- Privacy Policy
![components of research report pdf Research Method](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/logo.png)
Home » Research Report – Example, Writing Guide and Types
![](http://rss3.fun/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Research Report – Example, Writing Guide and Types
Table of Contents
![components of research report pdf Research Report](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Research_Report-1024x576.jpg)
Research Report
Definition:
Research Report is a written document that presents the results of a research project or study, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions, in a clear and objective manner.
The purpose of a research report is to communicate the findings of the research to the intended audience, which could be other researchers, stakeholders, or the general public.
Components of Research Report
Components of Research Report are as follows:
Introduction
The introduction sets the stage for the research report and provides a brief overview of the research question or problem being investigated. It should include a clear statement of the purpose of the study and its significance or relevance to the field of research. It may also provide background information or a literature review to help contextualize the research.
Literature Review
The literature review provides a critical analysis and synthesis of the existing research and scholarship relevant to the research question or problem. It should identify the gaps, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the literature and show how the current study addresses these issues. The literature review also establishes the theoretical framework or conceptual model that guides the research.
Methodology
The methodology section describes the research design, methods, and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should include information on the sample or participants, data collection instruments, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques. The methodology should be clear and detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate the study.
The results section presents the findings of the study in a clear and objective manner. It should provide a detailed description of the data and statistics used to answer the research question or test the hypothesis. Tables, graphs, and figures may be included to help visualize the data and illustrate the key findings.
The discussion section interprets the results of the study and explains their significance or relevance to the research question or problem. It should also compare the current findings with those of previous studies and identify the implications for future research or practice. The discussion should be based on the results presented in the previous section and should avoid speculation or unfounded conclusions.
The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study and restates the main argument or thesis presented in the introduction. It should also provide a brief overview of the contributions of the study to the field of research and the implications for practice or policy.
The references section lists all the sources cited in the research report, following a specific citation style, such as APA or MLA.
The appendices section includes any additional material, such as data tables, figures, or instruments used in the study, that could not be included in the main text due to space limitations.
Types of Research Report
Types of Research Report are as follows:
Thesis is a type of research report. A thesis is a long-form research document that presents the findings and conclusions of an original research study conducted by a student as part of a graduate or postgraduate program. It is typically written by a student pursuing a higher degree, such as a Master’s or Doctoral degree, although it can also be written by researchers or scholars in other fields.
Research Paper
Research paper is a type of research report. A research paper is a document that presents the results of a research study or investigation. Research papers can be written in a variety of fields, including science, social science, humanities, and business. They typically follow a standard format that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.
Technical Report
A technical report is a detailed report that provides information about a specific technical or scientific problem or project. Technical reports are often used in engineering, science, and other technical fields to document research and development work.
Progress Report
A progress report provides an update on the progress of a research project or program over a specific period of time. Progress reports are typically used to communicate the status of a project to stakeholders, funders, or project managers.
Feasibility Report
A feasibility report assesses the feasibility of a proposed project or plan, providing an analysis of the potential risks, benefits, and costs associated with the project. Feasibility reports are often used in business, engineering, and other fields to determine the viability of a project before it is undertaken.
Field Report
A field report documents observations and findings from fieldwork, which is research conducted in the natural environment or setting. Field reports are often used in anthropology, ecology, and other social and natural sciences.
Experimental Report
An experimental report documents the results of a scientific experiment, including the hypothesis, methods, results, and conclusions. Experimental reports are often used in biology, chemistry, and other sciences to communicate the results of laboratory experiments.
Case Study Report
A case study report provides an in-depth analysis of a specific case or situation, often used in psychology, social work, and other fields to document and understand complex cases or phenomena.
Literature Review Report
A literature review report synthesizes and summarizes existing research on a specific topic, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject. Literature review reports are often used in social sciences, education, and other fields to identify gaps in the literature and guide future research.
Research Report Example
Following is a Research Report Example sample for Students:
Title: The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance among High School Students
This study aims to investigate the relationship between social media use and academic performance among high school students. The study utilized a quantitative research design, which involved a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 high school students. The findings indicate that there is a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance, suggesting that excessive social media use can lead to poor academic performance among high school students. The results of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers, as they highlight the need for strategies that can help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities.
Introduction:
Social media has become an integral part of the lives of high school students. With the widespread use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat, students can connect with friends, share photos and videos, and engage in discussions on a range of topics. While social media offers many benefits, concerns have been raised about its impact on academic performance. Many studies have found a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance among high school students (Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010; Paul, Baker, & Cochran, 2012).
Given the growing importance of social media in the lives of high school students, it is important to investigate its impact on academic performance. This study aims to address this gap by examining the relationship between social media use and academic performance among high school students.
Methodology:
The study utilized a quantitative research design, which involved a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 high school students. The questionnaire was developed based on previous studies and was designed to measure the frequency and duration of social media use, as well as academic performance.
The participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique, and the survey questionnaire was distributed in the classroom during regular school hours. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.
The findings indicate that the majority of high school students use social media platforms on a daily basis, with Facebook being the most popular platform. The results also show a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance, suggesting that excessive social media use can lead to poor academic performance among high school students.
Discussion:
The results of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers. The negative correlation between social media use and academic performance suggests that strategies should be put in place to help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities. For example, educators could incorporate social media into their teaching strategies to engage students and enhance learning. Parents could limit their children’s social media use and encourage them to prioritize their academic responsibilities. Policymakers could develop guidelines and policies to regulate social media use among high school students.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the negative impact of social media on academic performance among high school students. The findings highlight the need for strategies that can help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which social media use affects academic performance and to develop effective strategies for addressing this issue.
Limitations:
One limitation of this study is the use of convenience sampling, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Future studies should use random sampling techniques to increase the representativeness of the sample. Another limitation is the use of self-reported measures, which may be subject to social desirability bias. Future studies could use objective measures of social media use and academic performance, such as tracking software and school records.
Implications:
The findings of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers. Educators could incorporate social media into their teaching strategies to engage students and enhance learning. For example, teachers could use social media platforms to share relevant educational resources and facilitate online discussions. Parents could limit their children’s social media use and encourage them to prioritize their academic responsibilities. They could also engage in open communication with their children to understand their social media use and its impact on their academic performance. Policymakers could develop guidelines and policies to regulate social media use among high school students. For example, schools could implement social media policies that restrict access during class time and encourage responsible use.
References:
- Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1237-1245.
- Paul, J. A., Baker, H. M., & Cochran, J. D. (2012). Effect of online social networking on student academic performance. Journal of the Research Center for Educational Technology, 8(1), 1-19.
- Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652-657.
- Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 948-958.
Note*: Above mention, Example is just a sample for the students’ guide. Do not directly copy and paste as your College or University assignment. Kindly do some research and Write your own.
Applications of Research Report
Research reports have many applications, including:
- Communicating research findings: The primary application of a research report is to communicate the results of a study to other researchers, stakeholders, or the general public. The report serves as a way to share new knowledge, insights, and discoveries with others in the field.
- Informing policy and practice : Research reports can inform policy and practice by providing evidence-based recommendations for decision-makers. For example, a research report on the effectiveness of a new drug could inform regulatory agencies in their decision-making process.
- Supporting further research: Research reports can provide a foundation for further research in a particular area. Other researchers may use the findings and methodology of a report to develop new research questions or to build on existing research.
- Evaluating programs and interventions : Research reports can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and interventions in achieving their intended outcomes. For example, a research report on a new educational program could provide evidence of its impact on student performance.
- Demonstrating impact : Research reports can be used to demonstrate the impact of research funding or to evaluate the success of research projects. By presenting the findings and outcomes of a study, research reports can show the value of research to funders and stakeholders.
- Enhancing professional development : Research reports can be used to enhance professional development by providing a source of information and learning for researchers and practitioners in a particular field. For example, a research report on a new teaching methodology could provide insights and ideas for educators to incorporate into their own practice.
How to write Research Report
Here are some steps you can follow to write a research report:
- Identify the research question: The first step in writing a research report is to identify your research question. This will help you focus your research and organize your findings.
- Conduct research : Once you have identified your research question, you will need to conduct research to gather relevant data and information. This can involve conducting experiments, reviewing literature, or analyzing data.
- Organize your findings: Once you have gathered all of your data, you will need to organize your findings in a way that is clear and understandable. This can involve creating tables, graphs, or charts to illustrate your results.
- Write the report: Once you have organized your findings, you can begin writing the report. Start with an introduction that provides background information and explains the purpose of your research. Next, provide a detailed description of your research methods and findings. Finally, summarize your results and draw conclusions based on your findings.
- Proofread and edit: After you have written your report, be sure to proofread and edit it carefully. Check for grammar and spelling errors, and make sure that your report is well-organized and easy to read.
- Include a reference list: Be sure to include a list of references that you used in your research. This will give credit to your sources and allow readers to further explore the topic if they choose.
- Format your report: Finally, format your report according to the guidelines provided by your instructor or organization. This may include formatting requirements for headings, margins, fonts, and spacing.
Purpose of Research Report
The purpose of a research report is to communicate the results of a research study to a specific audience, such as peers in the same field, stakeholders, or the general public. The report provides a detailed description of the research methods, findings, and conclusions.
Some common purposes of a research report include:
- Sharing knowledge: A research report allows researchers to share their findings and knowledge with others in their field. This helps to advance the field and improve the understanding of a particular topic.
- Identifying trends: A research report can identify trends and patterns in data, which can help guide future research and inform decision-making.
- Addressing problems: A research report can provide insights into problems or issues and suggest solutions or recommendations for addressing them.
- Evaluating programs or interventions : A research report can evaluate the effectiveness of programs or interventions, which can inform decision-making about whether to continue, modify, or discontinue them.
- Meeting regulatory requirements: In some fields, research reports are required to meet regulatory requirements, such as in the case of drug trials or environmental impact studies.
When to Write Research Report
A research report should be written after completing the research study. This includes collecting data, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. Once the research is complete, the report should be written in a timely manner while the information is still fresh in the researcher’s mind.
In academic settings, research reports are often required as part of coursework or as part of a thesis or dissertation. In this case, the report should be written according to the guidelines provided by the instructor or institution.
In other settings, such as in industry or government, research reports may be required to inform decision-making or to comply with regulatory requirements. In these cases, the report should be written as soon as possible after the research is completed in order to inform decision-making in a timely manner.
Overall, the timing of when to write a research report depends on the purpose of the research, the expectations of the audience, and any regulatory requirements that need to be met. However, it is important to complete the report in a timely manner while the information is still fresh in the researcher’s mind.
Characteristics of Research Report
There are several characteristics of a research report that distinguish it from other types of writing. These characteristics include:
- Objective: A research report should be written in an objective and unbiased manner. It should present the facts and findings of the research study without any personal opinions or biases.
- Systematic: A research report should be written in a systematic manner. It should follow a clear and logical structure, and the information should be presented in a way that is easy to understand and follow.
- Detailed: A research report should be detailed and comprehensive. It should provide a thorough description of the research methods, results, and conclusions.
- Accurate : A research report should be accurate and based on sound research methods. The findings and conclusions should be supported by data and evidence.
- Organized: A research report should be well-organized. It should include headings and subheadings to help the reader navigate the report and understand the main points.
- Clear and concise: A research report should be written in clear and concise language. The information should be presented in a way that is easy to understand, and unnecessary jargon should be avoided.
- Citations and references: A research report should include citations and references to support the findings and conclusions. This helps to give credit to other researchers and to provide readers with the opportunity to further explore the topic.
Advantages of Research Report
Research reports have several advantages, including:
- Communicating research findings: Research reports allow researchers to communicate their findings to a wider audience, including other researchers, stakeholders, and the general public. This helps to disseminate knowledge and advance the understanding of a particular topic.
- Providing evidence for decision-making : Research reports can provide evidence to inform decision-making, such as in the case of policy-making, program planning, or product development. The findings and conclusions can help guide decisions and improve outcomes.
- Supporting further research: Research reports can provide a foundation for further research on a particular topic. Other researchers can build on the findings and conclusions of the report, which can lead to further discoveries and advancements in the field.
- Demonstrating expertise: Research reports can demonstrate the expertise of the researchers and their ability to conduct rigorous and high-quality research. This can be important for securing funding, promotions, and other professional opportunities.
