saraighat war essay in assamese language

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The Battle of Saraighat: Significance, Legacy, and Lasting Impacts

The Battle of Saraighat is a very important event in the military history of India. It happened a long time ago, in the year 1671.

There are certain battles in Indian history that are remembered as defining moments, and the Battle of Saraighat is definitely one of them.

It was a crucial moment in the fight for control over the Brahmaputra River in the northeastern part of the country. The battle was fought between two powerful forces: the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom on the banks of the Brahmaputra River in Assam.

The Battle of Saraighat has left a lasting impact on the people of the region. The bravery, determination, and strategic brilliance of the warriors who fought in this battle are still admired today.

The Ahom warriors, led by their great general Lachit Borphukan , showed incredible skill and strategy in this battle. They were able to defeat the Mughals and stop them from expanding their empire into Assam. This victory was not only important for the Ahom Kingdom, but it also protected the autonomy and cultural identity of the region.

In this article, we will explore the details of the Battle of Saraighat. We will discuss its historical context, the key people involved, the military strategies that were used, why it is still significant in Indian history and the lasting effects it had on the region.

Table of Contents

Geographical and Historical Context

To truly understand why the Battle of Saraighat was important, we need to know about the historical and geographical background.

The Ahom kingdom was situated in the fertile Brahmaputra Valley and had a strong military and a strong desire for independence. On the other hand, the Mughals wanted to expand their empire into the Northeastern part of India.

In the 17th century, Northeast India was a region of great importance, attracting the attention of different kingdoms and empires. The Ahom kingdom, under the capable leadership of Lachit Borphukan, faced a serious threat from the powerful Mughal Empire.

Understanding the historical context is crucial in realizing the significance of the Battle of Saraighat. During the 17th century, the Mughal Empire, ruled by Emperor Aurangzeb, wanted to expand its territories and have control over the entire Indian subcontinent. Assam, with its fertile lands and strategic position, became a main target for the Mughals. On the other hand, the Ahom Kingdom had a long tradition of fighting against foreign invasions and keeping its independence intact.

Key Players

The Battle of Saraighat saw a fierce confrontation between two powerful groups—the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom. Leading the Mughals was General Ram Singh, while the Ahom Kingdom was guided by the capable Lachit Borphukan.

Lachit Borphukan, renowned for his military expertise and admired as a symbol of Ahom courage, played a vital role in the Ahom’s fight against the Mughals. His unwavering determination and strategic brilliance united the Ahom warriors, motivating them to protect their homeland from the Mughal invasion.

Lachit Borphukan’s leadership was crucial during the Battle of Saraighat. As a skilled military strategist, he devised effective plans to counter the Mughals and rallied the Ahom forces with his unwavering spirit.

His presence instilled a sense of courage and resilience in the Ahom warriors, bolstering their determination to defend their land from the relentless Mughal assault.

Lachit Borphukan’s tactical brilliance proved instrumental in organizing the Ahom defense, utilizing the geographical advantages of the Brahmaputra River to their benefit.

The Epic Battle of Saraighat

The Battle of Saraighat began in March 1671 when the Mughal navy, with approximately 180 warships, approached the Ahom stronghold.

The Ahom warriors, who were about 10,000 in number, faced a significant disadvantage in terms of sheer numbers.

However, they made up for it with their extensive knowledge of the river and exceptional boat-building abilities. Under the courageous leadership of Lachit Borphukan, they fearlessly confronted the Mughal forces, engaging them in an intense and unyielding battle.

Military Strategies Employed

The Battle of Saraighat witnessed the implementation of ingenious military strategies by Lachit Borphukan and his Ahom army. The Ahoms leveraged the natural geography of the Brahmaputra River to their advantage, effectively neutralizing the Mughal navy.

Lachit Borphukan ordered the construction of a fleet of small, maneuverable boats known as ‘xalias.’ These boats were ideal for navigating the river’s shallow waters and were equipped with cannons, muskets, and bows.

The Ahoms’ defensive strategy revolved around riverine warfare. They stationed their boats in strategic locations, placing bamboo spikes (known as “chevaux de frise”) beneath the water’s surface to damage the Mughal boats and impede their progress.

Moreover, the Ahom army deployed various other defensive mechanisms, such as the innovative use of “iron spikes” to deter enemy soldiers from scaling their fortifications.

On the other hand, the Mughals adopted a more conventional approach, relying on their larger fleet and superior firepower. Ram Singh led his forces in an attempt to conquer the Ahom capital, Guwahati, situated on the banks of the Brahmaputra.

However, the Mughals were met with fierce resistance from the Ahom warriors, who employed guerrilla tactics, night raids, and strategic retreats to wear down their adversaries.

The Naval Confrontation

The Battle of Saraighat mainly took place on the Brahmaputra River, where naval forces from both sides clashed. The Mughals had a strong fleet and wanted to establish their control over the Ahom Kingdom’s naval defenses. However, the people of Assam were determined not to give up easily. Led by the strategic genius Lachit Borphukan, the Ahom forces had fortified their positions and prepared themselves for a fierce fight.

When the Mughal fleet approached, the Assamese fleet, even though they were outnumbered and had fewer weapons, showed unwavering determination and a deep love for their homeland. Lachit Borphukan’s leadership inspired his soldiers and gave them the courage to face the powerful Mughal attack head-on. The Brahmaputra River became the battleground where these mighty forces clashed, and the outcome of the battle would determine the destiny of Assam.

The Turning Point: Lachit’s Inspiring Stand

In the midst of the chaotic and furious battle, a moment of great significance occurred that would forever be remembered as a testament to Lachit Borphukan’s bravery.

As the Mughal forces pushed forward, determined to break the Assamese resistance, a crucial turning point emerged. Lachit Borphukan, recognizing the desperate need for a boost in morale, took matters into his own hands.

With unwavering determination, Lachit Borphukan gathered his troops and delivered a powerful speech that resonated deeply within the hearts of his soldiers. He reminded them of their duty to protect their beloved Assam, their homeland.

He urged them to fight with every ounce of their strength, to stand strong in the face of challenges. Inspired by their leader’s words and his unwavering commitment, the Assamese warriors found renewed energy and made a firm resolve to give their utmost in this decisive moment.

Lachit Borphukan, exemplifying the true spirit of a warrior, fought side by side with his men, leading from the front. His unwavering determination and strategic brilliance turned the tide of the battle decisively in favor of the Ahom Kingdom.

The Mughal fleet, trapped in the treacherous currents of the Brahmaputra River and facing the relentless attack of the Assamese forces, began to crumble under the weight of their defeat.

Enduring Significance

The Battle of Saraighat holds immense significance in Indian history for multiple reasons.

Firstly, the Ahom victory at Saraighat halted the Mughal expansion into Assam, safeguarding the region’s autonomy and preserving its unique cultural identity. The Ahom Kingdom’s triumph demonstrated the resilience and bravery of the Assamese people, leaving a lasting impact on their collective consciousness.

Secondly, the battle highlighted the importance of strategic planning and military leadership, with Lachit Borphukan emerging as a national hero revered for his unwavering determination and tactical brilliance. His leadership not only unified the Ahom forces but also inspired generations of future leaders in the region.

Furthermore, the battle showcased the significance of riverine warfare and the utilization of geographical advantages, emphasizing the strategic value of understanding and exploiting the natural landscape in military operations.

