Depending on whether you’re writing an empirical or humanities paper, you can use and customize these sentence structures for your thesis or dissertation conclusion.
This concludes our guide about how to write a thesis conclusion and dissertation conclusion. You can bookmark this article to revisit any thesis and dissertation conclusion examples. Once you write the conclusion and complete your paper, you’ll need to edit and proofread your thesis or dissertation. As experts in editing and proofreading services , we’d love to help you perfect your paper!
Here are some other articles you might find interesting:
What is the conclusion of a thesis chapter, do i repeat my thesis in my conclusion, what is an example of a conclusion statement.
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Your blog on dissertation and thesis conclusions is exceptionally insightful! It offers clear, practical guidance, and the tips are incredibly valuable for both beginners and experienced researchers. Great job!
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8 straightforward steps to craft an a-grade dissertation.
By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Expert Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020
Writing a dissertation or thesis is not a simple task. It takes time, energy and a lot of will power to get you across the finish line. It’s not easy – but it doesn’t necessarily need to be a painful process. If you understand the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis, your research journey will be a lot smoother.
In this post, I’m going to outline the big-picture process of how to write a high-quality dissertation or thesis, without losing your mind along the way. If you’re just starting your research, this post is perfect for you. Alternatively, if you’ve already submitted your proposal, this article which covers how to structure a dissertation might be more helpful.
This probably sounds like a no-brainer, but all too often, students come to us for help with their research and the underlying issue is that they don’t fully understand what a dissertation (or thesis) actually is.
So, what is a dissertation?
At its simplest, a dissertation or thesis is a formal piece of research , reflecting the standard research process . But what is the standard research process, you ask? The research process involves 4 key steps:
In short, the research process is simply about asking and answering questions in a systematic fashion . This probably sounds pretty obvious, but people often think they’ve done “research”, when in fact what they have done is:
If you want to see the perfect example of this in action, look out for the next Facebook post where someone claims they’ve done “research”… All too often, people consider reading a few blog posts to constitute research. Its no surprise then that what they end up with is an opinion piece, not research. Okay, okay – I’ll climb off my soapbox now.
The key takeaway here is that a dissertation (or thesis) is a formal piece of research, reflecting the research process. It’s not an opinion piece , nor a place to push your agenda or try to convince someone of your position. Writing a good dissertation involves asking a question and taking a systematic, rigorous approach to answering it.
If you understand this and are comfortable leaving your opinions or preconceived ideas at the door, you’re already off to a good start!
As we saw, the first step of the research process is to ask a specific, well-articulated question. In other words, you need to find a research topic that asks a specific question or set of questions (these are called research questions ). Sounds easy enough, right? All you’ve got to do is identify a question or two and you’ve got a winning research topic. Well, not quite…
A good dissertation or thesis topic has a few important attributes. Specifically, a solid research topic should be:
Let’s take a closer look at these:
Attribute #1: Clear
Your research topic needs to be crystal clear about what you’re planning to research, what you want to know, and within what context. There shouldn’t be any ambiguity or vagueness about what you’ll research.
Here’s an example of a clearly articulated research topic:
An analysis of consumer-based factors influencing organisational trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms.
As you can see in the example, its crystal clear what will be analysed (factors impacting organisational trust), amongst who (consumers) and in what context (British low-cost equity brokerage firms, based online).
Attribute #2: Unique
Your research should be asking a question(s) that hasn’t been asked before, or that hasn’t been asked in a specific context (for example, in a specific country or industry).
For example, sticking organisational trust topic above, it’s quite likely that organisational trust factors in the UK have been investigated before, but the context (online low-cost equity brokerages) could make this research unique. Therefore, the context makes this research original.
One caveat when using context as the basis for originality – you need to have a good reason to suspect that your findings in this context might be different from the existing research – otherwise, there’s no reason to warrant researching it.
Attribute #3: Important
Simply asking a unique or original question is not enough – the question needs to create value. In other words, successfully answering your research questions should provide some value to the field of research or the industry. You can’t research something just to satisfy your curiosity. It needs to make some form of contribution either to research or industry.
For example, researching the factors influencing consumer trust would create value by enabling businesses to tailor their operations and marketing to leverage factors that promote trust. In other words, it would have a clear benefit to industry.
So, how do you go about finding a unique and valuable research topic? We explain that in detail in this video post – How To Find A Research Topic . Yeah, we’ve got you covered 😊
Once you’ve pinned down a high-quality research topic, the next step is to convince your university to let you research it. No matter how awesome you think your topic is, it still needs to get the rubber stamp before you can move forward with your research. The research proposal is the tool you’ll use for this job.
So, what’s in a research proposal?
The main “job” of a research proposal is to convince your university, advisor or committee that your research topic is worthy of approval. But convince them of what? Well, this varies from university to university, but generally, they want to see that:
At the proposal stage, it’s (generally) not expected that you’ve extensively reviewed the existing literature , but you will need to show that you’ve done enough reading to identify a clear gap for original (unique) research. Similarly, they generally don’t expect that you have a rock-solid research methodology mapped out, but you should have an idea of whether you’ll be undertaking qualitative or quantitative analysis , and how you’ll collect your data (we’ll discuss this in more detail later).
Long story short – don’t stress about having every detail of your research meticulously thought out at the proposal stage – this will develop as you progress through your research. However, you do need to show that you’ve “done your homework” and that your research is worthy of approval .
So, how do you go about crafting a high-quality, convincing proposal? We cover that in detail in this video post – How To Write A Top-Class Research Proposal . We’ve also got a video walkthrough of two proposal examples here .
Once your proposal’s been approved, its time to get writing your actual dissertation or thesis! The good news is that if you put the time into crafting a high-quality proposal, you’ve already got a head start on your first three chapters – introduction, literature review and methodology – as you can use your proposal as the basis for these.
Handy sidenote – our free dissertation & thesis template is a great way to speed up your dissertation writing journey.
What’s the introduction chapter all about?
The purpose of the introduction chapter is to set the scene for your research (dare I say, to introduce it…) so that the reader understands what you’ll be researching and why it’s important. In other words, it covers the same ground as the research proposal in that it justifies your research topic.
What goes into the introduction chapter?
This can vary slightly between universities and degrees, but generally, the introduction chapter will include the following:
As you can see, this all about explaining the “what” and the “why” of your research (as opposed to the “how”). So, your introduction chapter is basically the salesman of your study, “selling” your research to the first-time reader and (hopefully) getting them interested to read more.
How do I write the introduction chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this post .
As I mentioned earlier, you’ll need to do some initial review of the literature in Steps 2 and 3 to find your research gap and craft a convincing research proposal – but that’s just scratching the surface. Once you reach the literature review stage of your dissertation or thesis, you need to dig a lot deeper into the existing research and write up a comprehensive literature review chapter.
What’s the literature review all about?
There are two main stages in the literature review process:
The first stage is for you to deep dive into the existing literature (journal articles, textbook chapters, industry reports, etc) to gain an in-depth understanding of the current state of research regarding your topic. While you don’t need to read every single article, you do need to ensure that you cover all literature that is related to your core research questions, and create a comprehensive catalogue of that literature , which you’ll use in the next step.
Reading and digesting all the relevant literature is a time consuming and intellectually demanding process. Many students underestimate just how much work goes into this step, so make sure that you allocate a good amount of time for this when planning out your research. Thankfully, there are ways to fast track the process – be sure to check out this article covering how to read journal articles quickly .
Once you’ve worked through the literature and digested it all, you’ll need to write up your literature review chapter. Many students make the mistake of thinking that the literature review chapter is simply a summary of what other researchers have said. While this is partly true, a literature review is much more than just a summary. To pull off a good literature review chapter, you’ll need to achieve at least 3 things:
As you can see, a good literature review is more than just a summary of the published research. It’s the foundation on which your own research is built, so it deserves a lot of love and attention. Take the time to craft a comprehensive literature review with a suitable structure .
But, how do I actually write the literature review chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this video post .
Once you’ve completed your literature review and have a sound understanding of the existing research, its time to develop your own research (finally!). You’ll design this research specifically so that you can find the answers to your unique research question.
There are two steps here – designing your research strategy and executing on it:
The first step is to design your research strategy and craft a methodology chapter . I won’t get into the technicalities of the methodology chapter here, but in simple terms, this chapter is about explaining the “how” of your research. If you recall, the introduction and literature review chapters discussed the “what” and the “why”, so it makes sense that the next point to cover is the “how” –that’s what the methodology chapter is all about.
In this section, you’ll need to make firm decisions about your research design. This includes things like:
If these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these in plain language in other posts. It’s not essential that you understand the intricacies of research design (yet!). The key takeaway here is that you’ll need to make decisions about how you’ll design your own research, and you’ll need to describe (and justify) your decisions in your methodology chapter.