- Meeting regulatory requirements: In some fields, research reports are required to meet regulatory requirements, such as in the case of drug trials or environmental impact studies. Producing a high-quality research report can help ensure compliance with these requirements.
Limitations of Research Report
Despite their advantages, research reports also have some limitations, including:
- Time-consuming: Conducting research and writing a report can be a time-consuming process, particularly for large-scale studies. This can limit the frequency and speed of producing research reports.
- Expensive: Conducting research and producing a report can be expensive, particularly for studies that require specialized equipment, personnel, or data. This can limit the scope and feasibility of some research studies.
- Limited generalizability: Research studies often focus on a specific population or context, which can limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or contexts.
- Potential bias : Researchers may have biases or conflicts of interest that can influence the findings and conclusions of the research study. Additionally, participants may also have biases or may not be representative of the larger population, which can limit the validity and reliability of the findings.
- Accessibility: Research reports may be written in technical or academic language, which can limit their accessibility to a wider audience. Additionally, some research may be behind paywalls or require specialized access, which can limit the ability of others to read and use the findings.
About the author
Muhammad Hassan
Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer
You may also like
![components of research report pdf Research Objectives](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Research_Objectives-145x100.png)
Research Objectives – Types, Examples and...
![components of research report pdf Appendix in Research Paper](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Appendix-in-Research-Paper-145x100.png)
Appendix in Research Paper – Examples and...
![components of research report pdf Evaluating Research](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Evaluating_Research-145x100.png)
Evaluating Research – Process, Examples and...
![components of research report pdf Limitations in Research](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Limitations_in_Research-145x100.png)
Limitations in Research – Types, Examples and...
![components of research report pdf Survey Instruments](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Survey_Instruments-145x100.png)
Survey Instruments – List and Their Uses
![components of research report pdf Scope of the Research](https://researchmethod.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Scope_of_the_Research-145x100.png)
Scope of the Research – Writing Guide and...
Uncomplicated Reviews of Educational Research Methods
- Writing a Research Report
.pdf version of this page
This review covers the basic elements of a research report. This is a general guide for what you will see in journal articles or dissertations. This format assumes a mixed methods study, but you can leave out either quantitative or qualitative sections if you only used a single methodology.
This review is divided into sections for easy reference. There are five MAJOR parts of a Research Report:
1. Introduction 2. Review of Literature 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion
As a general guide, the Introduction, Review of Literature, and Methods should be about 1/3 of your paper, Discussion 1/3, then Results 1/3.
Section 1 : Cover Sheet (APA format cover sheet) optional, if required.
Section 2: Abstract (a basic summary of the report, including sample, treatment, design, results, and implications) (≤ 150 words) optional, if required.
Section 3 : Introduction (1-3 paragraphs) • Basic introduction • Supportive statistics (can be from periodicals) • Statement of Purpose • Statement of Significance
Section 4 : Research question(s) or hypotheses • An overall research question (optional) • A quantitative-based (hypotheses) • A qualitative-based (research questions) Note: You will generally have more than one, especially if using hypotheses.
Section 5: Review of Literature ▪ Should be organized by subheadings ▪ Should adequately support your study using supporting, related, and/or refuting evidence ▪ Is a synthesis, not a collection of individual summaries
Section 6: Methods ▪ Procedure: Describe data gathering or participant recruitment, including IRB approval ▪ Sample: Describe the sample or dataset, including basic demographics ▪ Setting: Describe the setting, if applicable (generally only in qualitative designs) ▪ Treatment: If applicable, describe, in detail, how you implemented the treatment ▪ Instrument: Describe, in detail, how you implemented the instrument; Describe the reliability and validity associated with the instrument ▪ Data Analysis: Describe type of procedure (t-test, interviews, etc.) and software (if used)
Section 7: Results ▪ Restate Research Question 1 (Quantitative) ▪ Describe results ▪ Restate Research Question 2 (Qualitative) ▪ Describe results
Section 8: Discussion ▪ Restate Overall Research Question ▪ Describe how the results, when taken together, answer the overall question ▪ ***Describe how the results confirm or contrast the literature you reviewed
Section 9: Recommendations (if applicable, generally related to practice)
Section 10: Limitations ▪ Discuss, in several sentences, the limitations of this study. ▪ Research Design (overall, then info about the limitations of each separately) ▪ Sample ▪ Instrument/s ▪ Other limitations
Section 11: Conclusion (A brief closing summary)
Section 12: References (APA format)
Share this:
About research rundowns.
Research Rundowns was made possible by support from the Dewar College of Education at Valdosta State University .
- Experimental Design
- What is Educational Research?
- Writing Research Questions
- Mixed Methods Research Designs
- Qualitative Coding & Analysis
- Qualitative Research Design
- Correlation
- Effect Size
- Instrument, Validity, Reliability
- Mean & Standard Deviation
- Significance Testing (t-tests)
- Steps 1-4: Finding Research
- Steps 5-6: Analyzing & Organizing
- Steps 7-9: Citing & Writing
Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com.
![components of research report pdf ' src=](https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png)
- Already have a WordPress.com account? Log in now.
- Subscribe Subscribed
- Copy shortlink
- Report this content
- View post in Reader
- Manage subscriptions
- Collapse this bar
Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.
Section 1- Evidence-based practice (EBP)
Chapter 6: Components of a Research Report
Components of a research report.
Partido, B.B.
Elements of research report
Introduction | What is the issue? |
Methods | What methods have been used to investigate the issue? |
Results | What was found? |
Discussion | What are the implications of the findings? |
The research report contains four main areas:
- Introduction – What is the issue? What is known? What is not known? What are you trying to find out? This sections ends with the purpose and specific aims of the study.
- Methods – The recipe for the study. If someone wanted to perform the same study, what information would they need? How will you answer your research question? This part usually contains subheadings: Participants, Instruments, Procedures, Data Analysis,
- Results – What was found? This is organized by specific aims and provides the results of the statistical analysis.
- Discussion – How do the results fit in with the existing literature? What were the limitations and areas of future research?
Formalized Curiosity for Knowledge and Innovation Copyright © by partido1. All Rights Reserved.
- Increase Font Size
34 Components of a Research Report
C. Naga Lakshmi
1. Objective
In this module you will learn about writing reports for research, some formats and their use for organizations. Some links and different internet based resources, references are provided at the end of the document.
2. Introduction
Research as a process involves several phases and documents produced in a sequence. The sequence and phases of progress have a definite effect on the quality of the final report and on the research documents produced at all stages. Every research/study is judged for its adequacy, quality and validity, on the basis of four such documents – the research proposal, research summary, research abstract and the research report. Research report is the main document on the basis of which the contribution of the research is judged.
A research report is ‘a formal, official statement that contains facts, is a record documentation of findings
and/or is perhaps the result of a survey or investigation’ (Booth 1991). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a report is a statement of the results of an investigation or of any matter on which definite information is required.
Report writing can be undertaken for purposes such as:
· to present findings
· to keep records of collected information/data
· for documenting organisations’ success and failures
· to write about the progress of a research and/or project
Many of the parts/elements of report writing are generic, but there are themes specific to report writing that make it distinctive. Reports are drafted based on factual information with data and findings. The content is intended to be ‘objective’ and not to be influenced by any personal bias/feelings of the authors.
One can classify reports into several types based on the purpose of research, the funding or sponsoring organization and the area of work. Reports can be documented only for information, very short and concise, for example, budgeting report, and other functions of organisations. Case studies and analysis can be another type of report writing widely used at universities for project documentation. A report for anorganisation’s internal audience can be in an informal format. This report can use informal conversational tone if it is addressing issues such as absenteeism, work plans and processes. For a semi-formal report, such as employee policy, a manual or a task report, the language used can be informal but can have a formalized structure. The third is a formal report with detailed structure and format, and for research, analysis and some inferences.
Writing a report involves the following stages –
· clarifying terms of reference,
· planning the work,
· collecting data and information,
· organising and structuring the collected information,
· writing the first draft, and
· final proof-checking and re-drafting of report.
Report writing is thus a diligent activity, as it involves collating and documenting all the facts collected through field investigation, compiled and documented following a pre-determined research design. Reports require highly structured form of writing and this could be a daunting task sometimes. There are some conventions that have been laid down to produce a common format to suit readership and/or audience. The structure and convention in written reports stress on the process by which the information is gathered to draft the report.
A report can be distinguished from other forms of mainstream/traditional academic research such as the discussion paper, working paper and journal article. For example, the main differences between a report and an essay or academic/research narrative are that the essay format can be at the discretion of the author, but the report has a formal structure approved by the institution or funding agency. Again, a report is used to communicate results or findings of a project/research while an essay is for developing an argument, in-depth via a sequence of paragraphs. Moreover, a report includes some graphic presentations – tables, figures, illustrations but an essay is only a prose. Finally, a report can make some recommendation for future actions but it is unusual for an academic essay to make recommendations for action although some conclusions are drawn.
There is considerable amount of creativity involved in it and use of a great deal of imagery, inventive vocabulary and an elaborate style, as well as academic rigour, so that the readers are engaged and remain interested while reading it.
2.1. Report Writing: Scope and Reason
One can divide report writing into two stages namely planning the report and the actual writing process. A prospective author writing a report must be clear about the following before s/he begins the writing –
· The reason and purpose
· The content of the report
· The primary readership and their expectations from the report
· The impact/benefits of the result – who are the beneficiaries, its utility to the implementing authorities
The reason, purpose and scope of the report are sometimes pre-determined by the organization sponsoring the research or by the author. Important dimensions of a report are thus a) the purpose of the report and b) the scope of the report. Scope of the report includes clarity on what needs to go into the report, some guidelines on format and extent of analysis. The content of the report is also influenced by the concern for maintaining necessary academic rigour and standard even though the author’s or the research team’s writing capabilities very often determine such a standard. Readership and audience for the report is the next important consideration and is discussed in the following section.
2.2. The intended audience and the report structure and style:
The nature of the intended audience (external or internal) is an important factor in determining the length, format, structure, language and tone/pitch for a report. The author/s aim towards dissemination of the report to some perceived audience/readers and the significance of the results documented in the report to be of value to them. Audience can thus broadly be classified as academic/specialised or wider and non-academic. If the report is intended for a largely non-academic audience, the tone and language and style are to be prepared in a user-friendly and simple format.
One key aspect of writing a report is the potential readership’s level of familiarity or experience with the subject/theme of the report. If the report is for lay persons, the report needs to contain additional background information, glossary of terms and theoretical explanation of the theme/subject. If the intended audience is specialized/narrow, and comprises only the group or organization that has commissioned the report, the report has to be written keeping in mind the specific aims and objectives set by the organization or the commissioning body. This sometimes might limit the scope of the report and flexibility for the authors and it is important not to lose sight of the purpose and aims of the commissioning body while structuring the report. Whether it is specific to audience or for a wider readership, the option of writing multiple versions of the report, each catering to specific audience with and without special additional information, tone, font, writing style and explanation of terms and theme is also preferable.
The presentation and content of a report can thus be structured to indicate the main points of decision, presentation of facts and information, and shaping future action to be easily understood and usable for the audience/readers.
To sum up, a report can be written to suit an audience. A popular report must be able to add some increments to their knowledge; help the audience find the right information within the report; know and cater to at least some of the preferences of the intended audience and cater to their usability by designing the report format appropriately.
There are some common errors that a writer should beware of and avoid. They are:
· Excessive jargon
· Verbosity
· Personal bias
· Factual inaccuracies
· Grammatical errors
· Absence of reasoning
· Absence of sequence
· Absence of reference
Self-Check Exercise 1:
Q 1. Can we state that report writing is different from a typical academic style of writing?
Report writing is a unique style and it differs from a typical academic exercise. Very often, the format and style of writing are decided by the sponsoring organisation. However, the reason and scope of the study for which the report is being written as well as the readership to which it is catering to, also give shapes to its style. Whereas a typical academic writing caters to the specialists in the field and is rigorous in presentation, the report can carry some more interesting illustrations and graphic presentations, tables and charts to make it more readable.
Q 2. What are the main concerns for a report writer at the beginning stages?
The main concerns for a report writer are to know the purpose and scope of the report being prepared. Then the writer needs to know the audience to whom the report is being sent. Another important concern is to maintain ethics while writing and avoid plagiarism from any source.
Q 3. How can one classify and adopt an appropriate format for a report?
