and graphs.
• Table heading and style of headings must follow the style manual chosen. Generally, table titles are above the table and figure titles are below the figure, but the placement selected must be followed consistently.
• Spacing within the table may be single or double spaced based on the readability of the data.
• Font style and size should be consistent throughout the document, unless a table requires a smaller size. Six (6) point font should be the smallest used. Titles should be consistent in size and style of font as used throughout the document.
• There should be a judicious use of spacing to "set off" tables, charts, and figures; typically one or two double-spaces before and after the table. Again, once spacing is chosen, you must be consistent throughout.

Oversize maps may be included as a supplemental file.  

List of terms, definitions, questionnaires, and other supplemental information which is useful, but not essential, to the body of the research paper may be included in an appendix. Appendix page numbers continue from the body of the paper with the same font and same position on the page.

Color is permitted.

Additional Files

You may upload multimedia files (video or audio files). Follow instructions at  OpenSIUC .

• Ariel, Bookman, Courier, Times New Roman
• The body of the document should use a 10 or 12 point font. Headings and subheadings may go up one size and up to 14 point but must be of the same font style as the body of the text. 
• Bold  format may be used only as specified by the style manual chosen.
• Italics  may be used only as specified by the style manual chosen. In general, it may be used for Genera, species, letters, words or phrases cited as an linguistic example, and foreign words.
• The body of the document must be double spaced.
• Extended direct quotations should be presented consistently with the style manual selected.

Margins and Indentations

  ** MARGINS ARE ONE INCH ON ALL SIDES.

• Pages (Table of Contents, Chapters, Bibliography, etc.) that are required by the style manual to have a set top margin may have a larger than one inch top margin on those pages. Charts, tables, and figures may have greater margins than listed but may not go into the required margins.
• Paragraph indentations should be uniform five spaces. There should be no extra spacing between paragraphs.

The following guidelines are for the pages preceding the text, i.e. Abstract, Acknowledgments, and Table of Contents.

• The pages preceding the text should be numbered in lower case Roman numbers. The numerals should be centered between the one and one-half inch margin on the left, the one inch margin on the right, and one-half inch up from the bottom edge of the paper.  
• Text pages, bibliography, and appendices should follow the style manual chosen. Numbers should consist of numerals only, without punctuation, embellishment, or running headers. Paging should be continuous including the bibliography, appendices, and vita. Except for preceding pages, the style must be adhered to throughout the document. The first page of text starts with Arabic numeral 1.

This recent guideline revision supersedes all previous editions. Take this into consideration as you review previous research papers from the library or your department.

The Graduate Student's Responsibility

• Subject matter and content
• Organization and format
• Editorial, linguistic, and bibliographic quality
• Quality of text, figures, and tables
• Quality of data, evidence, and logical reasoning presented
• Presentation of the manuscript based on current style manual of the field and Graduate School guidelines

The Advisory Committee's Responsibility

• Approval of the subject matter and methodology of the research
• Approval of the organization, content, and format
• Review of the quality of data and evidence, logical reasoning, and the editorial, linguistic, and bibliographic quality
• Evaluation of the research paper as a basis for certification that the student has fulfilled the requirements of the degree for which the student is a candidate

The Research Paper Consultant's Responsibility

• Providing counsel and advice upon request by students and members of the student's committee about the format aspects of research paper preparation
• Checking the final draft of each research paper to insure that it has been prepared in conformity with the requirements of this guide

Graduate Program Style Manual

Each graduate program has selected one or more preferred style manuals and all students within the graduate program are to use one of those styles.

*APA:  American Psychological Association Publication Manual

*MLA:  Modern Language Association Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

How to Organize Research Papers: A Cheat Sheet for Graduate Students

• August 8, 2022
• PRODUCTIVITY

It is crucial to organize research papers so that the literature survey process goes smoothly once the data has been gathered and analyzed. This is where a research organizer is useful.

It may be helpful to plan the structure of your writing before you start writing: organizing your ideas before you begin to write will help you decide what to write and how to write it.

It can be challenging to keep your research organized when writing an essay. The truth is, there’s no one “ best ” way to get organized, and there’s no one answer. Whatever system you choose, make sure it works for your learning style and writing habits.

As a graduate student, learning how to organize research papers is therefore essential.

This blog post will cover the basics of organizing research papers and the tools I use to organize my research. 

Before you start

The importance of organizing research papers.

No matter how good your paper management system is, even if you keep all your literature in places that are easy to find, you won’t be able to “create” anything unless you haven’t thought about organizing what you get from them.

The goal of the research is to publish your own work to society for the benefit of everyone in the field and, ultimately, humanity.

In your final year of your PhD, when you see all the papers you’ve stored over the years, imagine the frustration you might experience if you hadn’t gathered the information from those papers in a way that allows you to “create” something with i.

This is why organizing research papers is important when starting your research.

Research with your final product in mind

It is very important to have a clear idea of what your research’s outcome will be to collect the information you really need.

If you don’t yet have all your information, consider what “subheadings” or chunks you could write about.

Write a concept map if you need help identifying your topic chunks. As an introduction to concept mapping, it involves writing down a term or idea and then brainstorming other ideas within it.

To gather information like this, you can use a mind map.

When you find useful information.

Come up with a proper file management system.

Sort your literature with a file management system. There’s no need to come up with a very narrow filing system at this point. Try sorting your research into broader areas of your field. When you’re more familiar with your own research, you’ll be able to narrow down your filing system.

Start with these methods:

Don’t waste your time on stuff that’s interesting but not useful :  

In your own research, what’s the most important part of a particular paper? You won’t have to pay attention to other sections of that paper if you find that section first. 

What is the argument behind your research? Make notes on that information, and then throw everything else away.

Create multiple folders :

Create a file containing related topics if you’re using a computer. Bind the related articles together if you like to print out papers. In other words, keep related things together!

Color code your research papers:   

To organize notes and articles, assign different colors to each sub-topic and use highlighters, tabs, or font colors.

Organize your literature chronologically: 

Even in a short period of time, you might have missed overarching themes or arguments if you hadn’t read them previously. It’s best to organize your research papers chronologically.

If you want to do all this at once, I suggest using a reference manager like Zotero or Mendeley (more on reference managers later).

File renaming 

Make sure you rename your files on your computer according to your own renaming strategy. Taking this step will save you time and confusion as your research progresses.

My usual way of naming a pdf is to use the first author’s last name, followed by the first ten letters of the title and then the year of publication. As an example, For the paper “ Temperature-Dependent Infrared Refractive Index of Polymers from a Calibrated Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Measurement ” by Azam et al., I renamed the file as “ Azam_Temperature-Dependent_2022.pdf “.

One thing to notice is that I don’t do this manually for all the papers I download. That wouldn’t be as productive, and I’d probably give up after some time renaming every single file. In my reference manager of choice (Zotero), I use a plugin called Zotfile to do this automatically. Zotfile automatically renames files and puts them in the folder I specify every time I add a new paper.

Organizing your research articles by the last names of the lead authors will simplify your citation and referencing process since you have to cite the names of the researchers everywhere. The articles will also be easier to find because they’ll be lined up alphabetically by any researcher’s name you can remember.

Use keywords wisely

Keywords are the most important part of sorting. It’s easy to forget to move a paper to a specific file sometimes because you’re overwhelmed. But you can tag a paper in seconds. 

When organizing research papers, don’t forget to develop a better keyword system, especially if you use a reference manager.

My reference manager, for instance, allows me to view all the keywords I have assigned in the main window, making life much easier.

Create annotations

When reading literature, it is very important to create your own annotations, as discussed in the blog post series, “ Bulletproof literature management system “.

This is the fourth post of the four-part blog series:  The Bulletproof Literature Management System . Follow the links below to read the other posts in the series:

• How to How to find Research Papers
• How to Manage Research Papers
• How to Read Research Papers
• How to Organize Research Papers (You are here)

The best thing to do is to summarize each section of the article/book you are reading that interests you. Don’t forget to include the key parts/arguments/quotes you liked.

Write your own notes

If you decide to read the whole paper, make sure you write your own summary. The reason is that 95% of the things you read will be forgotten after a certain period of time. When that happens, you may have to read the paper all over again if you do not take notes and write your own summary.

By writing your own summary, you will likely memorize the basic idea of the research paper. Additionally, you can link to other similar papers. In this way, you can benefit from the knowledge you gain from reading research papers.

After reading a paper, make sure to ask these questions:

• Why is this source helpful for your essay?  
• How does it support your thesis?  

Keep all the relevant information in one place so that you can refer to it when writing your own thesis.

Use an app like Obsidian to link your thinking if you keep all your files on a computer, making things much easier.

When you are ready to write

Write out of order .

Once you have all the necessary information, you can use your filing system, PDF renaming strategy, and keywords to draw the annotations and notes you need.

Now that you’re all set to write, don’t worry about writing the perfect paper or thesis right away.

Your introduction doesn’t have to come first.

If necessary, you can change your introduction at the end – sometimes, your essay takes a different direction. Nothing to worry about!

Write down ideas as they come to you

As you complete your research, many full-sentence paragraphs will come to your mind. Do not forget to write these down – even in your notes or annotations. Keep a notebook or your phone handy to jot down ideas as you get them. You can then find the information and revise it again to develop a better version if you’re working on the same project for a few days/weeks.

My toolbox to organize research papers

Stick with the free stuff.

Trying to be a productive grease monkey, I’ve tried many apps over the years. Here’s what I learned.

• The simplest solution is always the best solution (the Occam razor principle always wins!).
• The free solution is always the best (because they have the best communities to help you out and are more customizable).

As someone who used to believe that if something is free, you’re the product, I’ve learned that statement isn’t always true.

Ironically, open-source software tends to get better support than proprietary stuff. It’s better to have millions of enthusiasts working for free than ten paid support staff.

There are a lot of reviews out there, and EndNote usually comes out at the bottom. I used EndNote for five years – it worked fine, but other software improved faster. Now I use Zotero, which I like for its web integration. 

Obsidian, my note-taking app of choice, is also free software. Furthermore, you own your files; also, you’ve got a thriving community.

There are a lot of similarities between the software as they adopt each other’s features, and it’s just a matter of preference.

In any researcher’s toolbox, a reference manager is an essential tool.

A reference manager has two important features: the ability to get citation data into the app and the ability to use the citation data in your writing tool.

It should also work on Windows just as well as macOS or Linux, be free, and allow you to manage PDFs of papers or scanned book chapters.

Zotero , in my opinion, gives you all of this and more.

Zotero is one of the best free reference managers for collecting citation data. It includes a browser plugin that lets you save citation information on Google Scholar, journal pages, YouTube, Amazon, and many other websites, including news articles. It automatically downloads a PDF of the associated source when available for news articles, which is very convenient.

One of the things I really like about Zotero is that it has so many third-party plugins that we have almost complete control over how we use it.

