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Cause and Effect Essay

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What is cause-and-effect essay?

It looks at the reasons for something, then discusses the results.

It explains ways in which two subjects are similar and different.

It presents arguments about both sides of an issue.

It involves researching source material.

Signal words for Cause:

The next reason is

Because/since/as

Signal words for Effect:

To result from

As a consequence

The first cause of

A cause happens first, and the effect happens later.

Worsening pollution levels in cities are _________ the increased use of cars.

Increased use of cars for urban transport is _________ worsening pollution levels in cities.

one of the cause of

one result of

consequence of

Types of Cause and Effect Essay:

Chain Structure

Both block and chain structure

Block structure

How do we write cause and effect essay in block style?

Write all causes, then write all effects

1st cause => 1st effect

2nd cause => 2nd effect

Introduction always has:

Thesis statement

Background information

All of them

What do we do in the Conclusion?

Write the hook

Restate the thesis

Write the effects of the issue

Tell people what you're writing about

I will make more money _________ I get a new job.

Conditional sentences don't express cause and effect

Real conditionals express situations that ________ happen.

may or may not

must or mustn't

In conditional sentences, either clause or both clauses can be negative.

What is the function of Hook?

Help reader to understand the effect.

Define one cause in each paragraph.

Capture the reader's attention.

Give advice

What can we use to support ideas?

Explanations

The weather was bad, ________, the picnic was canceled.

from result of

The fire caused major damage to the school auditorium. __________, we will have the performance in the town hall.

Consequently

Reason from

_________ there have been new advances in air and space technology, we are able to travel greater distances in less time.

As a result

______ lower interest rates, more people are buying homes for the first time.

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Quiz 9: Cause and Effect

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( Multiple Choice )

When you are writing about the reasons for something, you are writing about _____.

When you are writing about the results of something, you are writing about _____.

Which of the following topics is appropriate for a cause paragraph?

Which of the following topics is appropriate for an effect paragraph?

Try to have at least _____ causes or effects in your paragraph.

Which of the following is not a word that signals causes?

Which of the following is not a word that signals effects?

If you are writing about some immediate and some long-range effects, you should discuss the effects in _____.

If one cause leads to another, use _____.

Saving the most important effect for last is using _____.

Which of the following is not an effective transition for a cause paragraph?

Which of the following is not an effective transition for an effect paragraph?

When writers plan a cause or effect paragraph, they should ask themselves whether their topic sentence _____.

( Short Answer )

Place a C next to topic sentences for cause paragraphs. Place an E next to topic sentences for effect paragraphs. -____ I was overwhelmed by the consequences of working part time while attending college.

Place a C next to topic sentences for cause paragraphs. Place an E next to topic sentences for effect paragraphs. -____ Bertha's father established a curfew because she stayed out too late, neglected her studies, and ignored her chores.

Place a C next to topic sentences for cause paragraphs. Place an E next to topic sentences for effect paragraphs. -____ The mayor had several motives for canceling the fundraiser.

Place a C next to topic sentences for cause paragraphs. Place an E next to topic sentences for effect paragraphs. -____ Teens experiment with drugs because of peer pressure, low self-esteem, and curiosity.

Place a C next to topic sentences for cause paragraphs. Place an E next to topic sentences for effect paragraphs. -____ I was not prepared for the results of buying a used car.

Showing 1 - 20 of 30

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Cause and Effect Quiz

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  • Q 1 / 5 Score 0 What does cause mean? 29 The reason why an event occurred The result of the event

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  • Q 1 What does cause mean? The reason why an event occurred The result of the event 30 s
  • Q 2 What is the EFFECT in the following sentence: "The mother bird gathers dried grass to build her nest"? Gathers dried grass Gathers Build her nest Mother bird 30 s
  • Q 3 What is the CAUSE in the following sentence: "The tree fell in the middle of the road because of the high wind"? Tree fell The high wind In the middle of the road Because 30 s
  • Q 4 What is the CAUSE in the following sentence: "The yard looked nice because Kyle mowed and raked the grass"? Since Mowed and raked the grass The yard looked nice The grass 30 s
  • Q 5 What clue word or words identify a CAUSE and EFFECT relationship in this example: "Mom made lemonade so that the kids could have something to drink"? So that Could have Could Made 30 s

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137 Intriguing Cause & Effect Essay Topics for Students

Teach critical thinking, logic, and the art of persuasion.

What are some reasons a teacher may ban cell phones in class?

Cause-and-effect essays aren’t just a way to help students strengthen their writing skills. They’ll also learn critical thinking, logic, and the art of persuasion. In addition, they teach students to demonstrate how one thing directly influences another. Coming up with engaging cause-and-effect essay topics can be challenging, but we have you covered. This list of ideas includes a variety of topics that range from social and cultural movements to mental health and the environment.

Science and Environment Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • Describe the effect of urbanization on the environment.
  • What is the impact of air pollution on health?
  • What are the causes and consequences of plastics on marine life?
  • What is the impact of rising sea temperatures on fish and marine life?
  • Describe the impact of human behavior on global warming.

Describe the impact of human behavior on global warming. Cause and effect essay

  • What is the effect of social media on environmentalism?
  • What causes volcanic eruptions?
  • What causes trees to die?
  • What are the effects of gravity?
  • Why are plants green?
  • Why do trees shed their leaves?
  • What causes a species to become endangered?
  • What are some of the causes of animals losing their habitats?
  • Describe the effect of overpopulation on the environment.
  • What are the effects of famine on human population?
  • What are the causes and effects of Antarctica floods?
  • What are the effects of pollution on the ocean?
  • What effect do cars have on the environment?
  • Why is it important to manage wildfires?
  • What has been the impact of DNA on crime scene processing?

What has been the impact of DNA on crime scene processing?

  • What are the impacts of deforestation in Brazil?
  • What are the effects of GMO foods on human health?
  • What are the impacts of immunizations on human health?

Technology and Social Media Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • What are the effects of social media on adolescent development?
  • How does technology affect productivity?
  • What are the effects of video games on childhood development?
  • How do cell phones affect human relationships?
  • What are some reasons a teacher might ban cell phones from class?