The Battle of Saraighat also had political implications, serving as a rallying point for the Ahom Kingdom, bolstering their confidence and reinforcing their political position.

Moreover, it challenges the notion that Indian military encounters were limited to conflicts with European powers, highlighting the diversity and complexity of Indian military history.

In essence, the Battle of Saraighat represents a pivotal moment that shaped the destiny of a region, exemplifying the valor and determination of the Assamese people in their quest to defend their land and preserve their cultural heritage.

The Stakes: Freedom and Sovereignty at the Crossroads

The Battle of Saraighat revolved around the crucial matters of regional independence and the survival of the Ahom kingdom. Lachit Borphukan, the brave leader of the Ahom army, recognized the seriousness of the situation. As the Mughals made their way along the Brahmaputra River, Lachit’s strategic brilliance and unwavering resolve became the motivating force for his soldiers.

Assamese Victory and Legacy

The Battle of Saraighat ended with a resounding triumph for the Ahom Kingdom. Lachit Borphukan and his brave warriors successfully defended Assam against the mighty Mughal Empire, safeguarding the region’s independence and preserving its unique culture. The legacy of this historic battle resonates deeply within the essence of Assamese identity, serving as a testament to the unyielding spirit and bravery of its people.

Lachit Borphukan, rightfully hailed as a hero, left an everlasting impact on Assamese history. His unwavering commitment, strategic brilliance, and unwavering resolve continue to inspire generations. He remains a symbol of courage, leadership, and resilience, reminding us of the significance of protecting our land and heritage in the face of challenges.

Lachit Borphukan: The Unstoppable Hero of Saraighat

In the midst of the battlefield’s turmoil, Lachit Borphukan stood out as a genuine hero and a symbol of bravery. His inspiring guidance and unwavering resolve infused the Ahom warriors with strength, guiding them to triumph against overwhelming challenges. Lachit’s enduring impact on history serves as proof of his extraordinary military brilliance and unwavering dedication to his people.

The Battle of Saraighat: A Cultural Icon

In addition to its historical importance, the Battle of Saraighat has become an integral part of Assamese culture, transcending time. It is celebrated with great passion and excitement, serving as a reminder of the sacrifices made by our ancestors. Every year, on the battle’s anniversary, the people of Assam honor the courageous warriors who fought bravely on the Brahmaputra River.

Various art forms, such as theater, dance, and music, portray the heroic stories of the Battle of Saraighat, keeping the spirit of bravery alive in the hearts of the Assamese people. Through these artistic expressions, the tale of the battle is preserved and passed down from one generation to another, ensuring that the legacy of Lachit Borphukan and the Battle of Saraighat remains alive for generations to come.

The Battle Unfolds: A Challenging Test of Skill and Bravery

When the Mughal fleet approached, the Ahom warriors fought back with all their might. They stood strong, launching powerful counterattacks against the Mughal forces without faltering. Even though the Mughal navy had more ships, they struggled to overcome the unwavering determination and deep understanding of the treacherous river currents displayed by the Ahom warriors.

The Battle of Saraighat holds a prominent position in Indian military history. Led by Lachit Borphukan, the Ahom Kingdom’s victory over the Mughal Empire showcased the importance of strategic planning, river-based warfare, and unwavering determination.

This battle not only safeguarded Assam’s independence and cultural heritage but also left an enduring impact on the memories of the Assamese people. The Battle of Saraighat serves as a testament to the bravery and resilience of the Ahom warriors, inspiring future generations. Moreover, it reveals the diverse and intricate nature of Indian military encounters, challenging conventional historical narratives.

The Battle of Saraighat remains a significant milestone in India’s rich historical tapestry, symbolizing the unconquerable spirit of resistance and the triumph of strategic brilliance in the face of adversity.

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The Battle of Saraighat: Triumph on the Brahmaputra

In the annals of Indian history, the Battle of Saraighat stands as a testament to valor, strategy, and unwavering determination. Set against the backdrop of the mighty Brahmaputra River, this naval clash unfolded in 1671 between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom.

Table of Contents

Context and Key Players

• The Mughals, under the leadership of Raja Ram Singh, sought to expand their dominion into the northeastern region.
• The Ahoms, led by the indomitable Lachit Borphukan, fiercely defended their land and culture.

The Mughal Occupation

• Mir Jhumla, the Mughal Governor of Bengal, had captured Kamrup (present-day Guwahati) and occupied the Ahom capital, Garhgaon.
• The Treaty of Ghilajharighat (1663 CE) had dealt a severe blow to the Ahoms, leaving them humiliated and determined to reclaim their land.

Lachit Borphukan’s Leadership

• Lachit Borphukan, appointed as the Ahom Commander-in-Chief, rallied his forces.
• Despite being outnumbered and lacking advanced weaponry, he instilled unwavering courage in his warriors.

The Battle Unfolds

• The Brahmaputra became the theater of war. Ahom boats, ingeniously designed for river warfare, faced the Mughal navy.
• Lachit’s guerrilla tactics, surprise attacks, and psychological warfare confounded the Mughals.
• The Ahoms exploited the Mughal navy’s weaknesses, striking at the right moments.

Decisive Victory

• The Battle of Saraighat culminated in a resounding Ahom victory.
• Lachit Borphukan’s leadership and the resilience of his forces turned the tide.
• The Mughals retreated, and Assam remained free from their grasp.
• The Battle of Saraighat remains etched in Assam’s collective memory as a symbol of resistance.
• Lachit Borphukan’s name echoes through history, inspiring generations.
• It stands as a reminder that courage and determination can overcome even the mightiest adversaries.

Feel free to embellish this summary with anecdotes, vivid descriptions, and additional historical context. The Battle of Saraighat is a saga of heroism that deserves to be told and remembered.

Historical Background: The Battle of Saraighat

The Battle of Saraighat, a pivotal event during the Ahom-Mughal conflicts, unfolded in 1671 CE. Here’s a concise overview:

Strategic Importance of the Brahmaputra Valley :

• In the early 17th century, the Mughals began recognizing the strategic value of the Brahmaputra valley. This vast region, cradled by the mighty Brahmaputra River, held immense commercial and territorial significance.
• The Brahmaputra served as a lifeline for trade, communication, and transportation, connecting Assam with neighboring regions. Its fertile plains supported agriculture and sustained livelihoods.
• The Mughals realized that controlling the Brahmaputra valley would grant them access to the northeastern territories, including Assam, Bengal, and beyond.

Ahom-Mughal Conflicts :

• The Ahoms, rulers of the Ahom Kingdom (1228 CE-1826 CE), fiercely defended their land against Mughal encroachment.
• Around seventeen battles ensued between the Mughals and the Ahoms, each vying for dominance over the Brahmaputra valley.
• Notably, in 1639 CE, the Treaty of Asurar Ali was signed, delineating the boundary between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom. The Barnadi River on the north bank and the Asurar Ali on the south bank of the Brahmaputra marked this boundary.

Mughal Occupation and Humiliation :

• Despite the treaty, the Mughals persisted in their efforts to expand into Assam. Mir Jhumla, the Mughal Governor of Bengal, captured Kamrup (now Guwahati) and occupied the Ahom capital, Garhgaon.
• The Treaty of Ghilajharighat (1663 CE) followed, imposing humiliating terms on the Ahoms. Swargadeo Jayadhwaj Singha became a tributary of Emperor Aurangzeb, ceding resources and territory.

