research papers in ethiopia

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

•  We're Hiring!
•  Help Center

Economics Department

•   All Departments
• 325 Documents
• 371 Researchers
• Next ›
• Last »

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• Academia.edu Journals
•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) in Ethiopia

• Abegaz, Assefa
• Abera, Wuletawu
• Jaquet, Stephanie
• Tamene, Lulseged

To ensure climate-resilient food and other production systems, countries must adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate-change. Adopting climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) will significantly contribute to such adaptation and mitigation. In global, regional, and African contexts, Ethiopia represents a useful case study from which much can be learned. Therefore, the fourfold objectives of this Ethiopia-focused review were to i) synthesize adoption studies of more than seven CSAPs; ii) examine their adoption status, including gender considerations, socioeconomic benefits, and constraints to CSAP adoption; iii) identify gaps in the current CSAPs adoption literature, and iv) highlight future CSAP research and policy directions. Following a systematic literature review procedure, 100 articles published between 2001 and 2021 on adoption of CSAPs in Ethiopia were reviewed. Although all the publications were about the highlands of Ethiopia, over 80% came from the regions of Amhara, Oromiya, and South Nations and Nationalities. The most-adopted practice was soil and water conservation (SWC), with a mean adoption rate of 61.5%, followed by integrated soil fertility management, and agroforestry with mean adoption rates of 56.5% and 48.8%, respectively. Gender analysis was integrated in the studies at varying levels, including in all improved livestock management initiatives; just over half the SWC initiatives; and over 75% of the remaining five practices. Quantified socioeconomic benefits were reported in only 46 papers. Greater farm income; increased land productivity; higher yields; increased food availability; and reduced household poverty were among the reported benefits of adopters compared to their counterparts. Among the aggregated constraints, socioeconomic factors and knowledge/awareness were ranked the two highest, followed by labor shortage and limited market access. The study highlighted research gaps, especially a lack of national-scale studies and studies focusing on drought-prone regions. Additionally, 37% and 46% of the studies respectively, didn't consider i) gender, and ii) analysis of socioeconomic benefits of CSAP adoption. This Ethiopian review reveals a need to fill research gaps in methodologies and practices, and at all levels in all regions, particularly in drought-prone regions. It identifies those CSAPs which could contribute more to addressing climate change, and emphasizes the need for greater gender inclusion. Policy-related actions should i) boost CSAP-related knowledge; ii) support optimizing their socioeconomic benefits; iii) address labor shortages; iv) improve access to irrigation, markets; credit, and farmers' social organizations; and v) strengthen land tenure. In future, deploying remote-sensing technology, artificial intelligence and modelling approaches, and implementing Agricultural Weather Index-Based Insurance may also support CSAPs adoption.

• Adoption constraint;
• Adoption status;
• Climate-smart agriculture;
• Gender analysis;
• Socioeconomic benefits;
• African Climate Smart Agriculture Summit;
• Agroforestry;
• Agricultural Weather Index-Based Insurance;
• Conservation agriculture;
• International Center for Tropical Agriculture;
• Central Statistical Agency;
• Climate-smart agricultural practice;
• Climate-smart agricultural practices;
• Ethiopian Panel on Climate Change;
• Gross domestic product;
• Food and Agriculture Organisation;
• Greenhouse gas;
• Improved crop varieties;
• International Food Policy Research Institute;
• Improved livestock management;
• Intended nationally Determined Contributions;
• Integrated soil fertility management;
• Ministry of Agriculture;
• Systematic literature review;
• Soil and water conservation;
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;
• Water harvesting and small-scale irrigation

• St. Mary's University Institutional Repository

SMU Institutional Repository

Communities in St Mary's IR

Choose a community to browse its collections.

Bulletins 5

Journals 408, lecture notes and teaching resources 0, newsletters 177, policy documents and guidelines 1, smu conference proceedings 605, smu staff publications 7, thesis and dissertation 5747.