The writer can adopt an appropriate style of writing and language based on the target audience, whether it is for internal consumption or for the external and specialist audience. The choice then lies in an informal and semi-formal structure and language to a complete formal structure and language for a completely research and data analysis based report.
3. Stages in planning and writing process
The planning and writing process/phases for a report can be divided into three stages each. The planning phases can be divided into three stages – clarifying the brief, doing the research and organising the content. The writing stage can be divided into the analysis stage, drafting and proof reading stage. The tasks in each of these phases and stages are explained in this section.
3.1. Planning
The first stage of planning phase for a report is the clarification of the objective of the report. The specific instructions/guidelines issued by the sponsors or organizers for writing the report are to be fully understood and internalized by the team and authors. It is important to recollect in case there was a meeting/launch of the project (for a formal project that had a launching event) and what was announced as the project objectives and format the report.
Planning stage is followed by the actual data collection and research stage. This is the backbone of the report as quality of any report depends essentially on the quality of data collected and analysed. A study that fails to collect enough and reliable data from various sources would obviously fail to generate useful conclusions.
The next stage is the organisation of the content. Authors need to review the notes made and group them under various heads. At this stage, the authors should retain only the relevant content for the objectives and the brief provided and must discard all the irrelevant content. The order of content should also be logical. Authors should make sure the ideas are paraphrased into words, and should avoid any plagiarising practice.
3.2. Writing
Writing phase entails three stages – analysis, drafting and proof reading. Analysis and writing starts with a simple description of the data gathered and then is critically examined for the evidence for substantiating the research findings. It is important to note the limitations of the research/project at this stage. Drafting the report requires a simple style without superfluous words and unnecessary details. In the content, technical terms are to be used appropriately and make reference to tables, graphs and illustrations. Proof reading stage is the final and most important one as it requires diligence and accuracy. First is to check the flow of report and whether the brief provided initially is being followed. The language, syntax, spellings – all of which are enabled by the word processing software as computers are used. The numbers assigned to illustrations, tables and graphs are to be checked along with the references cited. The layout, contents page, the page numbers and captions also to be checked thoroughly.
Writing needs to follow a structure and can be divided into several components. These are described in the next section.
- The structure and components of the reports
The report structure ensures ease of navigation across the document for the readers and organising the data collected.
Usually the components of a report include three parts –
- The Introductory (Beginning) section
- The Main (Explanatory middle)
III. The End (Appendices & References)
These components of a report are discussed in the next sections.
4.1. The Beginning and Introduction
The first section is obviously an introduction which provides a background for the research study being presented in the report. It contains the following sections:
- A title page
- Contents list/table of contents
- List of illustrations
- List of tables
- Acknowledgements
- List of Abbreviations/Acronyms
- Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary
The arrangement of the sub-sections and the sequence depends on the length and scope of the research.
Lengthy reports require more structuring and sequence.
To begin with, the title page should include a full title of the report, the names and affiliation of the author(s), sponsors or to whom the report is submitted, the name and address of the publisher and the date of publication.
Other details that can be included in later pages are – An ISBN number (if any) and a Copyright (in the inside page). The following figure, is an illustration of a sample of contents of the copyright, permissions and the ISBN details.
Figure 1. Sample of a copyright
Source: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024- 1352909193861/8936935-1356011448215/8986901-1380046989056/WDR-2014_Complete_Report.pdf
The contents list is very significant as helps the reader to identify the main sections of the report. Hence its preparation requires meticulous planning. Each research report shall have a table of contents tailored appropriately as per the theme of research and the topic dealt with. In the above example, the contents are arranged to explain the gender gap, its measurement and the country profiles. Since the cited report caters
to the needs of global readership, it also includes a user’s guide and the associated explanation. The contents can be presented in a simple format as presented in Figure 2.
As against the format stated in figure 2, page numbers of a contents list can be put on the right side. It is a standard practice to state the full page numbers (say from 5-12) of each section and only mention the first page number of a chapter (say 5). A contents list should also mention the following before beginning the Introductory section: List of illustrations, List of tables and figures, Foreword, Preface, Acknowledgements, List of Abbreviations/Acronyms and Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary. It is however not mandatory for any report writer to mention all of them as one may not, for instance, write a Foreword or Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary sub-section in the report. List of illustrations at the outset are numbered or linked to the particular chapter to help the reader. Other sub-sections as mentioned earlier are listed with the related aspects in the following sequence:
a) A foreword and or preface can be used to draw a potential reader into the major theme of the report. This can be written by the research team or author/s, including interesting details of the report or the rationale behind the report in the preface. Many a time, subject experts known for proficiency and in depth knowledge in the central theme of the report or a person with sufficient degree of authority/respect in the discipline do write the foreword.
b) In the acknowledgements section, the authors can express gratitude to all the individuals and organizations who/that were important and contributed to the research and writing, publication and production of the report in its full form. Obviously, it is a well documented practice to acknowledge the contributions of respondents, academicians and intellectuals, funding agency, research team members, support staff, library staff and others.
c) All the abbreviations that are mentioned in the report should be identified and explained in a section prior to the main section primarily to help the reader. It is for the authors to include the section or not if there are no abbreviations.
d) If the report is for general audience, and it includes technical terms, there is a need to include a glossary of terms at the end of the document.
e) Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary is an important part of the report. This should ideally provide the reader with details – aims, objectives of the report, a brief methodological overview, key findings and subsequent conclusions and set of recommendations that emanate from these. It is important to note that all readers may not read the report from cover to cover, they browse the text and focus only on sections which are relevant to their interests and needs. Hence, the summary is the most important section of the report summarizing the overall content and the findings.
For example refer to the web page:
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/2_assessmenttasks/assess_tuts/reports_LL/summary.html
4.2. The Main Content
A report’s main content can be organized under the following sub-sections –
4.2.1. Introduction/background/Overview:
The introduction should set the context, engage the reader to understand the background of the report. This can include some details on who commissioned the report, when, and for what reasons. Some important terms of reference, resources which were available for the author to prepare the report can be mentioned and sources of information/data and how they were obtained in brief section. The structure of the report and the sub-sections are organized as per the research plan. The introductory part of a report is significant for several reasons. First, it introduces a reader to the basic theme, context and agenda of research. Second, it builds up a platform for development of detail explanation of concepts, variables and subject matter in the rest of the report. By doing so, it also helps the author(s) to critically examine his/her arguments so as to develop new theoretical insights on the subject matter in the conclusion. Finally, it would aim to attract attention of a reader, specialist or general, for detail and elaborate study of the complete report.
4.2.2. The main body of the report
This is the central/middle part and main content of the report. As mentioned in the previous section, it begins with an introduction and should set the background for the reader. It should include sufficient explanation and background details so that the main part of the report shall be fully consumed. The introduction can include the following information:
- Details of the origin of the report, who commissioned the report, the time frame, when and why the report was commissioned
- The terms of reference for the report
- The resources used
- Any limitations to the work
- A brief note on the sources of information used and how it was obtained
- The methodologies employed
- The structure of the report
The authors usually structure the reports into parts, to analytically present the theoretical orientation if any and the several modules available for analysis. After the introduction, the main body of the report follows the predetermined structure, and is made clearer by the hierarchy of headings and sub-headings, with numberings. This can be drawn from different styles also. The structure sometimes is dependent on the funding organization’s specifications or directives if any to convey the required message within these hierarchy of headings. The stylistic tools are convenient for the readers to identify and access information within the content. This also allows cross reference and easy navigation.
After presenting the existing modules and a review of literature available and relevant to the report, the report presents its data, and the findings as per the funding organization’s requirement. Notwithstanding differences of approach, it is a customary to begin with the general aspects of the findings like socio-economic background of the respondents and end with critical observations and analysis. In between, the effort gets concentrated to explain reasons and factors responsible for a particular issue being researched. While doing so, the author(s) should try to explain a phenomenon from both quantitative and qualitative points of view. For instance, a table or graph containing vital information may be supplemented by case history or narratives from the field. Such triangulation allows author(s) to delve deep into the issue being researched and come out with logical, valid and reasonable explanations. If an analysis is bereft of say qualitative aspects of social life and relies only on quantitative data, the analysis may remain partial and incomplete. In sociology, in particular, attempts are made to come out with holistic explanation of events, phenomena and processes as social life is complex, heterogeneous, and fluid. This allows sociologists to reveal the limitations of purely statistical or economic analysis.
The following are the examples of some reports from reputed international agencies:
Example 1: Human Development Report 2013 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf
Example 2: World Development Report 2014 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024-1352909193861/8936935- 1356011448215/8986901-1380046989056/WDR-2014_Complete_Report.pdf
Example 3: The World Economic Forum – The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf
For reports written for funded Projects, there is a detailed structure and presentation. For example, here is a structure of a research project on the work and culture in the information technology industry in India:
Figure 3 – Academic Research report – Example of a structure and table of contents
Source: Upadhya, Carol and Vasavi, AR (2006) Work, Culture and Sociality in the Indian Information
Technology (IT) Industry: A Sociological Study. Project Report. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. http://www.unikassel.de/~tduermei/iksa/readerengl/addtext%2013Updadhya %202006%20Work,%20Culture%20and%20Sociality-1.pdf
The next important type of research reports are written for projects undertaken by the corporate bodies. There is a detailed structure and presentation in this type of reports also. For example, the structure of a research project – A Corporate report – Deloitte – Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India Private Limited – Resetting horizons Global human capital trends 2013 is available on the following sites – http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomIndia/Local%20Assets/Documents/HC%20trial/HC_Talent_Trends _%20(India)V1.pdf
http://d2mtr37y39tpbu.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/GlobalHumanCapitalTrends_2014.pdf
The report content cited above contains 10 findings of the human capital trends 2014 at a global level suited to the human resource community in organizations at the end of the document. Such formats are suitable for executive level readership in companies as well as general readership. It looks as follows:
Source: http://d2mtr37y39tpbu.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/GlobalHumanCapitalTrends_2014.pdf
Reports based on research, conducted by the corporate houses/companies are creative and include executive summary and recommendations. But they are less emphatic on the theory. One can note that there is a link at the bottom of the page that asks the reader to explore the human capital trends dashboard on the internet.
Conclusions, summary and recommendations form the last section of any report as one can observe in all types of reports. This section also is tailored to the funding organisation’s requirement. Yet, readers expect all conclusions to summarise the basic findings of the study and evolve generalisations to a) reject a theory, b) modify a theory, or c) build a new theory. Hence, it is a normal practice to briefly state the aims and objectives of the research as well as methodology followed to conduct the study in the concluding section before stating the major findings and analysing those critically. This is also because a busy reader might only be interested in reading the conclusion.
4.2.3. The End
After the main section, the last sections are for supplementing it. These include appendices, references and suggestions for further readings. Appendices can be included at the end of the report document and they are in different forms. They should be included if they add value and help reader understand the main text better, with detail that goes beyond the main content of the report. The appendices also are for the specialist/professional audience who seek details such as – methodological frameworks, questionnaires, statistical or technical information, originals of any letters and related documentation referred to in the content of the report. The authors must exercise discretion in deciding whether the material presented is better appended or in the main text. If the authors are of the opinion that the content is to be definitely read, then it must be placed in the main text. If it is not essential, it can be appended, discussed briefly in the main text. References of books, articles, journals and other relevant documents have to be provided following a format or style as required.
The last and final section is the index and this allows readers to look at key words and allows them to get to the depth of the theme or topics otherwise hidden in the main content. This is a daunting task if done manually. However, word processing software is available and enables the authors to compile index with a few commands including cross-referencing.
The last and final step for a research project is publishing, production and dissemination of the report. Research reports produced for specific readership by funding organisations have few constraints in terms of the formats in which the report has to be published and also whether it can be used for articles submitted to journals. If the report is for generalised audience and has to be disseminated on a large scale, there is a need to design an appropriate cover page printed by a commercial publisher, even if it is an expensive consideration. This can be an in-house activity or it can also be outsourced to a publisher. In case of outsourcing, there is a need to strictly monitor the process of production diligently with revisions of versions to ensure quality.Apart from printing, the research reports can also be published on the internet but with copyrights and careful consideration whether it is allowed by the sponsor. Many times, websites of the sponsor present a carefully compiled summary and findings only and seek details of the reader in case he/she wants complete access to the report.
Self-check exercise 2
Q 4. Academic writing and report writing formats have some similarities and contrasts. Do you agree? Explain.