Lachit Borphukan’s Leadership :

• Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha, determined to oust the Mughals, appointed Lachit Borphukan as the new Commander-in-Chief.
• Lachit, a brilliant strategist, rallied his forces and recaptured Guwahati from the Mughals.
• His meticulous survey of Guwahati’s strategic location paved the way for a fierce defense against the impending Mughal invasion.

Mughal Occupation and Ahom Resistance :

Mughal invasion of assam: mir jumla’s campaign.

• In January 1662, Mir Jumla II, the Mughal governor of Bengal, launched an ambitious campaign to conquer Assam.
• His forces comprised 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, and a naval fleet of 323 ships and boats, including Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors.
• The Ahoms, rulers of the Ahom Kingdom, fortified Jogighopa along the Manas River in preparation for the Mughal invasion.

Capture of Guwahati and Advance Toward Garhgaon

• By February 4, 1662, Mir Jumla’s forces seized Guwahati, a strategic location on the Brahmaputra River.
• The Ahoms made their stand at Samdhara (under the Borgohain) and Simalugarh (under Bhitarual Gohain) on the north and south banks, respectively.
• Mir Jumla divided his army into two divisions, advancing along both banks of the Brahmaputra.

Occupation of Garhgaon

• Mir Jumla’s entire army converged southward, reaching Simalugarh by the end of the month. With determined effort, they overran it.
• The Ahom king, Sutamla, had to flee and hide in Namrup during Mir Jumla’s occupation of Garhgaon, the Ahom capital.
• The defection of Baduli Phukan, a high-ranking Ahom commander, further weakened the Ahom resistance.

Treaty of Ghilajharighat

• In January 1663, the Treaty of Ghilajharighat was negotiated. The Ahom king accepted tributary status under the Mughals.
• Mir Jumla’s victory in Assam was short-lived; he died on his way back to Dhaka, his capital.

Lachit Borphukan: The Indomitable Commander-in-Chief

Lachit Borphukan, a name etched in Assam’s history, emerged as a beacon of courage and strategic brilliance. Here are the key aspects of his leadership:

Appointment and Responsibility :

• In the face of Mughal aggression, Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha, the Ahom king, appointed Lachit Borphukan as the new  Commander-in-Chief .
• Lachit’s appointment was a pivotal moment. He took charge of the Ahom forces, determined to reclaim their land from the Mughals.

Strategic Vision :

• Lachit meticulously assessed the situation. He understood the importance of Guwahati (Pragjyotishpura) as a strategic location.
• His vision extended beyond mere military might. He recognized the need for guerrilla warfare, riverine tactics, and psychological warfare.

Recapture of Guwahati :

• Lachit led the Ahom forces in the daring recapture of Guwahati from the Mughals.
• His brilliant use of riverine boats and knowledge of the Brahmaputra’s currents allowed him to surprise the enemy.

Inspiring Resilience :

• Despite being outnumbered and facing superior Mughal weaponry, Lachit instilled unwavering courage in his warriors.
• His leadership galvanized the Ahom troops, turning them into a formidable force.

Battle of Saraighat :

• The decisive naval battle took place on the Brahmaputra. Lachit’s strategic genius came to the fore.
• He exploited the Mughal navy’s weaknesses, using innovative tactics to secure victory.

Legacy and Inspiration :

• Lachit’s unwavering commitment to Assam’s freedom remains an inspiration.
• His famous declaration—“If you want to be a king, first learn how to fight”—resonates through the ages.

Certainly! Let’s delve into the fascinating history of the  Battle of Saraighat , a pivotal naval engagement that took place in 1671 between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom on the banks of the Brahmaputra River at Saraighat, now part of Guwahati, Assam, India.

Background:

• The Mughals, led by Raja Ram Singh I, sought to capture Assam and expand their empire.
• The Ahoms, still reeling from the occupation of their capital by Mir Jumla and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Ghilajharighat, decided to take a stand against the Mughals.

Key Players:

• Lachit Borphukan : The valiant Ahom commander who led his forces.
• Ram Singh I : The Kachwaha raja who commanded the Mughal troops.

Strategies and Tactics:

• Diplomatic Negotiations : They engaged in diplomatic negotiations to buy time.
• Guerrilla Tactics : They used hit-and-run tactics to weaken the Mughals.
• Psychological Warfare : They exploited the Mughal forces’ vulnerabilities.
• Military Intelligence : They gathered crucial information about the enemy.
• Exploiting Mughal Navy Weakness : The Mughals lacked naval prowess, which the Ahoms capitalized on.
• The Ahom Army emerged victorious, pushing the Mughals west beyond the Manas River.
• Although the Mughals briefly regained Guwahati later, the Ahoms ultimately wrested control in the Battle of Itakhuli in 1682 and maintained it until the end of their rule.

Aftermath and Legacy:

The Battle of Saraighat fought in 1671, left a profound impact on Assam and Indian history. Here are some key points:

Halting Mughal Expansion :

• The Ahom victory at Saraighat halted the Mughal Empire’s expansion into Assam.
• It safeguarded Assam’s autonomy and preserved its unique cultural identity.
• The resilience and bravery of the Assamese warriors became a defining moment in their collective consciousness.

Preserving Assam’s Identity :

• The Ahom Kingdom’s triumph protected Assam from the Mughal invasion.
• Had the Mughals succeeded, Assam and its adjoining areas could have fallen victim to Mughal imperialism, destruction, and occupation.

Raja Ram Singh’s Force and Emperor Aurangzeb:

• Raja Ram Singh I , commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb, led the Mughal forces in their attempt to capture Assam.
• His forces included infantry, cavalry, archers, and ships, totaling around 30,000 troops.
• However, despite their numerical advantage, the Mughals faced defeat due to the Ahom strategies and Lachit Borphukan’s leadership.

Battle of Itakhuli (1682):

• After the Battle of Saraighat, the Ahoms continued their resistance against the Mughals.
• In August 1682, the  Battle of Itakhuli  took place between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire.
• The Ahoms pushed back Mughal control west of the Manas River.
• Key commanders included Dihingia Alun Borbarua (Ahom) and Faujdar Mansur Khan (Mughal).
• The main battle occurred on a garrison island in the Brahmaputra, resulting in the defeat of the Mughals.
• The Ahoms recovered Sarkar Kamrup from the Mughals, solidifying their victory.

Conclusion:

The Battle of Saraighat stands as a remarkable chapter in Indian history, exemplifying the unwavering spirit of resistance against foreign aggression. Here’s why it remains significant:

Defiance of Mughal Might :

• The Ahom Kingdom, led by the indomitable  Lachit Borphukan , defied the powerful Mughal Empire.
• Despite being outnumbered, the Ahoms demonstrated strategic brilliance and unwavering determination.

Preserving Assam’s Sovereignty :

• The victory at Saraighat ensured that Assam retained its autonomy and cultural distinctiveness.
• Had the Mughals triumphed, Assam’s rich heritage and identity might have been subsumed by imperial forces.

Legacy of Courage and Sacrifice :

• The Ahom warriors’ sacrifice and courage echo through generations.
• Their resilience inspires Assamese pride and serves as a reminder of the importance of safeguarding one’s land and heritage.

In resisting Mughal expansion, the Battle of Saraighat became a beacon of hope and resilience for Assam. It remains etched in history as a testament to the valor of those who stood firm against overwhelming odds.

What was the Battle of Saraighat?

