research paper signal phrases

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Signal and Lead-in Phrases

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In most citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago style, you can add variety to your research writing by not always using the same sentence structure to introduce quotations, paraphrases, or pieces of information borrowed from different sources. It is relatively simple to use a wide variety of different expressions to introduce both direct and indirect citations. These expressions, which usually occur in the parts of sentences that come just before quotes and paraphrases, are called signal phrases (or, in some cases,  lead-in phrases ). 

Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like "indicate" or "argue" that references what the author is doing in the original source. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., "According to [author],").

In the examples below, the author being cited is Jane Doe. The examples in the first section are adapted to APA, which recommends past-tense verbs  in signal phrases. For MLA (as well as Chicago style), the same verbs can also be used in the present tense instead of the past tense, as the second section below shows. 

Be sure each signal phrase verb matches your intention for the in-text citation. Read the whole sentence after you finish to ensure that the signal phrase grammatically coheres with any content that follows the quote or paraphrase.

Expressing Disagreement with a Signal Phrase

Of course, some quotes and paraphrases express disagreement or negative opinions. In these cases, be sure that any verbs in the signal phrase match the nature of the quote or paraphrase. See the examples below.

Doe rejected  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

Doe denied  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

Doe refutes  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

Doe disputes  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Working with sources
• Signal Phrases | Definition, Explanation & Examples

Signal Phrases | Definition, Explanation & Examples

Published on April 25, 2022 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on May 31, 2023.

A signal phrase attributes a quote or idea to an outside source. Signal phrases are often used alongside in-text citations to help the reader to distinguish between your work and sources that you are quoting , paraphrasing , or summarizing .

Table of contents

What is the purpose of a signal phrase, how to use signal phrases, examples of signal phrases, signal phrases and citation styles, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about signal phrases.

Signal phrases serve a range of purposes, including:

• Integrating sources smoothly, introducing a quote or idea that is not your own
• Giving credit to outside scholars or studies and avoiding plagiarism
• Establishing the credentials of your sources

Signal phrases also allow you to position the source in relation to your own argument . For example, phrases such as “has shown” and “have proven” suggest that you agree, while phrases like “has claimed” or “proposes” are less definitive and may introduce a counterargument.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Once you have found a relevant quote or argument that you want to include in your academic essay , a signal phrase can help you to introduce it.

Signal phrases can be used at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. Vary how you use them to create a sense of flow in your writing. Using signal phrases effectively means including:

• The name of the scholar(s) or study that you want to reference
• An attributive tag such as “according to” or “has argued”
• The quote or idea you want to include

You might also include the title of the source or the credentials of the author to establish their authority on the topic.

When using signal phrases, it is important not to misrepresent the author’s argument. Your word choice will determine how accurately you characterize the author’s position.

• In his groundbreaking work The Hero with a Thousand Faces , Joseph Campbell concedes that all myths are variations of a single, earlier myth.
• In his groundbreaking work The Hero with a Thousand Faces , Joseph Campbell argues that all myths are variations of a single, earlier myth.

Signal phrases can also be used to contrast different arguments. This can be done using a transition word such as “although” or “however.”

Literary critic Harold Bloom criticizes all theories that “connect the pleasures of solitary reading to the public good” (22). However , feminist and Marxist critics oppose this view and stress the importance of …

Signal phrases have many different functions, implying various different perspectives on the information they frame. Your choice of signal phrases can tell the reader something about the stance of the author you’re citing, and sometimes about your own stance.

Signal phrases can vary in tense depending on the citation style being used.

Some signal phrases like “according to” and “in the words of” will remain the same regardless of citation style, but signal phrases that contain a verb need to adhere to the chosen style. This means using the correct verb tense with your signal phrases.

• APA Style requires you to use the past tense or present perfect tense .
• MLA and Chicago require you to use the present tense.
• Signal phrases in APA
• Signal phrases in MLA

Don't submit your assignments before you do this

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students. Free citation check included.

Try for free

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• ChatGPT vs human editor
• ChatGPT citations
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Using ChatGPT for your studies
• What is ChatGPT?
• Chicago style
• Paraphrasing

 Plagiarism

• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Consequences of plagiarism
• Common knowledge

A signal phrase is a group of words that ascribes a quote or idea to an outside source.

Signal phrases distinguish the cited idea or argument from your own writing and introduce important information including the source of the material that you are quoting , paraphrasing , or summarizing . For example:

“ Cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker (1994) insists that humans possess an innate faculty for comprehending grammar.”

Signal phrases can be used in various ways and can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.

To use signal phrases effectively, include:

• The name of the scholar(s) or study you’re referencing
• An attributive tag such as “according to” or “argues that”

Different citation styles require you to use specific verb tenses when using signal phrases.

• APA Style requires you to use the past or present perfect tense when using signal phrases.
• MLA and Chicago requires you to use the present tense when using signal phrases.

Signal phrases allow you to give credit for an idea or quote to its author or originator. This helps you to:

• Establish the credentials of your sources
• Display your depth of reading and understanding of the field
• Position your own work in relation to other scholars
• Avoid plagiarism

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Ryan, E. (2023, May 31). Signal Phrases | Definition, Explanation & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/signal-phrases/

Is this article helpful?

Eoghan Ryan

Other students also liked, transition words & phrases | list & examples, transition sentences | tips & examples for clear writing, the basics of in-text citation | apa & mla examples, get unlimited documents corrected.

✔ Free APA citation check included ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts

• Resources    
• Prospective Students
• Current Students
• Faculty & Staff
• Alumni & Friends
• News & Media

Signal Phrases in MLA Style

When you choose to use quotations, make sure that they are integrated smoothly into the text of your paper.

Readers should be able to move from your own words to the words you quote without feeling an abrupt shift. Signal phrases provide clear signals to prepare the readers for the quotation.

Choose a verb that is appropriate in the context. Here are some example signal phrases:

• illustrates

Ease the Reader Out of a Quotation

When you use a quotation, help the reader make a smooth transition back into your own words. To do this, follow up the quotation with a sentence or two of your own that reinforces or expands upon it.