Report writing and academic writing are similar to the extent of presenting a phenomenon to the reader. The sections of methodology, citations and referencing are also similar for both. However, academic writing conventions are universal and the format is common, for example, a journal publication. But report writing has to be done in tune with the requirements of the sponsoring body or by considering the needs of the audience or readership. To this effect, a report can have several formats, one for the specialist and expert audience and another for the general public depending on the institution/sponsoring institution’s directive.
5. Conclusion
To conclude, the research report is the most important output of projects and studies conducted by organizations/individual. The key considerations on the content rest with the sponsoring organizations and the authors with audience-specific formats. The production, publishing and dissemination are also important for the sponsoring/funding organization whether it is through formal academic means, journal articles or on the internet. In all cases, research reports contribute directly or indirectly to the theme and topic concerned and subsequently to the discipline.
- Some useful links and e-resource
- Baker, Therese, L. Doing Social Research (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
- Booth, P.F. Report Writing, Huntingdon: Elm Publications, 1991.
- Britt, Steuart Henderson. The Writing of Readable Research Reports. Journal of Marketing Research 8, no. 2 (1971): 262-266.
- Bryman, Alan. Social Research Methods (3rd edition). Oxford University Press, 2008.
- How to write a good report: Information only, research reports at university, case study analysis reports can be viewed on – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFGNKJruxdg
- http://www.cqu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/28578/5ReportWriting.pdf
- Writing formal research reports (for Government): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kL2C8Gl_7mE
- Online resource – The Mayfield Handbook of Technical and Scientific Writing by Leslie C Perelman, James Paradis and Edward Barrett – Accessed on 10th July 2014 http://web.mit.edu/course/21/21.guide/home.htm
- How to add APA source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fm4DI53nB6U
- Referencing in Harvard Style:Online Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDgqqPvMn0U (Accessed on 13th March 2014)
- Writing Journal articles http://www.faeexmdev.plymouth.ac.uk/RESINED/writingup/A%20guide%20from%20Denis%20Hayes.htm
- Writing tips for journal articles http://shadow.eas.gatech.edu/~jean/paleo/Writing_tips.pdf
- Some Interesting Videos: Further help:
- Videos on Report Writing formats: http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.02%20Reports.htm
- Writing tips and reading lists http://www.writersservices.com/
Structure of a Research Paper
![components of research report pdf Phillips-Wangensteen Building.](https://hsl.lib.umn.edu/sites/hsl.lib.umn.edu/files/styles/medium/public/2020-06/HSLBuilding_opt.jpg?itok=LlKASgHJ)
Structure of a Research Paper: IMRaD Format
I. The Title Page
- Title: Tells the reader what to expect in the paper.
- Author(s): Most papers are written by one or two primary authors. The remaining authors have reviewed the work and/or aided in study design or data analysis (International Committee of Medical Editors, 1997). Check the Instructions to Authors for the target journal for specifics about authorship.
- Keywords [according to the journal]
- Corresponding Author: Full name and affiliation for the primary contact author for persons who have questions about the research.
- Financial & Equipment Support [if needed]: Specific information about organizations, agencies, or companies that supported the research.
- Conflicts of Interest [if needed]: List and explain any conflicts of interest.
II. Abstract: “Structured abstract” has become the standard for research papers (introduction, objective, methods, results and conclusions), while reviews, case reports and other articles have non-structured abstracts. The abstract should be a summary/synopsis of the paper.
III. Introduction: The “why did you do the study”; setting the scene or laying the foundation or background for the paper.
IV. Methods: The “how did you do the study.” Describe the --
- Context and setting of the study
- Specify the study design
- Population (patients, etc. if applicable)
- Sampling strategy
- Intervention (if applicable)
- Identify the main study variables
- Data collection instruments and procedures
- Outline analysis methods
V. Results: The “what did you find” --
- Report on data collection and/or recruitment
- Participants (demographic, clinical condition, etc.)
- Present key findings with respect to the central research question
- Secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)
VI. Discussion: Place for interpreting the results
- Main findings of the study
- Discuss the main results with reference to previous research
- Policy and practice implications of the results
- Strengths and limitations of the study
VII. Conclusions: [occasionally optional or not required]. Do not reiterate the data or discussion. Can state hunches, inferences or speculations. Offer perspectives for future work.
VIII. Acknowledgements: Names people who contributed to the work, but did not contribute sufficiently to earn authorship. You must have permission from any individuals mentioned in the acknowledgements sections.
IX. References: Complete citations for any articles or other materials referenced in the text of the article.
- IMRD Cheatsheet (Carnegie Mellon) pdf.
- Adewasi, D. (2021 June 14). What Is IMRaD? IMRaD Format in Simple Terms! . Scientific-editing.info.
- Nair, P.K.R., Nair, V.D. (2014). Organization of a Research Paper: The IMRAD Format. In: Scientific Writing and Communication in Agriculture and Natural Resources. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03101-9_2
- Sollaci, L. B., & Pereira, M. G. (2004). The introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD) structure: a fifty-year survey. Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA , 92 (3), 364–367.
- Cuschieri, S., Grech, V., & Savona-Ventura, C. (2019). WASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Structuring a scientific paper. Early human development , 128 , 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.09.011
- Resources Home 🏠
- Try SciSpace Copilot
- Search research papers
- Add Copilot Extension
- Try AI Detector
- Try Paraphraser
- Try Citation Generator
- April Papers
- June Papers
- July Papers
![components of research report pdf SciSpace Resources](https://typeset.io/resources/content/images/2023/01/Scispace--600---72-px---1-.png)
Research Paper Structure: A Comprehensive Guide
Table of Contents
Writing a research paper is a daunting task, but understanding its structure can make the process more manageable and lead to a well-organized, coherent paper. This article provides a step-by-step approach to crafting a research paper, ensuring your work is not only informative but also structured for maximum impact.
Introduction
In any form of written communication, content structure plays a vital role in facilitating understanding. A well-structured research paper provides a framework that guides readers through the content, ensuring they grasp the main points efficiently. Without a clear structure, readers may become lost or confused, leading to a loss of interest and a failure to comprehend the intended message.
When it comes to research papers, structure is particularly important due to the complexity of the subject matter. Research papers often involve presenting and analyzing large amounts of data, theories, and arguments. Without a well-defined structure, readers may struggle to navigate through this information overload, resulting in a fragmented understanding of the topic.
How Structure Enhances Clarity and Coherence
A well-structured research paper not only helps readers follow the flow of ideas but also enhances the clarity and coherence of the content. By organizing information into sections, paragraphs, and sentences, researchers can present their thoughts logically and systematically. This logical organization allows readers to easily connect ideas, resulting in a more coherent and engaging reading experience.
One way in which structure enhances clarity is by providing a clear roadmap for readers to follow. By dividing the research paper into sections and subsections, researchers can guide readers through the different aspects of the topic. This allows readers to anticipate the flow of information and mentally prepare themselves for the upcoming content.
In addition, a well-structured research paper ensures that each paragraph serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall argument or analysis. By clearly defining the main idea of each paragraph and providing supporting evidence or examples, researchers can avoid confusion and ensure that their points are effectively communicated.
Moreover, a structured research paper helps researchers maintain a consistent focus throughout their writing. By organizing their thoughts and ideas, researchers can ensure that they stay on track and avoid going off on tangents. This not only improves the clarity of the paper but also helps maintain the reader's interest and engagement.
![](http://rss3.fun/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Components of a Research Paper Structure
Title and abstract: the initial impression.
The title and abstract are the first elements readers encounter when accessing a research paper. The title should be concise, informative, and capture the essence of the study. For example, a title like "Exploring the Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Tropical Rainforests" immediately conveys the subject matter and scope of the research. The abstract, on the other hand, provides a brief overview of the research problem, methodology, and findings, enticing readers to delve further into the paper. In a well-crafted abstract, researchers may highlight key results or implications of the study, giving readers a glimpse into the value of the research.
Introduction: Setting the Stage
The introduction serves as an invitation for readers to engage with the research paper. It should provide background information on the topic, highlight the research problem, and present the research question or thesis statement. By establishing the context and relevance of the study, the introduction piques readers' interest and prepares them for the content to follow. For instance, in a study on the impact of social media on mental health, the introduction may discuss the rise of social media platforms and the growing concerns about its effects on individuals' well-being. This contextual information helps readers understand the significance of the research and why it is worth exploring further.
Furthermore, the introduction may also outline the objectives of the study, stating what the researchers aim to achieve through their research. This helps readers understand the purpose and scope of the study, setting clear expectations for what they can expect to learn from the paper.
Literature Review: Building the Foundation
The literature review is a critical component of a research paper, as it demonstrates the researcher's understanding of existing knowledge and provides a foundation for the study. It involves reviewing and analyzing relevant scholarly articles, books, and other sources to identify gaps in research and establish the need for the current study. In a comprehensive literature review, researchers may summarize key findings from previous studies, identify areas of disagreement or controversy, and highlight the limitations of existing research.
Moreover, the literature review may also discuss theoretical frameworks or conceptual models that have been used in previous studies. By examining these frameworks, researchers can identify the theoretical underpinnings of their study and explain how their research fits within the broader academic discourse. This not only adds depth to the research paper but also helps readers understand the theoretical context in which the study is situated.
Methodology: Detailing the Process
The research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques used in the study are described in the methodology section. It should be presented clearly and concisely, allowing readers to understand how the research was conducted and evaluated. A well-described methodology ensures the study's reliability and allows other researchers to replicate or build upon the findings.
Within the methodology section, researchers may provide a detailed description of the study population or sample, explaining how participants were selected and why they were chosen. This helps readers understand the generalizability of the findings and the extent to which they can be applied to a broader population.
In addition, researchers may also discuss any ethical considerations that were taken into account during the study. This could include obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, and following ethical guidelines set by relevant professional organizations. By addressing these ethical concerns, researchers demonstrate their commitment to conducting research in an ethical and responsible manner.
Results: Presenting the Findings
The results section represents the study findings. Researchers should organize their results in a logical manner, using tables, graphs, and descriptive statistics to support their conclusions. The results should be presented objectively, without interpretation or analysis. For instance, for a study on the effectiveness of a new drug in treating a specific medical condition, researchers may present the percentage of patients who experienced positive outcomes, along with any statistical significance associated with the results.
In addition to presenting the main findings, researchers may also include supplementary data or sub-analyses that provide further insights into the research question. This could include subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, or additional statistical tests that help explore the robustness of the findings.
Discussion: Interpreting the Results
In the discussion section, researchers analyze and interpret the results in light of the research question or thesis statement. This is an opportunity to explore the implications of the findings, compare them with existing literature, and offer insights into the broader significance of the study. The discussion should be supported by evidence and it is advised to avoid speculation.
Researchers may also discuss the limitations of their study, acknowledging any potential biases or confounding factors that may have influenced the results. By openly addressing these limitations, researchers demonstrate their commitment to transparency and scientific rigor.
Conclusion: Wrapping It Up
The conclusion provides a concise summary of the research paper, restating the main findings and their implications. It should also reflect on the significance of the study and suggest potential avenues for future research. A well-written conclusion leaves a lasting impression on readers, highlighting the importance of the research and its potential impact. By summarizing the key takeaways from the study, researchers ensure that readers walk away with a clear understanding of the research's contribution to the field.
Tips for Organizing Your Research Paper
Starting with a strong thesis statement.
A strong and clear thesis statement serves as the backbone of your research paper. It provides focus and direction, guiding the organization of ideas and arguments throughout the paper. Take the time to craft a well-defined thesis statement that encapsulates the core message of your research.
Creating an Outline: The Blueprint of Your Paper
An outline acts as a blueprint for your research paper, ensuring a logical flow of ideas and preventing disorganization. Divide your paper into sections and subsections, noting the main points and supporting arguments for each. This will help you maintain coherence and clarity throughout the writing process.
Balancing Depth and Breadth in Your Paper
When organizing your research paper, strike a balance between delving deeply into specific points and providing a broader overview. While depth is important for thorough analysis, too much detail can overwhelm readers. Consider your target audience and their level of familiarity with the topic to determine the appropriate level of depth and breadth for your paper.