The Battle of Saraighat was a naval engagement fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom on the banks of the Brahmaputra River at Saraighat (now part of Guwahati, Assam, India). It marked a crucial moment in Assam’s history.

Why did the Mughals want to capture Assam?

The Mughals sought to expand their empire, and Assam was a strategic region due to its resources, trade routes, and fertile land.

Who were the key commanders in the battle?

Lachit Borphukan led the Ahom forces, while Raja Ram Singh I commanded the Mughal troops.

How did the Ahoms win despite being outnumbered?

The Ahoms employed clever strategies, including guerrilla tactics, psychological warfare, and exploiting the Mughal navy’s weaknesses.

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Lachit Borphukan: Assam’s Great General

• AUTHOR Team LHI
• PUBLISHED 23 February 2018

The very name Assam, with its roots in the word Asama or invincible, denotes how this land held its own, though most of India’s medieval history. Ruled by the powerful Ahoms for 600 years from the mid 13th century, the Mughals couldn’t touch Assam. In fact, it was here that they suffered their most embarrassing defeat.

The year was 1671 and the decisive battle of Saraighat was fought on the raging waters of the Brahmaputra. On one side was Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's army headed by Ram Singh of Amer (Jaipur) and on the other was the Ahom General Lachit Borphukan, who made his way into history books that year. Details of his spectacular victory were meticulously captured in a ‘ Buranji ’ the official chronicles of the Ahom kings, maintained through their reigns. It gives us a vivid picture of what happened over 350 years ago.

The Story of Lachit Borphukan's Triumph: The Background

To understand the story of Lachit Borphukan’s triumph over the Mughals, it is important to get some context of the history, geography and politics of Assam. The kingdom of Assam comprised of a stretch of land 600 miles wide, along the banks of Brahmaputra river. It was surrounded by high hills and thick forests. The capital was at Garhgaon in present-day Eastern Assam, while a viceroy known as Borphukan administered from Guwahati. Thick forests, rivulets and the tough terrain meant that they were hardly any roads. All transport, as well as trade, took place over the river Brahmaputra. It was the lifeline and so the entire length of the Brahmaputra was protected by a series of powerful forts.

The Ahom kingdom was established in 1228 CE, by Chao Lung Siu-Ka-Pha from a Shan tribe from Yunnan, China. In fact, both the dynasty’s name ‘ Ahom ’ as well as the region’s name ‘ Assam ’ comes from the word ‘ Asama ’ or invincible, a local name for this mighty tribe which ruled here for almost 600 years. The Ahoms ruled a rich land. The Brahmaputra valley was rich in timber and elephants and so under constant attack.

Assam was invaded several times by the armies of the Delhi Sultanate in the 16th century with no success. The only invader, who managed to conquer some parts of Assam was the Mughal Governor of Bengal Mir Jumla who had occupied large parts of the Ahom kingdom including Guwahati and the capital, Garhgaon. Yet, within five years, the Ahoms took back control of most of the lost territories.

In August 1667, the Ahom general Lachit Borphukan had recaptured Guwahati. This outraged Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and he sent the Mughal commander Ram Singh of Amer (Jaipur) with a large force in what would be the last Mughal attempt to conquer Assam.

How the Saraighat Battle was Won

The details of the battle that ensued come to us from the Ahom court chronicles, the ‘Buranjis’. In ‘ Ram Singhar Yudhar Katha ’ written by Achutyananda Doloi, the astrologer-in-chief to the reigning Ahom King of the time and later reproduced by historian SK Bhuyan in the book ‘ Lachit Barphukan and his times ’, one gets a vivid picture.

In 1670, the Mughals under Ram Singh’s army comprising of 21 Rajput chiefs, 30,000 infantry and 18,000 Turkish cavalry, marched towards Guwahati through the Brahmaputra river.

Within Guwahati, Lachit was well prepared for the Mughal army and geography helped. The heavily forested and fortified hills surrounding Guwahati provided a ring of defence spanning 25 square miles. Moreover, the fortifications of Guwahati were surrounded by hidden ditches with bamboo pikes, to impale enemy cavalry. The unsuspecting and ill-prepared Mughal army marched into the war zone of Guwahati almost unopposed. They attributed it to Assamese cowardice, without realising the counter plan.

Once in, they became a complacent and easy prey to the planned guerrilla attacks of Lachit and his men. The Ahoms would attack only at night and then retreat immediately. There was even an instance when the Ahom army entered the Mughal camp walking out with all the silverware, they found! So harassed was Ram Singh that he sent off a letter to Lachit demanding he stop these attacks at night, To which Lachit is said to have replied ‘It must be remembered that Lions fight at night.’

Guerilla attacks were part of larger psychological warfare that Lachit and his men planned and the Mughal army was flummoxed by what it witnessed. Rumours were spread claiming that the Ahom army fought at night because it had rakshasas or demons. When the Mughal army head Ram Singh refused to believe this and demanded proof, Lachit is also said to have sent men dressed like demons into the Mughal camp to convince him!

– The Ahom army would attack at night and once even entered the Mughal camp, walking out with all the silverware, they found!

Demoralized and ill-prepared, the Mughal army even tried to make peace on ground, only to be thwarted by the Emperor Aurangzeb who was adamant to destroy the Ahoms.

The final battle was fought in early 1671 when the Mughals made a desperate attempt to break through the fortifications. Lachit who was ill at that time is said to have heroically gotten out of his sickbed, and rowed his boat straight at the enemy. This the chroniclers say, galvanized the Ahom army to such a frenzy that the Mughal forces were annihilated

The battle, which would become known as the battle of Saraighat, was fought on the Brahmaputra. Ahom boats a built an unpenetrable fortification on water placing their boats in a row, one after the other across the breath of the river. The whole of stretch of Bramhaputra flowing through Guwahati between Kamakhya, Itakhuli and Aswakranta became littered with boats and dead bodies. The Mughal flotilla was completely smashed and the Mughal admiral Munawwar Khan shot dead. It was a complete and decisive victory for the Ahoms.

This battle of Saraighat came to be immortalised in Assamese literature and even today, you will find a small village called ‘Sarai’ on the banks of the Brahmaputra where the battle was fought.

Lachit Borphukan of an unknown illness died a year later in April 1672 at the age of fifty. As a mark of respect, the Ahom King Udayaditya Singh built a memorial in his honour in Jorhat, 305 km east of Guwahati. Ram Singh returned to Delhi in disgrace.

– This battle of Saraighat is immortalized in Assamese literature

And after the victory at Saraighat, the Ahom kings ruled Assam for over 150 years more, that is till the annexation of the kingdom by the British in 1826.

Today, Lachit Borphukan is revered as the greatest military hero of Assam. In 1999, the then Chief of the Indian Army General VP Malik instituted the annual Lachit Borphukan Gold Medal Award for the best cadet of National Defence Academy (NDA). And in 2016, a 35 ft high status of Lachit and his men was inaugurated in the middle of the Brahmaputra, at the scene of his great victory, still so proudly remembered. Each year on 24th November,

Lachit Divas (Lachit Day) is a regional public holiday in the Indian state of Assam, observed on November 24th each year.

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Lachit Borphukan: Assam’s Braveheart

Last updated on January 22, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Lachit Borphukan was a prominent military commander and a hero in the history of Assam, a state in northeastern India. He played a crucial role in the Ahom-Mughal War, particularly during the Battle of Saraighat in 1671. Read here to learn more about his life.