Try Not to Overdo the Quotations

If you include too many quotations in a research essay, readers may form the impression that you cannot think for yourself. Use direct quotations only when a source is particularly clear or expressive.

Similarly, try to avoid too many long quotations. Or if you use them, be sure that you spend time discussing them in your own words. Connect your ideas with those of your source's.

All information written on this page has been excerpted from the official handbook of the IUP writing center: Hacker, Diana. A Writer's Reference . 5th ed. Boston: St. Martin's, 2003.

• Kathleen Jones White Writing Center
• Stabley Library, Room 203 431 South Eleventh Street Indiana, PA 15705
• Phone: 724-357-3029
• [email protected]

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

10.4 Signal Phrases

A signal phrase, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.

A signal phrase consists of an author’s name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. A signal phrase may also include information explaining an author’s credentials and/or affiliations as well as the title and/or publisher of the source text.

Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase

In many instances, signal phrases will contain only the last name of the author of the source text (as opposed to the author’s first  and last name). For instance, APA style guidelines require no reference to the author’s first name at any point in an essay.  But in MLA papers, if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author’s first name as well as the author’s relevant credentials or affiliations in your signal phrase (you might also want to include the title of the source text). Once you have supplied an author’s first name and credentials, any subsequent signal phrase referencing that same author should contain the author’s last name only. For example:

• Michael Pollan, Professor of Science and Environmental Journalism at the University of California Berkeley, observes that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (29).
• Pollan continues, “But the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming began in the 1970s” (29).

Notice how each signal phrase verb is followed by the word “that” or a comma, which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.

In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as “the author” as long as it is clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to “the researchers.”

Signal Phrase Verb Tense

In the examples above, notice how the signal phrase verbs are written in the present tense. When you are asked to write a paper that follows MLA guidelines, signal phrases should always be written in present (not past) tense. When writing a paper using APA style, signal phrase verbs should be written in past tense. For example:

• Pollan (2009) observed that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (p. 29).

Notice how APA in-text citations also differ from MLA style in that APA citations include the year of publication and the page number is preceded by a “p.”

Varying Your Verbs

You should also vary your signal phrase verbs (rather than simply using “states” throughout your entire essay) to maintain your readers’ interest and to indicate the author’s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong signal phrase verbs.

Types of Signal Phrases

In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author’s first and  last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source.

While providing the author’s credentials and the title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.

Type:   Author’s credentials are indicated.

Example:  Grace Chapmen, Curator of Human Health & Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains…

Purpose:  Presenting an author’s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author’s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your sources.

Type:   Author’s  lack of  credentials is indicated.

Example:  Matthew Spencer, whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims…

Purpose:  Identifying an author’s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author’s ideas. Pointing to an author’s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.

Type:   Author’s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.

Example:  Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Roland Hayes, a prominent civil rights activist, preaches…

Ralph Spencer, who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies…

Purpose:  Explaining the author’s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.

Type:   Publisher of the source is identified.

Example:  According to a recent  CNN  poll…

Purpose:  Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.

Type:   Title of the Source is included.

Example : In “Understanding Human Behavior,” Riley argues …

Purpose: Inform the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.

Type:   Information that establishes context is presented.

Example:  In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages …

Purpose: Presenting the context in which the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author’s purpose more clearly.

 MLA Signal Phrase Verbs

 APA Signal Phrase Verbs

Attributions

A Guide to Rhetoric, Genre, and Success in First-Year Writing  by Melanie Gagich & Emilie Zickel is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

10.4 Signal Phrases Copyright © by James Charles Devlin is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

11.4 Signal Phrases

John Lanning and Amanda Lloyd

A  signal phrase , also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to an author and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.

A basic signal phrase consists of an author’s name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. A signal phrase may also include information explaining an author’s credentials and/or affiliations as well as the title and/or publisher of the source text.

Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase

In many instances, a  signal phrase  should contain only the last name of the author or authors of the source  text  (as opposed to the author’s first  and  last name). For instance, APA style guidelines require no reference to an author’s first name at any point in an essay and few if any gender specific pronouns.  But in MLA papers, if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author’s first name (you might also want to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source—see “Types of Signal Phrases” below). Any future  signal phrase  should refer to the author by last name only or with a pronoun when it’s perfectly clear to whom that pronoun refers. For example:

• Michael Pollan observes that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (29).
• Pollan continues, “But the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming really began in the 1970s” (29).
• He then specifies, “I would argue that the conversation got under way in earnest in 1971, when [Wendell] Berry published an article in The Last Whole Earth Catalogue” (29).

Notice how each  signal phrase  verb is followed by a comma (or the word “that”), which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.

In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to the author as “the author” as long as it is perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see general references to “researchers.”

Signal Phrase Verb Tense

In the examples above, notice how the  signal phrase  verbs are written in present tense. When you are asked to write a paper that follows MLA guidelines, signal phrases should always be written in present (not past) tense. When writing a paper using APA style,  signal phrase  verbs should be written in past tense. For example:

• Pollan (2009) observed that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (p. 29).

Notice how APA in-text citations also differ from MLA style in that APA citations include the year of publication and the page number is preceded by a “p.”

See section 12.6 for more information on APA in-text citations and section 12.2 for MLA citations.

Varying Your Verbs

You should also vary your  signal phrase  verbs (rather than simply using “states” throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers’ interest and to indicate the author’s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong  signal phrase  verbs.

Types of Signal Phrases

In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author’s first and  last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source.

While providing the author’s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.

Type:   Author’s credentials are indicated.

Example:  Grace Chapmen, Curator of Human Health & Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains…

Purpose:  Presenting an author’s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author’s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your  sources .

Type:   Author’s  lack of  credentials is indicated.

Example:  Matthew Spencer, whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims…

Purpose:  Identifying an author’s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author’s ideas. Pointing to an author’s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.

Type:   Author’s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.

Example:   Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Roland Hayes, prominent civil rights activist, preaches…

Ralph Spencer, who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies…

Purpose:  Explaining the author’s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.

Type:   Publisher of the source is identified.

Example:  According to a recent  CNN  poll…

Purpose:  Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.

Type:   Title of the Source is included.