What are some reasons a teacher might ban cell phones from class? Cause and effect essay

  • What effects do cell phones have on sleep?
  • What effects did the invention of the Internet have on technology?
  • What were the origins of cyberbullying?
  • What are the effects of tablet use on small children?
  • How has online dating changed relationships?
  • What makes some people less likely to use social media?
  • What are the effects of social media on privacy?
  • How does the rise of TikTok affect Facebook and Instagram?
  • In what ways could social media lead to extremism?
  • What is the impact of social media on the increasing popularity of plastic surgery and other enhancements?

What is the impact of social media on the increasing popularity of plastic surgery and other enhancements?

  • What are some of the benefits of owning a smartphone and what are some of the drawbacks?
  • What has been the impact of online shopping on brick-and-mortar stores?
  • What has been the impact of smartphones on marriages and relationships?
  • What are the causes and effects of texting while driving?
  • What has the rise of “influencers” meant for Hollywood?
  • In what ways have photo filters influenced young people’s self-esteem?

Culture and Social Issues Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • What are some of the reasons for substance abuse in young people?
  • What are some of the effects of bullying?
  • How does economic status affect the quality of health care?
  • What are some of the causes of homelessness?
  • Explain the effects of ignorance on discrimination.
  • What are the impacts of death sentences on social justice?

What are the impacts of death sentences on social justice? Cause and effect essay

  • How does financial success affect societal privilege?
  • What effects does growing up poor have on children?
  • In what ways does religion influence society?
  • What are the effects of immigration on a host country?
  • What are the effects of ageism on job opportunities?
  • What is the impact of LGBTQ+ representation in TV and movies?
  • What are the effects of school shootings on politics?
  • How do school uniforms affect students?
  • What are the impacts of high student debt?
  • What are the impacts of body shaming on people?
  • What were the lasting impacts of the AIDS epidemic on society?

What were the lasting impacts of the AIDS epidemic on society? cause and effect essay

  • What impact does banning abortion have in the United States?
  • What has been the impact of marriage equality in the United States?
  • What are the causes and effects of noise pollution?
  • What are the causes and effects of inflation on the economy?
  • What are the effects of TV shows on our behavior?

Sports Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • Examine the effects of exercise on mental health.
  • What led to baseball being an iconic American sport?
  • What drives people to participate in extreme sports?
  • In what ways did globalization affect modern sports?
  • What were the effects of doping on amateur and professional sports?
  • Select a sport and write about the historical factors that led to the popularization of that sport.

cause and effect essay quiz

  • Describe the ways in which youth sports influence a child’s development.
  • What were the driving forces behind the first Olympics?
  • How can team sports help develop social skills?
  • How have e-sports changed the sporting landscape?
  • In what ways do race biases influence sports?

In what ways do race biases influence sports.

  • What are the effects of regular workouts on immunity?
  • How does participating in sports affect leadership skills?
  • In what ways can sports lead to character development?
  • What effect does famous athletes’ social commentary have on their fans?

History Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • What are the effects of the war in Syria on the United States?
  • What have been the lasting effects of the Civil Rights Movement?
  • What were the causes and effects of the attack on Pearl Harbor?
  • What led up to the Berlin Wall being torn down and what effects did that have?

What led up to the Berlin Wall being torn down and what effects did that have? Cause and effect essay

  • What lasting impact did 9/11 have on modern American society?
  • What were the causes of the Salem Witch Trials?
  • What was the cultural impact of the Spanish-American War?
  • How has globalization led to modern-day slavery?
  • What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
  • What were the impacts of the Great Depression on women’s employment?
  • How did cartels come into existence? What effect have they had on the United States and Mexico?
  • What were the causes and effects of the Women’s Liberation Movement?
  • Give an example of colonialism in history and name the resulting impact to the affected society.

Give an example of colonialism in history and name the resulting impact to the affected society.

  • What led to the rise of ISIS and what has the impact been on international security?
  • What factors led to the Titanic’s sinking?
  • What were the causes and effects of the Vietnam War?
  • Choose an American president. What led him to become president and what were the effects of his presidency?

Mental Health Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • How can stress affect the immune system?
  • How does social anxiety affect young people?
  • How can high academic expectations lead to depression?
  • What are the effects of divorce on young people?
  • How does service in the armed forces lead to post-traumatic stress disorder?

How does service in the armed forces lead to post-traumatic stress disorder? Cause and effect essay topic

  • What are the effects of mindfulness on mental health?
  • Describe the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted mental health.
  • How does childhood trauma impact childhood development?
  • What impact does witnessing violence have on mental health?
  • What is behind increasingly high levels of anxiety in modern American society?

What is behind increasingly high levels of anxiety in modern American society? cause and effect essay topic

  • What are the causes and effects of panic attacks?
  • What are the causes and consequences of high stress in the workplace?
  • What are some of the causes of insomnia and in what ways does it affect mental health?
  • What is the impact of staying home for an extended period of time?

Current Events Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • Choose a local public education campaign. What are the effects of that campaign?
  • What are the causes and effects of migration?
  • What are the causes and effects of terrorist attacks?

What are the causes and effects of terrorist attacks?

  • What are the effects of legalizing genetic engineering research?
  • How do low voting rates impact elections and government?
  • What is the effect of raising the minimum wage?
  • What are the effects of globalization on society?
  • How does gerrymandering affect election outcomes?
  • What are the causes and effects of police brutality?
  • What are the causes and effects of political polarization?

What are the causes and effects of political polarization?

  • What are the causes and effects of fake news?
  • What are the effects of global war on citizens?
  • What is the effect of international aid on poverty or health?
  • Why do some countries have nuclear weapons, and what does this mean for other countries?

Education Cause & Effect Essay Topics

  • What are the effects of teacher quality on student success?
  • What are the causes and effects of student loan debt?
  • What are the causes and effects of low graduation rates?

What are the causes and effects of low graduation rates?

  • What are the effects of assigning homework?
  • What are the causes and effects of school funding disparities?
  • What are the causes and effects of the digital divide in education?
  • What is the effect of AI on education?
  • What are the causes and effects of student burnout?
  • Should students be required to study a foreign language in school, and what are the effects of learning a foreign language?

Should students be required to study a foreign language in school, and what are the effects of learning a foreign language?

  • What effect has the COVID pandemic had on education?
  • What are the effects of same-sex classrooms or schools?

What are your best cause-and-effect essay topics for students? Come exchange ideas in the We Are Teachers HELPLINE group on Facebook.