With Zotero 6, you can also read and annotate PDFs, which is perfect for your needs.

My Research paper organizing workflow in Zotero :

• Get References and PDF papers into Zotero : I use Zotero’s web plugin to import PDFs directly 
• Filing and sorting : I save files from the web plugin into the file system I already have created in Zotero and assign tags as I do so.
• File renaming : When I save the file, the Zotero plugin (Zotfile) automatically renames it and stores the pdf where I specified.
• Extracting Annotations and taking notes : I use Zotero in the build pdf reader to take notes and annotate, and then I extract them and link them in Obsidian (next section).

You need to keep your notes organized and accessible once you’ve established a strong reading habit. For this purpose, I use Obsidian . I use Obsidian to manage everything related to my graduate studies, including notes, projects, and tasks. 

Using a plugin called mdnotes , Obsidian can also sync up with my reference manager of choice, Zotero. It automatically adds new papers to my Obsidian database whenever I add them to Zotero.

Obsidian may have a steep learning curve for those unfamiliar with bi-directional linking , but using similar software will make things much easier. Thus, you may be better off investing your time in devising a note-taking system that works for you.

You can also use a spreadsheet! Make a table with all the papers you read, whatever tool you choose. Include the paper’s status (e.g., whether you’ve read it) and any relevant projects. This is what mine looks like.

I keep all my notes on an associated page for each paper. In a spreadsheet, you can write your notes directly in the row or link to a Google document for each row. Zotero, for example, allows you to attach notes directly to reference files.

While it might seem like a lot of work, keeping a database of papers you’ve read helps with literature reviews, funding applications, and more. I can filter by keywords or relevant projects, so I don’t have to re-read anything.

The habit of reading papers and learning how to organize research papers has made me a better researcher. It takes me much less time to read now, and I use it to improve my experiments. I used this system a lot when putting together my PhD fellowship application and my candidacy exam. In the future, I will thank myself for having the foresight to take these steps today before starting to write my dissertation.

I am curious to know how others organize their research papers since there is no “ right ” way. Feel free to comment, and we will update the post with any interesting responses!

Images courtesy : Classified vector created by storyset – www.freepik.com

Aruna Kumarasiri

Founder at Proactive Grad, Materials Engineer, Researcher, and turned author. In 2019, he started his professional carrier as a materials engineer with the continuation of his research studies. His exposure to both academic and industrial worlds has provided many opportunities for him to give back to young professionals.

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Research paper writing.

Graduate courses will challenge you to write at a professional academic level through seminar papers, major research papers, and reading responses. Learn how to improve and supplement your research and writing skills using the Graduate Writing Lab’s resources and services.

A successful research paper is more than just writing, and the Graduate Writing Lab can help you with any and all of the steps along the way:

• Reading primary and secondary sources effectively
• Note-taking strategies
• Managing sources
• Forming your argument
• Creating an outline
• Analysis and structure
• Editing and revision strategies

Research Paper Writing in the Sciences

• Writing an APA-Style Empirical Paper
• Research Paper Writing in the Natural Sciences
• Figure Making in the Natural Sciences
• Research Paper Writing in the Humanities
• From Note-Taking to Outlining: Beginning the Writing Process in Humanities Research Papers

For help with your research paper in progress, please take advantage of our Individual Writing Consultations and our Workshops . For additional support, you can join one of our research paper Peer-Review Groups .

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APA Writing Guide: Formatting for Graduate Students

• Formatting for Undergraduates
• Formatting for Graduate Students
• In-text Citations
• Books and Ebooks
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• Misc.Citations

Writing Center

The Liberty University Writing Center is available to provide writing coaching to students. Residential students should contact the  On-Campus Writing Center  for assistance. Online students should contact the  Online Writing Center  for assistance.

General Rules

Liberty University has determined that graduate students will use APA 7’s formatting guidelines for professional papers. To assist you, Liberty University's Writing Center provides a template paper and a  sample paper .

For professional papers, the following four sections are required: 

• Title Page with Running Head
• Abstract with Keywords
• Reference List

Here are a few things to keep in mind as you format your paper:

• Fonts  - LU recommends that papers be typed in 12-point Times New Roman or 11-point Calibri fonts.  
• Use only one space at the end of each sentence in the body of your paper.
• In general, APA papers should be double spaced throughout. A list of exceptions can be found here.
• To make sure that your paper is double spaced throughout,  select the text ,  right click , select ' Paragraph ,' and look under the section ' Line Spacing ' as shown below:

• Margins/Alignment  - Your paper should use 1-inch margins on standard-sized paper (8.5' X 11'). Make sure that you use  Align Left  (CTRL + L) on the paper, except for the title page.  
•   Indentation – The first sentence in each new paragraph in the body of the paper should be indented a half inch. The abstract, however, should not be indented. References use hanging indentation .  
• Headings:   Please note that all headings are in title case. Level 1 headings should be centered (and in bold), and Level 2 and 3 headings should be left-aligned (and in bold or bold italic, respectively). Level 4 and 5 headings are indented like regular paragraphs. An example of formatting headings in a paper is available here

Title Page: When setting up the professional title page, please note the following elements should be present on the page:

• There is no limit to the number of words in the title.
• Add an extra blank double-spaced line between the title and author’s name.
• Name of each author (centered)
• Name of department and institution/affiliation (centered)
• Place the author note in the bottom half of the title page. Center and bold the label “Author Note.” Align the paragraphs of the author note to the left. For an example, see the LU Writing Center template for graduate students here .
• Page number in top right corner of the header, starting with page 1 on the title page
• The running head is an abbreviated version of the title of your paper (or the full title if the title is already short).
• Type the running head in all-capital letters.
• Ensure the running head is no more than 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation.
• The running head appears in the same format on every page, including the first page.
• Do not use the label “Running head:” before the running head.
• Align the running head to the left margin of the page header, across from the right-aligned page number.

Abstract Page: The abstract page includes the abstract and related keywords.

The abstract is a brief but comprehensive summary of your paper. Here are guidelines for formatting the abstract:

• It should be the second page of a professional (graduate level) paper.
• The first line should say “Abstract” centered and in bold.
• The abstract should start one line below the section label.
• It should be a single paragraph and should not be indented.
• It should not exceed 250 words.

Keywords are used for indexing in databases and as search terms. Your keywords should capture the most important aspects of your paper in three to five words, phrases, or acronyms. Here are formatting guidelines:

• Label “ Keywords ” one line below the abstract, indented and in italics (not bolded).
• The keywords should be written on the same line as and one space after the label “ Keywords ”.
• The keywords should be lowercase (but capitalize proper nouns) and not italic or bold.
• Each keyword should be separated by a comma and a space and followed by a colon.
• There should be no ending punctuation.
• << Previous: Formatting for Undergraduates
• Next: In-text Citations >>
• Last Updated: Aug 29, 2023 11:29 AM
• URL: https://libguides.liberty.edu/APAguide

Research and Writing at Graduate Level

Any program leading to the Master of Arts fosters the student’s transition into a profession. Students learn how to discuss ideas in a particular discipline as professionals among professionals. To attain this goal, graduate students routinely engage in research and writing where correct documentation of sources signifies much more than the avoidance of plagiarism. Research and writing about scholarly discoveries signal the graduate student’s membership in a professional community.

Thus research papers written for graduate courses will differ from those written for undergraduate courses. The graduate student’s research paper will sustain deeper analysis of a topic at greater length and with narrower focus than the undergraduate paper. Graduate research papers will employ a significant scope of sources that are current, authoritative, and recognized within a particular area of study. Additionally, the graduate research paper demonstrates the student’s ability to identify appropriate topics related to course material and to exercise independence in both research and writing.

Graduate-level papers will also demonstrate the student’s ability to document all sources accurately and to edit carefully for standard American English. Students should refer to  The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 8th Edition (ISBN 978-1-60329-262-7), if they have questions about documentation, though some courses may ask students to follow the Chicago Manual of Style or the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

To prepare students for the level of research and writing required in graduate courses, professors incorporate into their classes instruction in bibliography and methodology appropriate to course content. Professors will assist students to access and learn how to access and evaluate scholarly materials. Professors may further provide rubrics or specific requirements about the nature and originality of the research and writing expected in fulfillment of a particular assignment.

For information on academic misconduct and plagiarism, see the Honor Code section of the Graduate Student Handbook.

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Writing a Research Paper

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The Research Paper

There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently stems from the fact that many students are unfamiliar and inexperienced with this genre of writing. Never fear—inexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you can change through practice! Writing a research paper is an essential aspect of academics and should not be avoided on account of one's anxiety. In fact, the process of writing a research paper can be one of the more rewarding experiences one may encounter in academics. What is more, many students will continue to do research throughout their careers, which is one of the reasons this topic is so important.

Becoming an experienced researcher and writer in any field or discipline takes a great deal of practice. There are few individuals for whom this process comes naturally. Remember, even the most seasoned academic veterans have had to learn how to write a research paper at some point in their career. Therefore, with diligence, organization, practice, a willingness to learn (and to make mistakes!), and, perhaps most important of all, patience, students will find that they can achieve great things through their research and writing.

The pages in this section cover the following topic areas related to the process of writing a research paper:

• Genre - This section will provide an overview for understanding the difference between an analytical and argumentative research paper.
• Choosing a Topic - This section will guide the student through the process of choosing topics, whether the topic be one that is assigned or one that the student chooses themselves.
• Identifying an Audience - This section will help the student understand the often times confusing topic of audience by offering some basic guidelines for the process.
• Where Do I Begin - This section concludes the handout by offering several links to resources at Purdue, and also provides an overview of the final stages of writing a research paper.

1000+ FREE Research Topics & Title Ideas

Select your area of interest to view a collection of potential research topics and ideas.

Or grab the full list 📋 (for free)

PS – You can also check out our free topic ideation webinar for more ideas

How To Find A Research Topic

If you’re struggling to get started, this step-by-step video tutorial will help you find the perfect research topic.

Research Topic FAQs

What (exactly) is a research topic.

A research topic is the subject of a research project or study – for example, a dissertation or thesis. A research topic typically takes the form of a problem to be solved, or a question to be answered.

A good research topic should be specific enough to allow for focused research and analysis. For example, if you are interested in studying the effects of climate change on agriculture, your research topic could focus on how rising temperatures have impacted crop yields in certain regions over time.

To learn more about the basics of developing a research topic, consider our free research topic ideation webinar.

What constitutes a good research topic?

A strong research topic comprises three important qualities : originality, value and feasibility.

• Originality – a good topic explores an original area or takes a novel angle on an existing area of study.
• Value – a strong research topic provides value and makes a contribution, either academically or practically.
• Feasibility – a good research topic needs to be practical and manageable, given the resource constraints you face.

To learn more about what makes for a high-quality research topic, check out this post .