By understanding the importance of research paper structure and implementing effective organizational strategies, researchers can ensure their work is accessible, engaging, and influential. A well-structured research paper not only communicates ideas clearly but also enhances the overall impact of the study. With careful planning and attention to detail, researchers can master the art of structuring their research papers, making them a valuable contribution to their field of study.
You might also like
![components of research report pdf This ChatGPT Alternative Will Change How You Read PDFs Forever!](https://typeset.io/resources/content/images/size/w1000/2024/09/Scispace-vs-ChatGPT.png)
This ChatGPT Alternative Will Change How You Read PDFs Forever!
Smallpdf vs SciSpace: Which ChatPDF is Right for You?
![components of research report pdf Adobe PDF Reader vs. SciSpace ChatPDF — Best Chat PDF Tools](https://typeset.io/resources/content/images/size/w1000/2024/08/SciSpace-vs-Adobe-PDF-Reader.png)
Adobe PDF Reader vs. SciSpace ChatPDF — Best Chat PDF Tools
Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .
Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
![components of research report pdf paper cover thumbnail](https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54775889/mini_magick20190115-13760-1wgq1hw.png?1547623075)
Components of a Research Report
![components of research report pdf Profile image of Rohan Jena](https://a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png)
The six components of a research report are as follows: An abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and references. The Abstract The abstract is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length. Think of it as an executive summary that distills the key elements of the remaining sections into a few sentences. An abstract will look similar to the following: In many cases, you can determine what is interesting about a study by analyzing the abstract (see article by Noah Gray in The Huffington Post).
Related Papers
Diwaker Mourya
![components of research report pdf components of research report pdf](https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png)
William Schafer
The abstract serves two major purposes: it helps a person decide whether to read the paper, and it provides the reader with a framework for understanding the paper if they decide to read it. Thus, your abstract should describe the most important aspects of the study within the word-limit provided by the journal. As appropriate for your research, try to include a statement of the problem, the people you studied, the dependent and independent variables, the instruments, the design, major findings, and conclusions. If pressed for space, concentrate on the problem and,
Writing and Publishing a Scientific Research Paper
Journal of Fine Arts Campus
Yam Prasad Sharma
A research paper is a verbal presentation of research finding in reliable and persuasive manner. A researcher has a problem/question or questions on particular subject, area or issue. A research finds the answer to this question. The answer of this question is the finding of the research. A thesis statement is a sentence that includes the finding of the research, the main point of the research paper. The paper clearly states the main point and supports it with reasoning, data, examples and interpretations. The topic of the research paper includes the research area and the perspective of the researcher on it. In other words, it attempts to provide a glimpse of the main point as far as possible. The topic is linked to thesis statement. The thesis statement is clarified and a bit more elaborated in abstract. "Keywords" in research paper lists some words that are closely related to the main point of the paper. Introduction briefly presents the background of the research area a...
Lawrence Rudner
Basics of Summarizing Research Findings
Dr Saad M Butt
devashish tripathi
christopher Boateng
Kai Hakkarainen
This is a truly essential aspect of your study because writing it forces you to clarify and crystallize to yourself as well as to readers what is the core point of your investigation. In some cases people who evaluate your research proposal only read the abstract; because of that it need to be truly convincing and thoroughly understandable without reading the rest of the research proposal. Avoid using jargon and define and explain all complex concepts. It is important to reserve sufficient time for writing the abstract; sometimes several hours, across many editing cycles. It is important to reserve enough time for writing several versions; producing a satisfactory one can take a whole day. Construct as many versions as necessary until the end result tells what is essential about your study (what are the questions, broader content, methods and expected results and their significance?). An abstract is usually 150-300 words long. Kai Hakkarainen About structure and content of an academ...
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
RELATED PAPERS
Muhammad Maqbool
Aksha Memon
Claren Sung
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science Archive
Mohammed Ismael Rushdi
Ibadan University Press eBooks
Emeka Emmanuel OKAFOR
Maamar Missoum
The Pathway to Publishing: A Guide to Quantitative Writing in the Health Sciences
Dorothy Southern
MASEREKA GILBERT
Research proposal outline
JONATHAN N G U G I KN
English for Specific Purposes
Research Papers
Melkammesrat Netsanet
Jeffrey Lee
mohamed O mohamed taha
Journal of Integrated Community Health
sonu sharma
IJAR Indexing
efidrew imron
Amir siddiqui
Salim Ibrahim
Dhansy Naidu
Muktikesh Dash
British journal of community nursing
Keith Meadows
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
- Find new research papers in:
- Health Sciences
- Earth Sciences
- Cognitive Science
- Mathematics
- Computer Science
- Academia ©2024
Information
- Author Services
Initiatives
You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.
Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.
Original Submission Date Received: .
- Active Journals
- Find a Journal
- Proceedings Series
- For Authors
- For Reviewers
- For Editors
- For Librarians
- For Publishers
- For Societies
- For Conference Organizers
- Open Access Policy
- Institutional Open Access Program
- Special Issues Guidelines
- Editorial Process
- Research and Publication Ethics
- Article Processing Charges
- Testimonials
- Preprints.org
- SciProfiles
- Encyclopedia
![Trends in Higher Education higheredu-logo](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/higheredu-logo.png?d5a8cf10a4c8805d)
Article Menu
![components of research report pdf components of research report pdf](https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png)
- Subscribe SciFeed
- Recommended Articles
- Google Scholar
- on Google Scholar
- Table of Contents
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.
JSmol Viewer
Project-based learning at dracula digital: a comparative perspective from romania and brunei.
![ORCID components of research report pdf](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1725614580)
1. Introduction
2. the literature review, 2.1. project-based learning (pbl): a general perspective, 2.2. project-based learning (pbl) and short film productions, 2.3. project-based learning (pbl) in intercultural settings, 3. materials and methods, 3.1. dracula digital as a sub-programme of dracula film festival—the case study, 3.2. the selected dimensions of pbl identified in dracula digital 2022.
“For the challenge here is we’re just a team of three, so finding people to act for us and the camera work, and then we also need to create a whole storyline in just four days, I think. So, it was a challenge for us, especially for the places, because we’re not familiar with Brasov, with this country.” (Bruneian participant 1)
“The filming process was very smooth, but the challenging part for us was the planning part. That’s the hardest part.” (Bruneian Participant 2)
“…exploring the streets and the people living here in Brasov, because they’re very welcoming and pleasant.” (Romanian participant 1)
“That’s the hard part for us, planning. It’s worth it. We believe that it is important to have very proper planning.” (Bruneian participant 2)
“The script was very good, and the planning was also very good…I saw the finished product, it was very good and interesting.” (Romanian participant 2)
“We don’t know how to do Foley (sound effects), so we have to search for copyright-free songs or audios from the internet. So, we have to go through each of the lists of audios to make sure that the audio actually matches with our action. I think that is really hard to match because I was quite sensitive to audio, so I would actually find something that is really specific or something really close to it.” (Bruneian participant 3)
“It was difficult because they were more professional than us.” (Romanian participant 2)
“For us, when the filming starts, the actors are very helpful, I would say. So, the filming process was very smooth.” (Bruneian participant 2)
“I was very, very tired that night. We finished at 3:30 AM. It was a lot of work,’ Romanian participant 1 stated. ‘We were all very worn out. But as the director, I tried to lift the mood for the rest of us, but I was also tired myself.” (Bruneian participant 1)
“It’s not something new for us because, for our previous production, we also did it without knowing what time it was, whether it was morning or night. We just continued doing and doing (on our project). But I think for our Romanian friends…” (Bruneian participant 3)
“It was pretty tiring; I’m not going to lie. But it was enjoyable for me. It was a new experience, and I learned a lot about acting as well from them, pretty much how to express more feelings through movements.” (Romanian participant 2)
“After we talked to the jury, they said they liked the film and the idea. They like we tried to interpret it (key words) from a different perspective. They give us good feedback.” (Bruneian participant 2)
“Firstly, I was very shy and I didn’t think I would like it, but it was actually very fun and interesting. It’s like I smashed a button…I feel like I’ve evolved. I’m not that shy anymore.” (Romanian participant 3)
“Going to Romania itself, it really opens our minds and opens our eyes to see a bigger picture…I think it’s a huge eye-opener. Maybe I would like to bring some of it back to Brunei.” (Bruneian participant 2)
“Well, it was a very pleasant experience and kind of a different experience for me because it was my first time working with foreign nationals, and it was a truly exchange of cultures and experiences. I’m very glad I had the opportunity to work with the Bruneian students because they taught me a lot about filming, acting, and directing.” (Romanian participant 1)
5. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Research Directions
Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
- Stoller, F. Establishing a theoretical foundation for project-based learning in second and foreign language contexts. In Project-Based Second and Foreign Language Education: Past, Present, and Future ; Information Age Publishing: Charlotte, NC, USA, 2006; pp. 19–40. [ Google Scholar ]
- Charlin, B.; Mann, K.; Hansen, P. The many faces of problem-based learning: A framework for understanding and comparison. Med. Teach. 1998 , 20 , 323–330. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Hmelo-Silver, C.E. Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn? Educ. Psychol. Rev. 2004 , 16 , 235–266. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Miller, E.C.; Krajcik, J.S. Promoting deep learning through project-based learning: A design problem. Discip. Interdiscip. Sci. Educ. Res. 2019 , 1 , 7. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Barrows, H.S. A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Med. Educ. 1986 , 20 , 481–486. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- English, M.C.; Kitsantas, A. Supporting student self-regulated learning in problem-and project-based learning. Interdiscip. J. Probl.-Based Learn. 2013 , 7 , 6. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Lalujan, J.D.; Pranjol, M.Z.I. Project-based learning as a potential decolonised assessment method in STEM higher education. Trends High. Educ. 2024 , 3 , 16–33. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Lavado-Anguera, S.; Velasco-Quintana, P.J.; Terrón-López, M.J. Project-Based Learning (PBL) as an Experiential Pedagogical Methodology in Engineering Education: A Review of the Literature. Educ. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 617. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chen, C.H.; Yang, Y.C. Revisiting the effects of project-based learning on students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis investigating moderators. Educ. Res. Rev. 2019 , 26 , 71–81. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Savery, J.R. Overview of problem-based learning: Definitions and distinctions. Interdiscip. J. Probl.-Based Learn. 2015 , 1 , 9–20. [ Google Scholar ]
- Jaleniauskiene, E.; Lisaite, D. Scoping review methodology and its use to review online project-based learning in higher education, 2020–2023. Interdiscip. J. Probl.-Based Learn. 2023 , 17 , 1–40. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Hung, W. Introduction to Special Issue “Research Methodologies for Studying Problem-based and Project-based Learning”. Interdiscip. J. Probl.-Based Learn. Spec. Issue Res. Methodol. Stud. PBL 2023 , 17 , 1–3. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Wijnia, L.; Noordzij, G.; Arends, L.R.; Rikers, R.M.; Loyens, S.M. The effects of problem-based, project-based, and case-based learning on students’ motivation: A meta-analysis. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 2024 , 36 , 29. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Brassler, M.; Dettmers, J. How to enhance interdisciplinary competence—Interdisciplinary problem-based learning versus interdisciplinary project-based learning. Interdiscip. J. Probl.-Based Learn. 2017 , 11 , 1–15. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Almulla, M.A. The effectiveness of the project-based learning (PBL) approach as a way to engage students in learning. Sage Open 2020 , 10 , 2158244020938702. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Servant-Miklos, V. Problem-oriented project work and problem-based learning: “Mind the gap!”. Interdiscip. J. Probl.-Based Learn. 2020 , 14 . [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- de Graaff, E.; Kolmos, A.N.E.T.T.E. History of problem-based and project-based learning. In Management of Change ; Brill: Boston, MA, USA, 2007; pp. 1–8. [ Google Scholar ]