Example : In “Understanding Human Behavior,” Riley argues …

Purpose:  Informs the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.

Type:   Information that establishes  context  is presented.

Example:  In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages …

Purpose:  Presenting the  context  that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author’s purpose more clearly.

 MLA Signal Phrase Verbs

 APA Signal Phrase Verbs

11.4 Signal Phrases Copyright © by John Lanning and Amanda Lloyd is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

• How it works

Signal Phrases – Uses, Definition & Examples

Published by Owen Ingram at October 17th, 2023 , Revised On October 17, 2023

In written content, from research papers to blog posts, clarity is one critical element that distinguishes quality writing from the rest. One of the most effective methods to introduce this harmony is by ensuring smooth transitions that guide the reader through the narrative. Understanding information literacy becomes crucial in this context, as it educates a writer about correctly using and attributing information. 

The ability to communicate ideas succinctly, ensuring that the reader is not left grappling with disjointed concepts or abrupt shifts in thought, can significantly elevate any piece of writing. One of the most effective methods to introduce this harmony is by ensuring smooth transitions that guide the reader through the narrative, much like signposts guiding travellers on a road trip.

Enter signal phrases. These handy tools are a significant aspect of how to integrate sources in written work.  By indicating where information originates and providing context, they ensure that readers are not only informed but also engaged. You can say that signal phrases function as the bridge between an author’s voice and the voices of those they cite, fostering a conversation that feels both authentic and well-structured.

Signal Phrase Definition

The term “signal phrases” can be dissected into two components: “signal” and “phrases.” As the name suggests, they act as signals, or indicators, within the writing. Think of them as flag bearers, announcing the arrival of information from an external source. The “phrase” component refers to the group of words that together perform this signalling function.

Signal phrases are introductory phrases that serve to incorporate external information or references into a piece of writing. They alert readers that the ensuing information is borrowed, offering a preamble to a quotation, paraphrase, or summary from another source. The art of paraphrasing in sources is as essential as direct quoting. More than just mere introductions, they provide context, setting the tone for the reader’s reception of the cited information.

How to Use a Signal Phrase in Different Types of Writing

Here is what role signal phrases play in different types of writing.

Academic Writing

• In scholarly articles and research papers, the use of signal phrases is paramount. A cardinal rule in academia is to avoid plagiarism, and this is where source citing comes into play. By introducing experts or research findings and then citing them correctly, writers can avoid this pitfall.
• A cardinal rule in academia is to avoid plagiarism. Signal phrases, when coupled with proper citations, ensure that readers know which ideas are the author’s and which are borrowed.
• With dense information and complex ideas, academic writing can be challenging to navigate. Signal phrases guide the reader, providing them with context and aiding in comprehension.

Non-Academic Writing

• Even in less formal settings, source evaluation is crucial. This is because, regardless of the formality of the content, incorporating credible and relevant sources boosts the writer’s credibility.
• Non-academic writing often aims to engage readers in a conversation. Signal phrases can introduce different viewpoints, encouraging readers to consider multiple perspectives.
• In storytelling or descriptive pieces, signal phrases can be used to provide background or historical context, ensuring the narrative is rich and well-rounded.

Purpose of a Signal Phrase

The use of signal phrases in writing can be likened to the art of seasoning in cooking. Just as the right blend of spices can elevate a dish, signal phrases enhance the flavour and texture of written content. But what exactly are the reasons that make them so indispensable? 

Credibility and Attribution

• Giving Credit Where Due: In the world of writing, original ideas are as valuable as gold. When we borrow these “golden nuggets” from others, it’s not just ethical, but also respectful to acknowledge the original source. Signal phrases serve as the tip of the hat, recognising the contribution of the original author.
• Building Trust with the Reader: By transparently showcasing where information is sourced from, writers not only credit the original authors but also demonstrate their diligence in source evaluation. This helps in establishing a solid foundation of trust with the readers.
• Avoiding Plagiarism: Beyond just a breach of ethics, plagiarism can lead to severe consequences in academic and professional realms. Signal phrases, when used correctly, act as a protective shield, ensuring writers steer clear of unintentional plagiarism.

Flow and Coherence

• Creating Seamless Transitions: Just as a skilled conductor ensures smooth transitions between musical notes, signal phrases guide readers from one idea to the next, ensuring a harmonious reading experience.
• Providing Context: Instead of jarringly introducing a quote or reference, signal phrases set the stage. They provide readers with the necessary context, helping them understand the relevance of the upcoming information.
• Enhancing Clarity: By indicating the source and purpose of the cited material, signal phrases assist readers in distinguishing between the writer’s thoughts and external references. This clarity prevents misunderstandings and confusion.

Variety in Writing

• Breaking the Monotony: Repetitive structures and patterns can make writing sound monotonous. Signal phrases offer writers a palette of varied introductions, allowing for a dynamic and engaging narrative.
• Introducing Multiple Voices: Signal phrases allow for the seamless incorporation of multiple viewpoints. By introducing diverse voices into the narrative, writers can create a richer, more multidimensional discourse.

Encouraging Thoughtful Engagement: With a mix of original content and external references, readers are encouraged to engage critically with the material. The variety stimulates thought, prompting readers to form opinions and perspectives.

The research done by our experts have:

• Precision and Clarity
• Zero Plagiarism
• Authentic Sources

Signal Phrase Examples

Signal phrases come in various shapes and forms, suitable for diverse contexts and intentions. Here are some commonly used signal phrases, categorised based on their purpose:

Introducing a Source or Quotation

These phrases lay the groundwork for a direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary, notifying the reader of the incoming external reference. They often include the name of the author or source for clarity.

• According to Dr. Jane Smith, …
• As Professor Adams points out, …
• In her seminal work, “The Dynamics of Change,” Thompson writes, …
• As highlighted in The New York Times, …

Highlighting Agreement or Support

Writers use these signal phrases to emphasise concordance with an external reference, bolstering their own assertions or showcasing a consensus in the field.

• Similarly, Johnson asserts, …
• In agreement with this perspective, Martinez comments, …
• Echoing these sentiments, the study conducted by Wallace and Lee indicates, …

Introducing Contrasting or Differing Views

Contrasting signal phrases introduce alternative perspectives or conflicting evidence. They alert the reader to a shift in viewpoint or a counter-argument to the previous statement.