Once you’ve worked out your research design, you’ll put it into action and start collecting your data. This might mean undertaking interviews, hosting an online survey or any other data collection method. Data collection can take quite a bit of time (especially if you host in-person interviews), so be sure to factor sufficient time into your project plan for this. Oftentimes, things don’t go 100% to plan (for example, you don’t get as many survey responses as you hoped for), so bake a little extra time into your budget here.
Once you’ve collected your data, you’ll need to do some data preparation before you can sink your teeth into the analysis. For example:
Once you’ve completed your data prep, you’ll undertake your analysis, using the techniques that you described in your methodology. Depending on what you find in your analysis, you might also do some additional forms of analysis that you hadn’t planned for. For example, you might see something in the data that raises new questions or that requires clarification with further analysis.
The type(s) of analysis that you’ll use depend entirely on the nature of your research and your research questions. For example:
Again, if these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these concepts and techniques in other posts. The key takeaway is simply that there’s no “one size fits all” for research design and methodology – it all depends on your topic, your research questions and your data. So, don’t be surprised if your study colleagues take a completely different approach to yours.
Once you’ve completed your analysis, it’s time to present your findings (finally!). In a dissertation or thesis, you’ll typically present your findings in two chapters – the results chapter and the discussion chapter .
What’s the difference between the results chapter and the discussion chapter?
While these two chapters are similar, the results chapter generally just presents the processed data neatly and clearly without interpretation, while the discussion chapter explains the story the data are telling – in other words, it provides your interpretation of the results.
For example, if you were researching the factors that influence consumer trust, you might have used a quantitative approach to identify the relationship between potential factors (e.g. perceived integrity and competence of the organisation) and consumer trust. In this case:
Depending on the university and degree, these two chapters (results and discussion) are sometimes merged into one , so be sure to check with your institution what their preference is. Regardless of the chapter structure, this section is about presenting the findings of your research in a clear, easy to understand fashion.
Importantly, your discussion here needs to link back to your research questions (which you outlined in the introduction or literature review chapter). In other words, it needs to answer the key questions you asked (or at least attempt to answer them).
For example, if we look at the sample research topic:
In this case, the discussion section would clearly outline which factors seem to have a noteworthy influence on organisational trust. By doing so, they are answering the overarching question and fulfilling the purpose of the research .
For more information about the results chapter , check out this post for qualitative studies and this post for quantitative studies .
Last but not least, you’ll need to wrap up your research with the conclusion chapter . In this chapter, you’ll bring your research full circle by highlighting the key findings of your study and explaining what the implications of these findings are.
What exactly are key findings? The key findings are those findings which directly relate to your original research questions and overall research objectives (which you discussed in your introduction chapter). The implications, on the other hand, explain what your findings mean for industry, or for research in your area.
Sticking with the consumer trust topic example, the conclusion might look something like this:
Key findings
This study set out to identify which factors influence consumer-based trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms. The results suggest that the following factors have a large impact on consumer trust:
While the following factors have a very limited impact on consumer trust:
Notably, within the 25-30 age groups, Factors E had a noticeably larger impact, which may be explained by…
Implications
The findings having noteworthy implications for British low-cost online equity brokers. Specifically:
The large impact of Factors X and Y implies that brokers need to consider….
The limited impact of Factor E implies that brokers need to…
As you can see, the conclusion chapter is basically explaining the “what” (what your study found) and the “so what?” (what the findings mean for the industry or research). This brings the study full circle and closes off the document.
You’re still with me? Impressive! I know that this post was a long one, but hopefully you’ve learnt a thing or two about how to write a dissertation or thesis, and are now better equipped to start your own research.
To recap, the 8 steps to writing a quality dissertation (or thesis) are as follows:
Once you’ve wrapped up the core chapters, all that’s typically left is the abstract , reference list and appendices. As always, be sure to check with your university if they have any additional requirements in terms of structure or content.
This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...
thankfull >>>this is very useful
Thank you, it was really helpful
unquestionably, this amazing simplified way of teaching. Really , I couldn’t find in the literature words that fully explicit my great thanks to you. However, I could only say thanks a-lot.
Great to hear that – thanks for the feedback. Good luck writing your dissertation/thesis.
This is the most comprehensive explanation of how to write a dissertation. Many thanks for sharing it free of charge.
Very rich presentation. Thank you
Thanks Derek Jansen|GRADCOACH, I find it very useful guide to arrange my activities and proceed to research!
Thank you so much for such a marvelous teaching .I am so convinced that am going to write a comprehensive and a distinct masters dissertation
It is an amazing comprehensive explanation
This was straightforward. Thank you!
I can say that your explanations are simple and enlightening – understanding what you have done here is easy for me. Could you write more about the different types of research methods specific to the three methodologies: quan, qual and MM. I look forward to interacting with this website more in the future.
Thanks for the feedback and suggestions 🙂
Hello, your write ups is quite educative. However, l have challenges in going about my research questions which is below; *Building the enablers of organisational growth through effective governance and purposeful leadership.*
Very educating.
Just listening to the name of the dissertation makes the student nervous. As writing a top-quality dissertation is a difficult task as it is a lengthy topic, requires a lot of research and understanding and is usually around 10,000 to 15000 words. Sometimes due to studies, unbalanced workload or lack of research and writing skill students look for dissertation submission from professional writers.
Thank you 💕😊 very much. I was confused but your comprehensive explanation has cleared my doubts of ever presenting a good thesis. Thank you.
thank you so much, that was so useful
Hi. Where is the excel spread sheet ark?
could you please help me look at your thesis paper to enable me to do the portion that has to do with the specification
my topic is “the impact of domestic revenue mobilization.
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After writing a dissertation of more than 10000 words, it is a real challenge to conclude every important aspect of the research in a nutshell. You might get real nightmares while answering the points for - How to write a Dissertation Conclusion?
This article will offer you the right guidelines to write a Dissertation Conclusion. Go through the core points and pitfalls as noted in this article. Follow the examples for a concise, yet concrete dissertation Conclusion.
The Conclusion of your dissertation must make clear declarations about your selection of your Thesis Topic , and your contributions in the respective field of research. In most cases, the readers skip to the Dissertation Conclusion to get a gist of your research work. It is thus important that you leave a strong positive impression on your readers while concluding your dissertation . The key points to be noted while constructing the Dissertation Conclusion are:
Make sure there are no elaborated discussions or repetitions in this Last Chapter for Dissertation Conclusion. While concentrating on - How to write a Dissertation Conclusion- remain well connected to your Thesis Topic and Research Purpose.
Dissertation Conclusion should always start by stating the purpose of the research. It is in this context that all the other steps for developing the Dissertation Conclusion get interconnected:
The Research Purpose must get justified from every dimension. In the Dissertation Conclusion, you must remain focused on concluding your research by proving that your Research Purpose deserves serious attention. The reader must get inspired by your Dissertation Conclusion. The inspiration should be such that the future research gets more directed towards meeting your Research Purpose from different perspectives.
You must give a systematically arranged summary of your research process. At the same time, express how significantly you have made a valuable contribution in meeting the Research Purpose. The Dissertation Conclusion should be unique and should be the result of an in-depth research process . Enlist all the new knowledge that you have attained through your research and the ways through which the new knowledge adds to the process of resolving the concern. While doing so take care of the length of this chapter.
The Conclusion of a Dissertation can be 5% to 10% of the total word count. In general, it should be a summing up, done in a couple of pages. Any kind of practical or empirical research strives to offer a shorter Conclusion than any theoretical or systematically developed review. Inclusion of Recommendations and Future Research in the Dissertation Conclusion is important. The Recommendations must be such that it holds future perspectives of the research process. This can take half of a page.
Always follow the University guidelines to write a Dissertation Conclusion. Sometimes there is the variation of including the Conclusion along with the Discussion Chapter. In such cases, the Dissertation Conclusion occupies only 5% of the total word count.
While trying to get an insight into - How to write a Dissertation Conclusion – start focussing on the Aim of your research and keep on asking – Why you are engaged in this research?
The examples noted below will clarify your perceptions regarding the right way to write a Dissertation Conclusion.
At the beginning your Dissertation Conclusion can be:
As stated above, start your conclusion with a direct reference to your research purpose and relate to resolving the research problem. As an example, let us consider a topic on Evaluative Strategies for Developing Agribusiness in the Urban Areas of Ontario.
Always remember that to write a Dissertation Conclusion, you must be very particular in avoiding any kind of drawback. Consider keeping away from the main drawbacks enlisted below:
Thus, write a Dissertation Conclusion with clarity and systematically justify your derivations. A brief summary of the entire research process and mentioning the key derivations are the basic need of the Dissertation Conclusion. Never compromise with that.