Union Home Minister recently released the book ‘Assam’s Braveheart Lachit Barphukan’ in Guwahati, Assam.

The book is being translated into other scheduled languages by India’s 24 Sahitya Akademi Award-winning writers.

Lachit Borphukan’s leadership and strategic insight are celebrated as he successfully defended the Ahom Kingdom against the Mughal forces.

Table of Contents

Early Life of Lachit Borphukan

Lachit Borphukan was born in the Ahom dynasty, which ruled the Ahom Kingdom in Assam during the medieval period.

Borphukan was originally named Lachit Deca. He was born to Momai Tamuli (who was the commander-in-chief of the Ahorn army), who later rose to become the first Governor of Upper Assam and Commander-in-Chief of the Ahom army (Borbarua).

Borphukan, similar to a ‘Senapati’ or ‘Field Marshal’, was a title bestowed by the Kings of Ahom in their courts.

Lachit Borphukan rose to become the head of the Ahom army under King Chakradhwaj.

Military Career

Lachit Borphukan rose to prominence as a military commander during the reign of King Chakradhwaj Singha.

• He was appointed as the Borphukan, the Commander-in-Chief of the Ahom army, a position of great responsibility.

Lachit Borphukan inspired the Assamese soldiers in the Battle of Saraighat fought in 1671, and delivered a crushing and humiliating defeat on the Mughals.

Battle of Saraighat (1671)

The Battle of Saraighat fought in 1671, was a decisive conflict between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire.

• Mughal forces, led by the imperial general Ram Singh I, sought to expand into Assam. Lachit Borphukan, with his strategic brilliance, organized the defense of the Ahom Kingdom.
• The Ahom navy, under Lachit Borphukan’s command, played a crucial role in defeating the Mughal forces on the Brahmaputra River.
• Lachit Borphukan’s leadership and the effectiveness of the Ahom navy are often cited as key factors in the Ahom victory at Saraighat.

The Ahom army launched a massive attack on the invaders and when the Mughal admiral Munnawar Khan was killed by a gunshot, the Mughal naval force became leaderless and they could not maintain the attack and ultimately had to retreat.

• The heroic fight of Lachit Borphukan and his army remains one of the most inspiring military feats of resistance in the history of our country.
• The Mughals were at the height of their power but failed to conquer Assam and the Northeast and consolidate their rule.
• 17 attempts were made by the Mughals to conquer Assam but they failed every time.

The Mughals never attempted to capture Assam after the 1671 war.

Legacy of Lachit Borphukan

Lachit Borphukan is celebrated as a hero and a symbol of resistance in Assamese history.

His leadership and valor in the Battle of Saraighat are remembered during the annual Lachit Divas, a celebration in Assam to honor his contributions.

Statues, memorials, and awards have been dedicated to Lachit Borphukan as a tribute to his role in defending Assam against external invasions.

On 24 November each year, Lachit Divas is celebrated statewide in Assam to commemorate the heroism of Lachit Borphukan and the victory of the Assamese army at the Battle of Saraighat.

The best cadet from the National Defence Academy is awarded the Lachit Borphukan gold medal. It was first instituted in 1999 to inspire defence personnel to emulate Borphukan’s heroism and sacrifices.

• One of the famous quotes attributed to Lachit Borphukan is a message to his soldiers: “When my countrymen are suffering from an unjust rule, and I am breathing, no enemy shall breathe.”
• When on the battlefield of Saraighat, Lachit Borphukan asserted: “Dexotkoi Momai Dangor Nohoi” (My uncle is not greater than my motherland) to punish his uncle for compromising the defence.
• The Lachit Borphukan Military Award is given by the Indian Army in recognition of outstanding service by its personnel.
• A warship of the Indian Navy has been named INS Lachit in his honor.

Ahom Kingdom

The Ahom Kingdom was a medieval kingdom that ruled over the Brahmaputra Valley in present-day Assam, a northeastern state of India. The Ahom dynasty, of Tai-Ahom ethnic origin, established and maintained this kingdom for nearly six centuries. The kingdom played a crucial role in shaping the region’s cultural, political, and historical landscape.

• The Ahom people, originally of Tai origin, migrated from Yunnan in present-day China to the region that is now Assam during the 13th century.
• Sukaphaa, the founder of the Ahom Kingdom, established his rule in the early 13th century. The Ahoms gradually assimilated with the local communities.
• The rulers of the Ahom Kingdom were titled Swargadeo. The kingdom was ruled by a hereditary monarchy.
• The kingdom was divided into administrative units called “Borgohain” and “Borpatrogohain,” with officials responsible for governance at various levels.

The Ahom people had their distinct culture, which was influenced by their Tai heritage. The Ahom culture integrated with that of the local communities over time.

• The Ahom script, known as the Ahom Buranji script, was used for writing chronicles and historical records.
• The Ahom Kingdom had a formidable military force. The Ahom soldiers were known for their skills in archery, cavalry, and the use of firearms.
• The Ahom Kingdom successfully resisted Mughal invasions during the 17th century, notably during the leadership of Lachit Borphukan in the Battle of Saraighat.

Decline and Annexation:

Burmese Invasions: The Ahom Kingdom faced invasions by the Burmese in the early 19th century. These invasions led to internal conflicts and weakened the kingdom.

British Annexation: The British East India Company became involved in the conflicts, and the Ahom Kingdom eventually came under British control. The Treaty of Yandabo in 1826 marked the formal annexation of Assam by the British.

Lachit Borphukan’s legacy is not only significant for Assam but also serves as a source of inspiration for those who value courage, leadership, and the defense of one’s homeland. His contributions are remembered and revered as part of the rich historical and cultural tapestry of Assam.

Related article:  Regional Kingdoms of Medieval India

-Article by Swathi Satish

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Explained: Hero of ‘greatest battle ever fought on a river’

Indian express tells the story of lachit barphukan, and why assam is honouring him with a statue in the brahmaputra..

THE VALIANT

Guwahati will soon get a new landmark: a 35-foot statue of Lachit Barphukan, the great Ahom general who inflicted humiliating defeat on the mighty Mughal army in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671, bringing the curtain down on the last major attempt by the Mughals to take Assam. Historian S K Bhuyan has described the battle as “Assam’s Trafalgar”, and Lt Gen (retd) SK Sinha, former governor of Assam and Jammu & Kashmir, has called Saraighat “the greatest naval battle ever fought on a river”.

In his five-volume Comprehensive History of Assam, H K Barpujari described the final moments of Saraighat: “The right-angled triangle of the Brahmaputra (Itakhuli-Kamakhya-Aswakranta) became a complicated tangle of boats and men battling to save themselves from drowning. The Assamese spanned the Brahmaputra by an improvised bridge of boats placed side by side. They also resorted to a wily trick, combining a frontal charge with a surprise attack from behind, that proved decisive. The Barphukan pretended to attack the Moghul fleet from the front with some men on a few ships and lure it forward and then stabbed it from behind with the main army and fleet… The Moghul admiral, Sarif Khan, smoking his hooka, advanced forward only to be killed by a gunshot from behind. The suddenness of the event threw the entire Moghul fleet out of gear and it retreated. The panic-stricken Moghul army could not be recalled to order. His death marked the end of the battle. For the Moghuls, who suffered heavy casualties, with three top-ranking amirs and 4,000 dead and wounded, it was not merely a defeat but a disaster.”