- Kokotsaki, D.; Menzies, V.; Wiggins, A. Project-based learning: A review of the literature. Improv. Sch. 2016 , 19 , 267–277. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Jones, R.W. Problem-based learning: Description, advantages, disadvantages, scenarios and facilitation. Anaesth. Intensive Care 2006 , 34 , 485–488. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Newman, M.J. Problem Problem-based learning: An introduction and overview of the key features of the approach. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 2005 , 32 , 12–20. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Maudsley, G. Do we all mean the same thing by “problem-based learning”? A review of the concepts and a formulation of the ground rules. Acad. Med. 1999 , 74 , 178–185. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Taylor, D.; Miflin, B. Problem-based learning: Where are we now? Med. Teach. 2008 , 30 , 742–763. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Kirschner, P.; Sweller, J.; Clark, R.E. Why unguided learning does not work: An analysis of the failure of discovery learning, problem-based learning, experiential learning and inquiry-based learning. Educ. Psychol. 2006 , 41 , 75–86. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Schmidt, H.G.; Loyens, S.M.; Van Gog, T.; Paas, F. Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and. Educ. Psychol. 2007 , 42 , 91–97. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Yu, L.; Zin, Z.M. The critical thinking-oriented adaptations of problem-based learning models: A systematic review. In Frontiers in Education ; Frontiers Media SA: Lausanne, Switzerland, 2023; Volume 8, p. 1139987. [ Google Scholar ]
- Bergdahl, B.; Fyrenius, A.; Persson, A.C. The EDIT project. Problem-based learning on the web challenges students’ thinking. Lakartidningen 2004 , 101 , 3236–3239. [ Google Scholar ] [ PubMed ]
- Soroa, M.; Karrera, I.; Monzon, J.; Aranguren, K.; Badiola, I. Educational Innovation in the Last Year of Early Childhood Education and Primary Education Degrees: Collaboration Between Students Majoring in Special Education and Various Social Agents. In INTED2019 Proceedings, Proceedings of the 13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain, 11–13 March 2019; IATED: Valencia, Spain, 2019; pp. 390–395. [ Google Scholar ]
- Skelin, S.; Huwendiek, S.; Nikendei, C.; Dieter, P.; Kirschfink, M.; Bosse, H.M. The good PBL tutor--to be or not to be: Instructional films for tutors. Z. Fur Evidenz Fortbild. Und Qual. Im Gesundheitswesen 2008 , 102 , 634–640. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Gonzalez, K.D.; Correa Molina, O.J.; Rojas Cardona, B.S. Project-based learning to develop oral production in English as a foreign language. Int. J. Educ. Inf. Technol. 2017 , 11 , 87–96. [ Google Scholar ]
- Hong, C.Y. Learning culinary English through food projects—What do students think. Asian ESP J. 2019 , 15 , 99–124. [ Google Scholar ]
- Mallinson, C. Technology-enhanced project-based learning: A platform for graduate student research and outreach on campus and in the community. J. Engl. Linguist. 2018 , 46 , 229–245. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Fonseca, C.A.; Sá-Pinto, X.; Dinis, H.A.; Vasconcelos, R. Shooting skinks for good: Producing a movie improves attitudes towards a threatened species. Sci. Total Environ. 2021 , 791 , 148356. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Fajariyanti, N.; Sarwanto, S.; Muzzazinah, M. Project-based learning of short filmmaking to enhance students’ creative thinking abilities on environmental pollution concept. In AIP Conference Proceedings ; AIP Publishing: Melville, NY, USA, 2023; Volume 2540. [ Google Scholar ]
- López-González, H.; Masanet, M.J.; Fedele, M.; Rius, S.; Vilaseca, J.E.; Sánchez, L.; Villanueva Baselga, S.; Faure-Carvallo, A.; Marquès, A.; Franganillo, J.; et al. Combining integrated curriculum and project-based learning: A short film case study from media and communication students. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Higher Education Advances, Valencia, Spain, 19–22 June 2023. [ Google Scholar ]
- Liu, Y.; Ling, M.; Nechita, F. Higher-institution-based film festivals as a vehicle to improve student production quality and form university–industry connections. Trends High. Educ. 2023 , 2 , 340–362. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Fink, L.D. Creating Significant Learning Experiences: An Integrated Approach to Designing College Courses ; John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
- Liu, Y.; Fischer, A. Higher education film festivals as industry nodes in Brunei Darussalam. Southeast Asian Media Stud. J. 2023 , 5 , 1–19. [ Google Scholar ]
- Avsheniuk, N.; Lutsenko, O.; Seminikhyna, N.; Svyrydiuk, T. Fostering Intercultural Communicative Competence and Student Autonomy through Project-Based Learning. Arab World Engl. J. (AWEJ) Spec. Issue Commun. Lang. Virtual Spaces 2023 , 130–143. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Voronchenko, T.; Klimenko, T.; Kostina, I. Learning to live in a global world: Project-based learning in multicultural student groups as a pedagogy of tolerance strategy. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2015 , 191 , 1489–1495. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Goldstein, O. A project-based learning approach to teaching physics for pre-service elementary school teacher education students. Cogent Educ. 2016 , 3 , 1200833. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chen, C.; Du, X. Teaching and learning Chinese as a foreign language through intercultural online collaborative projects. Asia-Pac. Educ. Res. 2022 , 31 , 123–135. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Švejdarová, E. “Diversity Experienced”–Developing Intercultural Competence through Agile Team Project-Based Learning. In INTED2020 Proceedings, Proceedings of the 14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2–4 March 2020; IATED: Valencia, Spain, 2020; pp. 5230–5239. [ Google Scholar ]
- Wang, R.; Liu, C.; Zhang, S.Y. The quality of group interactions in medical problem–based learning in China: The roles of intercultural sensitivity and group ethnic composition. BMC Med. Educ. 2023 , 23 , 661. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ahmad, D.; McFarlane, R.A.; Smith, J.; Saxena, D.; Somerset, S.; Mavalankar, D. Evaluation of a virtual, simulated international public health peer-to-peer exchange learning experience. Front. Public Health 2023 , 11 , 1144716. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Nielsen, J.D.; Du, X.Y.; Kolmos, A. Innovative application of a new PBL model to interdisciplinary and intercultural projects. Int. J. Electr. Eng. Educ. 2010 , 47 , 174–188. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Sáez López, J.M.; Miyata, Y.; Domínguez Garrido, M.C.M. Creative coding and intercultural projects in higher education: A case study in three universities. RIED Rev. Iberoam. Educ. Distancia 2016 , 19 , 145–165. [ Google Scholar ]
- Jiang, D.; Dahl, B.; Du, X. A systematic review of engineering students in intercultural teamwork: Characteristics, challenges, and coping strategies. Educ. Sci. 2023 , 13 , 540. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ergai, A.; Peterson, S.D.; Smith, S.; Zhan, G. Advancing Intercultural Communication Skills in Diverse Teams: An Intervention Program for Project-Based Engineering Courses. J. High. Educ. Theory Pract. 2023 , 23 , 122–138. [ Google Scholar ]
- Malheiro, B.; Silva, M.F.; Ferreira, P.D.; Guedes, P.B. Learning engineering with EPS@ ISEP: Developing projects for smart sustainable cities. Int. J. Eng. Pedagog. (IJEP) 2019 , 9 , 33. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Fielden Burns, L.V.; Rico Garcia, M. Intercultural and linguistic competencies for engineering ESP classes: A didactic framework proposal through problem-based learning. Int. J. Appl. Linguist. 2022 , 32 , 3–24. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Fernández-Bravo, A.; García-Juliá, I.; Peñalba, O. Computer Science and Engineering: Learning to Work in International and Multicultural Teams. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU 2021), Online, 23–25 April 2021; pp. 346–352. [ Google Scholar ]
- Webster, A.; Metcalf, A.; Kelly, L.; Bisesi, A.; Marnik-Said, M.; Colbeck, C.; Marine, R.; Vinces, M.; Campbell, A.; Allen, T. Undergraduates’ lived experience of project-/problem-based learning in introductory biology. Adv. Physiol. Educ. 2022 , 46 , 162–178. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. The Collected Works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi ; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014. [ Google Scholar ]
- Dracula Digital Official Website. Available online: https://draculadigital.ro/en/home/ (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Craft, A. Creative thinking in the early years of education. Early Years Int. J. Res. Dev. 2003 , 23 , 143–154. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Craft, A.; Hall, E.; Costello, R. Passion: Engine of creative teaching in an English university? Think. Ski. Creat. 2014 , 13 , 91–105. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Nechita, F.; Şandru, C.; Candrea, A.N.; Ţăranu, D. Advertising and Heritage Interpretation: Brasov Leo AdCamp Experience ; Editura Universităţii” Transilvania: Brasov, Romania, 2014. [ Google Scholar ]
- Migdalovici, T.; Nechita, F. Rebranding Braşov ; Transilvania University Publishing House: Brasov, Romania, 2014. [ Google Scholar ]
- Nechita, F.; Tanaka, H. Creative Destinations & Heritage Interpretation: The Story of Transilvania Creative Camp 2016 ; Editura Universităţii” Transilvania”: Brasov, Romania, 2017. [ Google Scholar ]
- Tanaka, H.; Nechita, F. Social Cognition of Temporality and Environment: Lingua Franca English Construction. Bus. Commun. Res. Pract. 2020 , 3 , 17–26. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Bran, I.A. ‘Amigo’ Feature Film—Dracula Trophy 2020 Winner. 2020. Available online: https://www.stiripesurse.ro/amigo-feature-film-dracula-trophy-2020-winner_1518054.html (accessed on 11 May 2024).
- FASS Student Short Film Wins Dracula Digital Competition 2020. UBD Fass 2020 News Story. 26 October 2020. Available online: https://fass.ubd.edu.bn/news/dci-image-dff.html (accessed on 9 April 2023).
- Creswell, J.W.; Poth, C.N. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches ; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2016. [ Google Scholar ]
- Liu, Y. A Journey to Brasov. Presented at the Opening Ceremony of Dracula International Film Festival 2023. 2023. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsTnLnKVhCQ (accessed on 5 June 2024).
- Thomas, J.W. A Review of Research on Project-Based Learning. 2000. Available online: https://tecfa.unige.ch/proj/eteach-net/Thomas_researchreview_PBL.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2024).
- Burn, A.; Durran, J. Media Literacy in Schools: Practice, Production and Progression ; Paul Chapman Publishing: London, UK, 2007. [ Google Scholar ]
- Kaufman, J.C.; Beghetto, R.A. Beyond big and little: The four c model of creativity. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2009 , 13 , 1–12. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Bereczki, E.O.; Karpati, A. Teachers’ beliefs about creativity and its nurture: A systematic review of the recent research literature. Educ. Res. Rev. 2018 , 23 , 25–56. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Stroe, F. Perspectives on E-learning. Bull. Transilv. Univ. Braşov Ser. VII Soc. Sci. Law 2020 , 13 , 237–244. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Click here to enlarge figure
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Share and Cite
Ling, M.; Liu, Y.; Nechita, F. Project-Based Learning at Dracula Digital: A Comparative Perspective from Romania and Brunei. Trends High. Educ. 2024 , 3 , 757-778. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3030043
Ling M, Liu Y, Nechita F. Project-Based Learning at Dracula Digital: A Comparative Perspective from Romania and Brunei. Trends in Higher Education . 2024; 3(3):757-778. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3030043
Ling, Mayyer, Yong Liu, and Florin Nechita. 2024. "Project-Based Learning at Dracula Digital: A Comparative Perspective from Romania and Brunei" Trends in Higher Education 3, no. 3: 757-778. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3030043
Article Metrics
Further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.
![MDPI Open Access Journals MDPI](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1725614580)
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals
A Comprehensive Insight into the Pharmaceutical Potential of Saussurea obvallata
- Published: 06 September 2024
Cite this article
- Nabarun Mukhopadhyay ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8851-9485 1 na1 ,
- Divya Jain ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-5687 2 na1 ,
- Anjali Tripathi 3 ,
- Amith Kumar B ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6947-7005 1 &
- Pranav Bhaskar ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-7222 4 , 5
Purpose of Review
Saussurea obvallata, commonly known as Brahma Kamal, is a plant species with remarkable medicinal properties. This review aims to shed light on the multifaceted aspects of S. obvallata, exploring its traditional uses, religious significance in Hindu mythology, and its role in the production of Ayurvedic medicines.
Recent Findings
S. obvallata has a long history of use in traditional medicine, but the scientific community has paid little attention to it. But more recently, research has revealed that the plant contains a wide range of important phytochemicals that give it a variety of pharmacological effects. These consist of radioprotective, anti-urolithic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-hypoxic qualities. This review highlights the potential medical uses of S. obvallata by synthesizing the results of multiple studies on the species.