Plus, check out our list of interesting persuasive essay topics for kids and teens..

Coming up with cause and effect essay topics can be challenging, but we have you covered. Check out our list with a variety of topics.

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Mastering Cause and Effect Essays

Mastering Cause and Effect Essays

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Questions and Answers

In a cause and effect essay, impact analysis involves examining the causes and their implications., post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacies suggest that if one event follows another, the first event caused the second event., a well-structured cause and effect essay includes sections like introduction, body, and summary., to conduct a thorough impact analysis, one should only analyze the direct effects of the cause..

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using statistics and examples is not important in writing a cause and effect essay.

In cause and effect essays, causal relationships refer to the link between effects and their causes., a sufficient cause means that if the cause occurs, the effect might not necessarily take place., a strong thesis statement for a cause and effect essay should be vague and general to capture a wider audience., impact analysis is a crucial aspect to master when writing cause and effect essays..

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Logical structure is not a significant factor to consider when crafting a thesis statement for a cause and effect essay.

Study notes, understanding cause and effect essays.

Cause and effect essays are a type of writing that explores the relationships between different events or circumstances, aiming to establish links between causes and their resulting effects. In these essays, we seek to explain why something happens and its consequences. To master this genre, let's delve into some crucial aspects: causal relationships, thesis statements, impact analysis, and logical structure.

Causal Relationships

A causal relationship exists when one event or occurrence leads to another, with the first event being the cause and the second event being the effect. Cause and effect essays examine these connections, allowing us to explain or predict phenomena. There are three types of causal relationships:

  • Necessary cause: If the cause occurs, then the effect must occur.
  • Sufficient cause: If the cause occurs, then the effect will occur.
  • Contingent cause: The cause increases the probability of the effect occurring.

Thesis Statement

The thesis statement in a cause and effect essay is often a clear, concise sentence that outlines the relationship between the cause and effect. It should be specific and precise, providing a clear direction for the essay. Here are some tips for crafting a strong thesis statement:

  • Be specific about the cause and effect you intend to explore.
  • State the relationship between the cause and effect explicitly.
  • Avoid vague or general claims.

Impact Analysis

Impact analysis is the process of identifying and describing the effects of a cause. In a cause and effect essay, impact analysis involves examining the results of the cause and their implications. To conduct a thorough impact analysis, consider the following:

  • Analyze the direct and indirect effects of the cause.
  • Explore the short-term and long-term consequences of the cause.
  • Analyze the effects on various groups or stakeholders.

Logical Structure

A well-structured cause and effect essay will have a logical, easy-to-follow sequence. Here are the typical sections of a cause and effect essay:

  • Introduction: Introduce the topic and the relationship between the cause and effect. Present your thesis statement.
  • Body: Present the cause and its effects. Analyze the direct and indirect results, short-term and long-term consequences, and the impact on various groups or stakeholders.
  • Conclusion: Summarize your findings and restate your thesis statement. Provide a final thought or a call to action.

Tips for Writing Cause and Effect Essays

  • Begin by researching and understanding the relationship between the cause and effect.
  • Focus on a specific cause and effect relationship.
  • Avoid falling into post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacies, which assume that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second event.
  • Use evidence, examples, and statistics to support your claims.
  • Keep your language clear, concise, and free of jargon.

Cause and effect essays are a practical and informative way to explore the relationships between events and circumstances. By understanding causal relationships, crafting a strong thesis statement, conducting thorough impact analysis, and structuring your essay logically, you will produce compelling and insightful essays that demonstrate your understanding of cause and effect connections.

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Explore the key elements of cause and effect essays, including causal relationships, thesis statements, impact analysis, and logical structure. Learn how to analyze relationships between different events and their consequences to create compelling essays.

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Cause & Effect Transitions Quiz Use cause and effect transition signals appropriately

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Transition signals , also called cohesive devices or linking words, are an important aspect of good cohesion . This quiz focuses on grammar and meaning of transitions for cause and effect .

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Learning Outcomes

By completing this quiz, you will:

  • improve cohesion in writing by selecting appropriate transition signals for cause and effect, based on meaning and grammar.

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Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 07 October 2020.

Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .

Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.

The AWL highlighter allows you to highlight words from the AWL (Academic Word List) in any text you choose.

Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).

Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which you favour.

The Academic Word List (AWL) contains 570 word families which frequently appear in academic texts.

Symbols & abbreviations help you to take notes more quickly.

Cause And Effect MCQ Quiz!

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Ever wondered how much you do understand when it comes to cause and effect? We have brought this amazing cause-and-effect MCQ quiz for you. It is a known fact that for every action, there is a reaction, be it in physics or social. The quiz below will see how accurately you understand specific reactions. Try to answer most, if not all, the questions correctly. Let's go for it!

What is the cause? Jose drank two glasses of ice-cold water

Because he had nothing else to do

Because he was extremely hot and thirsty

Because he was feeling cold

Because he was going out with his friends

Rate this question:

What is the cause? Melissa was promoted to a better-paying position

Because she was an excellent worker

Because she was often late or absent

Because she went on vacation to Europe

Because she asked for help so often

What is the cause?   People ran for their cars

Because the sun just came out

Because it had suddenly begun to rain heavily

Because everyone liked their car

Because it was time for dinner

What is the cause?   Consumer buying is on the rise

Because no one has much money

Because everyone is very worried about the economy

Because everyone rides the train

Because people's salaries are higher

What is the cause?   Judy got an A on her math test

Because she watched TV after school

Because she went to the mall for several hours

Because she studied hard for the exam

Because she didn’t understand the questions

What is the effect? Angela worked hard all day at her job so

She had nothing to do at home.

She worked in a law office.

She liked to work long hours.

She was very tired in the evening.

What is the effect? Terry trained well for the track meet; therefore,

He decided not to run in the race.

He became hungry, ate too much, and got sick.

He won the 50-yard dash.

He had never trained so well before.

What is the effect? King George III of England raised taxes in the colonies so

The American colonists were glad to pay.

The American colonists rebelled against the taxes.

The American colonists liked him.

The American colonists didn’t know about it.

What is the effect?   Because so many people have come to Arizona to live,  

The Grand Canyon is in Arizona.

Arizona has always been a beautiful state in which to live.

Many new housing developments are being built.

People have stopped coming to our state.

What is the effect? Because Jane’s car wouldn’t start on the morning of her important meeting,

She called a garage to have someone come and fix it.