What's the difference between a research topic and research problem?

A research topic and a research problem are two distinct concepts that are often confused. A research topic is a broader label that indicates the focus of the study , while a research problem is an issue or gap in knowledge within the broader field that needs to be addressed.

To illustrate this distinction, consider a student who has chosen “teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom” as their research topic. This research topic could encompass any number of issues related to teenage pregnancy such as causes, prevention strategies, health outcomes for mothers and babies, etc.

Within this broad category (the research topic) lies potential areas of inquiry that can be explored further – these become the research problems . For example:

• What factors contribute to higher rates of teenage pregnancy in certain communities?
• How do different types of parenting styles affect teen pregnancy rates?
• What interventions have been successful in reducing teenage pregnancies?

Simply put, a key difference between a research topic and a research problem is scope ; the research topic provides an umbrella under which multiple questions can be asked, while the research problem focuses on one specific question or set of questions within that larger context.

How can I find potential research topics for my project?

There are many steps involved in the process of finding and choosing a high-quality research topic for a dissertation or thesis. We cover these steps in detail in this video (also accessible below).

How can I find quality sources for my research topic?

Finding quality sources is an essential step in the topic ideation process. To do this, you should start by researching scholarly journals, books, and other academic publications related to your topic. These sources can provide reliable information on a wide range of topics. Additionally, they may contain data or statistics that can help support your argument or conclusions.

Identifying Relevant Sources

When searching for relevant sources, it’s important to look beyond just published material; try using online databases such as Google Scholar or JSTOR to find articles from reputable journals that have been peer-reviewed by experts in the field.

You can also use search engines like Google or Bing to locate websites with useful information about your topic. However, be sure to evaluate any website before citing it as a source—look for evidence of authorship (such as an “About Us” page) and make sure the content is up-to-date and accurate before relying on it.

Evaluating Sources

Once you’ve identified potential sources for your research project, take some time to evaluate them thoroughly before deciding which ones will best serve your purpose. Consider factors such as author credibility (are they an expert in their field?), publication date (is the source current?), objectivity (does the author present both sides of an issue?) and relevance (how closely does this source relate to my specific topic?).

By researching the current literature on your topic, you can identify potential sources that will help to provide quality information. Once you’ve identified these sources, it’s time to look for a gap in the research and determine what new knowledge could be gained from further study.

How can I find a good research gap?

Finding a strong gap in the literature is an essential step when looking for potential research topics. We explain what research gaps are and how to find them in this post.

How should I evaluate potential research topics/ideas?

When evaluating potential research topics, it is important to consider the factors that make for a strong topic (we discussed these earlier). Specifically:

• Originality
• Feasibility

So, when you have a list of potential topics or ideas, assess each of them in terms of these three criteria. A good topic should take a unique angle, provide value (either to academia or practitioners), and be practical enough for you to pull off, given your limited resources.

Finally, you should also assess whether this project could lead to potential career opportunities such as internships or job offers down the line. Make sure that you are researching something that is relevant enough so that it can benefit your professional development in some way. Additionally, consider how each research topic aligns with your career goals and interests; researching something that you are passionate about can help keep motivation high throughout the process.

How can I assess the feasibility of a research topic?

When evaluating the feasibility and practicality of a research topic, it is important to consider several factors.

First, you should assess whether or not the research topic is within your area of competence. Of course, when you start out, you are not expected to be the world’s leading expert, but do should at least have some foundational knowledge.

Time commitment

When considering a research topic, you should think about how much time will be required for completion. Depending on your field of study, some topics may require more time than others due to their complexity or scope.

Additionally, if you plan on collaborating with other researchers or institutions in order to complete your project, additional considerations must be taken into account such as coordinating schedules and ensuring that all parties involved have adequate resources available.

Resources needed

It’s also critically important to consider what type of resources are necessary in order to conduct the research successfully. This includes physical materials such as lab equipment and chemicals but can also include intangible items like access to certain databases or software programs which may be necessary depending on the nature of your work. Additionally, if there are costs associated with obtaining these materials then this must also be factored into your evaluation process.

Potential risks

It’s important to consider the inherent potential risks for each potential research topic. These can include ethical risks (challenges getting ethical approval), data risks (not being able to access the data you’ll need), technical risks relating to the equipment you’ll use and funding risks (not securing the necessary financial back to undertake the research).

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15 Free Research Tools for Grad Students

Reviewed by David Krug David Krug is a seasoned expert with 20 years in educational technology (EdTech). His career spans the pivotal years of technology integration in education, where he has played a key role in advancing student-centric learning solutions. David's expertise lies in marrying technological innovation with pedagogical effectiveness, making him a valuable asset in transforming educational experiences. As an advisor for enrollment startups, David provides strategic guidance, helping these companies navigate the complexities of the education sector. His insights are crucial in developing impactful and sustainable enrollment strategies.

Updated: May 10, 2024 , Reading time: 14 minutes

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Data Points

• About four in ten * American adults (38%) express a “relatively strong interest and trust” in information sources and navigating digital data.
• Most American adults (roughly 49%) are “relatively disengaged and not very enthusiastic” about information. The rest (13%) are wary or not particularly trusting of data sources.
• The US research universities that are considered “the most selective” spend roughly $150,000 per student ** or “six times the national average.”

The passion for learning and discovery drives many students to pursue graduate studies. Having a higher education usually gives you a sense of pride and achievement. Other factors, such as cultural motivation and family influence, and support, are undeniably paramount when deciding to pursue graduate study.

Students might enroll in graduate courses to prepare for a career that requires a graduate degree, change career paths, or improve their opportunities for advancement. Whatever your reason for pursuing a graduate study, you could have lots of benefits from it.

In 2021 alone, among the 4.43 million college students about to graduate, about 5% will earn a doctorate or professional degree. 

According to Penn State News, graduate education plays a crucial role in the progress of many industries and societies worldwide. Grad students’ contributions to ongoing research help everyone in diverse communities better understand the natural and human world we all live in.

Researchers can use this research to uncover natural, cultural, imaginative, social, technological, and mechanical phenomena and solve problems by pursuing knowledge. Therefore, graduate students are engaged in a societal process that helps society understand the world’s complexity and issues better and a quest for personal growth or an expansion of their learning and understanding. 

Skills You Can Gain From a Graduate Study

The following are some skills that you can acquire in your pursuit of graduate study:

• Exceptional analytical skills
• Extracting data and information from multiple sources, adopting robust hypotheses, and examining them thoroughly
• Excellent communication skills, both verbally and in writing
• Ability to use sophisticated instrumentation to perform a variety of analytical techniques
• Working with instruments and equipment that require precision
• Collaborates and supervises others’ work
• Identification of problems and implementation of inventive solutions
• Working independently, as well as in a team

The Utilization Of Online Tools

Due to the virtual nature of learning and working, mastering online tools has become increasingly important. Learners can use technology to become more effective and to optimize their research . It can be beneficial to integrate some helpful technology into the study and thesis-writing process. This will enable you as a grad student to have flexibility in your life. You can have a better work-life balance which allows you to have more chances for employability.

Graduate students need the right tools to assist with their research. By utilizing these tools, your research will not only become more accessible but also more productive, as it will make tasks that otherwise seem tedious much easier.

When you’ve encountered internships while handling research and project reports simultaneously, you can understand how valuable these research tools will be as a busy grad student. Strenuous work and juggling different data can be a lot to take in. With the help of practical tools, you can better organize and prioritize tasks daily.

Regardless of the field of study you are in, this article will showcase helpful tools that will prove to provide ease in your student life. STEM researchers rely on such tools as the bread and butter of their research . Get ready as you delve into the ultimate FREE graduate help tools! 

Free Research Tools for Grad Students

Here’s a rundown of the great apps for grad school, ranging from productivity-enhancing tools to distraction-reducing tools.

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The Grammarly software has changed the way people read and perceive all kinds of text since it was released in July 2009. Several academicians use it, and those working in an office need support for creating documents and articles. This AI-powered tool can correct spelling, grammar, sentences, punctuation, and a lot more.

The majority of your duties as a graduate student will involve writing, editing, and checking research papers. No day passes when you don’t either check something your professor handles for you or write your own report or article. Grammatical rules play a crucial role in professional writing. Grammarly will help you escape and avoid careless mistakes that lead to papers being rejected.

Grammarly is compatible with all platforms. It is easy to install on an MS Word document and is consistent with various plugin browsers like Safari, Firefox, Edge, and Chrome. You can also access it using a mobile device. Signing up is easy and free, and you can navigate effortlessly.

MIT OpenCourseWare

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology created the now-popular MIT OpenCourseWare in 2001 as a self-guided teaching resource for undergraduates and graduate students. Courses can be accessed, downloaded, and shared freely without registering and can be taken at any time. Close to 2500 MIT graduate course materials are available on OpenCourseWare, ranging from the liberal arts to STEM topics. This school app also offers graduate programs in medical care, education, and sustainable energy. You can also watch their lectures on YouTube and listen to podcasts.

Google Scholar

Hundreds of thousands of scholarly articles are available via Google Scholar. These resources have been sourced from historical data until the modern era. Using this resource, graduate students can search hundreds of renowned journal publications from across a broad range of disciplines. Also included in the portal are details about the authors, their books published, and citations. The material is ranked based on its content, where it was published, when it was published, its author, and how often other authors cited it.

Google Scholar, released on November 20, 2004, is a collection of scholarly publications that gives users access to published or upcoming work in the field.

The Google Scholar database is packed with papers from top publishers, making it a perfect tool for grad students like you to utilize documents relevant to your research topics. 

You can use Google Scholar to find citations easily. Visit the site and type in the topic you are searching for. Quote marks will appear next to the topics. The citations for different types of press can be found by clicking on them.

You can also access related articles and go directly to the page of the content you’ve been searching for. If you are looking for a professor but cannot locate their profile, chances are they have a Google Scholar page.

Team Viewer

Founded in 2005, TeamViewer facilitates online remote access and collaboration in more than 160 countries. Users can download the free software for their computers or even download it as an app for their smartphones. TeamViewer will ask for your partner ID once it is installed so you can choose to connect. When the other computer’s password is confirmed, you can be able to access through. 

Working collaboratively is easy with Team Viewer. Graduate students often have to cooperate with professors or other graduate students located elsewhere. When dealing with partners, remotely accessing their PCs can come in handy. It’s possible to monitor each other’s simulations and to control each other’s PCs. The college computer connected to the servers can also be accessed remotely from your laptop. In this way, the process can be significantly accelerated.

This typesetting software is used to write CVs, reports, theses, books, research papers, and the like for academic purposes. Here’s where you can get help if you’re having formatting issues. Moreover, LaTeX can create posters, presentations, journal articles, and anything you need for your grad school.

There are countless templates available that can help you present your hard work accurately. Academicians worldwide use this tool to enhance their research, and it is accessible in both online and offline formats.