• 130 St. Mary's University
• 37 St.Mary's University
• 20 Stebek, Elias N.
• 10 Abdo, Muradu
• 10 Kiros, Simeneh
• 10 Tamrat, Wondwosen (Assoc. Prof.)
• 9 Lemma, Mesfin
• 8 Girma, Melaku (PhD)
• 8 Shete, Maru
• 7 Adela, Manaye
• 241 Business Administration
• 196 Management
• 140 Marketing Management
• 48 The Teacher
• 44 Quality Matters
• 33 SOCIAL WORK
• 31 Customer Satisfaction
• 30 Quarterly Newsletter
• 1917 2020 - 2024
• 4689 2010 - 2019
• 341 2000 - 2009
• 1 1996 - 1999

• Open access
• Published: 15 July 2024

HIV1 drug resistance among patients experiencing first-line treatment failure in Ethiopia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

• Melashu Balew   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-0758 1 , 2 ,
• Gedefaw Abeje 1 ,
• Alemtsehay Mekonnen 1 &
• Getu Degu 1  

Systematic Reviews volume  13 , Article number:  180 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

141 Accesses

Metrics details

The emergence of HIV drug resistance presents a substantial challenge. Current antiretroviral treatments, along with current classes, face the danger of becoming partially or entirely inactive. As a result, alternative treatment regimens are limited, and treatment choices are complicated. According to the recommendation of the WHO, nations should consider changing their first-line ART regimen if HIV drug resistance exceeds 10%. In spite of the fact that a number of primary studies have been performed on HIV drug resistance in Ethiopia, their pooled prevalence rate has not been determined in a systematic review and meta-analysis, which may provide stronger evidence. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to estimate the pooled prevalence rate of HIV1 drug resistance in patients with first-line treatment failure in Ethiopia.

Primary studies will be identified from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar. The period of search will be from 01 April to 30 June 2024. Studies identified through the search strategies will first be screened by titles and abstracts. Included studies meeting established criteria will be evaluated for risk of bias using the JBI checklist. Data will be extracted, and the pooled prevalence rate of HIV drug resistance will be computed using STATA 14 software. Random effect models will be used when heterogeneity is suspected. The I 2 statistic and its corresponding P value will be checked to distinguish heterogeneity. Additionally, publication bias and heterogeneity will be checked using visual funnel plots, Egger’s test, trim-and-fill tests, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis. To present and synthesize the results, narrative synthesis will be performed to describe study characteristics and findings, and forest plots will be used to visually represent effect sizes and confidence intervals from individual studies.

Estimating the pooled prevalence rate of HIV drug resistance through a systematic review and meta-analysis improves the reliability of the evidence, the availability of effective HIV treatment options, and the ability to assist in making decisions for both clinical practice and public health policy in Ethiopia.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42024533975.

Peer Review reports

The increase in HIV drug resistance is a major challenge to HIV/AIDS treatment. The main cause is the rapid mutation of the virus, which has a significant impact on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy [ 1 ]. Various types of resistance, including pretreatment, acquired resistance, and cross-resistance, can develop due to factors such as poor treatment compliance, inadequate drug concentrations, or the spread of variant strains drug resistance [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].

Patients with treatment failure (two consecutive viral load results > 1000 copies/mL) are at higher risk of HIV drug resistance (a consequence of mutations occurring in viral proteins that antiretroviral drugs target) [ 5 , 6 ]. Current antiretroviral treatments, as well as newer drugs, face the risk of becoming partially or completely ineffective in the presence of drug-resistant strains of the virus [ 7 ].

Due to their cost-effectiveness, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), such as efavirenz and nevirapine, as well as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), such as tenofovir and lamivudine, are utilized as first-line treatments in many resource-limited settings [ 8 ]. However, the emergence of resistance to NNRTIs and/or NRTIs poses a significant challenge as it reduces available alternatives for effective treatment regimens and further complicates treatment strategies [ 1 , 9 ]. According to WHO recommendation, countries should consider changing first-line ART regimen if HIV drug resistance rates exceed 10% [ 10 ].

HIV drug resistance has three levels: low, medium, and high. High levels of drug resistance highlight the urgent need for alternative treatment options. Therefore, concerns about the spread of drug-resistant strains are increasing. On the other hand, the presence of low and moderate levels of resistance emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and prevention of resistance, thereby ensuring the effectiveness of current antiretroviral drugs [ 4 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. There are many risk factors for HIV drug resistance. Irregular and repeated interruption, transmission of drug-resistant strains, delay in reporting treatment failure, use of incomplete or inadequate treatment regimens, and exposure to antiretroviral drugs previously increased the risk of HIV drug resistance emerging [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].

Africa, which has the world’s largest HIV/AIDS burden [ 17 ], also faces challenges related to drug resistance. Recent studies conducted many African countries have consistently highlighted the impact of HIV drug resistance in patients with treatment failure. A study conducted in HIV-infected adolescents in the two main cities of Cameroon found that 93.3% HIVDR, of which 52.3% were high-level resistance to efavirenz/nevirapine (K103N) and 47.6% to lamivudine (M184V) [ 18 ]; 52.7% of participants in Kenya had at least one resistance mutation [ 19 ], and 83% of the patients in Zambia required a drug change in adolescents and young adults who had at least one drug resistance mutation [ 20 ].