What should i include in a dissertation conclusion.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis or dissertation, directly after the title page and before the abstract .
If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation, you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .
If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimising confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.
A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found.
A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organise your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.
Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation, such as:
An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 150–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.
The abstract appears on its own page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5-7% of your overall word count.
Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.
They summarise the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.
Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .
Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.
This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.
It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.
Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.
A research project is an academic, scientific, or professional undertaking to answer a research question . Research projects can take many forms, such as qualitative or quantitative , descriptive , longitudinal , experimental , or correlational . What kind of research approach you choose will depend on your topic.
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A dissertation conclusion serves as the final chapter and is often the last thing the reader will see. It should provide a concise summary of the research project, including the research questions or hypotheses, the methods used to conduct the research, and the key findings and conclusions. The conclusion section should also discuss the implications of the research, including its significance for the field and any practical applications of the findings.
Are you a PhD, doctorate, or bachelor student looking forward to writing your dissertation/thesis conclusion and don't know where to start? Stop worrying — help is here. Continue reading this blog post to gain an idea on how to write a conclusion for a thesis or dissertation. In this article, we will discuss what a dissertation conclusion is, its length, and what it should include. Our dissertation services also provided examples, and explained some typical mistakes you have to avoid.
So, what is a thesis conclusion? It is a concluding chapter in a dissertation or thesis paper. It is the last section of an academic work, carefully written to summarize the information discussed in a document and offer readers insight into what the research has achieved. Your dissertation or thesis conclusion should be well-drafted as it is a reference point that people will remember most. The purpose of dissertation conclusion is to give those reading a sense of closure and reiterate any critical issues discussed. Each conclusion for dissertation should be concise, clear, and definitive. Also, its aim is to offer recommendations for further investigation as well as give readers an understanding of the dissertation discussion chapter .
The conclusion of a thesis or a dissertation is a long chapter — not one single sentence but a whole page or more. Generally, it should be 5–7% of the overall word count. The length of a thesis or dissertation conclusion chapter depends on several factors, such as your academic field, research topic , and stated number of pages. However, it can vary depending on other circumstances. Indeed, you should always refer to each set of your university guidelines for writing conclusions. It's important to note that this section ought not to introduce any new information and be a summary of the research findings. Also, every dissertation conclusion must not be too long as it can distract from other aspects of your thesis. Make sure that you provide a balanced summary and avoid repeating yourself. Lastly, it has to be long enough to discuss its implications for future studies.
Writing a thesis conclusion can be challenging, but every student needs to understand how to create it, as this is one of the most critical parts of your Ph.D. work. Below is the list of things every dissertation conclusion structure should include:
Hopefully, these tips on writing a conclusion chapter for your thesis or dissertation will help you finish your work confidently. All these components should be present when writing a conclusion for thesis or dissertation. Additionally, ensure that you do not repeat yourself. Lastly, keep your length appropriate and based on your university guidelines.
When writing this chapter, you should ensure its content is clear and concise. Equipping yourself with some knowledge of how to write a conclusion for a dissertation or thesis is imperative, as it will help you keep your piece organized, logical, and interesting. This chapter is the last part of your work that your professors or readers will read, and it should make a lasting impression on them. Below is a step-by-step instruction on how to write a dissertation conclusion section.
While writing a dissertation conclusion, your first step is to restate the research question offered in your dissertation introduction and reveal the answer. It is essential to do this in your conclusion in thesis or dissertation because it helps readers be aware of every primary point you were trying to achieve in writing. In addition, restating available research questions in your conclusion in a dissertation or thesis will also make people understand the significance of your inquiry. In other words, it should remind people of the original purpose of writing. Provide further insights into a topic when answering each research question. In addition, responses must be related to your dissertation results section and offer evidence for any conclusions you made in your study. When writing a dissertation conclusion chapter, you ought to be able to give a meaningful response to the study question that adds value to your work. Keeping replies short, concise, and clear will help you to avoid writing irrelevant content. Below is an example of how to start a dissertation conclusion:
In conclusion, this research has successfully answered the primary research question: how does gender discrimination impact job satisfaction in the workplace? The study determined that gender discrimination directly impacts job satisfaction and can make employees feel demoralized, undervalued, and frustrated. Furthermore, employers must create policies and initiatives promoting workplace inclusion and equality. It can help employees feel valued, respected, and satisfied.
The next element in your conclusion section is summarizing the main points of your dissertation. In this section, students need to reflect on their study and mention critical findings and the methodology's effectiveness. Straightforwardly compose your summary and ensure you use your own words to write a conclusion in a dissertation. Avoid copying and pasting sentences from other parts of your work to evade plagiarism and repetition. In concluding a dissertation, each written summary should include findings, results, data, and additional relevant literature. The following is an example of how to summarize a dissertation:
The study aimed to research the effects of gender discrimination on job satisfaction in the workplace. A survey was conducted on 106 participants across different industries using qualitative and quantitative research methods, allowing data collection from employees. Findings revealed that gender discrimination has a direct impact and can lead to feeling demoralized, undervalued, and frustrated. On the other hand, the research found that inclusivity and equality initiatives can help employees feel better about their job roles. Therefore, it is essential that organizations take adequate steps to create a more inclusive and equitable workstation.
After summarizing your key points, the next step to writing a dissertation conclusion is to explain why your research was valuable. Here you should provide readers with an additional perspective of the study to better understand the importance of your study. When it's time to write a conclusion to a thesis paper or dissertation, you must explain what makes it worthwhile to any academic or scientific community. It can include topics such as answering a critical research question, using unique methods to explore an issue, or discovering something new about an existing topic. You should note that you have to provide further recommendations to help improve the research. Composing a dissertation conclusion shows how your work has impacted the field of study, either in progress or resolving an existing problem. It is essential to demonstrate how your study contributes to future studies and influences society or policymaking. Doing this is crucial in your dissertation conclusion chapter as it shows readers the importance of research in that field and validates what you have achieved throughout your investigation. Also, explaining some study implications to society will help people understand why this topic is valuable and relevant. Below you can find an example of how to write contributions in a dissertation conclusion:
The research discussed in this work demonstrates that gender discrimination directly impacts job satisfaction in the workplace. The results of this study have several implications for society, most notably for employers, to create policies and initiatives to promote workplace inclusion. In addition, it's valuable to organizations to help them make more equitable and inclusive offices, to academics to inform their research on diversity and inclusivity, and to policymakers to develop initiatives to reduce gender discrimination in places of work. The research provides valuable insight to inform future studies on this topic and serves to highlight the need to create policies to protect employees from gender discrimination better.
If you experience difficulties with any section of your PhD work, don’t hesitate to ask our professional academic writers for thesis help.
When writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion, mentioning your study's limitations is imperative. It includes discussing any issues you encountered in collecting data, constraints that limited your research, and specific parameters. Citing these shortcomings can help provide insight into why certain elements may not be included in your work and explain any discrepancies your readers might have noticed and, hence, missing in your conclusion chapter. Additionally, writing about any drawbacks can deliver an opportunity to offer further suggestions for future studies and make recommendations on how best to address these uncovered issues. In concluding a dissertation, constraints should not be seen as unfavorable but rather as an additional chance to deliver more understanding of your investigation. Limitations in a thesis conclusion example can look as follows:
The study is subject to some limitations, such as small sample size and limited scope of data collection. Moreover, due to time constraints, this research did not address some potential implications of gender discrimination in other areas, such as pay, career development, and career advancement. Future studies could further explore these topics in more depth to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their effects on job satisfaction.
When writing about identified limitations of the research, you demonstrate to readers that you considered critical shortcomings and that you are aware of available potential issues. That will provide insight into addressing these limitations and help display your researching and writing credibility.
Including recommendations is an integral part of writing every conclusion of a dissertation. In this section, you can provide insight into how to address any issues you have uncovered in your study and make suggestions for future research. When including recommendations, you should first give an overview of the implications of your research and then link it to how you may deal with them. A bachelor conclusion ought to consist of advice for students to guide their future writing. Offer insights for further investigation based on data results and analysis of literature review . Below is an example of how to write dissertation conclusion recommendations:
The research discussed in this study provides several implications for employers, academics, and policymakers. For employers, the results of this study suggest that they should create policies and initiatives to promote workplace inclusion and diversity. Academics can use these findings to inform their research on gender discrimination in the workplace, and policymakers can develop initiatives to reduce it. Furthermore, future studies should explore other potential implications of gender discrimination in the workplace, such as pay, career development, and career advancement. Doing so would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the issue and potential solutions.