You can better take control of your subject by using Grammarly and LaTeX together. If you wonder how some people could write pages using mathematical equations, LaTeX makes it all easily possible. It allows you to write equations just as quickly as writing them down on your hand, no more searching for beta symbols in your Microsoft Word.

Online courses offered by Udemy are far more affordable and can be taken anywhere, anytime. Additionally, some of their classes are provided free of charge. In addition to free resources, the site offers a good deal of video tutorials that help grad students supplement or enhance their coursework.

Udemy is home to the usual coding, computer science, and language subjects and free and brief courses. Among the topics listed on their course list are emotional intelligence, work productivity, leadership, and other soft skills. These subjects are all beneficial for preparing to enter the corporate world after completing your grad studies.  

Academic Earth

Grad school coursework is uncommon and discouraged if it is taken without a strategic purpose. To pursue a particular research topic, you may need to expose yourself to material covered in introductory courses. Thankfully, you do not need to go through with that struggle anymore. 

Several universities participate in Academic Earth, which provides free video lectures from their faculty. Currently, the content is not comprehensive, but it will only grow as more universities participate in the project.

Academic Earth’s objective is to place distance learning at the forefront of higher education. They are making efforts to achieve it by providing a well-curated collection of learning materials created by renowned universities, including Yale, MIT, CalTech, and an increasing number of educational institutions. 

There are also investigative reporting-style short videos on the site, which could aid grad students in essay writing and making research papers. A series of videos on various subjects are provided periodically, from mathematics to information technology, literature to health policy. You can find a whole variety of topic resources from this free tool.

Mendeley Desktop

This software helps researchers organize their work. There’s no better place to save your papers, dissertation, books, and documents than in a single drive that’s accessible and available anywhere in the world. Even if you are far from your computer, you can still access your data by logging in to Mendeley.

On Mendeley’s desktop, you can find all the information about authors, titles, publishers, and abstracts in one place. This makes the process of referencing quicker and more convenient. The papers can also be shared with professors or fellow graduate students, and annotations can be added to make information sharing easier.

A three-person team from Germany created Mendeley Desktop in August 2008, and Elsevier acquired it in 2013. Share data, collaborate on research, and curate research information with this tool. When registering, you get 2GB of free data. Additional memory can be purchased separately. The title, author, and abstract of a paper are all displayed in one block without opening it.

You can have a glimpse of what the article is about while just skimming through the notes. This serves as the overview. What’s good about this software, you ask? It’s available as a plugin on MS Word! Crafting your paper has never been this effortless!

Whatever field of study you’re pursuing, SkillShare is the perfect place to learn! Users learn how to write creatively, develop a website without any coding, use Shopify and Adobe to build a website, build your brand, master the principles of digital analytics, master the concepts of Microsoft Business Intelligence, create articles for children, and more.

You must register to access the videos, which are primarily free. SkillShare can also be downloaded from Google Play or the App Store.

Skillshare’s classes are divided into different categories like technology, business, lifestyle, and creativity. There are almost 30,000 classes currently. Skillshare indeed affords you endless opportunities, and you can find a lot of great high-quality courses, but you still have to be picky, as some are also of low quality. Anyone can also become a teacher at Skillshare.

Even though the low-quality classes are removed frequently, there may be occasions when you could still stumble across one. Hence, it’s essential to check reviews first. 

Semantic Scholar

Researchers can explore Semantic Scholar for free to locate the latest publications, articles, and research for STEM programs. Aware of the thousands of scientific papers being published every day, it uses artificial intelligence to guide students through them. 

AI can drive a Semantic Scholar search to display relevant statistics and citations to determine each user’s influence and relevance. The database is not solely dedicated to physical sciences but also to social sciences, psychology, philosophy, and art.

Internet Public Library

This online resource is as simple as it gets. This online database of resources has been classified by subject and provides access to almost every relevant subject in all schools, particularly graduate schools. Despite the lack of a search function, the website contains essays and case studies on various topics. Besides providing extensive information on various online degree programs, it also lists the numerous levels of degrees applicable to each program.

National Archives

The National Archives is the best source of information for graduate students taking history and biography classes. Many significant historical records and documents are kept there, including the Constitution, census data and media copies from World War I and II. If you are working on a documentary or video essay related to any historical topics and many more, these references are helpful.

Descriptions of National Archives holdings are available through the National Archives Catalog, which includes listings for Washington, DC, regional archives, and Presidential Libraries. In its present state, the Catalog comprises 95% of records, each in its series. Thus, you can find basic information about records in the description, including the size and location. 

Duke Options

The Duke Options tool can help grad students explore and choose from a wide range of professional development offerings and build a personalized plan for their professional development in graduate school. 

Duke Options is a tool specially designed for Ph.D. students to support their professional development as they pursue a career in academia. You can customize the planned activities from here by choosing your target competency and stage or academic level.

A link suggestion system on the portal corresponds to the activities in the roadmap, and it is personalized based on the student profile and career objectives. The Duke Options software is available to everyone, but those with NetID credentials can only save the roadmaps and plans.

Harvard University and MIT founded edX, but it now boasts over 140 partner universities from all over the world, providing a vast repository of MOOC materials. Over 2500 courses and programs available on edX are perfect for graduate students interested in enhancing their learning – from liberal arts and humanities to sciences to even law and medicine.

The course also offers assignments and quizzes for tracking progress and understanding; some courses award certificates or micro master’s degrees. Learn how cutting-edge cognitive science underpins edX. 

More than 200 schools and companies partner with Coursera, another popular MOOC site. Free courses are available here and include lectures, assignments, discussion boards, and more. Graduate students can earn specializations, professional certificates, and Master Track certificates for a minimal fee.

College courses delivered online through Coursera are widely praised. The system makes it easy to understand by offering clear syllabi, quizzes, and short essays.

Most courses usually require two hours of video lectures per week. Site navigation is easy, and the interface is straightforward. Quizzes and papers are graded on time, and professors promptly respond to prompt feedback despite most courses having tens of thousands of students enrolled.

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How to write your first research paper.

Writing a research manuscript is an intimidating process for many novice writers in the sciences. One of the stumbling blocks is the beginning of the process and creating the first draft. This paper presents guidelines on how to initiate the writing process and draft each section of a research manuscript. The paper discusses seven rules that allow the writer to prepare a well-structured and comprehensive manuscript for a publication submission. In addition, the author lists different strategies for successful revision. Each of those strategies represents a step in the revision process and should help the writer improve the quality of the manuscript. The paper could be considered a brief manual for publication.

It is late at night. You have been struggling with your project for a year. You generated an enormous amount of interesting data. Your pipette feels like an extension of your hand, and running western blots has become part of your daily routine, similar to brushing your teeth. Your colleagues think you are ready to write a paper, and your lab mates tease you about your “slow” writing progress. Yet days pass, and you cannot force yourself to sit down to write. You have not written anything for a while (lab reports do not count), and you feel you have lost your stamina. How does the writing process work? How can you fit your writing into a daily schedule packed with experiments? What section should you start with? What distinguishes a good research paper from a bad one? How should you revise your paper? These and many other questions buzz in your head and keep you stressed. As a result, you procrastinate. In this paper, I will discuss the issues related to the writing process of a scientific paper. Specifically, I will focus on the best approaches to start a scientific paper, tips for writing each section, and the best revision strategies.

1. Schedule your writing time in Outlook

Whether you have written 100 papers or you are struggling with your first, starting the process is the most difficult part unless you have a rigid writing schedule. Writing is hard. It is a very difficult process of intense concentration and brain work. As stated in Hayes’ framework for the study of writing: “It is a generative activity requiring motivation, and it is an intellectual activity requiring cognitive processes and memory” [ 1 ]. In his book How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing , Paul Silvia says that for some, “it’s easier to embalm the dead than to write an article about it” [ 2 ]. Just as with any type of hard work, you will not succeed unless you practice regularly. If you have not done physical exercises for a year, only regular workouts can get you into good shape again. The same kind of regular exercises, or I call them “writing sessions,” are required to be a productive author. Choose from 1- to 2-hour blocks in your daily work schedule and consider them as non-cancellable appointments. When figuring out which blocks of time will be set for writing, you should select the time that works best for this type of work. For many people, mornings are more productive. One Yale University graduate student spent a semester writing from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. when her lab was empty. At the end of the semester, she was amazed at how much she accomplished without even interrupting her regular lab hours. In addition, doing the hardest task first thing in the morning contributes to the sense of accomplishment during the rest of the day. This positive feeling spills over into our work and life and has a very positive effect on our overall attitude.

Rule 1: Create regular time blocks for writing as appointments in your calendar and keep these appointments.

2. start with an outline.

Now that you have scheduled time, you need to decide how to start writing. The best strategy is to start with an outline. This will not be an outline that you are used to, with Roman numerals for each section and neat parallel listing of topic sentences and supporting points. This outline will be similar to a template for your paper. Initially, the outline will form a structure for your paper; it will help generate ideas and formulate hypotheses. Following the advice of George M. Whitesides, “. . . start with a blank piece of paper, and write down, in any order, all important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper” [ 3 ]. Use Table 1 as a starting point for your outline. Include your visuals (figures, tables, formulas, equations, and algorithms), and list your findings. These will constitute the first level of your outline, which will eventually expand as you elaborate.

The next stage is to add context and structure. Here you will group all your ideas into sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion/Conclusion ( Table 2 ). This step will help add coherence to your work and sift your ideas.

Now that you have expanded your outline, you are ready for the next step: discussing the ideas for your paper with your colleagues and mentor. Many universities have a writing center where graduate students can schedule individual consultations and receive assistance with their paper drafts. Getting feedback during early stages of your draft can save a lot of time. Talking through ideas allows people to conceptualize and organize thoughts to find their direction without wasting time on unnecessary writing. Outlining is the most effective way of communicating your ideas and exchanging thoughts. Moreover, it is also the best stage to decide to which publication you will submit the paper. Many people come up with three choices and discuss them with their mentors and colleagues. Having a list of journal priorities can help you quickly resubmit your paper if your paper is rejected.

Rule 2: Create a detailed outline and discuss it with your mentor and peers.

3. continue with drafts.

After you get enough feedback and decide on the journal you will submit to, the process of real writing begins. Copy your outline into a separate file and expand on each of the points, adding data and elaborating on the details. When you create the first draft, do not succumb to the temptation of editing. Do not slow down to choose a better word or better phrase; do not halt to improve your sentence structure. Pour your ideas into the paper and leave revision and editing for later. As Paul Silvia explains, “Revising while you generate text is like drinking decaffeinated coffee in the early morning: noble idea, wrong time” [ 2 ].