She went back to bed so she could sleep longer.

She went to her neighbor’s house, and they chatted.

The car had a flat tire.

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How to master the art of writing a successful cause and effect essay that captivates your readers and earns you top grades.

How to write cause and effect essay

Are you intrigued by the interconnected nature of events and phenomena? Do you aspire to unravel the hidden threads that link causes to effects? Crafting a cause and outcome essay provides an excellent platform to explore and dissect these connections, allowing you to showcase your analytical skills and express your ideas with precision and clarity.

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve deep into the art of writing cause and outcome essays, equipping you with effective strategies, invaluable tips, and real-life examples that will help you master the craft. Whether you are a seasoned writer looking to enhance your skills or a beginner eager to embark on a new writing journey, this guide has got you covered.

Throughout this journey, we will navigate the intricate realm of cause and outcome relationships, examining how actions, events, and circumstances influence one another. We will explore the essential elements of a cause and outcome essay, honing in on the importance of a strong thesis statement, logical organization, and compelling evidence. By the end of this guide, you will possess the necessary tools to produce a captivating cause and outcome essay that engages your readers and leaves a lasting impact.

Tips for Writing a Cause and Effect Essay

When composing a paper that focuses on exploring the connections between actions and their consequences, there are several essential tips that can help you write a compelling cause and effect essay. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your essay is well-structured, clear, and effectively communicates your ideas.

Before diving into writing, take the time to carefully analyze and identify the causes and effects you want to discuss in your essay. Clearly define the relationship between the actions and consequences you plan to explore, ensuring that they are relevant and significant.
Structure your essay in a logical and coherent manner. Begin with an engaging introduction that introduces the topic and presents your thesis statement. Then, organize your body paragraphs in a way that allows for a clear progression of ideas and supports your thesis. Finally, conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and reinforcing the relationships between causes and effects.
When explaining the causes and effects, strive to provide clear and concise explanations. Use specific examples, data, or evidence to support your claims and illustrate the connections between actions and consequences. Avoid vague or ambiguous language that can confuse your readers.
Use transitional words and phrases to ensure a smooth flow of ideas and improve the readability of your essay. Words and phrases such as “because,” “as a result,” “therefore,” and “consequently” can help signal the cause and effect relationships in your writing.
After completing the initial draft of your essay, take the time to thoroughly proofread and edit your work. Look out for any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors, and make sure your writing is clear and concise. Remove any irrelevant or repetitive information that may distract your readers.

By following these tips, you can enhance your ability to write a compelling cause and effect essay. Remember to analyze the causes and effects carefully, organize your ideas effectively, provide clear explanations, use transitional words, and proofread your essay to ensure a polished final piece of writing.

Understand the Purpose and Structure

One of the most important aspects of writing a cause and effect essay is understanding its purpose and structure. By understanding these key elements, you can effectively communicate the relationship between causes and effects, and present your argument in a clear and organized manner.

In a cause and effect essay, the purpose is to analyze the causes of a specific event or phenomenon and explain the effects that result from those causes. This type of essay is often used to explore the connections between different factors and to demonstrate how one event leads to another.

To structure your cause and effect essay, consider using a chronological or sequential order. Start by introducing the topic and providing some background information on the causes you will discuss. Then, present your thesis statement, which should clearly state your main argument or claim.

In the body paragraphs, discuss each cause or group of causes in a separate paragraph. Provide detailed explanations, examples, and evidence to support your claims. Make sure to use transitional words and phrases to guide the reader through your essay and to show the logical progression of causes and effects.

Finally, in the conclusion, summarize your main points and restate your thesis, reinforcing your overall argument. You can also discuss the broader implications of your analysis and suggest possible solutions or further research.

By understanding the purpose and structure of a cause and effect essay, you can effectively convey your ideas and arguments to your readers. This will help them follow your reasoning and see the connections between causes and effects, leading to a more convincing and impactful essay.

Choose a Topic

When embarking on the journey of writing a cause and effect essay, one of the first steps is to choose an engaging and relevant topic. The topic sets the foundation for the entire essay, determining the direction and scope of the content.

To select an effective topic, it is important to consider your interests, as well as the interests of your intended audience. Think about subjects that captivate you and inspire curiosity. Consider current events, personal experiences, or areas of study that pique your interest. By choosing a topic that you are genuinely passionate about, you will be more motivated to conduct thorough research and present compelling arguments.

Additionally, it is essential to select a topic that is relevant and meaningful. Identify an issue or phenomenon that has a clear cause-and-effect relationship, allowing you to explore the connections and consequences in depth. Look for topics that are timely and impactful, as this will ensure that your essay resonates with readers and addresses significant issues in society.

Moreover, a well-chosen topic should have enough depth and breadth to support a comprehensive analysis. Avoid selecting topics that are too broad or shallow, as this can make it challenging to delve into the causes and effects in a meaningful way. Narrow down your focus to a specific aspect or aspect of a broader topic to ensure that you have enough material to explore and analyze.

In conclusion, choosing a topic for your cause and effect essay is a critical step that will shape the entire writing process. By selecting a topic that aligns with your interests, is relevant and meaningful, and has enough depth and breadth, you will lay the foundation for a compelling and informative essay.

Conduct Thorough Research

Before diving into writing a cause and effect essay, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive research on the topic of your choice. This research phase will provide you with the necessary background information and context to develop a strong and well-supported essay.

During the research process, explore various sources such as books, academic journals, reputable websites, and credible news articles. Utilize synonyms for “research” like “investigate” or “explore” to keep your writing engaging and varied.

Avoid relying solely on a single source or biased information. Instead, strive to gather a variety of perspectives and data points that will enhance the credibility and validity of your essay.

Take notes as you research, highlighting key points, statistics, and quotes that you may want to include in your essay. Organize your findings in a clear and structured manner, making it easier to refer back to them as you begin writing.

Incorporating well-researched evidence and supporting examples into your cause and effect essay will lend credibility to your arguments, making them more persuasive and convincing. By conducting thorough research, you will be able to present a well-rounded and informed analysis of the topic you are writing about.

Create an Outline

Create an Outline

One of the crucial steps in writing any type of essay, including cause and effect essays, is creating an outline. An outline helps to organize your thoughts and ideas before you start writing, ensuring that your essay has a clear and logical structure. In this section, we will discuss the importance of creating an outline and provide some tips on how to create an effective outline for your cause and effect essay.