In Ethiopia, where HIV is prevalent, free antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been provided since 2005 [ 21 ]. In 2022, 610000 [510000-750000] people were living with HIV, and 504685 patients received ART [ 22 ]. According to national guidelines, TDF + 3TC + DTG (FDC) is the preferred first-line regimen and TDF/AZT + 3TC + EFV or AZT + 3TC + DTG is the alternative first-line regimen for patients aged 10 years and older. Moreover, ABC + 3TC + DTG is the preferred first-line regimen, and ABC + 3TC + LPV/r or AZT + 3TC + DTG is the alternative first-line regimen for children under 10 years of age [ 23 ].

However, different studies have shown that of HIV resistance rates vary. The presence of two studies with different findings (5% and 85.4%) [ 24 , 25 ] indicated a significant challenge for HIV management and requires careful evaluation of alternate treatment options for viral suppression. Although these studies may provide valuable information, a systematic review and meta-analysis of their pooled prevalence has not yet been performed, which could provide stronger evidence to draw conclusions for broader populations [ 26 ]. As a result, there are gaps in understanding the extent of drug resistance in patients who experience first-line treatment failure.

Addressing this gap is critical to inform evidence-based policies and strategies to improve HIV treatment and care in Ethiopia. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis, which synthesize data from a variety of sources and apply rigorous analytical methods, can improve the strength and reliability of the evidence, thereby providing valuable insights for clinical practice and public health policy development in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to estimate the pooled prevalence rate of HIV drug resistance among patients experiencing treatment failure in Ethiopia.

This protocol was registered on PROSPERO on April 21, 2024, with the identification number CRD42024533975. As shown in Additional file 1, the protocol was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines [ 27 ]. The systematic review and meta-analyses will be performed based on the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis [ 28 ].

Eligibility criteria

Studies conducted in Ethiopia, including published primary studies with cross-sectional or cohort designs reporting HIV drug resistance, will be included. However, studies that do not present clear data, qualitative studies, editorials, or commentaries will be excluded because the inability to report prevalence data.

The CoCoPop (Condition, Context, and Population) mnemonic will be used to include relevant studies. In this study, the condition will be HIV drug resistance, the context will be Ethiopia, and the population will be patients who have experienced first-line treatment failure.

Information sources

We will search electronically from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar, and manually from Google to identify published literature. The period of search will be from April 1 to June 30, 2024. A comprehensive search strategy will be developed. Free text (keywords), entry terms, medical subject headings (MeSH) with respect to CoCoPop mnemonics, a combination of keywords related to HIV, drug resistance, Ethiopia, Africa South of the Sahara, and developing countries will be used. Using Boolean operators, search terms will be generated to find relevant studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Search queries are provided in Additional file 2. Moreover, the reference lists of the included papers will be screened to identify relevant articles.

Data management

Endnote version 20.4 will be used to manage the selection and review process. Articles from the database search will be imported into Endnote. Duplicate articles will be removed and relevant studies will be included to synthesize quantitative data. Data will be extracted using Microsoft Excel, and the meta-analyses will be performed in STATA version 14.

Selection process

Screening will first be performed independently by two reviewers using titles and abstracts. Full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria will be read independently by the reviewers for further assessment. Prioritization method will be used to exclude articles the full text screening phase based on the following criteria: relevance to the review question, geographic region, study design, article type, and comorbidity of participants [ 29 ]. Disagreements will be resolved by consensus between the two reviewers and a third reviewer if consensus has not been reached to include or reject the article in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data collection process and data items

Two reviewers will independently extract data from selected full-text articles using a designed Microsoft Excel extraction format. Then, the reviewers will compare the data to ensure consistency. Inconsistencies will be resolved by discussion between the two data extractors, and disagreements will be resolved by involving a third reviewer.

Data relevant to this study will be collected from each study. The following data items will be extracted: name of author, publication year, region, population type, study design, study duration, number of participants, demographics (age and sex), results by outcomes of interest (outcome definition, sample size, and statistical tests), NRTI-associated mutations, NNRTI-associated mutations, HIV-1 subtype distribution, and regimen type (Additional file 3).

Outcomes and prioritization

The outcome variable of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be the pooled prevalence rate of HIV drug resistance, calculated as the total number of patients who develop HIV drug resistance divided by the total number of patients with first-line treatment failure in each included study and multiplied by 100.