The end of conclusion final chapter will close with a summary of the study. Wrapping up your dissertation or thesis conclusions is an excellent way to leave long-lasting impressions on your readers and ensure they remember all critical points of your research. You should summarize key points from previous sections and how they contribute to your overall context. When writing the conclusion chapter of a dissertation, the summary should be brief but comprehensive. Moreover, these findings can offer an innovative perspective on how to conclude a thesis or a dissertation. It provides comprehensive insights into outcomes and their relevance in today's world. Here is how to wrap up a conclusion of a dissertation example:
Overall, the findings from this research suggest that gender discrimination in the workplace has adverse effects on job satisfaction. Such discrimination often takes the form of unequal pay, career development opportunities, and access to promotions. Employers should take action to create policies that promote workplace inclusion and diversity to address this problem. Additionally, academics and policymakers should further explore the implications of gender discrimination in the workplace and develop initiatives to reduce it. The research provides a valuable starting point for understanding this complex issue and offers insight into potential solutions.
Before writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion, you are encouraged to check at least two examples. These instances can provide insights on effectively linking your key findings with possible implications for future studies. In addition, you may use these examples as guides to writing your dissertation conclusions. Attached below is a thesis conclusion example sample.
Thesis paper conclusion example
Dissertation conclusion example
Mistakes are inevitable when writing conclusions in a dissertation, but you can avoid them through careful proofreading and editing. Including new information or data in your dissertation or thesis conclusion chapter is one such mistake. The chapter should only incorporate information or data already mentioned and discussed in other preceding body paragraphs. How not to write a dissertation conclusion can be seen in complex language, lengthy sentences, and confusing grammar. In addition, one should evade making unsubstantiated claims or generalizations not supported by research findings. Shun writing phrases or any argument considered jargon. Lastly, ensuring that the conclusion chapter in a dissertation answers the research question and that you have provided sufficient evidence to support your conclusions is essential. Therefore, we simply recommend that you review and proofread it before submission. Following these tips mentioned above and examples of dissertation or thesis conclusions should help you write effectively.
Writing a conclusion to a thesis paper or dissertation can be daunting because there is a lot of pressure to ensure you wrap up all the key points and tie together any loose ends. Checklists are helpful guides. The reason is that they provide practical tips on how to write dissertation conclusions by breaking each writing process down into manageable steps. Below is a checklist of important things you should keep in mind and follow when writing any conclusion:
The article discussed how to write the conclusion of a dissertation or thesis writing. It has outlined some critical steps and provided a checklist that you can use as a practical guide. Reasonable inferences require clear objectives, knowing the appropriate structure, addressing any limitations within your work, summarizing key points, providing recommendations for further research, and citing sources appropriately. Also, we offered some samples of how to write a thesis conclusion example. Following these steps will ensure that you conclude your dissertation or thesis writing successfully. Finally, proofread and edit your writing to provide high-quality outcome. All these tips will help you in writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion chapter that is effective and comprehensive.
Keep in mind that our expert writers are always here to support you! They can assist in preparing any section of your study. While we are assisting you with writing, you are relaxing your mind or focusing on other important tasks!
1. how to write a good thesis conclusion.
When writing every thesis conclusion, it's essential to focus on summarizing the key points, providing implications to that broader field, addressing any limitations, and making recommendations for further study. Additionally, it should be concise, clear, logical, and coherent. Finally, it's crucial to proofread and edit it to ensure its high quality.
Beginning each dissertation's concluding chapter is best done by restating the research question, as it provides the link between your introduction, research objectives, and conclusion. That allows an individual to transition smoothly into summarizing all main points from the discussion. For you to start a dissertation conclusion chapter effectively, it is essential to understand the purpose of writing it in the first place.
The difference between a discussion and a conclusion is in the depth of exploration. A discussion is a detailed assessment of the results, while a conclusion is shorter and more general. The discussion section will usually include a detailed analysis of the data collected, while the conclusion section will often provide an overview of the key points and implications. Additionally, this part will offer recommendations for further research.
No, including new data in the conclusion of a dissertation is not advisable. This section should summarize the research objectives, findings, and implications. Adding new data would not be appropriate as it may create confusion or inconsistency throughout your research. Conversely, it is prudent to summarize every content your work addresses.
The end of a dissertation or a thesis should be memorable and end on a high note. One way to accomplish this is by including something unforgettable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. It will give every reader something to think about and engage in further discussion.
Joe Eckel is an expert on Dissertations writing. He makes sure that each student gets precious insights on composing A-grade academic writing.
Dissertation Genius
December 10, 2016 by Dissertation Genius
In this blog post, you’ll learn exactly how to write the last chapter of your doctoral dissertation. In particular, you will get oriented with the overall goals of the conclusion chapter. Then, you’ll be taught on how to go about writing the chapter itself. Finally, you will be given guidance on what things to avoid in the ever-important final chapter of your dissertation.
Before going into how to actually write the conclusion chapter of your dissertation, it’s important to review its purpose. Regardless of what discipline you are in, there are certain messages you always want your readers to absorb after reading your conclusion chapter. Basically, your conclusion should always: Give a general overview of the important contributions of your work – Make it absolutely clear for your committee and the general reader the original contributions of your work and where they are situated with respect to the rest of your research field. A good way to do this is to simply display your contributions in a bulleted list.
Summarize the main points of your various chapters – Especially if you aim to get your work published, your conclusion should always strive to be an ‘executive summary’ of your work. Not every reader will be interested in reading your entire work. This way, you will have this chapter ready to give them a brief (yet comprehensive) overview of the dissertation.
Recommendations – You should always include at least a paragraph on the practical implications resulting from your findings. This is extremely valuable for yourself, the committee, and the general reader. You can be rather flexible with your recommendations as long as they are relevant and derived from the findings of your dissertation research. For example, you can list highly-specific recommendations and steps to be followed or you can list more general recommendations guiding the reader towards certain ideas and principles to follow.
Future Work – No matter how much you have done with your dissertation research, it will never truly be finished. There will always be lingering question marks and open ends. By no means does this indicate your work is incomplete On the contrary, no PhD work is ever complete and, in fact, a good dissertation is one that sparks a high level of general interest and motivates further research in a particular discipline.
Now that you have a good grasp of what the general outline should be of your conclusion, it is important to look at how to actually write it. The most important principle to keep in mind while writing your dissertation conclusion is reflection . To illustrate:
These are what you must constantly ask yourself while you are writing your dissertation conclusion.
Usually, you should start writing your conclusion by first taking notes, and you should do this while proofreading the initial draft of your work . In general, you should use the following approach:
In general, there are three main pitfalls you should always avoid when writing the conclusion for your dissertation.
Protracted and Rambling Conclusion – A long and protracted conclusion is when you repeat yourself unnecessarily (without adding anything to what you are mentioning) about points you already mentioned in your previous chapters before the conclusion.
Short Conclusion – This is actually an improvement to a long and rambling conclusion, which wastes valuable time on the part of your audience. However, a conclusion that is too short also rambles about facts without coming to a logical conclusion, and does all this using less words and missing vital points/arguments.
Implausible Conclusion – Often times, doctoral students can come to wild conclusions that boggle the mind. They make claims that have absolutely no logical link to the evidence in their research, or that link is very weak. For example, many PhD students (in their very limited small-scale study) make wild assertions that the results of their study should be adopted by public policy-makers, governmental officials, and the like. If you make a list of unsubstantiated claims, you will be wasting a lot of hard work for nothing. Simply stay humble and avoid doing this!
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Once you have completed the main body of your dissertation or thesis, you then need to worry about drawing your conclusions, and the additional pages, such as whether to include a table of contents.
Your university may have guidelines but, otherwise, you will have to use your own judgement.
This page gives some advice about what is often included and why.
You may have been permitted, and have chosen, to include your conclusions in the discussion section, see our page on Results and Discussion for some ideas about why you might choose to do this.
However, it is normal practice to include a short section at the end of your dissertation that draws out your conclusions.
This section will need to have several elements, including:
A brief summary , just a few paragraphs, of your key findings, related back to what you expected to see (essential);
The conclusions which you have drawn from your research (essential);
Why your research is important for researchers and practitioners (essential);
Recommendations for future research (strongly recommended, verging on essential);
Recommendations for practitioners (strongly recommended in management and business courses and some other areas, so check with your supervisor whether this will be expected); and
A final paragraph rounding off your dissertation or thesis.
Your conclusion does not need to be very long; no more than five pages is usually sufficient, although detailed recommendations for practice may require more space.
Your university will almost certainly have formal guidelines on the format for the title page, which may need to be submitted separately for blind marking purposes.
As a general rule, the title page should contain the title of the thesis or dissertation, your name, your course, your supervisor and the date of submission or completion.
This is a one page summary of your dissertation or thesis, effectively an executive summary .
Not every university requires a formal abstract, especially for undergraduate or master's theses, so check carefully. If one is required, it may be either structured or unstructured.
A structured abstract has subheadings, which should follow the same format as your dissertation itself (usually Literature, Methods, Results and Discussion). There will probably also be a word limit for the abstract.
