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The Case Study as a Research Method
- Susan K. Soy
- Published 2015
- Sociology, Education
213 Citations
The case for case studies in confronting environmental issues, problematising ethnography and case study: reflections on using ethnographic techniques and researcher positioning, perceptions of empowerment and power in community development programs : case study of tanganyika christian refugee service, social workers' experiences with the south african policy manual on family preservation services, welfare technology, ethics and well-being a qualitative study about the implementation of welfare technology within areas of social services in a swedish municipality, for-profit social entrepreneurship : a study of resources, challenges, and competencies in uk, achieving consensus devoid of complicity: adopting the delphi technique, applying an organisational agility maturity model, the case study method: critical reflection, educators’ perceptions of technology integration into the classroom: a descriptive case study, one reference, case study as a research method, related papers.
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Case Study: Types, Advantages And Disadvantages
Case Study: Types, Advantages And Disadvantages
Case study is both method and tool for research. Case study is the intensive study of a phenomenon, but it gives subjective information rather than objective. It gives detailed knowledge about the phenomena and is not able to generalize beyond the knowledge.
Case studies aim to analyze specific issues within the boundaries of a specific environment, situation or organization. According to its design, case study research method can be divided into three categories: explanatory, descriptive and exploratory.
Explanatory case studies aim to answer ‘how’ or ‘why’ questions with little control on behalf of the researcher over occurrence of events. This type of case study focuses on phenomena within the contexts of real-life situations.
Descriptive case studies aim to analyze the sequence of interpersonal events after a certain amount of time has passed. Case studies belonging to this category usually describe culture or sub-culture, and they attempt to discover the key phenomena.
Exploratory case studies aim to find answers to the questions of ‘what’ or ‘who’. Exploratory case study data collection method is often accompanied by additional data collection method(s) such as interviews, questionnaires, experiments etc.
DEFINITION OF CASE STUDY
The case study or case history method is not a newer thing, but it is a linear descendent of very ancient methods of sociological description and generalization namely, the ‘parable’, the ‘allegory’, the ‘story’ and the ‘novel’.
According to P.V. Young . “A fairly exhaustive study of a person or group is called a life of case history.”
Thus, the case study is more intensive in nature; the field of study is comparatively limited but has more depth in it.
![case study method in sociology pdf case study method in sociology pdf](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBqISG0kyUumajNtRft4TCGn01-pcKBvwzfne9Hskz2GBvBpt1owF2YNjFnCkDpIIshPVMjvif39SS4cjNL1pbM8C9u7zyDj8fiQWlWdQZc0dPxUCbW6RFuOendhkPUn1ksGN6s30W4Ew/w682-h551/Diagram-of-the-possible-types-of-case-study-research-and-their-related-generalizations.png)
TYPES OF CASE STUDY
Six types of case studies are conducted which are as follows:
Community Studies: The community study is a careful description and analysis of a group of people living together in a particular geographic location in a corporative way. The community study deals with such elements of the community as location, appearance, prevailing economic activity, climate and natural sources, historical development, how the people live, the social structure, goals and life values, an evaluation of the social institutions within the community that meet the human needs etc. Such studies are case studies, with the community serving as the case under investigation.
Casual Comparative Studies: Another type of study seeks to find the answers to the problems through the analysis of casual relationships. What factors seem to be associated with certain occurrences, conditions or types of behaviour? By the methodology of descriptive research, the relative importance of these factors may be investigated.
Activity Analysis: The analysis of the activities or processes that an individual is called upon to perform is important, both in industry and in various types of social agencies. This process of analysis is appropriate in any field of work and at all levels of responsibility. In social system, the roles of superintendent, the principal, the teacher and the custodian have been carefully analyzed to discover what these individuals do and need to be able to do.
Content or Document Analysis: Content analysis, sometimes known as document analysis. Deals with the systematic examination of current records or documents as sources of data. In documentary analysis, the following may be used as sources of data: official records and reports, printed forms, text-books, reference books, letters, autobiographies diaries, pictures, films and cartoons etc . But in using documentary sources, one must bear in mind the fact that data appearing in print is not necessarily trustworthy. This content or document analysis should serve a useful purpose in research, adding important knowledge to a field to study or yielding information that is helpful in evaluating and improving social or educational practices.