Many students complain that they are not productive writers because they experience writer’s block. Staring at an empty screen is frustrating, but your screen is not really empty: You have a template of your article, and all you need to do is fill in the blanks. Indeed, writer’s block is a logical fallacy for a scientist ― it is just an excuse to procrastinate. When scientists start writing a research paper, they already have their files with data, lab notes with materials and experimental designs, some visuals, and tables with results. All they need to do is scrutinize these pieces and put them together into a comprehensive paper.

3.1. Starting with Materials and Methods

If you still struggle with starting a paper, then write the Materials and Methods section first. Since you have all your notes, it should not be problematic for you to describe the experimental design and procedures. Your most important goal in this section is to be as explicit as possible by providing enough detail and references. In the end, the purpose of this section is to allow other researchers to evaluate and repeat your work. So do not run into the same problems as the writers of the sentences in (1):

1a. Bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation. 1b. To isolate T cells, lymph nodes were collected.

As you can see, crucial pieces of information are missing: the speed of centrifuging your bacteria, the time, and the temperature in (1a); the source of lymph nodes for collection in (b). The sentences can be improved when information is added, as in (2a) and (2b), respectfully:

2a. Bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation at 3000g for 15 min at 25°C. 2b. To isolate T cells, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes from Balb/c mice were collected at day 7 after immunization with ovabumin.

If your method has previously been published and is well-known, then you should provide only the literature reference, as in (3a). If your method is unpublished, then you need to make sure you provide all essential details, as in (3b).

3a. Stem cells were isolated, according to Johnson [23]. 3b. Stem cells were isolated using biotinylated carbon nanotubes coated with anti-CD34 antibodies.

Furthermore, cohesion and fluency are crucial in this section. One of the malpractices resulting in disrupted fluency is switching from passive voice to active and vice versa within the same paragraph, as shown in (4). This switching misleads and distracts the reader.

4. Behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 were programmed by using E-Prime. We took ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods). The preferred and unpreferred status of the music was operationalized along a continuum of pleasantness [ 4 ].

The problem with (4) is that the reader has to switch from the point of view of the experiment (passive voice) to the point of view of the experimenter (active voice). This switch causes confusion about the performer of the actions in the first and the third sentences. To improve the coherence and fluency of the paragraph above, you should be consistent in choosing the point of view: first person “we” or passive voice [ 5 ]. Let’s consider two revised examples in (5).

5a. We programmed behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 by using E-Prime. We took ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods) as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music. We operationalized the preferred and unpreferred status of the music along a continuum of pleasantness. 5b. Behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 were programmed by using E-Prime. Ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal were taken as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods). The preferred and unpreferred status of the music was operationalized along a continuum of pleasantness.

If you choose the point of view of the experimenter, then you may end up with repetitive “we did this” sentences. For many readers, paragraphs with sentences all beginning with “we” may also sound disruptive. So if you choose active sentences, you need to keep the number of “we” subjects to a minimum and vary the beginnings of the sentences [ 6 ].

Interestingly, recent studies have reported that the Materials and Methods section is the only section in research papers in which passive voice predominantly overrides the use of the active voice [ 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. For example, Martínez shows a significant drop in active voice use in the Methods sections based on the corpus of 1 million words of experimental full text research articles in the biological sciences [ 7 ]. According to the author, the active voice patterned with “we” is used only as a tool to reveal personal responsibility for the procedural decisions in designing and performing experimental work. This means that while all other sections of the research paper use active voice, passive voice is still the most predominant in Materials and Methods sections.

Writing Materials and Methods sections is a meticulous and time consuming task requiring extreme accuracy and clarity. This is why when you complete your draft, you should ask for as much feedback from your colleagues as possible. Numerous readers of this section will help you identify the missing links and improve the technical style of this section.

Rule 3: Be meticulous and accurate in describing the Materials and Methods. Do not change the point of view within one paragraph.

3.2. writing results section.

For many authors, writing the Results section is more intimidating than writing the Materials and Methods section . If people are interested in your paper, they are interested in your results. That is why it is vital to use all your writing skills to objectively present your key findings in an orderly and logical sequence using illustrative materials and text.

Your Results should be organized into different segments or subsections where each one presents the purpose of the experiment, your experimental approach, data including text and visuals (tables, figures, schematics, algorithms, and formulas), and data commentary. For most journals, your data commentary will include a meaningful summary of the data presented in the visuals and an explanation of the most significant findings. This data presentation should not repeat the data in the visuals, but rather highlight the most important points. In the “standard” research paper approach, your Results section should exclude data interpretation, leaving it for the Discussion section. However, interpretations gradually and secretly creep into research papers: “Reducing the data, generalizing from the data, and highlighting scientific cases are all highly interpretive processes. It should be clear by now that we do not let the data speak for themselves in research reports; in summarizing our results, we interpret them for the reader” [ 10 ]. As a result, many journals including the Journal of Experimental Medicine and the Journal of Clinical Investigation use joint Results/Discussion sections, where results are immediately followed by interpretations.

Another important aspect of this section is to create a comprehensive and supported argument or a well-researched case. This means that you should be selective in presenting data and choose only those experimental details that are essential for your reader to understand your findings. You might have conducted an experiment 20 times and collected numerous records, but this does not mean that you should present all those records in your paper. You need to distinguish your results from your data and be able to discard excessive experimental details that could distract and confuse the reader. However, creating a picture or an argument should not be confused with data manipulation or falsification, which is a willful distortion of data and results. If some of your findings contradict your ideas, you have to mention this and find a plausible explanation for the contradiction.

In addition, your text should not include irrelevant and peripheral information, including overview sentences, as in (6).

6. To show our results, we first introduce all components of experimental system and then describe the outcome of infections.

Indeed, wordiness convolutes your sentences and conceals your ideas from readers. One common source of wordiness is unnecessary intensifiers. Adverbial intensifiers such as “clearly,” “essential,” “quite,” “basically,” “rather,” “fairly,” “really,” and “virtually” not only add verbosity to your sentences, but also lower your results’ credibility. They appeal to the reader’s emotions but lower objectivity, as in the common examples in (7):

7a. Table 3 clearly shows that … 7b. It is obvious from figure 4 that …

Another source of wordiness is nominalizations, i.e., nouns derived from verbs and adjectives paired with weak verbs including “be,” “have,” “do,” “make,” “cause,” “provide,” and “get” and constructions such as “there is/are.”

8a. We tested the hypothesis that there is a disruption of membrane asymmetry. 8b. In this paper we provide an argument that stem cells repopulate injured organs.

In the sentences above, the abstract nominalizations “disruption” and “argument” do not contribute to the clarity of the sentences, but rather clutter them with useless vocabulary that distracts from the meaning. To improve your sentences, avoid unnecessary nominalizations and change passive verbs and constructions into active and direct sentences.

9a. We tested the hypothesis that the membrane asymmetry is disrupted. 9b. In this paper we argue that stem cells repopulate injured organs.

Your Results section is the heart of your paper, representing a year or more of your daily research. So lead your reader through your story by writing direct, concise, and clear sentences.

Rule 4: Be clear, concise, and objective in describing your Results.

3.3. now it is time for your introduction.

Now that you are almost half through drafting your research paper, it is time to update your outline. While describing your Methods and Results, many of you diverged from the original outline and re-focused your ideas. So before you move on to create your Introduction, re-read your Methods and Results sections and change your outline to match your research focus. The updated outline will help you review the general picture of your paper, the topic, the main idea, and the purpose, which are all important for writing your introduction.

The best way to structure your introduction is to follow the three-move approach shown in Table 3 .

Adapted from Swales and Feak [ 11 ].

The moves and information from your outline can help to create your Introduction efficiently and without missing steps. These moves are traffic signs that lead the reader through the road of your ideas. Each move plays an important role in your paper and should be presented with deep thought and care. When you establish the territory, you place your research in context and highlight the importance of your research topic. By finding the niche, you outline the scope of your research problem and enter the scientific dialogue. The final move, “occupying the niche,” is where you explain your research in a nutshell and highlight your paper’s significance. The three moves allow your readers to evaluate their interest in your paper and play a significant role in the paper review process, determining your paper reviewers.

Some academic writers assume that the reader “should follow the paper” to find the answers about your methodology and your findings. As a result, many novice writers do not present their experimental approach and the major findings, wrongly believing that the reader will locate the necessary information later while reading the subsequent sections [ 5 ]. However, this “suspense” approach is not appropriate for scientific writing. To interest the reader, scientific authors should be direct and straightforward and present informative one-sentence summaries of the results and the approach.

Another problem is that writers understate the significance of the Introduction. Many new researchers mistakenly think that all their readers understand the importance of the research question and omit this part. However, this assumption is faulty because the purpose of the section is not to evaluate the importance of the research question in general. The goal is to present the importance of your research contribution and your findings. Therefore, you should be explicit and clear in describing the benefit of the paper.

The Introduction should not be long. Indeed, for most journals, this is a very brief section of about 250 to 600 words, but it might be the most difficult section due to its importance.

Rule 5: Interest your reader in the Introduction section by signalling all its elements and stating the novelty of the work.

3.4. discussion of the results.

For many scientists, writing a Discussion section is as scary as starting a paper. Most of the fear comes from the variation in the section. Since every paper has its unique results and findings, the Discussion section differs in its length, shape, and structure. However, some general principles of writing this section still exist. Knowing these rules, or “moves,” can change your attitude about this section and help you create a comprehensive interpretation of your results.

The purpose of the Discussion section is to place your findings in the research context and “to explain the meaning of the findings and why they are important, without appearing arrogant, condescending, or patronizing” [ 11 ]. The structure of the first two moves is almost a mirror reflection of the one in the Introduction. In the Introduction, you zoom in from general to specific and from the background to your research question; in the Discussion section, you zoom out from the summary of your findings to the research context, as shown in Table 4 .

Adapted from Swales and Feak and Hess [ 11 , 12 ].

The biggest challenge for many writers is the opening paragraph of the Discussion section. Following the moves in Table 1 , the best choice is to start with the study’s major findings that provide the answer to the research question in your Introduction. The most common starting phrases are “Our findings demonstrate . . .,” or “In this study, we have shown that . . .,” or “Our results suggest . . .” In some cases, however, reminding the reader about the research question or even providing a brief context and then stating the answer would make more sense. This is important in those cases where the researcher presents a number of findings or where more than one research question was presented. Your summary of the study’s major findings should be followed by your presentation of the importance of these findings. One of the most frequent mistakes of the novice writer is to assume the importance of his findings. Even if the importance is clear to you, it may not be obvious to your reader. Digesting the findings and their importance to your reader is as crucial as stating your research question.

Another useful strategy is to be proactive in the first move by predicting and commenting on the alternative explanations of the results. Addressing potential doubts will save you from painful comments about the wrong interpretation of your results and will present you as a thoughtful and considerate researcher. Moreover, the evaluation of the alternative explanations might help you create a logical step to the next move of the discussion section: the research context.