Study risk of bias assessment

To ensure methodological quality, two reviewers will independently assess the quality of the included studies. We will assess risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist, a comprehensive tool designed to assess quality and risk of bias in various types of study designs. Each checklist includes a series of questions such as the clarity of the research question, the rigor of data collection and analysis, and the validity and reliability of the results, thereby helping improve the reliability and validity of synthesized evidence. The various biases will be evaluated using the JBI critical appraisal checklist. The questions in the checklist address selection bias by examining how participants are recruited, performance bias by examining blinding methods, and detection bias by assessing the outcomes assessed. Questions related to attrition bias focus on handling incomplete data, while reporting bias is assessed by examining whether all predetermined outcomes are reported consistently. This systematic approach ensures thorough assessment of potential biases contributing to the overall robustness of the meta-analysis [ 28 , 30 ]. Two reviewers will independently assess the quality of included studies using the checklist. During the evaluation, disagreements between reviewers will be resolved through discussion or through the participation of other reviewers.

Effect measures and synthesis methods

A narrative synthesis that includes a summary of main characteristics, results of the included studies and discussing potential reasons for differences in study outcomes will be performed to summarize review findings. Additionally, meta-analyses will be performed in STATA (V.14) using the “metan” command. DerSimonian and Laird’s (DL) overall pooled prevalence rate of HIV drug resistance in patients experiencing first-line treatment failure will be calculated as an effect measure.

This meta-analysis will be performed considering studies with low risk of bias and heterogeneity. An overall estimate of HIV drug resistance will be calculated and summarized in a forest plot. Random effects models will be used if heterogeneity is suspected. Heterogeneity will be tested using the I 2 statistic, which measures the proportion of variance due to inconsistency. An I 2 value of 0% indicates no inconsistency between the results of individual studies. Low, medium, and high heterogeneity will be considered with I 2 values of 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively [ 31 ].

I 2 , subgroup analysis, and meta-regression will be performed to investigate the source of statistical heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis will also be performed on HIV drug resistance rates to assess the impact of attrition bias.

Meta - bias (es)

Publication bias (small study bias or assessment of reporting bias) will be checked by visual inspection of the funnel plot (the effect size against its standard error) and statistically using Egger’s test ( P  < 0.05 to declare potential publication bias) and the trim-and-fill method [ 32 ].

Confidence in cumulative evidence

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the strength of evidence will be assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. The overall quality of the evidence in the studies will be classified into four levels: high, moderate, low, and very low. It will take into account a number of factors, including risk of bias, inconsistent results, indirect evidence, imprecise results, and the suggestion of spurious effects when results show no effect [ 33 , 34 ]. Applying the GRADE approach, we will systematically evaluate each of these factors for each outcome in the studies included in the review.

HIV’s rapid replication, combined with error-prone reverse transcriptase, leads to significant genetic diversity, creating many viral variants within a single host. This genetic diversity is further complicated by the presence of many different strains, including major groups, subtypes, and circulating recombinant forms. Together, these factors complicate treatment and prevention efforts by increasing the risk of drug resistance. The aim of this review is to generate consolidated evidences on the emergence of HIV1 drug resistance in Ethiopia, which is essential to suppress the virus and maintain effective control measures.

Additionally, NRTI-associated mutations, NNRTI-associated mutations, and HIV-1 subtype distribution will be described. Information on these issues is very important for managing patients with treatment failure and requires careful evaluation of alternate treatment options for viral suppression.

Overall, estimating the pooled prevalence rate of HIV drug resistance through systematic review and meta-analysis improves the reliability of the evidence, the availability of effective HIV treatment options, and ability to assist in decision-making in clinical practice and public health policy in Ethiopia.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Condition, Context, and Population

Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation

Human immunodeficiency virus

Human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance

Joanna Briggs Institute

Medical subject headings

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols

The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews

World Health Organization. Fact sheet HIV drug resistance, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-drug-resistance .

World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance report; 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240038608 .

WorldHealthOrganization. HIV drug resistance, https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/treatment/hiv-drug-resistance#:~:text=HIV%20drug%20resistance%20is%20caused,of%20drug%2Dresistant%20virus%20strains .

Chia HX, Tan SY, Ko KC, Tan RKJ, Lim J. HIV drug resistance in Southeast Asia: prevalence, determinants, and strategic management. J Public Health Emerg. 2022;6:1–26.