If an abstract is required, it may be published separately from your thesis, as a way of indexing it. It will therefore be assessed both as a part of your thesis, and as a stand-alone document that will tell other researchers whether your dissertation will be useful in their studies. It is generally best to write the abstract last, when you are sure of the thread of your argument, and the most important areas to highlight.
You should include a table of contents, which should include all headings and subheadings.
It is probably best to use the standard software tools to create and update this automatically, as it leads to fewer problems later on. If you’re not sure how to do this, use the Help function in the software, or Google it.
The time spent learning how to do it accurately will be more than saved later on when you don’t have to update it manually.
You only really need to include this if you have a lot of figures. As with your table of contents, it’s best to use the tools available in the software to create this, so that it will update automatically even if you move a table or figure later.
This section is used to ensure that you do not inadvertently fall foul of any ‘taking help’ guidance.
Use it to thank:
Anyone who provided you with information, or who gave you their time as part of your research, for example, interviewees, or those who returned questionnaires;
Any person or body who has provided you with funding or financial support that has enabled you to carry out your research;
Anyone who has helped you with the writing, including anyone who has read and commented on a draft such as your supervisor, a proof-reader or a language editor, whether paid or unpaid;
Anyone to whom you are particularly grateful, like your spouse or family for tolerating your absence from family occasions for years during your studies.
You should not use appendices as a general ‘dumping ground’ for stuff you found interesting, but couldn’t manage to shoehorn in anywhere else, or which you wanted to include but couldn’t within the word count.
Appendices should be used for relevant information only, such as copies of your questionnaires or interview outlines, letters asking people to participate or additional proofs.
You can be reasonably confident that nobody will read them in any detail, so don’t bother to use an appendix to explain why your argument is correct. Anything that you want to be read should be included in the main body of your text.
Check, check and check again.
Every university’s requirements are slightly different in terms of format, what sections need to be included and so on.
Make sure that you check what you have done against your university’s guidelines and that it conforms exactly .
If in doubt, check with the administrative staff dealing with submissions or with your supervisor. You really do not want to be penalised for an error of formatting.
Make sure that you put your dissertation together in a single document, and read it over as a whole before submitting it.
It is also a good idea to get somebody else to proofread your work to check for any mistakes that you may have missed.
Collating your dissertation may introduce errors of formatting or style, or you may notice duplication between chapters that you had previously missed.
Allow sufficient time for collating and final checks, and also for any formal binding required by the university, to avoid any last minute panics.
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Published on September 6, 2022 by Tegan George and Shona McCombes. Revised on November 20, 2023.
The conclusion is the very last part of your thesis or dissertation . It should be concise and engaging, leaving your reader with a clear understanding of your main findings, as well as the answer to your research question .
In it, you should:
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Discussion vs. conclusion, how long should your conclusion be, step 1: answer your research question, step 2: summarize and reflect on your research, step 3: make future recommendations, step 4: emphasize your contributions to your field, step 5: wrap up your thesis or dissertation, full conclusion example, conclusion checklist, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.
While your conclusion contains similar elements to your discussion section , they are not the same thing.
Your conclusion should be shorter and more general than your discussion. Instead of repeating literature from your literature review , discussing specific research results , or interpreting your data in detail, concentrate on making broad statements that sum up the most important insights of your research.
As a rule of thumb, your conclusion should not introduce new data, interpretations, or arguments.
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Depending on whether you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your length will vary. Generally, a conclusion should make up around 5–7% of your overall word count.
An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion, concisely stating the main findings and recommendations for future research. A humanities dissertation topic or systematic review , on the other hand, might require more space to conclude its analysis, tying all the previous sections together in an overall argument.
Your conclusion should begin with the main question that your thesis or dissertation aimed to address. This is your final chance to show that you’ve done what you set out to do, so make sure to formulate a clear, concise answer.
An empirical thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:
A case study –based thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:
In the second example, the research aim is not directly restated, but rather added implicitly to the statement. To avoid repeating yourself, it is helpful to reformulate your aims and questions into an overall statement of what you did and how you did it.
Your conclusion is an opportunity to remind your reader why you took the approach you did, what you expected to find, and how well the results matched your expectations.
To avoid repetition , consider writing more reflectively here, rather than just writing a summary of each preceding section. Consider mentioning the effectiveness of your methodology , or perhaps any new questions or unexpected insights that arose in the process.
You can also mention any limitations of your research, but only if you haven’t already included these in the discussion. Don’t dwell on them at length, though—focus on the positives of your work.
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You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms.
When making recommendations for further research, be sure not to undermine your own work. Relatedly, while future studies might confirm, build on, or enrich your conclusions, they shouldn’t be required for your argument to feel complete. Your work should stand alone on its own merits.
Just as you should avoid too much self-criticism, you should also avoid exaggerating the applicability of your research. If you’re making recommendations for policy, business, or other practical implementations, it’s generally best to frame them as “shoulds” rather than “musts.” All in all, the purpose of academic research is to inform, explain, and explore—not to demand.
Make sure your reader is left with a strong impression of what your research has contributed to the state of your field.
Some strategies to achieve this include:
Again, avoid simply repeating what you’ve already covered in the discussion in your conclusion. Instead, pick out the most important points and sum them up succinctly, situating your project in a broader context.
The end is near! Once you’ve finished writing your conclusion, it’s time to wrap up your thesis or dissertation with a few final steps:
Here is an example of how you can write your conclusion section. Notice how it includes everything mentioned above:
V. Conclusion
The current research aimed to identify acoustic speech characteristics which mark the beginning of an exacerbation in COPD patients.
The central questions for this research were as follows: 1. Which acoustic measures extracted from read speech differ between COPD speakers in stable condition and healthy speakers? 2. In what ways does the speech of COPD patients during an exacerbation differ from speech of COPD patients during stable periods?
All recordings were aligned using a script. Subsequently, they were manually annotated to indicate respiratory actions such as inhaling and exhaling. The recordings of 9 stable COPD patients reading aloud were then compared with the recordings of 5 healthy control subjects reading aloud. The results showed a significant effect of condition on the number of in- and exhalations per syllable, the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable, and the ratio of voiced and silence intervals. The number of in- and exhalations per syllable and the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable were higher for COPD patients than for healthy controls, which confirmed both hypotheses.
However, the higher ratio of voiced and silence intervals for COPD patients compared to healthy controls was not in line with the hypotheses. This unpredicted result might have been caused by the different reading materials or recording procedures for both groups, or by a difference in reading skills. Moreover, there was a trend regarding the effect of condition on the number of syllables per breath group. The number of syllables per breath group was higher for healthy controls than for COPD patients, which was in line with the hypothesis. There was no effect of condition on pitch, intensity, center of gravity, pitch variability, speaking rate, or articulation rate.
This research has shown that the speech of COPD patients in exacerbation differs from the speech of COPD patients in stable condition. This might have potential for the detection of exacerbations. However, sustained vowels rarely occur in spontaneous speech. Therefore, the last two outcome measures might have greater potential for the detection of beginning exacerbations, but further research on the different outcome measures and their potential for the detection of exacerbations is needed due to the limitations of the current study.
I have clearly and concisely answered the main research question .
I have summarized my overall argument or key takeaways.
I have mentioned any important limitations of the research.
I have given relevant recommendations .
I have clearly explained what my research has contributed to my field.
I have not introduced any new data or arguments.
You've written a great conclusion! Use the other checklists to further improve your dissertation.
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In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
George, T. & McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Thesis or Dissertation Conclusion. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/write-conclusion/
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Understanding the importance of a dissertation conclusion.
A dissertation conclusion plays a vital role in your research project. It serves as the final chapter that ties together all the threads of your study and presents a cohesive and concise summary of your work. The conclusion is your opportunity to demonstrate the academic value of your research, showcase your findings, and leave a lasting impression on your readers.
Furthermore, the conclusion provides you with a chance to reflect on the journey you have undertaken throughout your dissertation. It allows you to revisit the initial research question, evaluate the methodologies employed, and assess the overall impact of your study on the academic community. This reflective aspect of the conclusion adds depth to your research and highlights the growth and development you have experienced as a researcher.
The primary role of a dissertation conclusion is to:
Moreover, the conclusion serves as a bridge between the specific findings of your study and the broader implications for the field of research. It allows you to contextualise your research within the existing literature, highlighting its significance and relevance in advancing knowledge in your chosen area of study.
When writing your dissertation conclusion, it is essential to include the following key elements:
By incorporating these key elements into your conclusion, you can provide a comprehensive and insightful ending to your dissertation, leaving your readers with a clear understanding of the significance of your research and its potential impact on the academic community.
Reviewing your research objectives.