The goal of the research context move is to show how your findings fit into the general picture of the current research and how you contribute to the existing knowledge on the topic. This is also the place to discuss any discrepancies and unexpected findings that may otherwise distort the general picture of your paper. Moreover, outlining the scope of your research by showing the limitations, weaknesses, and assumptions is essential and adds modesty to your image as a scientist. However, make sure that you do not end your paper with the problems that override your findings. Try to suggest feasible explanations and solutions.

If your submission does not require a separate Conclusion section, then adding another paragraph about the “take-home message” is a must. This should be a general statement reiterating your answer to the research question and adding its scientific implications, practical application, or advice.

Just as in all other sections of your paper, the clear and precise language and concise comprehensive sentences are vital. However, in addition to that, your writing should convey confidence and authority. The easiest way to illustrate your tone is to use the active voice and the first person pronouns. Accompanied by clarity and succinctness, these tools are the best to convince your readers of your point and your ideas.

Rule 6: Present the principles, relationships, and generalizations in a concise and convincing tone.

4. choosing the best working revision strategies.

Now that you have created the first draft, your attitude toward your writing should have improved. Moreover, you should feel more confident that you are able to accomplish your project and submit your paper within a reasonable timeframe. You also have worked out your writing schedule and followed it precisely. Do not stop ― you are only at the midpoint from your destination. Just as the best and most precious diamond is no more than an unattractive stone recognized only by trained professionals, your ideas and your results may go unnoticed if they are not polished and brushed. Despite your attempts to present your ideas in a logical and comprehensive way, first drafts are frequently a mess. Use the advice of Paul Silvia: “Your first drafts should sound like they were hastily translated from Icelandic by a non-native speaker” [ 2 ]. The degree of your success will depend on how you are able to revise and edit your paper.

The revision can be done at the macrostructure and the microstructure levels [ 13 ]. The macrostructure revision includes the revision of the organization, content, and flow. The microstructure level includes individual words, sentence structure, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.

The best way to approach the macrostructure revision is through the outline of the ideas in your paper. The last time you updated your outline was before writing the Introduction and the Discussion. Now that you have the beginning and the conclusion, you can take a bird’s-eye view of the whole paper. The outline will allow you to see if the ideas of your paper are coherently structured, if your results are logically built, and if the discussion is linked to the research question in the Introduction. You will be able to see if something is missing in any of the sections or if you need to rearrange your information to make your point.

The next step is to revise each of the sections starting from the beginning. Ideally, you should limit yourself to working on small sections of about five pages at a time [ 14 ]. After these short sections, your eyes get used to your writing and your efficiency in spotting problems decreases. When reading for content and organization, you should control your urge to edit your paper for sentence structure and grammar and focus only on the flow of your ideas and logic of your presentation. Experienced researchers tend to make almost three times the number of changes to meaning than novice writers [ 15 , 16 ]. Revising is a difficult but useful skill, which academic writers obtain with years of practice.

In contrast to the macrostructure revision, which is a linear process and is done usually through a detailed outline and by sections, microstructure revision is a non-linear process. While the goal of the macrostructure revision is to analyze your ideas and their logic, the goal of the microstructure editing is to scrutinize the form of your ideas: your paragraphs, sentences, and words. You do not need and are not recommended to follow the order of the paper to perform this type of revision. You can start from the end or from different sections. You can even revise by reading sentences backward, sentence by sentence and word by word.

One of the microstructure revision strategies frequently used during writing center consultations is to read the paper aloud [ 17 ]. You may read aloud to yourself, to a tape recorder, or to a colleague or friend. When reading and listening to your paper, you are more likely to notice the places where the fluency is disrupted and where you stumble because of a very long and unclear sentence or a wrong connector.

Another revision strategy is to learn your common errors and to do a targeted search for them [ 13 ]. All writers have a set of problems that are specific to them, i.e., their writing idiosyncrasies. Remembering these problems is as important for an academic writer as remembering your friends’ birthdays. Create a list of these idiosyncrasies and run a search for these problems using your word processor. If your problem is demonstrative pronouns without summary words, then search for “this/these/those” in your text and check if you used the word appropriately. If you have a problem with intensifiers, then search for “really” or “very” and delete them from the text. The same targeted search can be done to eliminate wordiness. Searching for “there is/are” or “and” can help you avoid the bulky sentences.

The final strategy is working with a hard copy and a pencil. Print a double space copy with font size 14 and re-read your paper in several steps. Try reading your paper line by line with the rest of the text covered with a piece of paper. When you are forced to see only a small portion of your writing, you are less likely to get distracted and are more likely to notice problems. You will end up spotting more unnecessary words, wrongly worded phrases, or unparallel constructions.

After you apply all these strategies, you are ready to share your writing with your friends, colleagues, and a writing advisor in the writing center. Get as much feedback as you can, especially from non-specialists in your field. Patiently listen to what others say to you ― you are not expected to defend your writing or explain what you wanted to say. You may decide what you want to change and how after you receive the feedback and sort it in your head. Even though some researchers make the revision an endless process and can hardly stop after a 14th draft; having from five to seven drafts of your paper is a norm in the sciences. If you can’t stop revising, then set a deadline for yourself and stick to it. Deadlines always help.

Rule 7: Revise your paper at the macrostructure and the microstructure level using different strategies and techniques. Receive feedback and revise again.

5. it is time to submit.

It is late at night again. You are still in your lab finishing revisions and getting ready to submit your paper. You feel happy ― you have finally finished a year’s worth of work. You will submit your paper tomorrow, and regardless of the outcome, you know that you can do it. If one journal does not take your paper, you will take advantage of the feedback and resubmit again. You will have a publication, and this is the most important achievement.

What is even more important is that you have your scheduled writing time that you are going to keep for your future publications, for reading and taking notes, for writing grants, and for reviewing papers. You are not going to lose stamina this time, and you will become a productive scientist. But for now, let’s celebrate the end of the paper.

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How to Write Excellent Graduate-Level Papers

“How to Write Excellent Graduate-Level Papers” brought to you by the Student Academic Success Center (SASC) at UNE.

Becoming a better writer – the process

Breaking a writing project down into phases helps with motivation as well as managing your time and workload effectively. The phases of the process – prewriting, drafting, revision, and editing – are described below. Each step allows you to focus your energy in a particular way, with it all adding up to a more thoughtful, clear piece of writing.

The phases don’t have to be done in a set, linear order, if that’s not effective for you. If you like to write some rough draft paragraphs first, then go back and do a post-draft outline or revise those paragraphs before continuing, that’s fine. The key is to make sure each part of the process is done thoroughly before you consider your paper finished.

Let’s start with using prewriting to get the process rolling:

Using various prewriting strategies can help you avoid procrastinating and start a draft on the right track. You aren’t under pressure to develop a paper yet – this is about unlocking the flow of ideas. Play around with some of these strategies to find ones that work best for you:

• Tap into your curiosity

When you’re faced with an assignment, spend some time simply wondering about the topic. What intrigues you? Why should you and others in your profession care about it? Come up with a couple of relevant questions that you want to explore. Then consider which questions are most meaningful to you personally and professionally—and why? This can be done on paper, in conversation with someone else, or internally.

• Relate the assignment to your profession

Think about why the assignment is important to your field of study and work as a health professional, a social worker, an educator, etc. Making your assignment as personally and professionally relevant as possible helps with generating the motivation to start writing and keeping the momentum through the process. View this as an opportunity to learn useful information.

• Use the assignment itself as an outline

Copy the assignment and paste it into a new document. Break it apart visually by adding line spaces and/or tabs. This will help you more easily identify key concepts which need to be explained and verbs that indicate critical thinking is required (e.g., analyze, compare, evaluate). Create a rough outline using parts of the assignment as headings for different sections of the paper.

Similarly, you could annotate the assignment by marking up the key words and concepts and making little notes in the margins about what to add or how sections or ideas might tie together.

• Leverage what you already know, and then research with a purpose

Another very helpful strategy is to identify key concepts in the assignment description, then brainstorm what you already know about them based on the class readings or videos. Next, make a list of questions you still have about the concepts and overall topic. These will help drive the additional research needed to fill in your gaps of knowledge and locate credible evidence to support your explanations.

Having those questions makes researching more efficient because you have a purpose for reading: you’re looking for pieces of information rather than simply reading articles.

Read more: Faculty Spotlight: Lori Rand, Writing Specialist at SASC

The drafting phase involves determining your focus and starting to develop paragraph ideas within a structure. Keep a copy of the assignment on your draft as you write. Clarify the point of your paper – what is the main question that the assignment asking you to answer?

Think of a draft as packaging ideas into paragraphs that all relate to the paper’s main focus, as summed up in the thesis statement. For clarity, try to keep each paragraph focused on one idea at a time. However, because this phase is about getting thoughts down, and thoughts often jump around, drafting tends to be messy. That’s okay! The next step, revision, is where you really improve the writing.

In this phase, you can work on improving how you are guiding your reader through your thinking. Your reader will understand your ideas more easily if they are clearly focused, well-developed with specific evidence (correctly cited), and nicely organized.

Two strategies to guide you through revision include SASC’s Revision Checklist and Post-draft Outline, found here under Writing Resources. A writing appointment is also a great way to learn about and practice revision skills.

Editing is the final, polishing phase; it involves correcting sentence-level issues and technical aspects, such as word choice and grammar. Readers pick up these issues quickly because they can be the most obvious. Carelessness with grammar or word choice can lead to misunderstandings and make your writing seem unprofessional.

Trust the process

As mentioned earlier, the writing process is not necessarily a linear, step-by-step approach; it’s recursive, so it’s highly likely you’ll move back and forth between phases as you figure out your focus and organization of ideas.

Using this process gets easier with practice, and it works well in any writing situations, not just for graduate school assignments and scholarly papers.

Once you develop the most efficient method for your learning style, not only will you get faster, you will produce better academic papers.

Book an appointment

The SASC can help with all phases of the writing process via an Online Writing Support Appointment.  Visit the Online Student page for more details about writing support and resources.

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How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.

A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.

A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:

• Organize your thoughts
• Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
• Ensure nothing is forgotten

A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.

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Table of contents

Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.

• Definition of measles
• Rise in cases in recent years in places the disease was previously eliminated or had very low rates of infection
• Figures: Number of cases per year on average, number in recent years. Relate to immunization
• Symptoms and timeframes of disease
• Risk of fatality, including statistics
• How measles is spread
• Immunization procedures in different regions
• Different regions, focusing on the arguments from those against immunization
• Immunization figures in affected regions
• High number of cases in non-immunizing regions
• Illnesses that can result from measles virus
• Fatal cases of other illnesses after patient contracted measles
• Summary of arguments of different groups
• Summary of figures and relationship with recent immunization debate
• Which side of the argument appears to be correct?