• On the other hand, Brown contends, …
• Challenging this view, Dr. Patel argues, …
• Contrary to popular belief, Jackson suggests, …
• However, in a recent publication, Gomez offers a different perspective, stating, …

Highlighting a Point of Emphasis or Significance

• Most importantly, Wilson notes, …
• It is essential to understand, as Singh emphasises, …
• Underlining the gravity of the situation, Clark mentions, …

Presenting Statistical or Empirical Data

• Based on the latest findings from the National Health Institute, …
• A recent survey conducted by Forbes revealed, …
• As per the data gathered by the World Bank, …

Indicating Uncertainty or Potential Bias

These signal phrases introduce information that may be unverified, based on hearsay, or potentially biased. They act as cautionary flags, signalling readers to approach the upcoming information discerningly.

• Reportedly, the committee has decided, …
• Allegedly, the organisation was involved in, …
• Rumour has it that …

Referring to Previous Discussions or Historical Context

• Historically, as documented by White, …
• Recalling earlier discussions on the topic, Barnes had stated, …
• As previously mentioned by Davis, …

How to Properly Integrate Signal Phrases in Writing

Like any tool in the writer’s toolbox, the effectiveness of signal phrases depends on how aptly they’re used. Here is a guide on integrating signal phrases seamlessly and effectively in your writing:

Varied Usage

• Overusing a particular phrase like “According to” can become monotonous and may make your writing seem unoriginal. Ensure that you vary your signal phrases to maintain reader engagement. For instance, alternate between “Smith argues,” “As Pérez posits,” and “Johnson observes.”
• Depending on the context, alternate between introducing a source, expressing agreement, presenting contrasting views, and highlighting uncertainties. This variation ensures a rich, multidimensional narrative.

Appropriate Context

• If you are introducing a counterargument, phrases like “On the other hand” or “Contrarily” are apt. But if you’re reinforcing your point with a supportive source, “Similarly” or “In agreement” would be more suitable.
• The signal phrase should also match the tone of the source. For instance, a casual observation might be introduced with “Jones notes,” while a strong, controversial claim might warrant “Smith fervently argues.”

Punctuation and Formatting

• Place a comma after the signal phrase when it is followed by a direct quote.

Example: Smith states, “The environment is of paramount importance.”

• Example: “The best approach,” Johnson argues, “is through a collaborative effort.”
• Example: According to Pérez, many startups fail within their first year.
• Full-sentence example: Lee suggests, “The city should invest more in public transportation.”
• Fragment example: The results, labelled as “groundbreaking” by Dr. Kim, have changed the field.
• The first word in a full-sentence quote should be capitalised. However, if you’re quoting a fragment, there’s typically no need to capitalise the first word unless it’s a proper noun.

Common Mistakes to Avoid With Signal Phrases

Signal phrases, while tremendously helpful, can also become pitfalls if not used correctly. As writers strive for clarity and credibility, it’s crucial to sidestep common errors related to signal phrases. Here are some frequent mistakes and how to avoid them:

Mismatching the Signal Phrase with the Content it Introduces

• Problem: Using a signal phrase that suggests agreement, like “Similarly,” but then introducing content that presents a contrasting view.
• Solution: Ensure that the tone and intention of the signal phrase match the content it precedes. Regularly reviewing and editing your work can help catch such inconsistencies.

Overusing a Particular Phrase Leading to Redundancy

• Problem: Repeatedly relying on the same signal phrase, such as “According to,” makes the writing sound monotonous and may cause the reader to disengage.
• Solution: Maintain a list of varied signal phrases and consciously rotate through them. Periodically, revisit sections of your writing to ensure diversity in your introductions.

Failing to Properly Cite After Using Signal Phrases and Citation Styles

• Problem: Using a signal phrase to introduce information and then neglecting to provide a proper citation can lead to unintentional plagiarism. It can also leave readers wondering about the source of your information.
• Solution: Always follow a signal phrase with the appropriate citation, whether it is an in-text parenthetical citation, a footnote, or another form. Familiarise yourself with the citation style you are using to ensure accuracy, and learn how to cite sources properly, be it APA, MLA, Chicago, or another format, to ensure accuracy.

Using Signal Phrases that Sound Uncertain Without Reason

• Problem: Overusing phrases like “It is believed” or “Some say” can make your writing sound non-committal and vague.
• Solution: While there is a place for such phrases, especially when discussing rumours or unconfirmed beliefs, it’s essential to use definitive language when the information is confirmed or when presenting your clear perspective.

Incorrect Punctuation Around Signal Phrases

• Problem: Misplacing commas or other punctuation around signal phrases can confuse readers and disrupt the flow of the writing.
• Solution: Remember basic rules, such as placing a comma after a signal phrase that introduces a direct quote. Always review and edit your work, keeping punctuation guidelines in mind.

Overloading With Signal Phrases

• Problem: Using signal phrases for every piece of information, even when it is common knowledge or when consecutive sentences cite the same source, can be overkill.

Solution: Use discretion. While it is vital to credit sources, you do not need to signal every single reference, especially if it makes the writing feel cumbersome. If you have just mentioned a source, and the following sentence continues to discuss the same source, you may not need a new signal phrase.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to use a signal phrase.

To use a signal phrase, introduce external information in your writing by embedding the source’s name or title, followed by verbs like “states,” “argues,” or “suggests.” This alerts readers to incoming quotes, summaries, or paraphrases, providing context and credit. Proper punctuation, typically a comma, often follows the phrase before the quoted material.

What is a signal phrase?

A signal phrase introduces quotations, paraphrases, or summaries in writing, indicating the source of the information. By using verbs like “states,” “argues,” or “notes,” these phrases provide context, attribute credit, and seamlessly integrate external references into the narrative. They help guide readers and enhance clarity, flow, and credibility.

When do I need to use a signal phrase?

Use a signal phrase when introducing quotations, paraphrases, or summaries from external sources in your writing. It attributes credit, provides context, and alerts readers to the origin of the information. Employing them enhances clarity, avoids abrupt transitions, and upholds ethical standards by clearly differentiating between your ideas and sourced content.