A Follow-up Study: A follow-up study investigates individuals who have left an institution after having completed programme, a treatment or a course of study, to know what has been the impact of the institutions and its programme upon them. By examining their status or seeking their opinions, one may get some idea of the adequacy or inadequacy of the institutes programme. Studies of this type enable an institution to evaluate various aspects of its programme in the light of actual results.
Trend Studies: The trend or predictive study is an interesting application of the descriptive method. In essence, it is based upon a longitudinal consideration of recorded data, indicating what has been happening in the past, what does the present situation reveal and on the basis of these data, what will be likely to happen in the future.
Whatever type of case study is to conduct, it’s important to first identify the purpose, goals, and approach for conducting methodologically sound research.
ADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY
The main points of advantages of case study are given below:
Formation of valid hypothesis: Case study helps in formulating valid hypothesis. Once the various cases are extensively studied and analyze, the researcher can deduce various generalizations, which may be developed into useful hypotheses. It is admitted by all that the study of relevant literature and case study form the only potent sources of hypothesis.
Useful in framing questionnaires and schedules: Case study is of great help in framing questionnaires, schedules or other forms. When a questionnaire is prepared after thorough case study the peculiarities of the group as well as individual units, become known also the type of response likely to be available, liking and aversions of the people. This helps in getting prompt response.
Sampling: Case study is of help in the stratification of the sample. By studying the individual units the researcher can put them in definite classes or types and thereby facilitate the perfect stratification of the sample.
Location of deviant cases: The case study makes it possible to locate deviant cases. There exists a general tendency to ignore them, but for scientific analysis, they are very important. The analysis of such cases is of valuable help in clarifying the theory itself.
Study of process: In cases where the problem under study constitutes a process and not one incident e.g. courtship process, clique formation etc., case study is the appropriate method as the case data is essential for valid study of such problems.
Enlarges experience: The range of personal experience of the researcher is enlarged by the case study on the other hand in statistical methods a narrow range of topics is selected, and the researcher’s knowledge is restricted to the particular aspect only.
Qualitative analysis in actual situation: Case study enables the establishment of the significance of the recorded data when the individual is alive and later on within the life of the classes of individuals. The researcher has the opportunity to come into contact with different classes of people and he is in a position to watch their life and hear their experiences. This provides him with an opportunity to acquire experiences of such life situations which he is never expected to lead.
This discussion highlights the advantages of the case data in social research. Social scientists developed the techniques to make it more perfect and remove the chances of bias.
LIMITATIONS/DISADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY METHOD
Subjective bias: Research subjectivity in collecting data for supporting or refuting a particular explanation, personal view of investigation influences the findings and conclusion of the study.
Problem of objectivity: Due to excessive association with the social unit under investigation the researcher may develop self-justificatory data which are far from being factual.
Difficulty in comparison: Because of wide variations among human beings in terms of their response and behaviour, attitudes and values, social setting and circumstances, etc., the researcher actually finds it difficult to trace out two social units which are identical in all respects. This hinders proper comparison of cases.
A time, energy and money consuming method: The preparation of a case history involves a lot of time and expenditure of human energy, therefore, there is every possibility that most of the cases may get stray. Due to such difficulties, only a few researchers can afford to case study method.
Time span: Long time span may be another factor that is likely to distort the information provided by the social unit to the researcher.
Unreliable source material: The two major sources of case study are: Personal documents and life history. But in both these cases, the records or the own experience of the social units may not present a true picture. On the contrary, the social unit may try to suppress his unpleasant facts or add colour to them. As a result, the conclusions drawn do not give a true picture and dependable findings.
Scope for wrong conclusions: The case study is laden with inaccurate observation, wrong inferences, faulty reporting, memory failure, repression or omission of unpleasant facts in an unconscious manner, dramatization of facts, more imaginary description, and difficulty in choosing a case typical of the group. All these problems provide the researcher with every possibility of drawing wrong conclusions and errors.
Case studies are complex because they generally involve multiple sources of data, may include multiple cases within a study and produce large amounts of data for analysis. Researchers from many disciplines use the case study method to build upon theory, to produce new theory, to dispute or challenge theory, to explain a situation, to provide a basis to apply solutions to situations, to explore, or to describe an object or phenomenon. The advantages of the case study method are its applicability to real-life, contemporary, human situations and its public accessibility through written reports. Case study results relate directly to the common readers everyday experience and facilitate an understanding of complex real-life situations.