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Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:

• Decide on the subject of the paper
• Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss
• Organize related ideas into sub-groups
• Arrange your ideas into a hierarchy: What should the reader learn first? What is most important? Which idea will help end your paper most effectively?
• Create headings and subheadings that are effective
• Format the outline in either alphanumeric, full-sentence or decimal format

There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.

• Alphanumeric
• Full-sentence

An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.

• Sub-point of sub-point 1

Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.

• Additional sub-point to conclude discussion of point of evidence introduced in point A

A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.

• 1.1.1 Sub-point of first point
• 1.1.2 Sub-point of first point
• 1.2 Second point

To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.

There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.

Parallelism: Be consistent with grammatical form

Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.

Example of parallelism:

• Include different regions, focusing on the different arguments from those against immunization

Coordination: Be aware of each point’s weight

Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.

Example of coordination:

• Include immunization figures in affected regions
• Illnesses that can result from the measles virus

Subordination: Work from general to specific

Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.

Example of subordination:

Division: break information into sub-points.

Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.

Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .

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/images/cornell/logo35pt_cornell_white.svg" alt="graduate student research papers"> Cornell University --> Graduate School

Advising guide for research students.

Success as a graduate student is a shared responsibility between students and faculty. For research students, the relationship with your research advisor, also known as your special committee chair, is extremely important. 

Your responsibility to identify and choose an advisor is one of the most critical tasks you have early in your graduate school career. It’s an opportunity to meet and get to know faculty in your field, to assess your needs for support and supervision, and to collaboratively define your goals, values, and strategic plan for your academic and professional career.

Graduate School Requirement

At Cornell, the faculty advisor in research degree programs is referred to as the special committee chair.

Doctoral students have a special committee of at least three Cornell faculty, which includes the special committee chair and two minor committee members.

Master’s students have a special committee of at least two Cornell faculty, which includes the special committee chair and one minor member.

For both doctoral and master’s degree students, the special committee chair must be a graduate faculty member in the student’s own field.

Definition of an Advisor

Advising  and  mentoring  are often used interchangeably, but understanding the distinctions is important as you choose an advisor.

Advisor Responsibilities

• Guides you in meeting the requirements and expectations for your degree
• Required coursework
• Exams required by the graduate field or the Graduate School
• Research proposal/prospectus
• Research project
• Thesis or dissertation
• Writes informed letters of recommendation for your job applications
• May be a valued colleague or collaborator after you graduate

Mentor Responsibilities

• Provides support and guidance that extends beyond scope of advising
• Demystifies the structure, culture, and unstated expectations of graduate education
• Expands your professional network by introducing you to others
• Provides nominations for awards or other recognitions
• Brings job opportunities to your attention and writes letters of recommendation as you apply for jobs
• Advocates for you within the graduate program and discipline
• May serve as a role model and source of inspiration
• May become a colleague and peer in your discipline and may continue serving a mentoring role

Finding an Advisor

When do i select my first advisor.

At Cornell, the process for obtaining your first advisor varies by field.

Your faculty advisor may be assigned prior to your arrival or you may begin your program with a faculty member you met during the application process.

In some graduate fields, the faculty director of graduate studies (DGS) advises all incoming students. This provides you with time to get to know faculty in your field. By the end of the first semester or year (varying by field), it’s expected that you will have identified your own, long-term advisor. 

In fields where students apply to study with a specific faculty member (rather than do rotations and choose a lab or research group and advisor), you will have chosen an advisor prior to arriving on campus.

You can begin initial conversations about expectations and the advising relationship with your new advisor prior to the start of your program via email.

Start your graduate study and research with clear expectations and thoughtful communication about your plans for an effective advising relationship and success in graduate school.

How do I find an advisor? 

Meet and get to know faculty in your courses and in graduate field seminars and other events.

Talk to advanced students about their experiences and perceptions of the faculty in your programs and ask questions about possible advisors:

• How would you describe their approach to advising?
• What can you tell me about their work style?
• What can you tell me about their research interests?
• How good are their communication skills?
• How clear are their expectations for their graduate students?
• Do they use timeliness in reviewing their students’ writing and their approach to giving feedback?
• How available are they to meet with their graduate students?

After you have gathered information, make an appointment to meet with a potential advisor.

Possible Questions

• Is there a typical timeline you encourage your students to follow in completing their degree programs?
• How often do you meet with your students at different stages of their graduate program? (For example, during coursework, research, and writing stages)
• What are your expectations for students to make conference presentations and submit publications?
• What are your authorship policies? (This is especially relevant in fields where there is collaborative research and publishing involving the student and advisor or a group of students, postdocs, and faculty.)
• How soon should I identify my research project?
• How do you describe the degree of guidance and supervision you provide with regards to your students becoming more independent in their research and scholarship?
• If you are joining a lab or research group: What are the sources of funding for this research? Are there any new or pending research grants?
• How many of your students seek, and secure, external funding? What are your expectations for students to apply for external fellowships?
• Do you have a statement of advising you can share that lists our respective responsibilities and clarifies mutual expectations?
• What’s your advice on how students can manage what they find to be the biggest challenges in their graduate program?

Add other questions to your list based on your own needs and specifics of your program, such as questions about specialized equipment, lab safety, travel to field sites, support and accommodations for special health needs, communication during a faculty member’s sabbatical, funding in fields where there are fewer fellowships and research grants, etc.

Getting Other Mentoring Needs Met

How do i find other mentor(s) .

You may find one faculty member who can serve as both advisor and mentor, but that’s not always the case.

Consider identifying and cultivating additional mentors if that is the case. 

Suggestions on where to look for a mentor:

• The minor members of your special committee
• A faculty member who is not on your committee, and perhaps not even in your graduate field
• Peers and postdoctoral fellows who have knowledge and experience in pertinent issues

No one mentor can meet all your needs.

Good mentors have many emerging scholars they are working with and many other demands on their time, such as teaching, research, and university or professional service. They also may not have all the expertise you need, for example, if you decide to search for jobs in multiple employment sectors.

Develop a broad network of mentors whose expertise varies and who provide different functions based on your changing needs as you progress from new student to independent scholar and researcher.

NCFDD offers a webinar, “ Cultivating Your Network of Mentors, Sponsors, and Collaborators “, which students can view after activating a free NCFDD membership through Cornell.

Maximizing the Advising Relationship

A successful relationship with your advisor depends on several different factors and varies with needs and working styles of the individuals. Some of these factors are under your control. But some are not. 

Suggestions for Building a Successful Advising Relationship

• Identify what you need from an advisor.
• Communicate clearly and frequently with your advisor to convey your questions, expectations, goals, challenges, and degree progress. Follow up verbal communication and meetings with an email detailing your understanding of what you both agreed to and next steps.
• Update your written academic plan each semester or whenever major changes or adjustments are needed.
• Consider including your plans to write competitive fellowship applications and co-authored grant proposals.
• Consider including  plans for professional development  that support your skill-building objectives and career goals.
• Recognize that you and your advisor have distinct perspectives, backgrounds, and interests. Share yours. Listen to your advisor’s. There is mutual benefit to sharing and learning from this diversity.
• Work with your advisor to define a regular meeting schedule. Prepare and send written materials in advance of each meeting. These could include: your questions, academic and research plan and timeline, and drafts of current writing projects, such as fellowship applications, manuscripts, or thesis/dissertation chapters.
• Be prepared to negotiate, show flexibility, and compromise, as is important for any successful relationship.
• Be as candid as you are comfortable with about your challenges and concerns. Seek guidance about campus and other resources that can help you manage and address any obstacles.
• Reach out to others for advice. Anticipate challenges and obstacles in your graduate degree program and their impact on the advising relationship.

Be proactive in finding resources and gathering information that can help you and your advisor arrive at solutions to any problems and optimize your time together.

Making Use of Meetings

First meetings.

Your first meeting sets the tone for a productive, satisfying, and enduring relationship with your advisor. Your first meeting is an opportunity to discuss expectations and to review a working draft of your academic plan.

Questions to ask about expectations

• What do your most successful students do to complete their degree on time?
• How often do you want us to meet?
• May I send you questions via email, or do you prefer I just come to your office?
• Would you like weekly (biweekly? monthly?) updates on my research progress?
• Do you prefer reviewing the complete draft of a manuscript or may I send you sections for feedback?
• After each meeting, I’ll make a list of what we each agreed to do before our next meeting, to help me keep moving forward with my research. Would you like a copy of that list, too, via email?

Draft Academic Plan

Prepare and bring a draft plan that outlines your “big picture” plans for your coursework, research, and writing, as well as an anticipated graduation date. (Or, email in advance with a message, such as, “I’m looking forward to meeting with you on [date] at [time], [location]. In advance, I’m sending a copy of my academic plan and proposed schedule for our discussion.”)

Contents of the plan

• Include the requirements and deadlines of your degree program. (This is information you should be able to find online or in your program’s graduate student handbook.)
• Include a general timeline indicating when you plan to meet requirements for courses or seminars, any required papers (such as a second-year paper), exams required by the graduate field (such as the Q exam) or by the Graduate School (the A exam and the B exam for research degree students).
• If your graduate field has a specific set of required courses, indicate the semester you may complete each of them, and be open to suggestions from your advisor.
• If your field does not have required courses, have some idea about the courses you are interested in taking and solicit input and suggestions from your faculty advisor.

Subsequent Meetings

Use each subsequent meeting as an opportunity to update your written academic plan and stay on track to complete your required papers and exams, your research proposal or prospectus, and the chapters or articles that comprise your thesis or dissertation.

In later meetings, you can elaborate on your general initial plan:

• Adding specific coursework or seminars
• Add professional development opportunities that interest you (workshops, dissertation writing boot camp, Summer Success Symposium, Colman Leadership Program, etc.)
• Include intentions to participate in external conferences and travel to research sites
• Identify a semester or summer when you would like to complete an internship.

Your written plan is also important to document what your advisor has agreed to, especially when the deadline to submit a manuscript or your thesis is looming and you are awaiting feedback or approval from your advisor. Use a combination of oral and written communications to stay in touch with your advisor, establish common expectations, and mark your progress toward degree completion.

Meeting Frequency

The frequency of meetings between advisors and advisees varies by field and individual. Assess your own needs and understand your advisor’s expectations for frequency of communication (in person and via email).

• Does your advisor like to provide guidance each step of the way so that he or she is aware of the details of everything you are doing?
• Does your advisor want you to launch your work more independently and report back at pre-determined or regular intervals?
• What do you need to be productive? Are you ready to work more independently?

Be proactive in seeking information. Explicitly ask how often your advisor usually meets with new students and how the advisor prefers to be updated on your progress in between meetings. Ask your peers how frequently they meet with their advisor and whether this has changed over time.

There will be disciplinary differences in meeting frequency.