Before you begin writing your conclusion, take some time to review your research objectives. This will help ensure that your conclusion aligns with your initial goals and objectives. Reflect on how well you have achieved these objectives and summarise your key findings and contributions.
It is essential to delve deep into your research objectives to understand the significance of your study. By revisiting your initial aims, you can evaluate the effectiveness of your research methodology and the relevance of your findings. This process allows you to establish a strong connection between your research objectives and the conclusions drawn from your study, providing a coherent and logical flow to your dissertation.
Next, gather all the key findings from your research. Identify the main themes and significant results that emerged from your study. It is crucial to present these findings concisely and clearly to provide a comprehensive overview to your readers.
As you gather your key findings, consider the implications of each result and how they contribute to the existing body of knowledge in your field. Highlighting the significance of your findings not only reinforces the validity of your research but also demonstrates your understanding of the broader implications of your study. By presenting a detailed analysis of your key findings, you can offer a more nuanced perspective on the subject matter, enriching the overall quality of your dissertation.
Starting with a restatement of your research question.
Begin your conclusion by restating your research question or problem statement. This will remind your readers of the primary focus of your study and provide continuity between the introduction and conclusion.
After restating your research question, provide a concise summary of your key findings. Highlight the most important results and their implications for your field of study. Consider organising this section thematically to ensure clarity and coherence.
In this section, discuss the broader implications of your research findings. Analyse how your study contributes to the existing body of knowledge, challenges prevailing theories or practices, and suggests new avenues for future research. It is essential to demonstrate the significance and impact of your work.
Using clear and concise language.
When writing your conclusion, use clear and concise language to ensure that your message is easily understood and memorable. Avoid unnecessary jargon or technical terms that may confuse your readers. Aim for simplicity and precision in your writing.
Remember that your conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or arguments. Instead, focus on summarising and synthesising your findings. By avoiding the introduction of new elements, you can maintain the coherence and integrity of your research project.
Your conclusion should be in harmony with your introduction. As you conclude your research, refer back to the introduction to highlight how you have addressed the initial research question and objectives. By establishing this connection, you create a cohesive narrative that guides your readers through your study.
Checking for clarity and coherence.
After drafting your conclusion, review it to ensure that it is clear and coherent. Check for any gaps or inconsistencies in your argument and make necessary revisions. Pay attention to the overall flow and organization of your ideas to ensure a seamless reading experience.
It is important to remember that your conclusion serves as the final impression you leave on your readers. Therefore, it is essential to dedicate ample time and effort to refine and polish this section of your dissertation. By meticulously examining your conclusion, you can identify any areas that may require further clarification or development. This process will not only enhance the overall quality of your work but also showcase your attention to detail and commitment to producing a comprehensive piece of research.
Consider seeking feedback from your supervisor or colleagues on your conclusion. Their fresh perspective can help you identify areas for improvement and refine your argument further. Value their insights and use them to enhance the clarity, relevance, and impact of your conclusion.
Engaging in a constructive dialogue with others in your academic community can provide valuable insights and perspectives that you may have overlooked. By actively seeking feedback, you demonstrate a willingness to learn and grow as a researcher. This collaborative approach not only strengthens the credibility of your conclusion but also fosters a sense of camaraderie and intellectual exchange within your academic circle.
Before submitting your dissertation, take the time to proofread and edit your conclusion meticulously. Look out for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and inconsistent formatting. A well-polished conclusion not only enhances the professionalism of your work but also ensures that your final message is conveyed effectively.
Proofreading and editing are essential stages in the writing process that should never be overlooked. They provide an opportunity to fine-tune your conclusion and ensure that it aligns seamlessly with the rest of your dissertation. By dedicating time to this final step, you demonstrate your commitment to producing a high-quality piece of academic writing that is deserving of recognition and respect.
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Publié le 29 novembre 2018 par Justine Debret . Mis à jour le 7 décembre 2020.
La conclusion d’une dissertation est un élément très important, car il s’agit de la dernière partie lue par votre examinateur.
Bien qu’elle puisse être facultative pour les dissertations juridiques, elle est en générale obligatoire dans la plupart des domaines d’études (littérature, économie, sciences politiques, histoire, …).
Conseil en or … Faites relire et corriger votre dissertation avant de la rendre. Les fautes sont lourdement pénalisées.
La conclusion d’une dissertation : à quoi sert-elle , les différentes parties d’une conclusion de dissertation, exemple complet de conclusion de dissertation, présentation gratuite.
Le rôle de la conclusion d’une dissertation est de clore le débat en répondant aux problèmes posés en introduction et de proposer un élargissement du sujet.
Elle doit être structurée et claire.
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La conclusion d’une dissertation est une synthèse du développement. Il faudra clairement indiquer la réponse à la problématique de l’introduction.
La conclusion d’une dissertation est donc composée de plusieurs éléments :
Les exemples suivants répondent au sujet « être libre, est-ce faire ce que l’on veut ? ».
Il est nécessaire de rappeler la problématique de départ au lecteur. Elle a été dévoilée en introduction et il est donc nécessaire de la mentionner une dernière fois en conclusion.
Il s’agit du bilan de la dissertation. Vous devez brièvement reprendre les conclusions que vous avez faites dans votre développement.
3. la réponse à la problématique dans une conclusion de dissertation.
Dans la conclusion, il vous faut aussi formuler votre réponse à la problématique posée en introduction.
L’ouverture d’une conclusion de dissertation permet de situer le sujet dans une perspective plus vaste. Elle montre que, même si vous avez répondu au sujet, vous n’avez pas tout résolu concernant le thème. Il s’agit de prolonger votre réflexion de manière subtile, c’est-à-dire qu’il faut éviter de poser une question ou de finir par une citation banale.
Voici un exemple de conclusion de dissertation.
Sujet : Etre libre, est-ce faire ce que l’on veut ?
Nous avons donc interrogé le concept de liberté chez l’être humain.
L’Homme semble tout d’abord être un individu « libre » qui place sa raison au fondement de ses jugements et actions. Il semble posséder une liberté qui lui permet d’être responsable de sa personne ainsi que de ses actes de manière rationnelle. Or, l’Homme est aussi un individu complexe qui finalement se révèle être contrôlé par des entités qui sont supérieures à sa propre volonté rationnelle et qui la contrôlent. En effet, sa nature (par les désirs et instincts), son psychisme (par l’Inconscient) et la société (grâce à l’éducation) sont des éléments qui le régissent et donc entrave la liberté personnelle du sujet.
L’Homme semble donc s’illusionner sur sa capacité à désirer ou prendre des décisions rationnelles librement. Par conséquent, la question de la responsabilité de l’Homme se pose quant à son caractère coupable lorsqu’il commet des actes immoraux puisqu’il semble n’être pas libre et maître de sa propre volonté.
Ainsi, il est possible de s’interroger sur la responsabilité des terroristes quant à leurs actes. Les frères Tsarnaev sont considérés comme étant responsables des attentats qu’ils ont commis le 15 avril 2013 lors du Marathon de Boston. Toutefois, on peut se demander s’ils étaient libres et conscients de leurs actions ou non.
Vous pouvez utiliser cette presentation pour vos cours ou comme pense-bête.
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Debret, J. (2020, 07 décembre). Conclusion d’une dissertation : comment la rédiger ?. Scribbr. Consulté le 9 septembre 2024, de https://www.scribbr.fr/dissertation-fr/conclusion-dissertation/
D'autres étudiants ont aussi consulté..., la méthode de la dissertation de philosophie , introduction de dissertation, plan de dissertation.
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La conclusion fait partie des éléments-clés lors de la rédaction d’un essai, d’une rédaction, d’une dissertation ou de tout autre écrit académique. Voici nos cinq conseils pour bien la réussir.
La conclusion fait partie des éléments-clés de nombreux écrits : essais, rédactions, dissertations, mémoires, thèses, commentaires de texte et autres écrits formels.
Située en dernière partie de votre texte, après l’introduction et les différents paragraphes, la conclusion vient clore votre texte, mais également votre réflexion en y apportant une réponse et un point final. Elle constitue, en quelque sorte, l’aboutissement de votre pensée. Hors de question, donc, de la négliger ou de la rédiger à la va-vite, comme c’est malheureusement bien souvent le cas.
On distingue plusieurs types de conclusions en fonction du texte que vous devez écrire :
1. La conclusion de mémoire
La conclusion d’un mémoire est composée de plusieurs éléments-clés : elle reprend la problématique énoncée dans l’ introduction , y répond en dressant un bilan et apporte une ouverture au sujet.
2. La conclusion de dissertation
Comme la conclusion de mémoire, la conclusion de dissertation reprend la problématique et y apporte une réponse claire tout en élargissant le sujet afin de poursuivre la réflexion. En règle générale, sa longueur est proportionnelle à votre développement.