World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach, 2nd ed; 2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549684 .

SeyedAlinaghi S, Afsahi AM, Moradi A, Parmoon Z, Habibi P, Mirzapour P, et al. Current ART, determinants for virologic failure and implications for HIV drug resistance: an umbrella review. AIDS Res Ther. 2023;20(1):74.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

WHO. HIV drug resistance 2022 Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-drug-resistance .

Nanfuka M, Forrest JI, Zhang W, Okoboi S, Birungi J, Kaleebu P, et al. Durability of non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based first-line ART regimens after 7 years of treatment in rural Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Medicine. 2021;100(19):e25763.

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Temereanca A, Ruta S. Strategies to overcome HIV drug resistance-current and future perspectives. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1133407.

World Health Organization. Global action plan on HIV drug resistance; 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/treatment/hiv-drug-resistance/global-action-plan-and-strategy-on-hiv-drug-resistance .

Kang R-H, Liang S-J, Ma Y-L, Liang S, Xiao L, Zhang X-H, et al. Pretreatment HIV drug resistance in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in China, 2017. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(03):65–73.

Google Scholar  

Hamers RL. Drug-resistant HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa - research explorer. https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2266065/117277_thesis.pdf .

Jordan MR, Hamunime N, Bikinesi L, Sawadogo S, Agolory S, Shiningavamwe AN, et al. High levels of HIV drug resistance among adults failing second-line antiretroviral therapy in Namibia. Medicine. 2020;99(37):e21661.

Taverne B, Laborde-Balen G, Sow K, Ndiaye NB, Diop K. Treatment success or failure in children and adolescents born with HIV in rural Senegal: an anthropological perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2023;317:115628.

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Ayalew MB, Kumilachew D, Belay A, Getu S, Teju D, Endale D, et al. First-line antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors in HIV patients at the University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar. Northwest Ethiopia HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care. 2016;8:141–6.

Pennings PS. HIV drug resistance: problems and perspectives. Infectious disease reports. 2013;5(Suppl 1):e5.

World Health Organization. HIV statistics, globally and by WHO region. 2023. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/hq-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-library/j0294-who-hiv-epi-factsheet-v7.pdf .

Penda CI, Moukoko Mbonjo M, Fokam J, Djeuda ABD, Grace N, Ateba Ndongo F, et al. Rate of virological failure and HIV-1 drug resistance among HIV-infected adolescents in routine follow-up on health facilities in Cameroon. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0276730.

Hassan AS, Nabwera HM, Mwaringa SM, Obonyo CA, Sanders EJ, Rinke de Wit TF, et al. HIV-1 virologic failure and acquired drug resistance among first-line antiretroviral experienced adults at a rural HIV clinic in coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study. AIDS research and therapy. 2014;11:1–12.

Article   Google Scholar  

Miti S, Handema R, Mulenga L, Mwansa JK, Abrams E, Frimpong C, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of HIV drug resistance among antiretroviral treatment (ART) experienced adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Ndola, Zambia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0236156.

MOH-E Fa. HIV/AIDS National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Ethiopia 2021–2025. Available at: https://www.prepwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Ethiopia-HIVAIDS-National-Strategic-Plan-2021-25.pdf .

UNAIDS. Country factsheets, Ethiopia. 2023. Available at: https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/ethiopia . 

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health. Guideline for hIV car/ART clinical mentoring in Ethiopia; 2018. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/guideline-hiv-careart-clinical-mentoring-ethiopia .

Abegaz WE, Grossman Z, Wolday D, Ram D, Kaplan J, Sibide K, et al. Threshold survey evaluating transmitted HIV drug resistance among public antenatal clinic clients in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia Antiviral therapy. 2008;13(2):89–94.

Tachbele E, Kyobe S, Katabazi FA, Kigozi E, Mwesigwa S, Joloba M, et al. Genetic diversity and acquired drug resistance mutations detected by deep sequencing in virologic failures among antiretroviral treatment experienced human immunodeficiency virus-1 patients in a pastoralist region of Ethiopia. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2021;14:4833–47.

Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 1st ed. Chichester (UK): Wiley; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119536604 .

Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1–9.

Aromataris E, Munn Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI, 2020 Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global ; https://doi.org/10.46658.JBIMES-20–01 .

Saif-Ur-Rahman K, Hasan M, Hossain S, Anwar I, Hirakawa Y, Yatsuya H. Prioritization and sequential exclusion of articles in systematic reviews. Campbell Syst Rev. 2022;18(2):e1229.