When creating an outline, it is important to start with a clear understanding of the purpose and main points of your essay. Begin by identifying the main cause or event that you will be discussing, as well as its effects or consequences. This will serve as the foundation for your outline, allowing you to structure your essay in a logical and coherent manner.

Once you have identified the main cause and effects, it is time to organize your ideas into a clear and logical order. One effective way to do this is by using a table. Create a table with two columns, one for the cause and one for the effect. Then, list the main causes and effects in each column, using bullet points or short phrases. This will help you see the connections between the different causes and effects, making it easier to write your essay.

In addition to listing the main causes and effects, it is also important to include supporting details and examples in your outline. These can help to strengthen your argument and provide evidence for your claims. Include specific examples, facts, and statistics that support each cause and effect, and organize them under the relevant point in your outline.

Lastly, make sure to review and revise your outline before you start writing your essay. Check for any gaps in your logic or missing information, and make any necessary adjustments. Your outline should serve as a roadmap for your essay, guiding you through the writing process and ensuring that your essay is well-structured and coherent.

In conclusion, creating an outline is an essential step in writing a cause and effect essay. It helps to organize your thoughts and ideas, ensuring that your essay has a clear and logical structure. By identifying the main cause and effects, organizing your ideas into a table, including supporting details and examples, and reviewing your outline, you can create an effective outline that will guide you through the writing process.

Develop the Body Paragraphs

Once you have identified the main causes and effects of the topic you are writing about, it is time to develop your body paragraphs. In these paragraphs, you will present specific evidence and examples to support your claims. The body of your essay should be well-structured and focused, with each paragraph addressing a single cause or effect.

Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point you will be discussing. Then, provide detailed explanations and evidence to support your argument. This can include statistics, research findings, expert opinions, or personal anecdotes. Remember to use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.

In order to make your writing more coherent, you can use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and create a logical flow between paragraphs. Words like “because”, “as a result”, “therefore”, and “consequently” can be used to show cause and effect relationships.

Additionally, it is important to use paragraph unity, which means that each paragraph should focus on a single cause or effect. Avoid including unrelated information or discussing multiple causes/effects in a single paragraph, as this can confuse the reader and weaken your argument.

Furthermore, consider using examples and evidence to enhance the clarity and persuasiveness of your arguments. Concrete examples and real-life scenarios can help illustrate the cause and effect relationship and make your writing more engaging to the reader.

  • Use accurate data and precise details to back up your claims
  • Include relevant research and studies to support your arguments
  • Provide real-life examples and cases that demonstrate the cause and effect relationship

In conclusion, developing the body paragraphs of your cause and effect essay is crucial in presenting a well-structured and persuasive argument. By using topic sentences, clear explanations, transition words, and relevant evidence, you can effectively convey your ideas and convince the reader of the cause and effect relationship you are discussing.

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The CAUSE is the reason WHY something happens.


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The Causes and Effects of Deforestation, Explained

A big aspect of climate change, summarized briefly.

Logs of wood sit in a now open field, with trees in the distance.

Explainer • Climate • Environment

Seth Millstein

Words by Seth Millstein

Deforestation is the process of clearing forests and using the land for other purposes. Although it’s been a part of human society for thousands of years, the pace of deforestation has exploded in recent years, and the planet is paying the price. The causes and effects of deforestation are complex and intertwined, and the impacts are far-reaching and undeniable. Let’s take a closer look at how deforestation works , and how it negatively impacts the planet, animals and humanity.

What Is Deforestation?

Deforestation is the permanent clearing and repurposing of previously forested land. Though there are a number of motivations behind deforestation, it’s generally carried out to repurpose the land for other uses, mainly agriculture, or to extract resources.

Deforestation itself is nothing new, as humans have been clearing forested land for millennia . But the rate at which we destroy forests has increased dramatically: half of all deforestation that’s occurred since 8,000 BC took place in the last 100 years .

In addition to deforestation, forested land is also lost through a similar process known as forest degradation. This is when some, but not all, of the trees in a forested area are cleared, and the land is not repurposed for any other use.

While forest degradation isn’t a good thing by any measure, it’s much less harmful in the long-term than deforestation. Degraded forests will grow back over time, but the trees lost to deforestation are usually lost forever.

How Much Land Has Already Been Deforested?

When the last Ice Age ended around 10,000 years ago, there were roughly six billion hectares of forest on Earth. Since then, around a third of that forest , or two billion hectares, has been destroyed. Around 75 percent of this loss occurred over the last 300 years.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that currently, humans destroy around 10 million hectares of forest every year.

Where Does Deforestation Occur?

Although it happens around the world to some degree, around 95 percent of deforestation occurs in the tropics , and one-third of that takes place in Brazil. Another 14 percent occurs in Indonesia ; collectively, Brazil and Indonesia account for about 45 percent of all deforestation worldwide. About 20 percent of tropical deforestation takes place in South American countries other than Brazil, and another 17 percent occurs in Africa.

By contrast, around two-thirds of all forest degradation occurs in temperate regions , primarily North America, China, Russia and South Asia.

What Are the Biggest Drivers of Deforestation?

Humans deforest land for a number of reasons, but the biggest by far is agriculture. According to the United Nations, 90 percent of global deforestation is carried out to repurpose the land for agricultural use — mostly to raise cattle, grow soybeans and produce palm oil.

Beef Production

Beef production is the single-biggest driver of deforestation , tropical and otherwise. Around 39 percent of global deforestation , and 72 percent of deforestation in Brazil alone, is carried out to create grazing pastures for cattle.

Soy Production (Mostly to Feed Livestock)

Another significant driver of agricultural deforestation is soybean production. While soy is a popular meat and dairy replacement, only around seven percent of global soy is directly consumed by humans. The majority of soy —  75 percent — is used to feed livestock , meaning that most soy-driven deforestation is carried out to aid in agricultural expansion.

Palm Oil Production

The conversion of forested land to palm oil plantations is another primary motivation behind tropical deforestation. Palm oil is a versatile ingredient that’s used in a wide variety of everyday products, including nuts, bread, margarine, cosmetics, fuel and more. It’s derived from the fruit of oil palm trees, and is grown mostly in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Paper and Other Agriculture

Beef, soy and palm oil are collectively responsible for 60 percent of tropical deforestation. Other notable drivers include forestry and the production of paper (13 percent of tropical deforestation), rice and other cereals (10 percent), and vegetables, fruits and nuts (seven percent).