THE TRIBUTE

After his defeat, Ram Singh of Amber, commander of Aurangzeb’s army, wrote to the Emperor: “Every Assamese soldier is expert in rowing boats, shooting arrows, digging trenches and in wielding guns and cannons. I have not seen such specimens of versatility in any other part of India. Glory to the King. Glory to the Commander. One single individual leads all the forces. Even I, Ram Singh, being personally on the spot, have not been able to find any loophole.” The Barphukan’s victory is recorded in a stone inscription in Guwahati. The best cadet officer of every batch graduating from the National Defence Academy gets the Lachit Barphukan Gold Medal. A bust of the Barphukan stands at the entrance to the NDA.

The Assamese remain upset that Lachit Barphukan, the Hero of Saraighat, has never received the kind of nationalrecognition that other symbols of resistance to Mughal imperial domination, such as Chhattrapati Shivaji and Maharana Pratap, have. Following repeated demands, however, NCERT has recently included a chapter on him in the CBSE curriculum.

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Battle of Saraighat and the importance of Assam history in historical research

Across the periods Assam had held a distinct and independent political existence. In different periods of history she has been a refuge to many people. However very little is known about the past history of Assam, though it has produced great warriors, statesmen, poets and reformers. The history of Assam, ancient or medieval, is as important and interesting as any other part of India. Assam’s history is replete with stories of battle conquests, annexation and reconciliation. The history of Assam is of absorbing interest to students of Indian History, some of the greatest figures of the times – Emperor Aurungzeb, Shivaji Maharaja and Guru Teg Bahadur. All of whom were directly associated with the deputation of Raja Ram Singha to Assam. The story is also interesting for the revelations concerning the offshoots and ramifications of the Mughal conflicts from the standpoint of the invaded country. In the 16 th and 17 th centuries when the Mughals had almost the whole of Indian subcontinent except Assam. During that period, the mighty Ahoms ruled Assam who indeed had put up a brave front against the Mughals.

  From the beginning the relation between the Ahoms and the Mughals was hostile and that was due to certain factors, such as, the Mughal alliance with Koch Bihar, the western enemy of the Ahoms and secondly the growing advance of the Mughals in north-eastern frontier which alarmed them. When the Mughals appeared in the north-eastern frontier, a state of indirect rivalry began between both the parties. After the final defeat of Parikshit, the first organized Mughal attack upon Assam was made with a view to conquer the kingdom. It was the outcome of the aggressive imperialism of the Mughals.

A Historic Alliance: The Mughal – Rajput Marriages !

Boundary relations and trade rivalries appeared to complicate the situation and political issues precipitated the conflict. Moreover the rich natural resources of Assam and the prosperous kingdom of Kamrup in lower Brahmaputra valley and abundant in elephants and aromatic exotic plants invited the attention of the Mughals and they were determined to force open the door of Assam. The river has been a witness to numerous battles over the ages. This was the river which acted as a conduit for the Mughal armies who invaded Assam several times during the rule of the Ahom rulers. It was on the bank of the Brahmaputra that many decisive battles were fought. One such battle was the battle of Saraighat. The Battle of Saraighat was fought during the reign of Ahom king Chakradhvaj Singha in 1671. The Ahom general Lachit Barphukan inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mughal General Ram Singh.

Mughals invaded Assam for the third time during the reign of Chakradhvaj Singh (1663-1670). Both the Mughals and the Ahom accused each other. The Ahoms complained that the Mughals violated the· terms of treaty of 1663 without vacating the territory they had to vacate and not releasing the prisoners ·of war. The Mughals on the other hand accused the Ahoms for withholding payment of indemnity as per the terms of the treaty. Retaliating, Chakradhvaj Singha appointed Lachit, the son of  Mumai Tamuli Bar-Barua, the great general of Pratap Singha as the Barphukan and the task of recovering Guwahati was entrusted to him. By extraordinary dent of arms Lachit recovered Guwahati from the hands of Mughal in 1667.Receiving the news of defeat; Aurangzeb sent his imperial forces under the command of Raja Ram Singha, Raja of Amber to teach a good lesson to the Ahom king.

When Pirzada challenged the British on Muharram of 1782 in Sylhet: 

Ram Singha had already realized that peace negotiations had proved futile and ineffective. He now resolved to decide the issue by resuming offensive operations. The Barphukan was very ill and being deprived of his personal command the Ahoms did not entertain much hope of success. A part of the naval fleet had already boarded the boats with a view of retreat.  The promptness with which the Barphukan dealt with the oarsmen spread a reign of terror among the naval army and thus began a terrible conquest between the two armies. This combat came to an end with a decisive victory of the Assamese. As a result of the victory, the Ahoms recovered the whole of Kamrup. The river Manas became the western boundary of the Ahom kingdom . But the joy of victory was marred by the death of Lachit Barphukan soon after the battle of Saraighat.  

The loss of the battle by the Mughals at the hands of the Assamese was a huge setback in their political conquests. The Mughals faced defeat at the hands of the Ahoms not once, not twice but seventeen times. The Battle of Saraighat holds a lot of historical significance. This battle was the last battle fought between the Mughals and the Ahoms. Their victory established the fact that the Mughals attempts to conquer this part of the country will never be successful. Ram Singha himself was in awe of the exemplary leadership and craftsmanship of Lachit Barphukan and his naval fleet.  In spite of all this our mainstream history books have acted in a partial manner towards the Assamese people.  In the history of India as a whole, the history of Assam is seldom mentioned and few writers have devoted more than just a dozen lines to the treatment of the history of this province.

Sher Shah Suri, an ethnic Afghan; founder of The Suri Empire in North India.

Over a century ago, the incisive colonial historian Edward Gait, who compiled the first compendium of history in modern Assam, lamented the fact that “there is probably no part of India regarding whose past less is generally known. In the histories of India, as a whole, Assam is barely mentioned, and only ten lines are devoted to its annals in the historical portion of Hunter’s Indian Empire .” However some writers have dealt with it their own way” A.D Wade wrote in “An account of Assam”.  This is a voluminous text. The writer appears to have taken great pains in gathering materials from the Buranjis and the chronicles. However some of the dates mentioned in the text are not correct.

In 1341, Robinson published his”Descriptive Account of Assam” As the title indicates it is mainly a work on the geography and the natural aspects of the country rather than its political history. It is poor in assessing the historical materials of our period. In 1372, Blochmann wrote an article. This is a picture from a one-sided angle and is neither accurate nor complete. The Buranjis and the local chronicles appear to have been sealed books to its author. In 1905 Sir Edward Gait published “A History of Assam”. This is no doubt the first historical work on Assam, on the lines of modem research. He has elaborately discussed the history of ancient and mediaeval Assam but has hardly done justice to the period under discussion.

BATTLE OF JAMRUD 1837 FROM AFGHANISTAN IN THE AGE OF EMPIRES  

It is however evident that there are no books that discuss about the history of Assam and the historical events and battles that they fought against any foreign powers.   It is not because of the paucity of materials and their fabulous nature that a good history of mediaeval Assam is yet to be written, but owing to weakness in properly assessing the known materials. That the Ahoms established a powerful kingdom in the north-eastern quarter of the Indian sub-continent and ruled there gloriously for about 600 years, is a fact which it appears to have been almost ignored at the present time.