3. La conclusion de commentaire de texte
Ciblé sur une œuvre ou un article, le commentaire composé se doit d’avoir, lui aussi, une conclusion claire et concise à l’argumentation. La conclusion reprend, là aussi, la problématique, y répond et propose un élargissement sous forme d’ouverture. Il peut s’agir d’une autre œuvre littéraire, par exemple, d’un autre mouvement artistique ou d’une comparaison avec un autre auteur.
Alors, comment faire une conclusion pertinente ? Nous avons regroupé ici cinq précieux conseils et quelques astuces pour une conclusion dans les règles de l’art. C’est parti !
Si la conclusion n’est certes pas un simple résumé de vos propos, elle doit, cependant, revenir sur les thèmes, arguments ou problématiques traités auparavant lors de votre travail. Elle prend la forme d’une synthèse et ouvre également de nouvelles pistes de réflexion.
Inutile donc d’être exhaustif et de reformuler les idées exposées dans les paragraphes précédents : soyez bref, résumez votre réflexion de manière logique et concise tout en allant à l’essentiel.
Une conclusion nécessite du temps et de la réflexion. En outre, elle doit respecter certains codes.
Dans un premier temps, veillez à bien rédiger la phrase d’introduction de votre conclusion. Un comble nous direz-vous ? Eh bien non !
L’introduction de votre conclusion doit particulièrement être soignée et être dotée d’une bonne accroche. Son objectif ? Maintenir la curiosité du lecteur jusqu’à la fin de votre texte. Pour ce faire, pensez aux locutions conséquemment , pour finir ou encore pour conclure .
Dans un deuxième temps, pensez à énoncer brièvement les différents arguments développés dans les paragraphes précédents. Là encore, comme indiqué précédemment, soyez relativement concis, car il ne s’agit pas d’argumenter de nouveau sur les problèmes énoncés en amont.
Enfin, l’ouverture. Cette toute dernière partie de la conclusion, très utilisée en dissertation, permet d’élargir votre thématique sur un autre sujet voisin et d’inciter à la réflexion. Non obligatoire, elle ne doit être ajoutée que si elle est formulée de manière adéquate, sous peine d’alourdir et de gâcher toute la conclusion. Cependant, elle est fortement recommandée pour apporter la touche finale de votre conclusion. Vous pouvez utiliser une citation en guise d’ouverture, par exemple. Et pourquoi ne pas terminer votre conclusion par une question, par exemple ?
La conclusion vient apporter la réponse finale à votre problématique, c’est-à-dire au fil rouge de votre texte : elle ne doit donc pas traiter de nouveau l’intégralité du sujet sous peine de le paraphraser et de tomber dans la redondance. Exit les citations ou les exemples !
Apportez une réponse claire, pertinente et affirmée à votre sujet en évitant les adverbes tels que peut-être ou éventuellement .
La conclusion est la dernière trace écrite de votre devoir. Elle revêt donc une importance primordiale, car c’est la dernière impression (et donc, celle que l’on garde en mémoire) que l’on laisse au lecteur. Or, elle est bien souvent négligée et bâclée, par manque de temps, d’intérêt ou d’organisation.
C’est bien dommage, car, comme nous l’avons vu, la conclusion est véritablement la dernière impression de votre travail. Bien la rédiger, c’est donner à votre lecteur un sentiment de satisfaction quant au travail de réflexion apporté sur votre sujet et peut-être, qui sait, quelques points en plus pour votre devoir !
Par conséquent, pensez à garder suffisamment de temps pour la rédiger de manière adéquate !
… mais aussi faire relire, si cela s’avère possible ! Quoi de pire, en effet, qu’un texte aux idées brillantes, mais parsemé ici et là de fautes d’orthographe. De fait, pensez à garder un peu de temps à la fin de la rédaction de votre texte pour relire l’ensemble, conclusion comprise.
Si vous en avez la possibilité, utilisez également un correcteur orthographique comme LanguageTool pour vérifier efficacement l’intégralité de votre texte. Simple comme bonjour et de nombreuses coquilles malencontreuses épargnées. Ouf.
Sujet : Faut-il rechercher le bonheur ?
Le bonheur fait, par conséquent, partie de notre quotidien et de ces petites choses simples de la vie. Il ne doit aucunement être une quête permanente dans notre existence, sous peine de passer à côté du bonheur et de l’idée que l’on peut s’en faire. En ce sens, le bonheur n’est donc pas une obligation morale, mais bien une aspiration personnelle à laquelle nous participons plus ou moins activement en fonction de nos affects et de nos propres dispositions personnelles.
Vous voilà armé pour rédiger une conclusion parfaite !
Devenez l’écrivain de demain et brillez grâce à une écriture claire et un style impeccable !
Une question ? Une erreur ? De belles idées ? Nous sommes là pour vous : n’hésitez pas à nous envoyer vos remarques et suggestions !
At first glance, the iShares Core Dividend Growth ETF ( NYSEARCA: DGRO ) seems great, outperforming its closest competitors in terms of total returns across virtually all time frames. However, a deeper analysis reveals what I see as this fund’s fundamental issue: a low dividend yield, below that of direct peers.
Due to this low yield, I don’t see DGRO as a true dividend play but rather as a hybrid between a dividend fund and a broad equity market fund.
The challenge, in my view, is that this ETF falls short in both categories. I believe dividend-focused investors typically accept lower total returns in exchange for a reliable income stream. Conversely, investors prioritizing total returns usually disregard dividends, making DGRO’s 2.28% yield unattractive to them.
For these reasons, I believe investors seeking dividend-focused options would be better served by holding the Schwab U.S. Dividend Equity ETF ( SCHD ) or the Vanguard High Dividend Yield Index Fund ETF ( VYM ). On the other hand, those focused on total returns might prefer a fund like the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF ( VOO ).
For investors who already have the DGRO ETF in their portfolio, I see no reason to sell and potentially incur a taxable event, so I recommend a HOLD. However, for those searching for a dividend fund to add to their portfolio, I advise against choosing DGRO. Its low dividend yield does not align well with the objectives of dividend-focused investing, and there are more suitable alternatives available.
DGRO, SCHD, VYM, VOO - key metrics comparison (Author's elaboration of Seeking Alpha data)
The table above summarizes the key metrics for DGRO, SCHD, and VYM. DGRO’s expense ratio is slightly higher than its competitors, but I find it still reasonable and not a sufficient reason to recommend avoiding the fund.
The three ETFs are also quite similar in terms of size and liquidity, with only minor differences. Although SCHD and VYM are more liquid and have higher assets under management, I do not view these factors as significant enough to influence an investment decision, particularly for long-term investors who plan to hold these funds over an extended period.
Currently, SCHD represents roughly 15% of my portfolio, and it’s an ETF that I’ve observed was once highly favored by investors on Seeking Alpha. However, I think it might have lost some of its appeal since it began underperforming the S&P 500.
Despite this, and having covered SCHD in the past, I continue to see it as a unique and superior ETF due to its narrow focus on high-quality dividends, which sets it apart in the dividend investing space.
I consider VYM a valid alternative to SCHD, especially for investors who may find SCHD’s concentration too high, given that it holds only about 100 stocks, with its top 10 companies accounting for over 40% of the fund.
As for the DGRO ETF, the main issue I have with this fund - and reason why I do not recommend it - has to do with its low dividend yield. In a context of high interest rates like the one at the moment, and considering the VOO ETF yields 1.32%, I do not consider DGRO’s current dividend yield sufficient, at less than 1% more than VOO’s. I will cover in more detail this issue in the next sections of this article, outlining why I do not really see DGRO as a dividend play.
At first glance, investing in DGRO is a no-brainer. This fund has overperformed both the VYM ETF and the SCHD ETF for the past five years. This is despite its expense ratio, at 0.08%, is slightly higher than the 0.06% expense ratio its two competitors are charging.
SCHD, VYM, VOO, DGRO - past 5 years performance (Seeking Alpha)
However, while overperforming direct competitors, the DGRO ETF has fundamentally underperformed the S&P 500, represented by the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF in the chart above. In the past 5 years, the VOO ETF has returned roughly 30% more than DGRO. To note, the chart above does not consider dividend reinvested, which would narrow the gap between DGRO and SCHD and VYM, and slightly widen the gap with VOO.
The reason behind this difference in performance is to be found in DGRO’s investment strategy and underlying holdings. DGRO’s info sheet mentions the below in relation to the fund’s investment strategy and objective:
[Why DGRO? To] access companies that have a history of sustained dividend growth and that are broadly diversified across industries
The phrase 'broadly diversified' is, in my view, exactly what drives DGRO’s overperformance and low dividend yield. When comparing DGRO’s holdings with those of VYM, one key difference stands out: DGRO has a significantly higher exposure to the Technology and Healthcare sectors, at 18% and 17% respectively. In contrast, VYM, which I still consider very diversified, allocates only about 12% to each of these sectors. This difference in sector allocation is a crucial factor that contributes to DGRO’s low dividend yield relative to VYM.