Saussurea obvallata emerges as an important botanical resource with a variety of therapeutic uses. Apart from its revered spiritual importance in Hindu mythology, this plant possesses vital bioactive phytochemicals that have a wide range of potentially beneficial therapeutic effects. To fully achieve its potential and develop therapeutics based on its bioactive components, further research is necessary, as evidenced by the scant scientific attention it has received. Owing to its many medical qualities, an attempt has been made in this study to summarize the many investigations that have been conducted thus far and to focus on the plant's potential as an indigenous pharmaceutical.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this article
Subscribe and save.
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Rent this article via DeepDyve
Institutional subscriptions
![components of research report pdf](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40495-024-00370-2/MediaObjects/40495_2024_370_Fig1_HTML.png)
Data Availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Prakash A, Jain D, Tripathi R, Pracheta. Pharmacognostical analysis of different parts of Cyperus rotundus L. Plant Sci Today. 2019;6:607–612. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.sp1.679
Jain D, Upadhyay R, Jain S, Prakash A, Janmeda P. TLC and HPTLC finger printing analysis of Cyperus rotundus (Linn.). Lett Appl NanoBiosci. 2022;11(3):3861–70. https://doi.org/10.33263/LIANBS113.3861-3870 .
Article Google Scholar
National Medicinal Plants Board. Indian medicinal plants-fact sheet. Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi and Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun. 2015. https://nmpb.nic.in/content/medicinal-plants-fact-sheet . Accessed on 15 March 2023.
Jain D, Uniyal N, Mitra D, Janmeda P. Traditional resources and use of aromatic and ethno-medicinal plants in Uttarakhand: compliment of nature. Int J Herbal Med. 2020;8(5):88–95.
Google Scholar
Rawat V. Sustainable utilization of medicinal plants by local community of Uttarkashi District of Garhwal, Himalaya, India. Eur J Med Plants. 2011;1:18–25.
Singhal S, Agarwal A. Industrial utilization and promotion of medicinal plants in India. In: Chopra A, Khanna D, Prasad G, Malik D, Bhutiani R, editors. Medicinal plant: conservation, cultivation and utilization. Daya Publishing House; 2007. p. 325–30.
Jain D, Janmeda P. Morphology, anatomy, and histochemistry of leaves, stem, and bark of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. Lett Appl NanoBioscience. 2023;12(2):33. https://doi.org/10.33263/LIANBS122.033 .
Dey D, Quispe C, Hossain R, Jain D, Khan AR, et al. Ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Xylocarpusm granatum. J Koenig Evid-Based Complement Alt Med. 2021;16:8922196. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8922196 .
Varshney N, Jain D, Janmeda P, Mitra D. Role of medicinal plants in pharmaceutical sector: an overview. Glob J BioSci Biotechnol. 2021;10:18–24.
von Raab-Straube E. Phylogenetic relationships in Saussurea (Compositae, Cardueae) sensu lato, inferred from morphological, ITS and trn L- trn F sequence data, with a synopsis of Himalaiella gen. nov., Lipschitziella and Frolovia. Willdenowia. 2003;33:379–402.
von Raab-Straube E. Taxonomic revision of Saussurea subgenus Amphilaena (Compositae, Cardueae). In Englera 34. 2017;Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin.
Amano M, Ohba H. Chromosome numbers of some alpine species of Saussurea (Asteraceae) in Nepal Himalaya. J Jpn Botany. 2000;75:178–84.
Chettri N, Tsering K, Shrestha AB, Sharma E. Ecological vulnerability to climate change in the mountains: a case study from the Eastern Himalayas. In: Das AP, Bera S, editors. The plant diversity in the Himalaya Hotspot Region. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2018. p. 707–21.
Semwal P, Painuli S, Jugran A, Palni LMS, Verma S, Thapliyal A, et al. Genetic diversity of scanty available Himalayan Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew. Iran J Sci Technol Trans A: Sci. 2020;44:587–94.
Hitchmough J. Sowing beauty: designing flowering meadows from seed. Timber Press; 2017.
Pant M, Semwal P. Brahma Kamal - the spiritually revered, scientifically ignored medicinal plant. Curr Sci. 2013;104(6):685–6.
Semwal P, Painuli S, Tewari D, Bussmann RW, Palni LMS, Thapliyal A. Assesment of non-timber Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.), an important Himalayan medicinal plant: ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological overview. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2020;19:1–15. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.19.40.1-15 .
Chandra N, Singh G, Lingwal S, Rai ID, Tewari LM. Alpine medicinal and aromatic plants in the Western Himalaya, India: an ecological review. Indian J Ecol. 2021;48(2):319–31.
Körner C. Plant adaptation to cold climates. F1000Research. 2016;5. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9107.1 .
Hänninen H, Tanino K. Tree seasonality in a warming climate. Trends Plant Sci. 2011;16(8):412–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.001 .
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mosedale JR, Abernethy KE, Smart RE, Wilson RJ, Maclean IM. Climate change impacts and adaptive strategies: lessons from the grapevine. Glob Change Biol. 2016;22(11):3814–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13406 .
Singh DK, Pusalkar PK. Floristic diversity of the Indian Himalaya. In: Dar GH, Khuroo AA, editors. Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State. Topics in biodiversity and conservation. Singapore: Springer; 2020; 18. pp. 93–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_5 .
Mukherjee PK. Quality control and evaluation of herbal drugs: Evaluating natural products and traditional medicine. Elsevier Inc. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-04232-8
Phondani PC, Maikhuri RK, Rawat LS, Farooquee NA, Kala CP, Vishvakarma SCR. Ethnobotanical uses of plants among the Bhotiya tribal communities of niti valley in central Himalaya, India. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2010;8:233–44.
Bisht V, Kandari L, Negi J, Bhandari A, Sundriyal R. Traditional use of medicinal plants in district Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India. J Med Plant Res. 2013;7:918–29. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR13.2599 .
Sharma V. Traditional use of ethnomedicinal plants of asteraceae in the alpine zone of Tungnath region. Int J Theo Appl Sci. 2016;8(2):54–7.
Maikhuri RK, Nautiyal S, Rao KS, Semwal RL. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants and wild edibles among three tribal subcimmunities of the Central Himalayas, India. Environ Sci. 2000;8:7–13.
Singh G, Rawat GS. Ethnomedicinal survey of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary in Western Himalaya, India. Ind J Fundam Appl Life Sci. 2011;1:35–46.
Tsarong T. Handbook of traditional Tibetan drugs: their nomenclature, composition, use and dosage. Kalimpong: Tibetan Medical Publications; 1986.
Negi K, Gaur R, Tiwari J. Ethnobotanical notes on the flora of Har Ki Doon (District Uttarkashi) Garhwal Himalaya, U.P. India. Ethnobotany. 1999;11(1):9–16.
Gupta SK, Sharma OMP, Raina NS, Sehgal S. Ethno-botanical study of medicinal plants of Paddar Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India. African J Tral Complement Alt Med. 2013;10(4):59–65. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i4.10 .
Parween R. Traditional knowledge and practices, sacred spaces and protected areas: their success in conserving biodiversity. Conserv Sci Prac. 2021;4(5):e12643. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12643 .
Olupona JK. African religions: a very short introduction (Vol. 377). USA: Oxford University Press; 2014.
Bernbaum E. Sacred mountains of the world. Cambridge University Press; 2022.
Book Google Scholar
Singhal V, Ghosh J, Bhat SS. Role of religious beliefs of tribal communities from Jharkhand (India) in biodiversity conservation. J Environ Plann Manag. 2021;64(13):2277–99.
Page C, Woodland E. Healing justice lineages: dreaming at the crossroads of liberation, collective care, and safety. North Atlantic Books; 2023.
Semwal P, Anthwal P, Kapoor T, Thapliyal A. Preliminary investigation of phytochemicals of Saussurea obvallata (Brahma kamal) and Pittosporum eriocarpum (Agni): two endangered medicinal plant species of Uttarakhand. Int J Pharmacogn. 2014;1:266–9. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(4).266-69 .
Article CAS Google Scholar
Mishra AP, Saklani S, Sharifi-Rad M, Iriti M, Salehi B, Maurya VK, et al. Antibacterial potential of S. obvallata petroleum ether extract: a spiritually revered medicinal plant. Cellular and Mol Biol. 2018;64:65–70.
Wu MS, Aquino LBB, Barbaza MYU, Hsieh CL, Castro-Cruz KA, Yang LL, Tsai PW. Anti-Inflammatory and anticancer properties of bioactive compounds from Sesamum indicum L.-a review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;24(24):4426. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244426 .
David AVA, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: a bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacogn Rev. 2016;10(20):84–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044 .
Rauf A, Akram M, Semwal P, Mujawah AAH, Muhammad N, Riaz Z, Munir N, Piotrovsky D, Vdovina I, Bouyahya A, Adetunji CO, Shariati MA, Almarhoon ZM, Mabkhot YN, Khan H. Antispasmodic potential of medicinal plants: a comprehensive review. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:4889719. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4889719 .
Paço A, Brás T, Santos JO, Sampaio P, Gomes AC, Duarte MF. Anti-Inflammatory and immunoregulatory action of sesquiterpene lactones. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;27(3):1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031142 .
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alam M, Ahmed S, Elasbali AM, Adnan M, Alam S, Hassan MI, Pasupuleti VR. Therapeutic implications of caffeic acid in cancer and neurological diseases. Front Oncol. 2022;12:860508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.860508 .
Musial C, Kuban-Jankowska A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Beneficial properties of green tea catechins. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051744 .
Bakrim S, Benkhaira N, Bourais I, Benali T, Lee LH, El Omari N, Sheikh RA, Goh KW, Ming LC, Bouyahya A. Health benefits and pharmacological properties of stigmasterol. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;11(10):1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101912 .
Prasad M, Jayaraman S, Eladl MA, El-Sherbiny M, Abdelrahman MAE, Veeraraghavan VP, Vengadassalapathy S, Umapathy VR, Hussain SFJ, Krishnamoorthy K, Sekar D, Palanisamy CP, Mohan SK, Rajagopal P. A comprehensive review on therapeutic perspectives of phytosterols in insulin resistance: a mechanistic approach. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;27(5):1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051595 .
Jayaraman S, Roy A, Vengadassalapathy S, Sekar R, Veeraraghavan VP, Rajagopal P, Rengasamy G, Mukherjee R, Sekar D, Manjunathan R. An overview on the therapeutic function of foods enriched with plant sterols in diabetes management. Antioxidants. 2021;10(12):1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121903 .
Salehi B, Venditti A, Sharifi-Rad M, Kręgiel D, Sharifi-Rad J, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Santini A, Souto EB, Novellino E, Antolak H, Azzini E, Setzer WN, Martins N. The therapeutic potential of apigenin. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6):1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061305 .
Qattan MY, Khan MI, Alharbi SH, Verma AK, Al-Saeed FA, Abduallah AM, Al Areefy AA. Therapeutic importance of kaempferol in the treatment of cancer through the modulation of cell signalling pathways. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;27(24):8864. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248864 .
Balić A, Mokos M. Do we utilize our knowledge of the skin protective effects of carotenoids enough? Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;8(8):259. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080259 .
Buscemi S, Corleo D, Di Pace F, Petroni ML, Satriano A, Marchesini G. The effect of lutein on eye and extra-eye health. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091321 .
Adisakwattana S. Cinnamic acid and its derivatives: mechanisms for prevention and management of diabetes and its complications. Nutrients. 2017;9(2):163. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020163 .
Velu G, Palanichamy V, Rajan AP. Phytochemical and pharmacological importance of plant secondary metabolites in modern medicine. In: Roopan SM, Madhumitha G, editors. Bioorganic phase in natural food: an overview. Cham: Springer; 2018. p. 135–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74210-6_8 .
Chapter Google Scholar
Roghini R, Vijayalakshmi K. Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of flavonoids and minerals in ethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;9(11):4859–64. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(11).4859-64 .
Aleixandre-Tudo JL, Du Toit W. The role of UV-visible spectroscopy for phenolic compounds quantification in winemaking. In Solís-Oviedo RL, de la Cruz Pech-Canul Á editors. Frontiers and new trends in the science of fermented food and beverages. 2018:200–204. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79550 .
Bisht A, Jain S, Misra A, Dwivedi J, Paliwal S, Sharma S. Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don: a review of traditional use, phytochemical composition and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;279:114361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114361 .
Shaikh JR, Patil M. Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: an overview. Int J Chem Stud. 2020;8(2):603–8. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834 .