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Research Methodology Methods and Techniques~C. R. Kothari (p.113) - Link
Fundamental of Research Methodology and Statistics~Yogesh Kumar Singh (Chapter–10: Case Study Method p. 147) - Link
Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches~W. Lawrence Neuman (p.42) - Link
The Basics of Social Research~Earl Babbie (p.280) - Link
Social Science Research Principles, Methods, and Practices~Anol Bhattacherjee (93) - Link
PREPARING A CASE STUDY: A Guide for Designing and Conducting a Case Study for Evaluation Input - Link
A Case in Case Study Methodology - Link
Case Study Method - Link1 & Link 2
Unit-4 Case Study - Link
Case study as a research method - Link
Case_Study~Tanya Sammut-Bonnici and John McGee - Link
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A DEM upscaling method with integrating valley lines based on HASM
- Research Article
- Published: 04 July 2024
Cite this article
- Mingwei Zhao 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 ,
- Xiaoxiao Ju 2 ,
- Na Zhao 3 , 4 ,
- Chun Wang 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 ,
- Yan Xu 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 ,
- Xiaoran Wu 3 , 4 &
- Weitao Li 1 , 5 , 6 , 7
A new digital elevation model (DEM) upscaling method based on high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) is proposed by combining the elevation information of DEM and the valley lines extracted from DEM with different flow accumulation thresholds. The proposed method has several advantages over traditional DEM upscaling methods. First, the HASM ensures the smoothness of the upscaled DEM. Secondly, several DEMs with different topographic details can be obtained using the same DEM grid size by incorporating the valley lines with different flow accumulation thresholds. The Jiuyuangou watershed in China’s Loess Plateau was used as a case study. A DEM with a grid size of 5 m obtained from the local surveying and mapping department was used to verify the proposed DEM upscaling method. We established the surface complexity index to describe the complexity of the topographic surface and quantified the differences in the topographic features obtained from different upscaling results. The results show that topography becomes more generalized as grid size and flow accumulation threshold increase. At a large DEM grid size, an increase in the flow accumulation threshold increases the difference in elevation values in different grids, increasing the surface complexity index. This study provides a new DEM upscaling method suitable for quantifying topography.
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Acknowledgments
We are thankful for all of the helpful comments provided by the reviewers. This research was supported by Anhui Province Universities Outstanding Talented Person Support Project (No. gxyq2022097); Major Project of Natural Science Research of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (Nos. 2022AH040150, KJ2021ZD0130, KJ2021ZD0131); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42071374); the guiding plan project of Chuzhou Science and Technology Bureau (No. 2021ZD008); “113” Industry Innovation Team of Chuzhou City in Anhui Province.
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Mingwei Zhao, Chun Wang, Yan Xu & Weitao Li
College of Resource, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
Xiaoxiao Ju
State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Na Zhao & Xiaoran Wu
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Geo-information Smart Sensing and Services, Chuzhou, 239000, China
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Zhao, M., Ju, X., Zhao, N. et al. A DEM upscaling method with integrating valley lines based on HASM. Front. Earth Sci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1068-0
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1068-0
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The earliest applications of the case. method to social research were the. historians' descriptive accounts of peoples and nations, followed later by detailed studies of smaller groups, factions, and individuals. Case studies of contem- porary groups and individuals were a later development.3 In the study of society with its complex factors ...
eral understanding of the case study method as well as specific tools for its successful implementation. These tools can be utilized in all fields where the case study method is prominent, including anthropology, business, communications, economics, education, medicine, political science, social work, and sociology. Topics covered include the ...
Case study method enables a researcher to closely examine the data within a specific context. In most cases, a case study method selects a small geograph ical area or a very li mited number. of ...
The following key attributes of the case study methodology can be underlined. 1. Case study is a research strategy, and not just a method/technique/process of data collection. 2. A case study involves a detailed study of the concerned unit of analysis within its natural setting. A de-contextualised study has no relevance in a case study ...
How to do Better Case Studies: (With Illustrations from 20 Exemplary Case Studies) In: The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. By: Robert K. Yin. Edited by: Leonard Bickman & Debra J. Rog Pub. Date: 2013 Access Date: May 18, 2018 Publishing Company: SAGE Publications, Inc. City: Thousand Oaks Print ISBN: 9781412950312 Online ISBN ...
tion about the broader class." It is also correct that a case study can be used "in the preliminary stages of an investigation" to generate hypotheses, but it is wrong to see the case study as a pilot method to be used only in preparing the real study's larger surveys, systematic hypotheses testing, and theory building. The Penguin
Introduction to Case Study Research. History In the eighteenth century, French sociologist Pierre Guillaume Frederic Le Play conducted what later came to be known as the case study method. Le Play s Les Ouvriers européens took years of exploration of the European working men (Mogey,). His book was published in and included case studies of
Definition of case study. Case study method enables a researcher to closely examine the data within a specific context. In most cases, a case study method selects a small geographical area or a very limited number of individuals as the subjects of study. Case studies, in their true essence, explore and investigate contemporary real-life ...