You May Also Like

USEFUL LINKS

LEARNING RESOURCES

COMPANY DETAILS

• How It Works

Introducing Sources

Signal phrases.

A signal phrase is a short introduction phrase that indicates that a quote or paraphrase is coming. By introducing a quotation or paraphrase with a signal phrase, you provide an effective transition between your own ideas and the evidence used to explore your ideas.

One of the best ways to let readers know more about your source is to use a signal phrase. Signal phrases help readers “move from your own words to the words of a source without feeling a jolt” (Hacker 406). A writer uses signal phrases to avoid dropped quotations, smoothly leading the reader into the source’s ideas.

How to Use a Signal Phrase

Signal phrases provide a seamless transition from the writer’s thoughts to a source’s thoughts and can provide details about the source that highlight credibility and expertise.

Avoid dropped quotations:

Did you know that some bread batters should be hand mixed? “This light mixing technique produces quick breads with a lovely open crumb” (Greenspan 2).

Instead, use a signal phrase :

Did you know that some bread batters should be hand mixed? According to Dorrie Greenspan, author of Baking: From My Home to Yours , “This light mixing technique produces quick breads with a lovely open crumb” (2).

Signal Phrase Examples

In the words of noted psychologist Carl Jung, “…”

As cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead noted, “…”

Kanye West, Grammy award-winning songwriter and rapper, says, “…”

“…,” claims reality-TV star Hulk Hogan.

Authors Amy Tan and Tobias Wolfe offer two unique perspectives on growing up: “…” (Hacker 408)

Verbs in Signal Phrases

Choose an appropriate verb to create your own signal phrase that will make your source’s position clear (Hacker 408).

Work Cited [MLA]

Hacker, Diana. Instructor’s Edition: Rules for Writers. 5th ed . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004.

Learn more about "Using Quotes Effectively" by reviewing this handout .

Learn more about the "Quote Sandwich" by reviewing this handout .

CITATIONS: INTEGRATING SOURCES USING SIGNAL PHRASES

• THE INS AND OUTS OF IN-TEXT CITATION
• INTEGRATING SOURCES USING SIGNAL PHRASES

INTRODUCTION

Signal phrases are a combination of words that include reporting verbs and nouns; for example, think of a newspaper discussing events and presenting both sides of the story through quotes of an interview, descriptions of a scene and facts.

Presenting information in writing is similar; besides quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing, you must also include context, citations, and an explanations of a source. 

WHAT ARE SIGNAL PHRASES?

WHY SHOULD I CARE ABOUT THEM?

SIGNAL PHRASES WITH EXAMPLES

CLICK IMAGE FOR DOWNLOADABLE DOCUMENT. 

RATE THIS GUIDE

Ask the asc for help.

Need Academic Help? Contact the Academic Success Center (ASC)!

VERB TENSES WITH APA

CLICK IMAGE FOR DOWNLOADABLE DOCUMENT

CHOOSING THE RIGHT VERB

CLICK IMAGE FOR DOWNLOADED DOCUMENT.

HELPFUL LINKS

• Signal phrases for summarizing, paraphrasing and quotations
• Another quick explanation
• The Nuts & Bolts of Integrating
• Different in-text citation rules with parenthetical citations and signal phrases
• << Previous: THE INS AND OUTS OF IN-TEXT CITATION
• Last Updated: Jan 3, 2018 4:01 PM
• URL: https://guides.kendall.edu/citations

Citation Style: MLA 9th Edition

• Citation help
• Free citation generators
• Open web & social media
• Other resource types
• Citing indirect / secondary sources
• Quoting, paraphrasing and signal phrases
• In-text citations
• Citing sources in an oral presentation
• Annotated bibliography

Quoting and Paraphrasing

Quoting Sources:

When you quote a source, you include the author's exact words in your text. Use "quotation marks" around the author's words. Include signal phrases and an in-text citation to show where the quote is from.

Paraphrasing Sources:

When you paraphrase a source, you restate the source's ideas in your own words and sentence structure. Select what is relevant to your topic, and restate only that. Changing only a few words is not sufficient in paraphrasing/ summarizing. Instead, you need to completely rephrase the author's ideas in your own words. You do not need to use quotation marks.

For more help on paraphrasing click here :

Always use in-text citations when you paraphrase or summarize, to let the reader know that the information comes from another source. Continue to use signal phrases as well.

Signal Phrases

Signal phrases let your reader know that you are quoting or summarizing from another source.

In the words of researchers Redelmeier and Tibshirani, " . . . "

As Matt Sundeen has noted, " . . . "

Patti Pena, mother of a child killed by a driver distracted by a cell phone, points out that " . . . "

" . . . " writes Christine Haughtney.

" . . . " claims wireless spokesperson Annette Jacobs.

Taken from the Bedford Handbook (583)

Verbs in Signal Phrases

• << Previous: Citing indirect / secondary sources
• Next: In-text citations >>
• Last Updated: May 13, 2024 1:03 PM
• Web address for this page:: https://libguides.reynolds.edu/mla

Chapter 11: Ethical Source Integration: Citation, Quoting, and Paraphrasing

11.4 Signal Phrases

John Lanning, Amanda Lloyd, and Emilie Zickel

A  signal phrase , also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summarized content into an essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.

A signal phrase consists of:

• an author’s name and,
• an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material.
• a signal phrase may also include information explaining an author’s credentials and/or affiliations as well as the title and/or publisher of the source text.

Parts of a signal phrase 

Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase

In many instances,   signal phrase s will contain only the last name of the author of the source text (as opposed to the author’s first  and  last name).

• if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author’s first name as well as the author’s relevant credentials or affiliations in your signal phrase (you might also want to include the title of the source text).
• After the initial introduction of the author, any subsequent signal phrase referencing that same author should contain the author’s last name only.
• Last name + quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material + citation.

Signal phrases and citations (MLA) 

• no reference to author first names at any point in an essay – only last names
• Last name + (date) + quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material + (citation).

Signal phrases and citations (APA) 

In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as “the author” as long as it is perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to “the researchers.”