Kolaski K, Logan LR, Ioannidis JP. Guidance to best tools and practices for systematic reviews. Br J Pharmacol. 2024;181(1):180–210.

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Melsen W, Bootsma M, Rovers M, Bonten M. The effects of clinical and statistical heterogeneity on the predictive values of results from meta-analyses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(2):123–9.

Ardern CL, Büttner F, Andrade R, Weir A, Ashe MC, Holden S, et al. Implementing the 27 PRISMA 2020 statement items for systematic reviews in the sport and exercise medicine, musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports science fields: the PERSiST (implementing Prisma in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport medicine and SporTs science) guidance. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(4):175–95.

Granholm A, Alhazzani W, Møller MH. Use of the GRADE approach in systematic reviews and guidelines. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(5):554–9.

Prasad M. Introduction to the GRADE tool for rating certainty in evidence and recommendations. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2024;25:101484.

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Bahir Dar University Information Technology Department for providing technical assistance of using databases in the search process.

The authors did not receive funding for this study.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Melashu Balew, Gedefaw Abeje, Alemtsehay Mekonnen & Getu Degu

Health Research Development Directorate, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Melashu Balew

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

MB, GD, GA, and AM developed the research question. MB built the search strategy. GD, GA, and AM provided methodological support. MB designed the draft manuscript, and the other authors reviewed the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melashu Balew .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate, consent for publication, competing interests.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary material 1., supplementary  material 2., supplementary material 3., rights and permissions.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Balew, M., Abeje, G., Mekonnen, A. et al. HIV1 drug resistance among patients experiencing first-line treatment failure in Ethiopia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 13 , 180 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02605-1

Download citation

Received : 25 April 2024

Accepted : 06 July 2024

Published : 15 July 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02605-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Drug resistance
• Treatment failure

Systematic Reviews

ISSN: 2046-4053

• Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
• General enquiries: [email protected]

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Final thesis on determinants of inflation in Ethiopia

2021, academia

Inflation is defined as a persistent increase in general price level of goods and services. Even though Ethiopia has experienced a low inflation until 2002/3, recently, double digit inflation has become troublesome for policy makers as well as the society. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the major determinants of inflation in Ethiopia by employing the techniques of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) for 32 years’ data starting from 1987/88 to 2018/19. The study included macroeconomic determinants and non-economic factor that alter inflation level measured by consumer price index such as, real gross domestic product, nominal exchange rate, broad money supply, external debt, foreign aid, tariff rate and dummy for political stability. The results of bounds test confirmed that there is a long run relationship between the explanatory variables and consumer price index in Ethiopia. The empirical result implied evidence of a long-run positive and significant (p-value<0.05) effect of nominal exchange rate, broad money supply, external debt and foreign aid with coefficients 1.130896, 1.980892, 1.641140 and 2.513185, respectively on inflation in Ethiopia whereas real gross domestic product and dummy of political stability significantly (p-value<0.05) and negatively affect price level with coefficients -5.371298 and -3.698385, respectively in the long run. Finally, from the finding of the study in the short run, broad money supply and external debt has positive and significant (p-value<0.05) effect on inflation in Ethiopia with coefficients 0.292621 and 0.1699, respectively. Real gross domestic product and dummy for political stability are also the main significant (p-value<0.05) determinants of inflation with negative coefficients (I.e. - 0.793457 and -0.495005, respectively) in the short run. Given these findings, the monetary policy should be planned to maintain price stability by controlling the growth of money supply and devaluation of the domestic currency in the economy. Also combined efforts should be made by policy makers to increase the supply of output so as to reduce the prices of goods and services and there should be democratic political discussions among the political parties to reduce the political conflicts and instabilities.

Related Papers

Determinants of inflation-Mebtu Melaku

Mebtu Melaku

Inflation, one of the basic indicators of macroeconomic stability, affects many other macroeconomic variables and it weakens the economy if it goes beyond a specified threshold level. The main objective of the study is finding out the determinants of inflation in Ethiopia. The paper uses secondary data collected from National Bank of Ethiopia and other sources. The ARDL model to co integration has been used to find out the short run and long run determinants of inflation. Findings showed that in the long run oil price, government expenditure and Broad money supply affect inflation positively at 5%, 1% and 1% respectively. However external debt and real GDP affect inflation negatively at 1% and 5% in the long run. But real exchange rate is found to be insignificant in the long run. While in the short run real exchange rate and government expenditure affect inflation positively at 5% and 1% respectively. On the other hand real GDP affects inflation negatively at 10% in the short run. But external debt, money supply and oil price are found to have insignificant effect on inflation in the short run. More over the error correction term estimated at-0.882 is significant at 1% significance level and has the recommended negative sign. Results confirm that both cost push and demand pull factors contribute to inflation in Ethiopia. The findings from this study reveal that inflation can be controlled by reducing money supply, government expenditure and oil price and by increasing external debt and real output.

Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development

Getachew Kebede

World Bank Policy Research Working Paper

Pure Nyakasonzoro

Asmamaw Mulusew

Like many countries, one of the most fundamental objectives of macroeconomic policies in Ethiopia is to sustain high economic growth with low inflation. The relationship between growth and macroeconomic variables is one, which many economists have watched with keen interest. This paper investigates the relationship between growth and inflation based on unstructured VAR model. The methodologies used in this study are the cointegration, Granger causality and vector error correction model test. Consumer price index (CPI) was used as a proxy for inflation and the real GDP as a perfect proxy for economic growth to examine the relation. The scope of the study spanned from 1976-2010. A stationary test was carried out using Graphical approach and Augmented Dickey Fuller test (ADF) and Phillip-Perron test (PP) and stationarity found at first difference at 5% level of significance. The Johnson cointegration test using Trace statistic and Maximum eigenvalue test result showed that for the periods, 1976-2010, there was long run co-integrating relationship between growth, inflation and the selected macroeconomic variable broad money supply. Based on the result economic growth and inflation has a negative relationship with low standard error value implying a low statistical noise in the estimates. A positive relationship was found between inflation and broad money supply with low standard error in the long run. The relations are statistically significance at 10% level of significance for both independent variables. Similarly, in the short run inflation level of last year and real GDP negatively and significantly affecting the inflation level. While broad money supply positively related with inflation level. Moreover the result reveals that the coefficient of the error-term or the speed of adjustment term for the estimated inflation equation is both statistically significant and negative. Implying that, if actual equilibrium value is too high, the speed of adjustment will reduce it and if it is low, the error correction term will raise it. The coefficient term -0.481111 shows that 48 % adjustment will be taken each year to converge to the long run equilibrium level. The parsimonious model and variance decomposition approach confirmed the result. And, Granger causality test results showed unidirectional causality. Therefore, the study advices Policy makers to adopt inflation targeting strategy, taking combined fiscal and monetary policy together, regulations on commercial financial lending institutions and government should curtail unproductive expenditure.

Tiblet Shitu

While inflationary sources have been linked with various issues, its attachment to money supply had especial consideration in inflation theories. The Classical version of Quantity Theory holds for inflation as being 'always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon'. On the other side, Keynes's version departed by claiming neutrality of money in an economy where idle capacity exists. Motivated basically by these theoretical departures on the link between the two variables, and the limited availability of literatures particularly in the spirit of the subject it is concerned with, the present study aimed to empirically examine the share of money supply in explaining the dynamics of inflation in Ethiopia, using Error Correction Model by employing the time series data set for the period ranging from 1974/75 to 2014/15. The Johnson's Maximum likelihood approach for cointegration has indicated the existence of long run relationships amongst variables entered the inflation model. Abstract-While inflationary sources have been linked with various issues, its attachment to money supply had especial consideration in inflation theories. The Classical version of Quantity Theory holds for inflation as being 'always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon'. On the other side, Keynes's version departed by claiming neutrality of money in an economy where idle capacity exists. Motivated basically by these theoretical departures on the link between the two variables, and the limited availability of literatures particularly in the spirit of the subject it is concerned with, the present study aimed to empirically examine the share of money supply in explaining the dynamics of inflation in Ethiopia, using Error Correction Model by employing the time series data set for the period ranging from 1974/75 to 2014/15. The Johnson's Maximum likelihood approach for cointegration has indicated the existence of long run relationships amongst variables entered the inflation model. Moreover, the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) Unit Root tests confirmed that the variables concerned are all integrated of order one, (I(1)). ECM regression suggest that money supply, real Gross Domestic Product, trade openness, real exchange rate, budget deficit and the nominal deposit interest rate variables have together been important in explaining the long run dynamics of inflation. Except real Gross Domestic Product and nominal deposit interest rates, the effects of the remaining ones persist also in the short run. Moreover, money supply was estimated to impose the dominant effect towards validating the classical version of QTM in the context of Ethiopian economy. Besides, monetary policy is found to be more important in the dynamics of inflation compared to fiscal policy. Furthermore, VAR Granger Causality test suggests the causation running from budget deficit to money supply; and, from money supply to inflation, but no causality was suggested in reverse. This also reveals partly the applicability of the Sargent and Wallace (1981) aspect of the so called 'fiscal dominance' in Ethiopia. Finally, the study suggests for the enhancement of effectively designed and implemented network of both monetary and fiscal policies considering the power of money supply on inflation. Moreover, investments in food and agricultural sectors could considerably support the process of ensuring price stability.