 Worst- still, the fact that no reference to the most important achievement of Assam in checking the Muslim penetration in the north-eastern frontier of the mediaeval Hindustan, finds a place in any standard work. It is unfortunate that while a number of excellent histories of this period have been written in recent years in the different provinces of India, no historian since Gait has attempted to study this fascinating and patriotic chapter of Indian history according to the principles of modern historical research. In short, the history of mediaeval Assam remains practically a virgin field of study. However this loophole in the history writing cannot remain unnoticed anymore. The crisis through which the Assamese people passed through during their conflicts with the Mughals and the manner in which they overcame it is eternally inspiring which needs to be known not just by the people of Assam but by everyone.

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Photo Essay: War Memorial to Commemorate Ahom Warrior Lachit Borphukan

Lachit borphukan is a heroic figure in assam’s history. he was a commander in the ahom kingdom and the army under his command repelled the mughal attacks in the 17th century. the saraighat war memorial park in assam’s guwahati honours borphukan for his contributions. his birth anniversary on november 24 is celebrated as 'lachit divas'..

On November 24 each year, 'Lachit Divas' is celebrated in Assam to commemorate the heroism of Lachit Borphukan and the victory of the Ahom troops at the Battle of Saraighat. Photos by Pratyaksh Srivastava

Lachit Borphukan is a revered figure in the history of Assam. Borphukan led the Ahom army which repelled the amphibian assault of the Mughals on the banks of Brahmaputra river in 1671. The fierce resistance of the Ahom army is historically remembered as the Battle of Saraighat. On November 24 every year, 'Lachit Divas' is celebrated as the birth anniversary of Borphukan.

Under Borphukan’s leadership, the Ahom army successfully retook Guwahati from Mughal control. In the aftermath, Mughal emperor Aurangzeb sent an expeditionary force from Dhaka. The Ahom army was numerically inferior which motivated Borphukan to wage guerrilla warfare against the incoming Mughal reinforcements.

To honour the achievements of Borphukan and celebrate the success of the Battle of Saraighat, the state government constructed a war memorial in Guwahati in 2016.

The park has four bronze statues of Ahom warriors in combat postures. A bronze plate has also been inscribed to narrate a part of the Saraighat battle. Two more fibreglass statues of Ahom warriors have been built at the entrance of the park. Apart from the Batte of Saraighat, the war memorial also honours the India-Pakistan war of 1971 which resulted in the inception of Bangladesh.

During the last stage of the Battle of Saraighat, when the Mughals attacked by the river in Saraighat the Assamese soldiers began to lose their will to fight. Some elements retreated. Though Borphukan was seriously wounded, he boarded a boat and with seven boats he led the advance against the Mughal fleet.

On November 24 each year, 'Lachit Divas' is celebrated in Assam to commemorate the heroism of Lachit Borphukan and the victory of the Ahom troops at the Battle of Saraighat.

In his honour, the best cadet at the Indian Army's National Defence Academy is awarded with the Lachit Barphukan Gold Medal since 1999.

#LachitBorphukan  #Assam  #BattleOfSaraighat  #AhomKingdom 

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The battle of saraighat.

The Battle of Saraighat is considered one of the most notable historical events that occurred during the reign of the Ahom Kingdom (1228 CE-1826 CE). Instrumental in shaping the history of the Brahmaputra valley and the north-eastern region, the battle was fought between the Mughal army led by Raja Ram Singh (son of Mirza Raja Jai Singh) and the Ahom Kingdom led by Lachit Borphukan in 1671 CE, at Saraighat, in Guwahati. The confrontation is said to be one of the last major attempts of the Mughals to expand their empire into Assam and its neighbouring areas.

The Battle of Saraighat (A depiction on a stone plate in Saraighat War Memorial Park in North Guwahati)

Gargaon Kareng Ghar (Ahom Royal Palace, Gargaon)

The Mughals started understanding the strategic importance of the Brahmaputra valley in the early phase of the 17th century. Since then, the Mughals and the Ahoms reportedly fought around seventeen battles. In 1639 CE, the Treaty of Asurar Ali was signed between the Mughal Fauzdar Allah Yar Khan and the Ahom Commander-in-Chief Momai Tamuli Barbarua, during the reign of Swargadeo Pratap Singha. According to the Treaty, the Barnadi River on the north of the Brahmaputra and the Asurar Ali on the southern bank were finalised as the boundary between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom. Despite continuous efforts by the Ahoms to remove the Mughals from Assam, Mir Jhumla, the Mughal Governor of Bengal finally  captured Kamrup and defeated the Ahom Kingdom by occupying their capital, Garhgaon.

The invasion of Mir Jhumla led to the signing of the Treaty of Ghilajharighat. The Treaty, said to be humiliating for the Ahoms, was signed on 23 February 1663 CE. Ahom Swargadeo Jayadhwaj Singha became a tributary of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. As per the Treaty, Swargadeo Jayadhwaj Singha agreed to give a huge amount of resources to the Mughals along with its territory from Guwahati to the Manas river.

Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha, after succeeding Jayadhwaj Singha in 1663 CE, appointed Lachit Borphukan as the new Commander-in-Chief. Before this, Lachit Borphukan had held other significant positions, such as Superintendent of the Stable of Royal Horses and Superintendent of the Royal Household Guards. Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha, who was adamant to remove the Mughal forces from Assam, instructed Lachit Borphukan to raise his army to fight against the Mughals.

Statues of Lachit Borphukan and his Army

Lachit completed his preparations by the summer of 1667 CE, and his army recaptured Guwahati from the Mughal forces. Emperor Aurangzeb, after being informed of the defeat at Guwahati, sent a force under Raja Ram Singh. The news of Raja Ram Singh’s departure from Delhi was quickly communicated to Lachit Borphukan by Assamese spies. Well aware of the numerical and technological wealth of the Mughal army, Lachit Borphukan initiated a detailed survey of Guwahati to understand its strategic location and develop it as a war zone.

Situated on the banks of the River Brahmaputra and surrounded by hills from all sides, the location of Guwahati keeps it safe from external attacks. Borphukan was aware that the Mughals were inexperienced in naval battles and wanted to take advantage of this fact. He identified a particular region called Andharubali, which connected Nilachal Hill and Itakhuli on the southern bank and Aswakranta on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra. He felt that this area would be the most strategic site to fight with the Mughals. The southern bank of the River Brahmaputra was under the direct command of Lachit Borphukan, while Atan Burhagohain commanded it from the northern bank. Atan Burhagohain was appointed by the King to erect the necessary fortifications on both banks of the river. 

Ram Singh reached the frontier garrison of Rangamati in February 1669 CE. All the commanders of the Ahom army met at Guwahati and offered prayers at the Kamakhya temple. Each commander was provided with a contingent of troops and the requisite quantity of weapons and ammunition. It is said that Ram Singh, to break Lachit Borphukan’s confidence, sent a messenger with a bag of poppy seeds along with a message that read, “The Borphukan should evacuate Guwahati. Our army is as numerous as the poppy seeds in this bag." To this, Borphukan sent a counter-reply with a tube filled with sand and a note which read, “The poppy seeds if pounded down, will become a thin paste. Our army is as numerous and indissoluble as the sands in the tube despatched herewith.” 