Signal Phrase Verb Tense

MLA style guidelines: signal phrase verb is in present tense

• Pollan observes that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (29).

APA style guidelines : signal phrase verb should be written in past tense.

• Pollan (2009) observed that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (p. 29).

Practice – MLA vs APA signal phrases 

See section 12.6 for more information on APA in-text citations and section 12.2 for MLA citations.

Varying Your Verbs

You should also vary your  signal phrase  verbs (rather than simply using “states” throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers’ interest and to indicate the author’s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong  signal phrase  verbs.

 MLA Signal Phrase Verbs

 APA Signal Phrase Verbs

Types of MLA Signal Phrases

In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author’s first and  last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source.

While providing the author’s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.

Type:   Author’s credentials are indicated.

Presenting an author’s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author’s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your  sources .

• Example:  Grace Chapmen, Curator of Human Health & Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains…

Type:   Author’s  lack of credentials is indicated.

Identifying an author’s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author’s ideas. Pointing to an author’s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.

• Example:  Matthew Spencer, whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims…

Type:   Author’s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.

Explaining the author’s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.

• Example:   Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Roland Hayes, prominent civil rights activist, preaches…

Ralph Spencer, who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies…

Type:   Publisher of the source is identified.

Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.

• Example:  According to a recent  CNN  poll…

Type:   Title of the Source is included.

Informs the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.

• Example : In “Understanding Human Behavior,” Riley argues …

Type:   Information that establishes  context  is presented.

Presenting the  context  that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author’s purpose more clearly.

• Example:  In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages …

11.4 Signal Phrases by John Lanning, Amanda Lloyd, and Emilie Zickel is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

Signal Phrases and Interacting With Texts

Signal Phrases and Interacting With Texts (APA Style 7th Ed.) Podcast

Signal phrases and interacting with texts (apa style 7th ed.) transcript.

Greetings everyone. This is Kurtis Clements with another Effective Writing podcast. In this episode, I am going to discuss using signal phrases and interacting with texts.

In case you’re wondering what a signal phrase is, let me start there. All a signal phrase is is some introductory text that precedes (and sometimes splits and follows) information that comes from a source whether that information is a direct quote, a paraphrase, or a summary. A signal phrase is a natural part of an APA narrative in-text citation as it attributes information to a particular author like this: Clements (date of publication in parentheses) explained signal phrases in a recent fabulous podcast. Common signal phrases include such phrasing as According to X, As noted by X, As X argued, stated, reported, or some other past tense verb, and other similar constructs.

APA is not the only documentation style that uses signal phrases. MLA uses signal phrases as well, and the key difference between the way signal phrases are used is that MLA uses present tense verbs and APA uses past tense verbs.

A signal phrase in MLA: Jones argues that . . . A signal phrase in APA: Jones argued that . . .

You may be wondering, What’s the benefit of using a signal phrase? Well, for starters, signal phrases help writers distinguish their ideas from a source’s ideas.

Listen to the following example:

Recent studies have shown that car accidents are the leading cause of death for teens in the United States. “Car crashes remain the leading cause of death for teenagers, who have a crash rate four times higher than that of older drivers” (Zernike, 2012, p. 76). Although some 16 year olds may appear more mature than some 18 year olds, records show that 16 year olds are more likely to get involved in car accidents.

Could you tell what content in that section was mine and what content came from a source? Absolutely not, right? Now obviously if you could actually see the page and a direct quote was used, then you would be able to tell what material was quoted, but even then, it’s a good idea to give a quote authority by using a signal phrase to name the author prior to the direct quote.

Listen to this updated version of the content I just read:

Recent studies have shown that car accidents are the leading cause of death for teens in the United States. According to Zernike (2019), “Car crashes remain the leading cause of death for teenagers, who have a crash rate four times higher than that of older drivers” (p. 76). While Zernike’s contention should be concerning, what should also be clear is that some 16 year olds may be more mature than some 18 year olds.

Note how in this revised passage, the author, Zernike, is named before the quote so readers know the source right out of the gate, and then the quote is integrated. In APA when using a signal phrase, put the date of publication in parenthesis directly after the author’s last name. Did you notice anything else about the short passage I just read? You probably noticed this sentence: “While Zernike’s contention should be concerning, what should also be clear is that some 16 year olds may be more mature than some 18 year olds.” Why use the author’s name again as I have done? Using the author’s name again and attributing an idea to that source shows my view of the issue relative to Zernike’s view, and in this way makes it clear to readers what ideas are mine and what ideas are Zernike’s. Attributing information to a specific source is another way writers make sure their ideas stand out on the page. Indeed, signal phrases and other forms of attribution function as signposts to readers so that it’s clear whose ideas belong to whom.

While it’s important to use a signal phrase, repeating the same language and placing it prior to the source material will make your writing predictable and perhaps even boring to readers. To this end, you will want to vary how you use signal phrases. The signal phrase is most commonly used prior to the direct quote, paraphrase, or summary, but it can also be used after the information used or it can even split up content from a source. And of course, you should mix up the wording you use in the signal phrases. In other words, you wouldn’t want to use “According to” in every instance you use a signal phrase. Vary the phrasing as much as possible.

Another good reason for using a signal phrase when integrating a direct quote is so that you avoid using stand-alone quotes–that is, a quote that starts and ends a sentence. There is no transition into or out of the quote. The quote just appears. I call this kind of quote an island quote, but it’s also known as a dropped quote because it’s dropped into a paragraph without any transitions or real context. Stand-alone quotes should be avoided and using signal phrases will help in this regard.

One suggestion for integrating source material is to be sure to include one or more sentences that establish your thoughts on a subject prior to using the material. You as the writer set the context before even beginning to use content from a source.

Listen to the following excerpt and take note of how the first sentence clearly expresses a personal view as well as a reaction to previously used content, and then a new sentence starts with a signal phrase, followed by the source material.