Singh V, Singh Y, Koirala R, Keshwa K, Tamta P, Singh TR. Therapeutic and cultural evaluation of Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata (Dc.) Edgew: an endangered potential herb. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci. 2023;8(6):109–18.
Ma HP, Fan PC, Jing LL, Yao J, He XR, Yang Y, et al. Anti-hypoxic activity at simulated high altitude was isolated in petroleum ether extract of Saussurea involucrata. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:1510–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.037 .
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Li H, Lu YC, Qian S, Zhu K. Saussurea obvallata crude protective effects of hypoxia on EA.hy926 injury. Hubei Agril Sci. 2016;1:167–9.
Liang-Wen B, Wen-Hui L, Wei D, Zuo G. Protective effects of S. obvallata extracts on ionic radiation in mice. Shaanxi Oncol Med. 2009;7:1218–21.
Zhong T, Feng M, Su M, Wang D, Li Q, Jia S, Luo F, Wang H, Hu E, Yang X, Fan Y. Qihuzha granule attenuated LPS-induced acute spleen injury in mice via Src/MAPK/Stat3 signal pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;281:114458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114458 .
Semwal P, Painuli S. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and GC-MS profiling of Saussurea obvallata (Brahma Kamal) from Uttarakhand Himalaya. Clin Phytosci. 2019;5:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0105-3 .
Noumedem JAK, Tamokou JDD, Teke GN, Momo RCD, Kuete V, Kuiate JR. Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and radical-scavenging properties of Acalypha manniana leaves. Springerplus. 2013;2:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-503 .
Mallick R, Basak S, Duttaroy AK. Fatty acids and evolving roles of their proteins in neurological, cardiovascular disorders and cancers. Prog Lipid Res. 2021;83:101116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101116 .
Bennett JM, Reeves G, Billman GE, Sturmberg JP. Inflammation–nature’s way to efficiently respond to all types of challenges: implications for understanding and managing “the epidemic” of chronic diseases. Front Med. 2018;5:316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00316 .
Kumar J, Pundir M. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Saussurea genus (Saussurea lappa, Saussurea costus, Saussurea obvallata, Saussurea involucrata). Mater Today: Proc. 2022;56:1173–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.145 .
El-Nashar HA, Eldahshan OA, Fattah NFA, Loutfy SA, Abdel-Salam IM. HPLC-ESI/MS-MS characterization of compounds in Dolomiaea costus extract and evaluation of cytotoxic and antiviral properties: molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis-inducing effect on breast cancer. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023;23(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04164-9 .
Rajabi M, Mousa SA. The role of angiogenesis in cancer treatment. Biomedicines. 2017;5(2):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines5020034 .
Bhat IUH, Bhat R. Quercetin: a bioactive compound imparting cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits: scope for exploring fresh produce, their wastes, and by-products. Biology. 2021;10(7):586. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070586 .
Thakur M, Singh M, Kumar S, Dwivedi VP, Dakal TC, Yadav V. A reappraisal of the antiviral properties of and immune regulation through dietary phytochemicals. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2023;6:11. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.3c00178 .
Kumari R, Negi M, Thakur P, Mahajan H, Raina K, Sharma R, Singh R, Anand V, Ming LC, Goh KW, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Chaudhary A. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, phytochemicals, ethnobotanical uses, and therapeutic potential. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02694-0 .
Chai J, Jiang P, Wang P, Jiang Y, Li D, Bao W, Liu B, Liu B, Zhao L, Norde W, Yuan Q, Ren F, Li Y. The intelligent delivery systems for bioactive compounds in foods: Physicochemical and physiological conditions, absorption mechanisms, obstacles and responsive strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2018;78:144–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.06.003 .
Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The bioavailability, transport, and bioactivity of dietary flavonoids: A review from a historical perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2018;17(5):1054–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12351 .
Rathaur P, Johar KSR. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals in the human body. Curr Drug Metab. 2019;20(14):1085–102. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666200103090757 .
Domínguez-Avila JA, Wall-Medrano A, Velderrain-Rodríguez GR, Chen CYO, Salazar-López NJ, Robles-Sánchez M, González-Aguilar GA. Gastrointestinal interactions, absorption, splanchnic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of orally ingested phenolic compounds. Food Funct. 2017;8(1):15–38. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6FO01475E .
Fong CW. Permeability of the blood–brain barrier: molecular mechanism of transport of drugs and physiologically important compounds. J Memb Biol. 2015;248(4):651–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-015-9778-9 .
Wang W, Mei L, Yue H, Tao Y, Liu Z. Targeted isolation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors from Saussurea obvallata using affinity ultrafiltration combined with preparative liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B. 2023;2023(1217):123620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123620 .
National academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine. Biological collections: Ensuring critical research and education for the 21st century. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2020. https://doi.org/10.17226/25592
Download references
No grants or financial support involved in conducting this study.
Author information
Nabarun Mukhopadhyay and Divya Jain contributed equally to this work.
Authors and Affiliations
Department of Pharmacognosy, Bapuji Pharmacy College, Davangere, Karnataka, India
Nabarun Mukhopadhyay & Amith Kumar B
Department of Microbiology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
Anjali Tripathi
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
Pranav Bhaskar
Integrative Centre for Research & Innovation in Biology, BMJSRIF Satellite Campus, Chandigarh, India
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Contributions
N.M., D.J., and P.B. conceived of the presented idea for the article; N.M., D.J., A.T., and A.K.B. performed a literature search, data analysis and wrote the first draft; P.B. critically reviewed and shaped the final draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Pranav Bhaskar .
Ethics declarations
Human and animal rights and informed consent.
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
Reprints and permissions
About this article
Mukhopadhyay, N., Jain, D., Tripathi, A. et al. A Comprehensive Insight into the Pharmaceutical Potential of Saussurea obvallata . Curr. Pharmacol. Rep. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-024-00370-2
Download citation
Accepted : 21 August 2024
Published : 06 September 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-024-00370-2
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
- Brahma Kamal
- Medicinal Plant
- Pharmacological Activities
- Saussurea obvallata
- Phytoconstituents
Advertisement
- Find a journal
- Publish with us
- Track your research
Elements of Good Research Report Writing
- November 2016
![components of research report pdf Priy Brat Dwivedi at National University of Science and Technology, Oman](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/613861954695172-1523367503122_Q64/Priy-Dwivedi.jpg)
- National University of Science and Technology, Oman
Discover the world's research
- 25+ million members
- 160+ million publication pages
- 2.3+ billion citations
- Recruit researchers
- Join for free
- Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up
![](http://rss3.fun/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
COMMENTS
In a research report th ese components are arranged succ essively in the body. sections consisting of introduction, literature review, method, results, discussion, and. conclusion. In addition t o ...
Use the section headings (outlined above) to assist with your rough plan. Write a thesis statement that clarifies the overall purpose of your report. Jot down anything you already know about the topic in the relevant sections. 3 Do the Research. Steps 1 and 2 will guide your research for this report.
Paper www.communicate.gse.harvard.edu Academic papers are like hourglasses. The paper opens at its widest point; the introduction makes broad connections to the reader's interests, hoping they will be persuaded to follow along, then gradually narrows to a tight, focused, thesis statement.
Abstract. This guide for writers of research reports consists of practical suggestions for writing a report that is clear, concise, readable, and understandable. It includes suggestions for terminology and notation and for writing each section of the report—introduction, method, results, and discussion. Much of the guide consists of ...
Research designs falls into one of two broad categories: qualitative research designs, and quantitative research designs. Qualitative research designs focus on things in their natural settings, and seek in-depth understanding of underlying meanings-the why-of social phenomena. smaller group or sample to a larger population.
different components. The length of an introduction depends on the journal and the paper; however, the structure and content should be similar. In the introduction, the author must present the problem his or her research will address, why this problem is significant, and how it applies to the larger field of research.
Thesis is a type of research report. A thesis is a long-form research document that presents the findings and conclusions of an original research study conducted by a student as part of a graduate or postgraduate program. It is typically written by a student pursuing a higher degree, such as a Master's or Doctoral degree, although it can also ...
THE RESEARCH REPORT. This chapter gives attention to two primary topics, both of which present information about research reports. The first part deals with the many valuable things that can be found in research reports beyond the obvious—the results. In the second part we discuss what a research report is and what it is not.
There are five MAJOR parts of a Research Report: 1. Introduction 2. Review of Literature 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion. As a general guide, the Introduction, Review of Literature, and Methods should be about 1/3 of your paper, Discussion 1/3, then Results 1/3. Section 1: Cover Sheet (APA format cover sheet) optional, if required.
Write up a state-of-the-art research report. Understand how to use scientific language in research reports. Develop a structure for your research report that comprises all relevant sections. Assess the consistency of your research design. Avoid dumbfounding your reader with surprising information.
Simply, a research paper/report is a systematic write up. on the findings of the study including methodologies, discussion, conclusions etc. following a definite. style. T he resea rch report ...
Abstract and Figures. Writing reports is often seen as a time consuming and pointless exercise. However, by sharing information, reports can help develop common purposes and aims, spread ...
What are the implications of the findings? The research report contains four main areas: Introduction - What is the issue? What is known? What is not known? What are you trying to find out? This sections ends with the purpose and specific aims of the study. Methods - The recipe for the study. If someone wanted to perform the same study ...
us components. Besides this, the significance of aresearch report and different t. tanding about the format of a research article, anabst. act, a thesis and dissertation. es for research journals and to prepare a compl. report after conducting a research worwproject.
Writing a report involves the following stages -. · clarifying terms of reference, · planning the work, · collecting data and information, · organising and structuring the collected information, · writing the first draft, and. · final proof-checking and re-drafting of report.
StatPac for Windows Student Version - Only $95. All research reports use roughly the same format. It doesn't matter whether you've done a customer satisfaction survey, an employee opinion survey, a health care survey, or a marketing research survey. All have the same basic structure and format.
II. Abstract: "Structured abstract" has become the standard for research papers (introduction, objective, methods, results and conclusions), while reviews, case reports and other articles have non-structured abstracts. The abstract should be a summary/synopsis of the paper. III. Introduction: The "why did you do the study"; setting the ...
An outline of the research questions and hypotheses; the assumptions or propositions that your research will test. Literature Review. Not all research reports have a separate literature review section. In shorter research reports, the review is usually part of the Introduction. A literature review is a critical survey of recent relevant ...
A well-structured research paper not only helps readers follow the flow of ideas but also enhances the clarity and coherence of the content. By organizing information into sections, paragraphs, and sentences, researchers can present their thoughts logically and systematically. This logical organization allows readers to easily connect ideas ...
address of the author/ s and the date. The report's title should be no longer than 12- 15 words and in a larger font size (e.g. 16-20 point) than the rest of the text on the cover page. Make ...
Components of a Research Report The six components of a research report are as follows: An abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and references. The Abstract The abstract is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length. Think of it as an executive summary that distills the key elements ...
7 components of Research Report - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. A research report is a reliable source to recount details about a conducted research and is most often considered to be a true testimony of all the work done to garner specificities of research.
Despite being an educational approach that has existed for more than five decades, project-based learning (PBL) has remained a conceptual fog, with limited applications beyond the medical and health sciences. This paper detailed the scarcity of the academic literature on PBL, specifically in relation to PBL and film productions and/or competitions. Using the Dracula Digital 2022 competition as ...
There are varieties of phytoconstituents reported to be found in S. obvallata (Fig. 2). According to the preliminary investigations, this plant contains glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenol, and proteins [].A research study revealed that α-linolenic acid methyl ester and squalene are present in the petroleum ether extract leaf of S. obvallata [].
Organisms solve these hardware issues by growing, not assembling, sensors, actuators, and the neural networks that connect them. A human fingertip, for example, has more than 3000 mechanoreceptors attached to thousands of interconnected nerves and neuronal signaling pathways that communicate with a distally located brain (1, 2).The nanoscale bottom-up assembly processes that enable these ...
Elements of good. report wr iting. Dr Priy Brat Dwived i, D.Phil. Senior Lecturer, Caledonian Colleg e of Engineering, Muscat, Oman. Email: priy .dwive [email protected]. Whats app: +968 97 124850 ...
In comparison to our research, time management is also worked on due to its great importance in various components of our daily lives. In this research, healthcare students are used as a sample, analyzing stress reduction. We carried out the experiment with engineering students, focused on the application of the SOAR study method.