• In humanities and in some social sciences, where library, archive, and field research take students away from campus, maintaining regular communication is essential, including through scheduled meetings, whether in-person or virtual.
• In life sciences and physical sciences and engineering, students often see their advisors daily in the lab or meet as a research group about externally funded projects; these regular check-ins and conversations may replace formal meetings. Make sure that you are also scheduling one-on-one times to talk about your broader goals and academic and career planning progress, however.

Some of your decisions about meeting frequency will be informed by talking to others, but much of it you learn through experience working together with your advisor. Even this will  change over time  as you become a more independent researcher and scholar. Communicate with your advisor regularly about your changing needs and expectations at each stage of your graduate career.

Resolving Conflict

In any relationship, there can be conflict. And, in the advisor-advisee relationship, the power dynamic created by the supervision, evaluation and, in some cases, funding role of your advisor can make conflicts with your advisor seem especially high.

You have options, however, including:

• Code of Legislation of the Graduate Faculty
• Campus Code of Conduct
• Policy on Academic Misconduct
• Research Misconduct
• Graduate School Grievance Policy
• Intellectual Property policies
• Graduate Student Assistantships (Policy 1.3)
• Talking with your advisor to clarify any miscommunication. Cornell University’s Office of the Ombudsman , one of the offices on campus that offers confidentiality, can also assist you by talking through the issue and helping you gather information you need before you speak directly with your advisor.
• Speaking with someone in the Graduate School, either the associate dean for academics ( [email protected] ) for academic issues, or the associate dean for graduate student life ( [email protected] ) for other issues. These deans will listen, offer advice and support, and coach you through any conversation you might want to have with your advisor. Together, you can brainstorm possible solutions and evaluate alternative plans for resolution.
• Touching base with your director of graduate studies (DGS) – if this person is not also your advisor – to talk to about policies and possible solutions to the conflict.
• Soliciting peer advice. Discuss strategies for managing and resolving conflict with your advisor. “Do you have any suggestions for me?” “Have you ever had an issue like this…?” can be effective questions.
• Identifying a new advisor if the conflict can not be resolved. Your DGS can help with this, and the Graduate School (as above) can help as well.

The National Center for Faculty Development and Diversity offers a webinar, “ How to Engage in Healthy Conflict “, which students can view after activating a free NCFDD membership through Cornell.

Changing Advisors

On occasion, students find that they need or want to change their advisor. An advisor can resign as the student’s special committee chair/faculty advisor. The  Code  of Legislation of the Graduate Faculty describes the rights and responsibilities of students and faculty in each of these situations.

Typical reasons to seek a new advisor include:

• Research interests that veer from the faculty’s expertise or ability to fund a certain project
• Your advisor retires or resigns from the university or takes an extended leave of absence for personal or professional reasons
• Differences in goals, values, or an approach to work or communication style that can’t be resolved
• Serious issues, involving suspected inappropriate behavior, questionable research conduct, or alleged bias, discrimination, or harassment

If you are considering changing advisors:

• Talk to a member of your committee, your director of graduate studies (DGS), or someone in the Graduate School about the proposed change. Some issues, such as funding, require timely attention.
• Identify other faculty members who could serve as your advisor, then meet with one or more of them. The goal is to decide together if you are a good fit with their program. Tips: Discuss or rehearse this conversation with a trusted person, especially if there were issues with your last advisor. Be transparent about these issues and address them going forward with a new advisor. Often prospective advisors are more willing to take on a new graduate student who conveys genuine enthusiasm for their area of study rather than a student who seems to be looking for a way out of a current advising relationship that has gone sour.
• Consider how and when to inform your advisor if you plan to change advisors. Be professional and respectful. Thank your advisor for past support and guidance. Don’t damage, or further damage, the relationship.
• Your DGS, if appropriate
• Office of the University Ombudsman
• Graduate School’s associate dean for graduate student life ( [email protected] )
• Graduate School’s associate dean for academics ( [email protected] )

Forms: 

• Use Student Center if you are changing your advisor before your A exam (for Ph.D. students).
• Use the Post A Committee Change Petition form for changes after the A exam. More information is available on the Graduate School’s Policy pages .

Challenges and Potential Solutions

All good relationships take work. To navigate an advising relationship successfully over time, you should familiarize yourself with some common challenges and possible actions to take.

Challenge: Mismatch in communication needs or style

One example of a communication challenge in an advising relationship is when you want input along the way during a writing project, but you have an advisor who prefers to wait to comment on a complete written draft.

Some possible steps to address this might be to talk to peers about they have handled this in their relationship with their advisor or to explain to your advisor how his or her input at this earlier stage will help speed you along toward having a complete draft for review. It’s important in communicating with your advisor to show that you understand what alternative they are proposing and why (e.g., “I understand that …”).

Challenge: Advisor unavailable or away

Your advisor might be away from campus for a semester or more to conduct research or take a sabbatical leave. Or when a grant proposal deadline or report is looming, your advisor might be less available. Maybe you’ve emailed your advisor several times with no response.

Planning and stating in advance what you need, such as feedback on a manuscript draft or signatures on a fellowship application, can help your advisor anticipate when you will have time-sensitive requests. Making plans in advance to communicate by email or video conference when either of you will be away from campus for a longer period of time is another useful strategy. Your director of graduate studies (DGS) and other faculty who serve as special committee members can also provide advice when your advisor is unavailable.

Challenge: Misaligned expectations

You are ready to submit a manuscript for publication. Your advisor says it needs much more work. Or you begin your job search, applying to liberal arts colleges with very high reputations, or schools in your preferred geographic location, but your advisor insists that you should apply for positions at top research universities.

Discussing your needs and expectations early, and often, in the advising relationship is essential. Get comfortable, and skilled, advocating for yourself with your advisor. Use the annual  Student Progress Review  as an opportunity to communicate your professional interests and goals with your advisor. Use multiple mentors beyond your advisor to get advice and expertise on topics where you need a different perspective or support.

Sometimes challenges can become opportunities for you to develop and refine new skills in communication, negotiation, self-advocacy, and management of conflict, time, and resources. For example, although you might feel abandoned if your advisor is unavailable for a time, even this potentially negative experience could become an opportunity to learn how to advocate for yourself and communicate about your needs and perceived difficulties in the relationship.

Advising Resources

Graduate School deans and directors  are available to answer academic and non-academic questions and provide referrals to useful resources.

Counseling and Psychological Services  (CAPS) staff offer confidential, professional support for students seeking help with stress, anxiety, depression, grief, adjustment challenges, relationship difficulties, questions about identity, and managing existing mental health conditions.

Let’s Talk Drop-in Consultations  are informal, confidential walk-in consultations at various locations around campus.

External Resources

University of Michigan Rackham, How to Get the Mentoring You Want  

Laura Gail Lunsford & Vicki L. Baker, 2016, Great Mentoring in Graduate School: A Quick Start Guide for Protégés

Michigan State University, Guidelines for Graduate Student Advising and Mentoring Relationships  

Michigan State University, Graduate Student Career and Professional Development  

Template for Meeting Notes

Adapted and expanded from Maria Gardiner, Flinders University © Flinders University 2007; used with permission and published in  The Productive Graduate Student Writer  (Allen, 2019). Used here with permission of the author and publisher.  

Use this template for making notes to help you plan for a productive meeting with your advisor, keep track of plans made, and clearly identify next steps that you’ll need to take to follow up on what you discussed.

Mentoring Resources

Graduate school programs focused on mentoring, building mentoring skills for an academic career.

Develop and enhance effective communication and mentorship skills that are broadly transferrable to all careers. Offered by Future Faculty and Academic Careers.

Graduate and Professional Students International (GPSI) Peer Mentoring Program

Share lessons learned as a new international student at Cornell as a peer mentor with new international student peer mentees. Offered by the GPSI in collaboration with the Graduate School Office of Inclusion and Student Engagement.

Graduate Students Mentoring Undergraduates (GSMU)

Share knowledge with and provide support to undergraduate students interested in pursuing further education. Offered in collaboration with the Office of Academic Diversity Initiatives (OADI).

Multicultural Academic Council (MAC) Peer Mentoring Program

Develop strategies to excel academically and personally at Cornell and beyond as a peer mentee or share strategies as a peer mentor. Offered by MAC in collaboration with the Graduate School Office of Inclusion and Student Engagement.

NextGen Professors Program

Learn from faculty in Power Mentoring Sessions and prepare for careers across institutional types. Offered by the Graduate School Office of Inclusion and Student Engagement and Future Faculty and Academic Careers.

Graduate School Programs with a Mentoring Component

Graduate school primer: navigating academia workshop series.

Program for new students on navigating graduate school with sessions on mentoring.

Perspectives: The Complete Graduate Student

Program for continuing students on common issues with some sessions on mentoring.

GPWomeN-PCCW Speaker Series

Series for all students featuring talks by Cornell alumnae with an occasional mentoring focus.

Future Professors Institute

One-day event featuring workshops and guest speakers with occasional mentoring focus.

Intergroup Dialogue Project (IDP)

Peer-led courses blending theory and experiential learning to facilitate meaningful communication with occasional mentoring focus.

Building Allyship Series

Series for the campus community featuring panels designed for productive dialogue with occasional mentoring focus.

Institutional Memberships

Center for the integration of research, teaching, and learning (cirtl) network.

Access to resources on teaching and research mentoring.

Access to career development and mentoring resources.

New York Academy of Sciences (NYAS)

Access to resources, including webinars and articles on mentoring.

Mentoring Programs Across Campus

Give and receive advice as part of a peer mentoring program for all College of Engineering students. Offered by the College of Engineering Office of Inclusive Excellence.

Mi Comunidad/My Community

Peer mentoring program run by graduate and professional students affiliated with the Latin@ Graduate Student Coalition (LGSC) and supported by the Latina/o Studies Program (LSP) and Latina/o/x Student Success Office (LSSO) at Cornell University.

Additional Resources:

• Mentoring and Leadership Tips from Graduate School Programs
• Cornell University Office of Faculty Development and Diversity – Resources for Mentors and Mentees
• Careers Beyond Academia LibGuide
• National Research Mentoring Network

Graduate School Articles on Mentoring:

• Alumna Addresses Importance of Mentoring
• Becoming Better Mentors Through Workshop Series
• August Offers Mentoring Advice
• ‘A Better Chance of Providing Access’: Future Professors Institute Fosters Inclusivity

Virtual Training and External Resources

• How to Get the Mentoring You Want: A Guide for Graduate Students – University of Michigan, Rackham Graduate School
• The Science of Effective Mentorship in STEMM – National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine
• Mentor Training: Online Learning Modules – University of Minnesota Clinical and Translational Science Institute
• Mentor Curricula and Training: Entering Mentoring – Center for the Improvement of Mentored Experiences in Research

For other resources, view the Advising Guide for Research Students.

If there is anything not included on this list that we should consider, please send the information and a link to [email protected] .