While Zernike’s contention should be concerning, others argue that some 16 year olds may appear more mature than some 18 year olds, but records show that 16 year olds are still more likely to get involved in car accidents. Preusser and Leaf (2018) argued that the “problem is related to both age and experience. Young drivers lack the fully developed judgmental and decision-making skills of older people at a time when they are just beginning to acquire their driving experience” (2000, p. 36). Preusser and Leaf’s argument is logical–how can new drivers be expected to make split-second decisions when they are still learning to drive? The prudent course of action, then, is to set eighteen as the minimum age in which a driver can be issued a license.

When you are writing an academic essay, you as the writer are expressing your view–in some way, shape, or form–on a topic, so you want to make sure that your voice is loud and clear in the discussion. To this end, when material from research is integrated into your composition, you want to make sure that you interpret and comment on that content as a way of developing your thoughts on the topic and advancing what the essay as a whole is trying to say. When you interact with material from sources in this way, your voice is entering the conversation on the topic.

Did you notice in the previous excerpt how the writer included such commentary on the evidence presented? Listen to part of the excerpt again:

Preusser and Leaf (2000) argued that the “problem is related to both age and experience. Young drivers lack the fully developed judgmental and decision-making skills of older people at a time when they are just beginning to acquire their driving experience” (2000, p. 36). [Here comes the part to pay attention to]: Preusser and Leaf’s argument is logical–how can new drivers be expected to make split-second decisions when they are still learning to drive? The prudent course of action, then, is to set eighteen as the minimum age in which a driver can be issued a license.

The excerpt begins with a signal phrase that clearly lets readers know the source of the content, and after the material is used, the writer offers commentary on that content as a way for the writer to make his case. The commentary directly follows the content and in this case begins with “Preusser and Leaf’s argument is logical.”

It’s important to offer commentary on evidence presented or you risk an essay that is simply presenting information and has no other purpose–or at least no clear purpose. Even if the purpose of the essay is to inform, commentary connects the content to the point of the paragraph as well as to the larger point of the essay.

Well, everyone, that does it for this effective writing podcast. I hope you found the information helpful. Thanks for listening. Happy writing.

Share this:

• Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)
• Click to print (Opens in new window)

Follow Blog via Email

Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive email notifications of new posts.

Email Address

• RSS - Posts
• RSS - Comments
• COLLEGE WRITING
• USING SOURCES & APA STYLE
• EFFECTIVE WRITING PODCASTS
• LEARNING FOR SUCCESS
• PLAGIARISM INFORMATION
• FACULTY RESOURCES
• Student Webinar Calendar
• Academic Success Center
• Writing Center
• About the ASC Tutors
• DIVERSITY TRAINING
• PG Peer Tutors
• PG Student Access

Subscribe to Blog via Email

Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

• College Writing
• Using Sources & APA Style
• Learning for Success
• Effective Writing Podcasts
• Plagiarism Information
• Faculty Resources
• Tutor Training

Twitter feed

MLA Style (8th/9th Ed.)

• Understanding Containers
• Core Citation Elements
• Government Publications
• Audiovisual Material
• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Course Packs & Class Notes
• Email & Social Media
• Citing Indirect Sources
• Generative AI tools e.g.ChatGPT
• Sample 1st Page
• In-Text Citations
• Quotes & signal phrases
• Citations: videos & tutorials
• Still have questions?

In-text citations in brief

The element that comes first for that source in your list of works cited will come first in your in-text citation followed by page number(s).

This is usually the Authors' last name, but it may be a title or a description.

If you have mentioned the author before quoting or while making reference to a source in your writing, then you do not include the name in the in-text citation. Do not include page numbers in your signal phrase unless you have a very good reason to do so.

Reasons for citing a title: source is anonymous, or no author information was provided or the author is the same organization that published it. Citing titles usually requires some abbreviation

Multiple works by the same author require the addition of some title information to tell them apart.

Short Quotations

·       If a quotation runs no more than four lines, put it in double quotation marks and incorporate it into the text.  Put single quotation marks around quotations that appear within those quotations.

·       Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical reference.  Other punctuation such as question marks and exclamation marks should appear within the quotation marks if they are part of the quoted passage, but after the parentheses if they are part of your text. (MLA Handbook, 8th ed. pp. 75-76)

Shelley thought poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794).

Dorothea responds to her sister, “what a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia!” (7).

Long Quotations 

If a quotation runs to more than four lines in your paper, set it off from your text by beginning a new line, indenting half an inch from the left margin.  For a single paragraph or part of a paragraph, do not indent the first line more than the rest of the quotation.

• Do not use opening and closing quotation marks.
• For long quotations, a period at the end of a quotation is placed before the parentheses.
• If starting a new paragraph within the block quotation, indent its first line.

At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies , Ralph, realizing the horror of his actions, is overcome by

great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body.  His voice rose under

the back smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the

other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186)

(MLA Handbook, 8th ed. p. 77)

Quoting and Paraphrasing--Signal Phrases

Signal phrases are ways to lead into or introduce a source or quote. A signal phrase often names the author of the source and provides context. 

Try one of these signal phrases to create a smooth transition from your words to the quotation:

• According to Flynn ". . ." (98).
• Pappas and Murray report ". . ."  (67).
• Jones says ". . ."  (453).
• Research suggests ". . ." (Smith 19).

Other signal words include:

• demonstrates

When introducing your sources, MLA style uses verbs in the present tense (argues) or present perfect tense (has argued).

Adapted from:

Hacker, Diana, and Nancy Sommers.  A Canadian Writer's Reference. 5th

          ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012.

 For more comprehensive information, see pages 406-422 .