What Are the Environmental Impacts of Deforestation?

Deforestation impacts the environment in a number of negative ways, some more obvious than others.

Global Warming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Deforestation emits massive amounts of greenhouse gasses, and is a significant contributor to rising global temperatures, in a few different ways.

Trees trap carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in their trunks, branches, leaves and roots. This makes them a crucial tool for reducing global warming, as carbon dioxide is a potent greenhouse gas. When those trees are removed, however, that carbon dioxide is then released back into the air.

The greenhouse emissions don’t end there, however. As we’ve seen, the vast majority of deforested land is converted for agricultural use, and agriculture itself is a huge contributor to global warming as well. Animal agriculture is especially damaging, with scientists estimating that between 11 and 20 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions come from livestock farms .

Finally, the absence of trees on deforested land means that carbon dioxide that’s emitted from other sources, such as vehicles or local communities, is no longer being stored by trees. As such, deforestation increases net greenhouse emissions in three ways: it releases the carbon that’s already stored in the forest, it prevents the trapping of additional carbon from other sources and it facilitates the release of “new” greenhouse gasses through its conversion to agricultural land.

Loss of Biodiversity

Earth is a vast, interconnected ecosystem, and a certain level of biodiversity is required to ensure that it maintains its equilibrium. Deforestation is reducing this biodiversity every day.

Forests are teeming with life. Millions of different animals, plants and insects call the forest their home, including three million different species in the Amazon rainforest alone. Over a dozen animal species can only be found in the Amazon rainforest .

Destroying these forests destroys these animals’ homes and, in the long term, threatens the continued survival of their species. This isn’t a hypothetical concern: every day, about 135 plant and animal species go extinct because of deforestation , and an estimated 10,000 additional species — including 2,800 species of animal — are at risk of extinction due to deforestation in the Amazon alone. Palm oil production in particular has driven orangutans to the brink of extinction .

We are living in a period mass extinction — the sixth to occur during Earth’s lifetime. This matters not only because it’s sad when cute animals die, but rather, because accelerated periods of extinction threaten to disrupt the delicate equilibrium that allows Earth’s ecosystem to continue existing.

A 2023 study found that over the last 500 years, entire genuses have been going extinct at a rate 35 times higher than the historical average. This rate of extinction, the authors of the study wrote, is “destroying the conditions that make human life possible.”

Soil Erosion and Degradation

It may not get as much attention as oil or gold, but soil is a vital natural resource that we and countless other creatures rely on to survive. Trees and other natural vegetation shield soil from the sun and rain, and help hold it in place. When those trees are removed, the nutrient-rich topsoil becomes loosened, and is more susceptible to erosion and degradation by the elements.

Soil erosion and soil degradation have a number of dangerous effects. In the most general sense, degradation and erosion make soil less viable for supporting plant life, and reduces the number of plants that the land can support. Degraded soil is also worse at retaining water, thus increasing the risk of flooding . Sediment from eroded soil is also a major water pollutant that imperils fish populations and human drinking water alike.

These effects can continue for decades after deforested land is repurposed, as the crops grown on deforested land often don’t hold onto the topsoil as firmly as the natural vegetation did.

What Can Be Done to Reduce Deforestation?

Government regulation.

In Brazil, President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva has reduced deforestation rates in his country significantly since taking office in 2019. His administration has accomplished this largely by empowering regulatory agencies to more closely track and monitor illegal deforestation, increasing enforcement of anti-deforestation laws, and in general, cracking down on illegal deforestation.

Industry Pledges

There’s also some sign that voluntary industry pledges can help curb deforestation. In 2006, a collective of major soybean traders agreed to no longer buy soy that was grown on deforested land. Eight years later, the share of soybean expansion on previously-forested lands fell from 30 percent to one percent.

Reforestation and Afforestation

Lastly, there is reforestation and afforestation — the process of planting trees on deforested land or new land, respectively. In China, afforestation initiatives enacted by the government in the late 1970s have increased the country’s tree cover from 12 percent to 22 percent, while local reforestation programs have planted at least 50 million additional trees around the Earth in the last 35 years.

The Bottom Line

Deforestation’s environmental impact is clear: it releases greenhouse gasses, pollutes the water, kills plants and animals, erodes the soil and reduces the planet’s biodiversity. Unfortunately, it’s also become more and more common over the centuries, and without focused, aggressive action to curb it, deforestation will likely only get worse over time.

Independent Journalism Needs You

Seth Millstein is a writer and musician living in the Bay Area. He has helped launch several early-stage journalism startups, including Bustle and Timeline, and his work has been published in Bustle, Huffington Post, The Daily Dot and elsewhere.

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Chaos and Confusion: Tech Outage Causes Disruptions Worldwide

Airlines, hospitals and people’s computers were affected after CrowdStrike, a cybersecurity company, sent out a flawed software update.

  • Share full article

A view from above of a crowded airport with long lines of people.

By Adam Satariano Paul Mozur Kate Conger and Sheera Frenkel

  • July 19, 2024

Airlines grounded flights. Operators of 911 lines could not respond to emergencies. Hospitals canceled surgeries. Retailers closed for the day. And the actions all traced back to a batch of bad computer code.

A flawed software update sent out by a little-known cybersecurity company caused chaos and disruption around the world on Friday. The company, CrowdStrike , based in Austin, Texas, makes software used by multinational corporations, government agencies and scores of other organizations to protect against hackers and online intruders.

But when CrowdStrike sent its update on Thursday to its customers that run Microsoft Windows software, computers began to crash.

The fallout, which was immediate and inescapable, highlighted the brittleness of global technology infrastructure. The world has become reliant on Microsoft and a handful of cybersecurity firms like CrowdStrike. So when a single flawed piece of software is released over the internet, it can almost instantly damage countless companies and organizations that depend on the technology as part of everyday business.

“This is a very, very uncomfortable illustration of the fragility of the world’s core internet infrastructure,” said Ciaran Martin, the former chief executive of Britain’s National Cyber Security Center and a professor at the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford University.