The determinant of inflation in puntland

Suleiman Abdi Jama , suleiman jama

Purpose: In many Africa countries it is challenging for monetary authorities to control inflation even if there is a political will, due to weak institutional frameworks, thin financial markets and imperfect competition among banks. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate the determinants of inflation in the Puntland economy. Methodology: An explanatory research design was adopted.The study was carried out in Puntland. The study used data from secondary sources only.The study employed an empirical test of the relation between inflation and the determining factors. Results: These results imply that Price fluctuations and Lag inflation rates greatly affect inflation rate positively while real GDP growth affects inflation rate negatively. The findings also showed that Money supply growth, Foreign Exchange rate and interest rate ha have a significant relationship with inflation. Based on the findings above the study concluded that real GDP growth, price fluctuations (changes in goods prices) and the previous period’s inflation rate (lag inflation rate) are the ideal factors that affect inflation in Puntland.

Megersa Nugusa

The study was carried out to assess and examine the macroeconomic determinates of inflation in Ethiopia. In addition to this the macroeconomic variables which determined inflation in the country are the main objective of the study. We estimate models of inflation to identify the importance of factors contribution to inflation and three of its major components: RGDP, INVT,

European Journal of Business Science and Technology

Samuel Tolasa

Tekilu Tadesse

Inflation is defined as a persistent increase in general price level of goods and services . Even though Ethiopia has experienced a low inflation until 2008, recently, double digit inflation has become troublesome for policy makers as well as the society. So, this study tried to examine the supply and demand side determinant of inflation in Ethiopia by employing the techniques of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) for 32 years’ data spanning from 1985 to 2016. The study included macroeconomic determinant that alter or change inflation level measured by consumer price index such as money supply, real gross domestic product, world oil price, budget deficit and real effective exchange rate. The results of bound test confirmed that the long run relationship between explanatory variables and consumer price index in Ethiopia. The empirical results implied evidence of a long-run positive impact of money supply, world oil price, budget deficit and real effective exchange rate on ...

Research Paper

AMANUEL TAFESSE

Ethiopian economy is one which has experienced consistently a high exchange rate depreciation and money supply with unstable inflation rate for the last many years. The main objective of the study was to examine the effect of money supply and exchange rate on inflation in Ethiopia by using annual time series data over the period from 1980 to 2021. For this purpose both descriptive and econometrics methods of analysis, such as the Classical OLS long run regression, Engle-granger causality and Error correction models were employed. The result of the study revealed that both money supply and real effective exchange rate have a positive and statistically significant effect to influencing inflation rate, in the long run as well as short run. Moreover, the result revealed that there are 3 bi-directional of granger causality (MS and CPI, CPI and REER and MS and REER). Based on these results, the following recommendations are proposed. NBE should be reduced and restricted the borrowing interaction with government, ministry of finance in particular. NBE should have to exercise a natural rights gives for central banks. Specifically, an operational independency is the core and decisive right that one central bank must use to achieve its objective like price stability as well as it's the most important right to manage the stock of money in the economy. .

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Emmanuel Gabreyohannes

Economics Letter

Tonuchi E . Joseph

Political Instability and Inflation in Selected Developing Countries: A Panel Data Analysis

Nabila Maruf

Md Niaz Murshed Chowdhury

The Romanian Economic Journal

Dejene Bekana

Faiznazif Ainali

Fikadu Huriso

Gallican Habakurama

Asayehgn Desta

Minyahil Alemu

Kardan Journal of Economics and Manangement Sciences

Aimal Mirza

Nazima Ellahi

ermias aragaw

Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems

Mohamed Khaled Al-Jafari

American Journal of Applied Statistics and Economics

Tadele Anagaw

The Journal of Social Sciences Research

Journal of African Studies and Development

Debebe Sisay

Abdi Halim Musa

Dereje Girma

Helmi Hidthiir

leili niakan

Journal of Business and Economic Development

EMMANUEL ATTA ANAMAN

Nigina Qurbanalieva

The Lumbini Journal of Business and Economics

Govind Jnawali

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024