Site map of the Battle of Saraighat

In 1670 CE, Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha succeeded to the throne following the death of Chakradhwaj Singha. The Mughal army led by Raja Ram Singht made its way to Guwahati with a naval flotilla sailing upwards of the Brahmaputra in 1671 CE. The Ahom army managed to lure the Mughal force into the war zone of Guwahati using several strategies. As soon as the Mughals were about to land at Andharubali, the Ahom land and naval forces were ordered to attack the Mughals. Despite his ill health, Lachit Borphukan headed towards the naval battle zone from his sickbed in the gatehouse at the Itakhuli fort and led his army valiantly. The entry of Lachit Borphukan galvanised the courage of the Ahom army, and the entire region was promptly filled with men and Ahom warships. They fought with great courage and tactics till the end and defeated the Mughals near Saraighat. The Mughal army was forced to retreat from Guwahati. They were pursued to the Manas river, the western boundary of the Ahom Kingdom. The historic Saraighat region is reported to have included the present-day areas of Pandu Ghat, Abhaypur, Sadilapur and parts of Jalukbari in Guwahati.

The Battle of Saraighat was a landmark event during the reign of the Ahom Kingdom, which ruled the region consecutively for almost 600 years. The extraordinary leadership and military intelligence of the Ahom General Lachit Borphukan, who defeated the Mughals and recaptured the regions previously occupied by the Mughal forces, is hailed even today. However, the Battle of Saraighat, although the most crucial battle of the Ahom-Mughal war, was not the last war. In 1682 CE, during the reign of Ahom Swargadeo Gadadhar Singha, the Battle of Itakhuli was fought between these two forces and the Mughals were expelled from Assam forever.

A statue depicting the Battle of Saraighat

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The Battle of Alaboi and the Battle of Saraighat

The Ahoms under Lachit Borphukan won Guwahati back from Mughals in September-October 1667. Aurangzeb then appointed Ram Singh of Amber on 13 Rajab/ 19th December 1667 to invade Assam. Ram Singh started his expedition on 27th December, 1667. He travelled through Kuntaghat and reached Sualkuchi in April, 1669. The brave Assamese soldiers under General Lachit Borphukan stood in the way of his plans. Skirmishes between the two sides ensued. On 20 Sravan, Thrusday, Saka 1591 (about 5th August, 1669) both sides clashed at Alaboi near present day Dadara, Village-Pacharia in Kamrup District. The Assamese fighting for their motherland inflicted huge losses on the Mughal Army. In the ensuing battle, 10,000 Assamese soldiers sacrificed their lives at the altar of the nation. The sacrifice of the brave Assamese did not go in vain and the Mughal advance was stopped.

Further, it inspired the Assamese soldiers, who two years later in 1671 in the Battle of Saraighat delivered a crushing and humiliating defeat on the Mughals. The Battle of Saraighat was predominantly a naval battle where the Mughals had large boats compared to the small boats of the Ahoms. The Ahoms spanned the river Brahmaputra over an improvised bridge of boats and restored to a combined front and rear attack. The entry of Lachit Borphukan transformed the Ahom soldiers and led to a decisive victory.

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Lachit Borphukan

Lachit Borphukan was a general of the Ahom Kingdom whose army he led successfully in resisting the imperial expansion of the Mughal Empire in the late 1600s. 

To this day he is remembered for his bravery and leadership in the face insurmountable odds.

This article will give details about Lachit Borphukan within the context of the Civil Services Examination .

Background of Lachit Borphukan

Lachit Borphukan was born on 24 November 1622 to Momai Tamuli Borbarua and Kunti Moran. His father was the commander-in-chief of the Ahom army. The Ahom kingdom was located in the Brahmaputra valley of eastern India. It was first established in 1228. The kingdom was repeatedly assailed upon by Turkic and Afghan rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire

The Mughal-Ahom conflict first began in 1615 and continued afterwards. It was in this backdrop  Lachit grew up in. Upon completing his education in humanities and military strategies, Lachit was given the responsibility of serving as the Soladhara Barua (scarf-bearer) a modern-day equivalent of a private secretary to the Ahom King. He held other important positions such as Superintendent of the Stable of Royal Horses and Superintendent of the Royal Household guards before being appointed as the commander of the Ahom Army.

By the time of Lachit Borphukan’s appointment as commander, the Mughals had occupied Guwahati and had forced the Ahom’s to sign the humiliating peace treaty of  Treaty of Ghilajharighat in 1663 which imposed harsh conditions on the Ahom kingdom. King  Chakradhwaj Singha resolved to rid the entire region from Mughal occupation, a will that would be carried out by Lachit Borphukan.

Battle of Saraighat

Lachit raised the army and preparations were completed by summer of 1667. His army successfully retook Guwahati from the Mughal forces. Emperor Aurangzeb (born on November 3, 1618 ) after being informed of the defeat at Guwahati sent an expeditionary force from Dhaka under Ram Singh. Due to the numerical and technological inferiority of the Ahom forces, Lachit resorted to guerilla tactics which successfully withered away from the Mughal army.

Knowing fully well that Ahom forces would easily be defeated if their commander was removed, Ram Singh resorted to subterfuge. An arrow carrying a letter by Ram Sing was fired into the Ahom Camp. It later reached Chakradhwaj Singha. The letter stated that Lachit had been paid 1 lakh rupees to evacuated Guwahati. Furious that his commander was allegedly in negotiations with the enemy, the king started doubting his sincerity, but his prime minister Atan Buragohain convinced him that this was a trick by the Mughals to make Chakradwaj Singh dismiss the commander who successfully fought the Mughals so far.

Having exhausted all avenues Ram Singh made his way to Guhawati with a naval flotilla sailing upwards of the Brahmaputra river in 1671. He came upon an Ahom flotilla led by Lachit Borphukan himself near Saraighat. Once again outnumbered and outgunned in open space, the Ahom soldiers began to lose their will to fight. Some elements began to retreat and seeing this Lachit boarded a boat himself to rally his troops. Offered to be taken to safety by one of his troops, Lachit furiously threw some of them into the water bodily despite being severely ill, loudly proclaiming that he would “die fulfilling his duty to his king and country, even if it meant he had to do it by himself”. Inspired, Lachit’s soldiers rallied and a desperate battle ensured on the river Brahmaputra.

Read more about the Battle of Saraighat, 1671 in the linked article.

Lachit Borphukan was victorious. The Mughals were forced to retreat from Guwahati. The Mughals were pursued to the Manas river, the Ahom kingdom’s western boundary. The Borphukan instructed his men not to attack the retreating army. 

Lachit Borphukan would die in 1672. His remains lie in rest at the Lachit Maidaam constructed in the same year by King Udayaditya Singha at Hoolungapara 16 km from Jorhat.

This would not be the end of Mughal incursions into Ahom territory as the Mughals would take Guwahati in 1679, retaining it until 1682 when the Ahoms would permanently end the prolonged Ahom-Mughal conflict.

Legacy of Lachit Borphukan

On 24 November each year, Lachit Divas is celebrated statewide in Assam to commemorate the heroism of Lachit Borphukan and the victory of the Assamese army at the Battle of Saraighat.

Lachit Divas is celebrated to promote the ideals of Lachit Borphukan – the legendary general of Assam’s history.

The best cadet from the National Defence Academy is awarded the Lachit Borphukan gold medal. It was first instituted in 1999 following an announcement by General VP Malik saying the medal would inspire defence personnel to emulate Barphukan’s heroism and sacrifices.

Lachit Borphukan – UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

Frequently Asked Questions about Lachit Borphukan

What is lachit borphukan known for, how did lachit borphukan win the battle of saraighat.

Aspirants can find the complete UPSC Syllabus through the linked article. More exam-related preparation materials will be found through the links given below

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