A cyberattack did not cause the widespread outage, but the effects on Friday showed how devastating the damage can be when a main artery of the global technology system is disrupted. It raised broader questions about CrowdStrike’s testing processes and what repercussions such software firms should face when flaws in their code cause major disruptions.

cause and effect essay quiz

How a Software Update Crashed Computers Around the World

Here’s a visual explanation for how a faulty software update crippled machines.

How the airline cancellations rippled around the world (and across time zones)

Share of canceled flights at 25 airports on Friday

cause and effect essay quiz

50% of flights

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Bengalu r u K empeg o wda

Dhaka Shahjalal

Minneapolis-Saint P aul

Stuttga r t

Melbou r ne

Be r lin B r anden b urg

London City

Amsterdam Schiphol

Chicago O'Hare

Raleigh−Durham

B r adl e y

Cha r lotte

Reagan National

Philadelphia

1:20 a.m. ET

cause and effect essay quiz

CrowdStrike’s stock price so far this year

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What is the Great Depression?

Key factors that caused the great depression, government response and policy failures.

  • Lessons learned from the Great Depression
  • Could the Great Depression happen again? 

Unraveling the Causes of the Great Depression

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  • While the October 1929 stock market crash triggered the Great Depression, multiple factors turned it into a decade-long economic catastrophe.
  • Overproduction, executive inaction, ill-timed tariffs, and an inexperienced Federal Reserve all contributed to the Great Depression.
  • The Great Depression’s legacy includes social programs, regulatory agencies, and government efforts to influence the economy and money supply. 

Periods of economic downturn are a normal part of the business cycle, with the average US recession lasting around 10 months. But the Great Depression was a catastrophe, lasting nearly a decade and ushering in a new era of government regulations still seen today. 

Following the exorbitant economic growth of the 1920s, poor policy decisions based on stock market speculation and overproduction by businesses resulted in a large-scale economic crisis known as the Great Depression. Its causes aren't entirely dissimilar to those of recession, though compounded on a grander scale. 

Yet, if the causes of the Great Depression can be seen in other recessions, can the economy fall into another depression? 

Let's explore the economic policies leading to the Great Depression, the impact of the 1929 stock market crash, and the impact of the crisis on global economies. 

Check out Business Insider's guide to the best free stock trading apps >>

The Great Depression was the worst economic period in US history. Starting in 1929, when the stock market crashed, it lasted until 1939 when the US began mobilizing for World War II. Industrial production fell by nearly 47%, and gross domestic production (GDP) declined by 30%. Almost half of US banks collapsed, stock shares traded at a third of their previous value, and nearly one-quarter of the population was jobless.

Despite popular belief, the stock market crash of 1929 was only the start of the crisis, not the sole perpetrator. The Great Depression resulted from a multitude of different complex policy and economic factors, including ill-timed tariffs and misguided moves by the young Federal Reserve. 

"The crash was not a cause, but a triggering event," says Barry M. Mitnick, a professor of business administration and public and international affairs at the University of Pittsburgh's Katz Graduate School of Business .

The average US recession between WWII and today is 10 months, according to data from the National Bureau of Economic Research . However, the Great Depression ravaged the economy for roughly a decade.

Economic landscape preceding the Depression

The lavish economy of the "Roaring Twenties" preceded the crash of the Great Depression. Between 1922 and 1929 was a time of exorbitant economic growth.

The gross national product grew at an average annual rate of 4.7%, while the unemployment rate dropped from 6.7% to 3.2%. Total wealth in the US more than doubled, though most of that growth was experienced by the wealthiest Americans. Individual Americans also started investing in the market in a big way. 

But all was not as roaring as it seemed. Consumers were spending more than they could afford, and companies over-produced to keep up with the demand. Financial institutions became heavily involved in stock market speculation. In some cases, they created subsidiaries that offered their own securities. Brokers secretly sold their own stocks — what would be a clear conflict of interest today.

Still, the stock market stubbornly kept on climbing. That is, until October 1929, when it all came tumbling down.

The stock market crash of 1929

The stock market crash of 1929 wasn't a one-day event but rather a week of escalating panic. On October 24 — a day now known as Black Thursday — the markets opened a staggering 11% lower than the previous day. Investors who had caught on to the market's overheated situation had begun rapidly selling their shares, sending a shockwave through Wall Street. 

The market rallied briefly, but share prices plunged another 13% the following Monday (aka Black Monday). Many investors couldn't make their margin calls. Panic caused more investors to sell, further accelerating the crash. 

"The system fell back on itself like a house of cards," says Mitnick.

The stock market lost more than 85% of its value from 1929 to July 1932. The Dow Jones Industrial Average sank from a 381.17 high in 1929 to a 41.22 low in 1932. 

Oversupply and overproduction problems

Mass production sparked the consumption boom of the 1920s, leading businesses to overproduce products. Even before the crash, businesses had to start selling goods at a loss. 

A similar crisis was occurring in agriculture. Farmers were in debt during World War I after buying more machinery to boost production. However, in the post-war economy, they produced more supply than consumer needs. Land and crop values plummeted. 

In turn, the price of agricultural and industrial products dropped, which decimated profits and hurt already over-extended enterprises. 

Low demand, high unemployment

During periods of economic recession, consumers stop spending, which forces companies to cut production. With less output, companies start laying people off, raising unemployment.

A healthy unemployment rate in the US hovers between 3% to 5%. During the peak of the Great Depression, the unemployment rate peaked at 24.9% in 1933 — 12.8 million Americans out of a population of 125.6 million — and it was still as high as 17.2% in 1939 . 

Banking failures and financial panic

Weak regulations had opened the way for wild speculation on stock exchanges. Being "in the market" was the "in" thing, but many investors weren't making choices based on research or fundamentals. Rather, they were just gambling that the stock would keep going up.

Even worse, many people bought shares on margin not realizing they'd be on the hook for the whole amount if the price fell. The result was inflated prices, with shares selling for more money than justified by their companies' actual earnings.

Moreover, the Fed followed the " liquidationist " policy of then-Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon, in which the central bank stands aside and lets troubled banks collapse. Theoretically, a stronger, sounder banking system would emerge. The policy ended up taking out smaller banks, not necessarily bad banks. By 1933, 11,000 of them had failed, wiping out the savings of millions.

Ultimately, the decrease in the money supply led to deflation. That, in turn, caused sky-high increases in real interest rates, which choked off any chances of companies investing or expanding.