Abstract. This article presents the case study as a type of qualitative research. Its aim is to give a detailed description of a case study - its definition, some classifications, and several ...
This volume presents an introduction to the case study and how to use it as a. speci fic research approach within the purview of sociology. It is conceived of as. a supplementary book for ...
Case Study Methods : Design , Use , and Comparative Advantages. Andrew Bennett. Published 2012. Education, Sociology. There is a growing consensus among social scientists that research programs advance more effectively through the iterative or collaborative use of different research methods than through the use of any one method alone.
sive design (e.g. a survey) or an intensive one (e.g. a case study). A definition of the case study is presented in section 1.5, and expanded upon in section 1.6. The popular point of view that a case study is characterised by a holistic approach is explained and discussed in section 1.7. In section 1.8 we review the contents of
PDF. Case study research, through reports of past studies, allows the exploration and understanding of complex issues. It can be considered a robust research method particularly when a holistic, in-depth investigation is required. Recognised as a tool in many social science studies, the role of case study method in research becomes more ...
One can discern three main contexts of use: the case study as pedagogical tool, as method of treatment or intervention, and as an epistemic strategy. Even though, as a matter of fact, contexts of use to some extent match scientific fields, they do so loosely, in the sense that a given field can be hospitable to multiple uses of case studies.
The Case Study Method in Social Inquiry (Robert Stake, 1978) - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This article discusses the case study method in social inquiry. It argues that case studies are well-suited for research because they approximate the natural experience of readers. Experience and tacit knowledge, which come from direct involvement, are how ...
The journal itself will not be graded, but two weeks before the course is over, you will turn in a 2-3 page essay, based on your journal entries, on how your thinking about your project has evolved over the course of the semester. (10% of grade) 2. Participation: presentation of article. Over the course of the semester, each student will take ...
member of the sociology department at the University of California at Berkeley. He was trained first in Zambia in the late 1960s by scholars with roots in the Manchester School of social anthro-pology. At the time, the extended case method was taking root as an alternative to functionalist ap-
14.2.2 Characteristics. Some of the very important characteristics of the case study method are listed below: Case study is a deep, detailed and intensive study of a social unit; It is a method of qualitative analysis; It is a comprehensive study; In this study all the variables and traits are linked with one another;
Case Study Method (1) - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document discusses the case study method in sociology research. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a specific social unit, such as a person, family, institution, group, or community. Case studies aim to understand the complex ...
Case studies are sometimes used in the early stages of a research project. They may generate ideas which can be examined later using a larger sample. In this way a case study can be seen as a pilot study - as a way of generating ideas and trying things out before the main study. 4. Case studies can produce new insights.
Case Study - Definition and Types in Sociology - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document defines and describes the case study research method. It states that a case study focuses on a single case or entity rather than a population or sample. Case studies allow for detailed observations over long periods of time and are useful for exploring ideas ...
Case Study: Types, Advantages And Disadvantages. Case study is both method and tool for research. Case study is the intensive study of a phenomenon, but it gives subjective information rather than objective. It gives detailed knowledge about the phenomena and is not able to generalize beyond the knowledge. Case studies aim to analyze specific ...
The case study method is a research strategy that aims to gain an in-depth understanding of a specific phenomenon by collecting and analyzing specific data within its true context (Rebolj, 2013 ...
A new digital elevation model (DEM) upscaling method based on high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) is proposed by combining the elevation information of DEM and the valley lines extracted from DEM with different flow accumulation thresholds. The proposed method has several advantages over traditional DEM upscaling methods. First, the HASM ensures the smoothness of the upscaled DEM. Secondly ...
A Case Study: The Southwest United States. ... (Materials and Methods). Annual mean vapor pressure (VP) trends from 1980 to 2020 in the HadISDH stations and the ERA5 reanalysis (Fig. 1 A and B) agree and demonstrate a substantial decline over the Southwest . While ... DOWNLOAD PDF. Get Access.