DGRO, top holdings breakdown by sector (Seeking Alpha)
VYM, top holdings breakdown by sector (Seeking Alpha)
What this data shows, in my view, is that there’s no free lunch. On the one hand, DGRO is overperforming dividend peers. But it is managing to do so simply because it has a less strict focus on dividends , and therefore its dividend yield is below its direct peers. On the other hand, DGRO still has a somewhat respectable 2%+ yield, but that comes at the expense of a significant underperformance against a more broad index such as the S&P 500.
When evaluating an ETF, I always begin by asking myself who the issuer is targeting with this fund. iShares, DGRO’s issuer, suggests to:
Use [DGRO] at the core of your portfolio to seek income
The fundamental issue I have with this statement is that the DGRO ETF is not truly a dividend-focused ETF, due to its low dividend yield. Therefore, I do not consider it a good way to 'seek income'. And, if we were to consider DGRO as a broader U.S. equity market fund, it falls short of delivering against the S&P 500 benchmark.
In this context, I struggle to find a clear role for DGRO in any portfolio.
Investors who are looking for a high dividend yield, in my view, should be fine to accept lower total returns, as this is the 'price' to pay for having a more reliable and constant stream of income in the form of dividends. These investors would be better served by choosing SCHD, my personal favorite for dividend investing, or VYM, if they prefer a more diversified approach that still maintains a decent focus on dividends.
Conversely, I see no reason to recommend DGRO to investors focused on total returns, as DGRO has historically underperformed the S&P 500. Additionally, DGRO’s 2.23% yield may be seen as a drawback for these investors, especially when considering tax implications. They would be better off with VOO, or an even broader U.S. market equity fund like the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund ( VTI ).
I think the main counter-argument to my thesis is that DGRO might appeal to investors who want to ‘dip their toes’ into dividend investing without fully committing to a high-yield strategy. While I see this as a very narrow investment narrative and not suitable for seasoned investors, I acknowledge it’s an element worth considering.
Another point to mention is that DGRO has outperformed VYM and SCHD in the past. I expect this outperformance in terms of total returns to continue in the foreseeable future, largely due to DGRO’s higher exposure to the Technology and Healthcare sectors and its broader market diversification.
Although I don’t view this latter element as a drawback, but rather a feature of the fund, it’s important to note. Investors should be aware that DGRO may underperform its peers in terms of dividend yield, and they should be comfortable with this trade-off if they decide to invest in SCHD or VYM to seek income.
The DGRO ETF stands out for its overperformance relative to direct dividend-focused peers. However, it also significantly underperforms the broader market, represented by the S&P 500. While its overperformance relative to peers might initially seem like an advantage, I view it as a fundamental weakness in DGRO’s investing strategy.
With its low dividend yield, DGRO is in my opinion inadequate for investors seeking income. Simultaneously, it does not adequately serve investors prioritizing total returns, either. The latter would be better off with a broader market index fund.
For investors who already hold DGRO, I recommend a HOLD. However, those looking for dividend income should consider alternatives like SCHD or VYM, which offer more focused dividend strategies.
This article was written by
Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have a beneficial long position in the shares of SCHD either through stock ownership, options, or other derivatives. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.
Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.
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Step 3: Make future recommendations. You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms. Example: Recommendation sentence.
How to Write Dissertation Conclusion Example. Here is a dissertation conclusion example of a dissertation that aimed to test a theoretical argument based on an analysis of a case study; Proposed anaerobic digestion plant in Tripoli. Chapter 5 - Dissertation Conclusion. 5.1 Background.
Step 1: Craft a brief introduction section. As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the conclusions chapter needs to start with a brief introduction. In this introductory section, you'll want to tell the reader what they can expect to find in the chapter, and in what order.
A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile.
The conclusion of your dissertation is a good place to restate the significance of your work. This might include how it contributes to existing knowledge in your field or its importance outside of academia. 3. Assess Limitations. No study is perfect, not even yours! Sorry to break the bad news!
Complete the Dissertation. Once the conclusion is written, there are a few final steps to complete your dissertation: Write the thesis abstract in 200 words or less. Review your reference list and format it as per the writing style. You can also use online reference generators to speed up this process.
This template covers all the core components required in the conclusion chapter of a typical dissertation, thesis or research project: The purpose of each section is explained in plain language, followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover. The template also includes practical examples to help you understand exactly what ...
The conclusion of a research paper. is where you wrap up your ideas and leave the reader with a strong final impression. It has several key goals: ... In the conclusion, you should restate the thesis and show how it has been developed through the body of the paper. Briefly summarize the key arguments made in the body, showing how each of them ...
Guide contents. As part of the Writing the Dissertation series, this guide covers the essentials of writing a strong conclusion, giving you the necessary knowledge, tips and guidance needed to leave a positive impression on your markers! Here's what to expect: Getting Started - Defines the overarching purpose of the conclusion.; Structure - Breaks down the conclusion's 'narrow to broad ...
Abstract. The conclusion is one of the shortest parts of the dissertation. In this chapter, we focus on the meaning and purpose of the conclusion, its components, and the sources of information that you should use to draw your conclusions. We will also point out the connection between the conclusion and the aim of the study, and things to avoid ...
Depending on the complexity of your research and document length, the length will differ. The thesis or dissertation conclusion should be 5-7% of your paper's overall word count. For example, if your thesis is 30,000 words, the conclusion can be 1,500-2100 words. The conclusion for empirical or scientific theses or dissertations is often brief.
Craft a convincing dissertation or thesis research proposal. Write a clear, compelling introduction chapter. Undertake a thorough review of the existing research and write up a literature review. Undertake your own research. Present and interpret your findings. Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications.
The Conclusion of a Dissertation can be 5% to 10% of the total word count. In general, it should be a summing up, done in a couple of pages. Any kind of practical or empirical research strives to offer a shorter Conclusion than any theoretical or systematically developed review. Inclusion of in the Dissertation Conclusion is important.
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context. The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
Below is an example of how to start a dissertation conclusion: 2. Summarize Key Points. The next element in your conclusion section is summarizing the main points of your dissertation. In this section, students need to reflect on their study and mention critical findings and the methodology's effectiveness.
In general, you should use the following approach: Use an approach where you would 1) proofread, 2) take notes, and 3) summarize every single chapter of your work. This will pave the way and give you the structure you need for your dissertation conclusion. After you do this, simply copy & paste these mini chapter summaries and combine them into ...
However, it is normal practice to include a short section at the end of your dissertation that draws out your conclusions. This section will need to have several elements, including: A brief summary, just a few paragraphs, of your key findings, related back to what you expected to see (essential); The conclusions which you have drawn from your ...
Review your conclusion for clarity and coherence. Ensure that your ideas are presented in a logical order and that each paragraph supports the overall message of your conclusion. Make any necessary revisions to improve the overall coherence and flow of your writing. Moreover, consider the transition between the main body of your dissertation ...
A master's dissertation is typically 12,000-50,000 words; A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000-100,000 words; However, none of these are strict guidelines - your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation ...
Step 2: Summarize and reflect on your research. Step 3: Make future recommendations. Step 4: Emphasize your contributions to your field. Step 5: Wrap up your thesis or dissertation. Full conclusion example. Conclusion checklist. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.
Writing a conclusion for your dissertation is a crucial step towards completing your research project. It is the final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on your readers by summarising your findings, highlighting the significance of your research, and suggesting future directions. In this article, we will delve into the importance of a dissertation conclusion and discuss key elements to ...
La conclusion d'une dissertation est une synthèse du développement. Il faudra clairement indiquer la réponse à la problématique de l'introduction. La conclusion d'une dissertation est donc composée de plusieurs éléments : Le rappel de la problématique. Le bilan (synthèse) des arguments des parties du développement.
La conclusion de dissertation. Comme la conclusion de mémoire, la conclusion de dissertation reprend la problématique et y apporte une réponse claire tout en élargissant le sujet afin de poursuivre la réflexion. En règle générale, sa longueur est proportionnelle à votre développement. 3. La conclusion de commentaire de texte
Lux Blue. Investment Thesis. When building investment portfolios from scratch, achieving an attractive Total Return is crucial. High dividend yield companies play a key role within your portfolio ...
Tanger Inc. is a growing REIT with strong FFO growth, paying out only 50% of its funds from operations, indicating dividend safety and potential hikes. Tanger's portfolio boasts high occupancy ...
Conclusion The DGRO ETF stands out for its overperformance relative to direct dividend-focused peers. However, it also significantly underperforms the broader market, represented by the S&P 500.