• << Previous: In-Text Citations
• Next: Citations: videos & tutorials >>
• Last Updated: Jun 11, 2024 10:55 AM
• URL: https://camosun.libguides.com/MLA8

Check Your Paper for Plagiarism within 10 minutes

Start Plagiarism Software

Online Editing & Proofreading for Students

Get it proofread now

Online Printing & Binding Services for Students

Configure binding now

• Academic essay overview
• The writing process
• Structuring academic essays
• Types of academic essays
• Academic writing overview
• Sentence structure
• Academic writing process
• Improving your academic writing
• Titles and headings
• APA style overview
• APA citation & referencing
• APA structure & sections
• Citation & referencing
• Structure and sections
• APA examples overview
• Commonly used citations
• Other examples
• British English vs. American English
• Chicago style overview
• Chicago citation & referencing
• Chicago structure & sections
• Chicago style examples
• Citing sources overview
• Citation format
• Citation examples
• College essay overview
• Application
• How to write a college essay
• Types of college essays
• Commonly confused words
• Definitions
• Dissertation overview
• Dissertation structure & sections
• Dissertation writing process
• autumnacies
• Graduate school overview
• Application & admission
• Study abroad
• Harvard referencing overview
• Language rules overview
• Grammatical rules & structures
• Parts of speech
• Punctuation
• Methodology overview
• analysing data
• Experiments
• Observations
• Inductive vs. Deductive
• Qualitative vs. Quantitative
• Types of validity
• Types of reliability
• Sampling methods
• Theories & Concepts
• Types of research studies
• Types of variables
• MLA style overview
• MLA examples
• MLA citation & referencing
• MLA structure & sections
• Plagiarism overview
• Plagiarism checker
• Types of plagiarism
• Printing production overview
• Research bias overview
• Types of research bias
• Research paper structure & sections
• Types of research papers
• Research process overview
• Problem statement
• Research proposal
• Research topic
• Statistics overview
• Levels of measurment
• Measures of central tendency
• Measures of variability
• Hypothesis testing
• Parameters & test statistics
• Types of distributions
• Correlation
• Effect size
• Hypothesis testing assumptions
• Types of ANOVAs
• Types of chi-square
• Statistical data
• Statistical models
• Spelling mistakes
• Tips overview
• Academic writing tips
• Dissertation tips
• Sources tips
• Working with sources overview
• Evaluating sources
• Finding sources
• Including sources
• Types of sources

Your Step to Success

Plagiarism Check for your thesis

Start plagiarism check

Printing & Binding for Students in Canada

Signal Phrases – Everything You Need to Know

How do you like this article cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Signal phrases are essential components of academic writing, providing a seamless transition for citing sources and incorporating external information into one’s work. By skilfully integrating these phrases, writers can effectively acknowledge and attribute the ideas and evidence they draw from other authors, bolstering the credibility and reliability of their arguments. In this article, we discuss the purpose of signal phrases , how you can use them, and some examples you should be aware of.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Signal Phrases – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: Signal phrases
• 3 How to use signal phrases?
• 4 Functions of signal phrases
• 5 Signal phrases in different citation styles – APA, MLA, and Chicago

Signal Phrases – In a Nutshell

• Signal phrases are a great way to give more information on other people’s opinions and findings.
• However, ensure you effectively use them to make your work more understandable for your readers to understand you easily.

Definition: Signal phrases

A signal phrase is a short expression that introduces a quote , paraphrase , or summary and indicates to readers that you’ve used an outside source.

Some general signal phrases include

• according to
• acknowledges or acknowledged
• adds or added
• addresses or addressed
• argues or argued

On the other hand, some common signal phrases that show opinion or uncertainty include:

• believes or believed
• cautions or cautioned
• claims or claimed
• endorses or endorsed

How to use signal phrases?

You often include relevant quotes or arguments in essays: Signal phrases are ideal for making vital introductions. Include them at the end, beginning, or middle of your sentence, varying how you use them to create a natural flow to your writing.

Effective use of signal phrases means that you should consider including the following:

• The reference’s name, i.e., a study or scholar(s)
• A distinctive tag like “has argued” or “asserts that”
• The idea or the quote itself
• The author’s credentials and title of the reference (option)

Remember to consider your word choice to avoid misinterpreting the author. The signal phrases you choose show the author’s standpoint.

For example, you could state that:

• In the groundbreaking work “The Hero with a Thousand Faces,” Joseph Campbell denies that an earlier myth is the root of all other variations of myths.

Instead of saying:

• In the groundbreaking work “The Hero with a Thousand Faces,” Joseph Campbell admits an earlier myth is the root of all other variations of myths.

You can also use signal phrases to compare different arguments by using transition words like “however” or “although.”

For example

• Harold Bloom, the litreary critic, criticizes all the theories connecting the pleasures of solitary reading to the public good. However , Marxist and feminist critics oppose this opinion.

Functions of signal phrases

Signal phrases can take many different forms and mean other things. These phrases have various functions that imply different perspectives on the text they’re framing.

Your choice of signal phrases tells your readers about the standpoint of the author you’re citing and, at times, your perspective.

Below is a table with some signal phrases and their functions:

Signal phrases in different citation styles – APA, MLA, and Chicago

Sign tense in signal phrases usually varies depending on your citation style. A signal phrase with a verb must adhere to the chosen style, but other terms like “in the words of” or “according to” remains intact regardless of the citation style.

• In APA Style , you use the present perfect tense or past tense .
• While in MLA and Chicago Style , you use the present tense .

Examples of signal phrases

Here are some examples that show the incorrect and correct uses of phrases in different citation styles:

What are the three parts of signal phrases?

Signal phrases should have:

• The context in which you’re writing
• The flow of your sentences
• The citation of the material you’re quoting

Why should you use signal phrases?

When you use signal phrases, it ensures you:

• Establish the source’s credentials
• Avoid plagiarism
• Position your work regarding other scholars
• Show the depth of your understanding and reading in a field

How do signal phrases improve your writing?

Signal phrases are beneficial because they allow you to design various sources concerning your arguments.

For example:

• Terms like “has revealed “ or “has shown” demonstrate that you agree.
• Phrases like “proposes” or “has claimed” are open for counterarguments.

They did such an excellent job printing my dissertation! I got it fast and...

We use cookies on our website. Some of them are essential, while others help us to improve this website and your experience.

• External Media

Individual Privacy Preferences

Cookie Details Privacy Policy Imprint

Here you will find an overview of all cookies used. You can give your consent to whole categories or display further information and select certain cookies.

Accept all Save

Essential cookies enable basic functions and are necessary for the proper function of the website.

Show Cookie Information Hide Cookie Information

Statistics cookies collect information anonymously. This information helps us to understand how our visitors use our website.

Content from video platforms and social media platforms is blocked by default. If External Media cookies are accepted, access to those contents no longer requires manual consent.

Privacy Policy Imprint