International trade and tariff policies

As demand declined, big business and agriculture, feeling the effect of cheap goods from abroad, lobbied for protection. The role of trade tariffs in the Great Depression negatively impacted the interconnectedness of global financial systems. Congress obliged with the United States Tariff Act of 1930, aka the Smoot-Hawley bill , which raised tariffs on foreign products by about 20%. 

Multiple countries retaliated with their own tariffs on US goods. The inevitable result was a trade meltdown. In the next two years, US imports fell 40%. 

No markets abroad. No demand at home. Small wonder that economic activity ground to a standstill. 

The role of monetary policy

During the Great Depression and years after, blame initially fell on the private sector, with accusations that banks had recklessly depleted their reserves. However, a groundbreaking 1963 study by economists Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz revealed that the Fed's monetary policy was largely to blame. 

In 2002, Ben Bernanke, a Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve member, said as much . "I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression. You're right; we did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again," Bernanke said in an address during Friedman's 90th birthday. 

Federal Reserve's mistakes during the Great Depression contributed to the heady expansion. Interest rates were kept low in the early to mid-1920s, then increased after the crash, doubling in 1931 from their pre-crash levels. The idea was to discourage lending and borrowing by stopping the "wild speculating" that encouraged the market to bubble and burst.

Fiscal policies and unemployment

President Herbert Hoover's response to the economic crisis was tardy. A believer in minimal government intervention, which he called "rugged individualism," Hoover considered direct public relief character-weakening. He did eventually start spending and launched lending and public works projects. Still, according to many economists, it was too little, too late.

The severity of the Depression forced the government to take a more hands-on relief effort. Increased government spending through direct relief programs and infrastructure projects provided more jobs, while simultaneously helping struggling families access unemployment benefits and welfare. However, these programs were funded by controversial budget deficits aimed at re-stimulating the economy. 

Banking reforms were also enacted to regulate financial institutions and prevent further reckless practices. Prior to the crash, bank deposits lacked protection and led to folks withdrawal ing their savings in a panic. Thus, policymakers created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to reduce bank runs and restore trust in the banking system. 

Concluding analysis: Lessons learned from the Great Depression

The new deal.

When Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933, he quickly began pushing through Congress a series of programs and projects called the New Deal . How much the New Deal actually alleviated the depression is a matter of some debate, as production remained low and unemployment high throughout the decade. 

But the New Deal did more than attempt to stabilize the economy, relieve jobless Americans, create previously unheard of safety net programs, and regulate the private sector. It also reshaped the role of government with programs that are now part of the fabric of American society. 

Among the New Deal's accomplishments:

  • Worker protections , like the National Labor Relations Act, which legitimized unions, collective bargaining, and other employee rights
  • Public works programs , aimed at providing employment via construction projects — a win-win for society and individuals 
  • Individual safety nets , such as the Social Security Act of 1935, which created the pension system still with us today, and unemployment insurance

A legacy of government regulation

New Deal legislation ushered in a new era of government regulations — and the underlying concept that even a free-enterprise system can use some federal oversight. Milestone measures include:

  • The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 , which separated investment banking from commercial banking to prevent conflicts of interest and the sort of speculation that led to the 1929 crash (it was repealed in 1999, though some of its regulations remain in the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010) 
  • The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) oversees banks and protects consumer accounts, via FDIC deposit insurance
  • The establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission  (SEC) to oversee the stock market, create securities legislation, and protect investors from fraudulent practices

"The biggest legacy is a change in the view of government's responsibilities — that it should take an active part in addressing economic and social problems," says Aleksandar Tomic, program director of Master of Science in Applied Economics at Boston College .

The Great Depression — Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

Many economists and historians believe that the Great Depression could have been avoided, or at least mitigated, with better policy decisions and quicker government actions. Some economic downturns were inevitable due to excessive stock market speculation and consumer overspending. 

The Great Depression lasted until 1939 when the US began mobilizing for World War II. The enactment of the New Deal and the increased wartime spending helped the US economy to recover as countries abandoned the gold standard and initiated more aggressive fiscal and monetary policies. 

The Great Depression had a significant and lasting impact on global economies. The US raised tariffs on foreign products by about 20%, causing some countries to implement their own tariffs on US goods. The trade meltdown, severe deflation, and high unemployment affected not only the US but other countries, including Europe, Japan, and Latin America. The interconnectedness of global financial systems suffered a major blow, leading to significant political changes in many countries. 

The social consequences of the Great Depression devastated everyday people who faced widespread panic amidst increased homelessness, poverty, and a loss of savings due to bank failures. Families struggled to afford basic necessities like food and shelter. Soup kitchens and bread lines were common as economic hardship led to significant unemployment and financial insecurity. 

Could the Great Depression happen again? 

"The highest unemployment rate since the Great Depression" screamed headlines in April 2020, when the jobless level hit 14.7% of the US population. Since the initial spike, unemployment rates have dropped back to healthy rates, sitting at 3.9% as of February 2024 . 

January 2024, the S&P 500 reached its first record high in two years and officially became a bull market after its low point in October 2022. Amidst the AI boom, mega-cap tech stocks like Nvidia have surged more than 264% and are expected to keep growing. 

The Feds raised interest rates back in 2022 to stem rising inflation . But with inflation receding and after its December 2023 meeting, the US Federal Reserve will likely be cutting interest multiple times by the end of 2024.

Though there's by no means a consensus, many economists argue that another such catastrophe, at least one caused by internal factors, is unlikely. That's largely because the contemporary federal government can draw on many more policy and monetary tools, ranging from unemployment compensation to easing the money supply.

As, indeed, it has done. Take the Great Recession of 2007 to 2009, for example. It, too was kicked into high gear by a financial-market crisis, the subprime loan meltdown. But the Fed quickly slashed interest rates. And thanks largely to a massive government bailout of the banking, insurance, and automobile industries and an $800 billion-plus stimulus package, the downturn officially lasted less than two years. The economy recovered — albeit sluggishly — and eventually sparked a record-breaking bull market.

Though economic downturns may trigger memories of the Great Depression, nowadays, says Brad Cornell, managing director of Berkeley Research Group, "we know enough and can respond quickly enough so that these sorts of endogenous downward spirals are not going to happen again."

cause and effect essay quiz

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