research articles on veterinary medicine

American Journal of Veterinary Research

The mission of AJVR is to disseminate throughout the world the highest-impact, rigorously reviewed veterinary science research across the spectrum of species, using an online-only, open access format for maximum accessibility. The AJVR converted to a fully open access platform 6/1/22. Open access articles are licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC license. CC BY licensing is available upon request. Archival material is freely available. All rights are reserved in archival material.

Online ISSN: 1943-5681

Volume 85 (2024): Issue 11 (Nov 2024)

Calcium and magnesium abnormalities in puppies with parvoviral enteritis, avian health and virology at auburn university, kirschner wire creates more microdamage than standard or acrylic drill bits in the rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculi ) femur, feasibility of ultrasound-guided cervical intervertebral disc injection to aid in intraoperative site identification in dog cadavers, the epicentre: redefining the future of animal health, glycyrrhizin alleviated cisplatin-induced testicular injury by inhibiting the oxidative, apoptotic, hormonal, and histological alterations, domestic ferrets ( mustela putorius furo ) with cholecystitis commonly show hyperbilirubinemia and common bile duct dilation, gallbladder sludge, and gallbladder wall thickening on ultrasound, impact of production practices and sanitary management on the prevalence of neospora caninum and bluetongue virus in creole goats from the tropical dry forest of utcubamba, peru, assessment of the fecal microbiome of healthy rabbits ( oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus ) compared with rabbits with gastrointestinal disease using next-generation dna sequencing, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus st398 causing severe mastitis in a meat sheep herd in the united states, point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitoring device shows promise for informing resuscitation strategies in a canine hemorrhagic shock model, analysis of differentially expressed genes related to cell death in porcine kidney-15 cells at 24 and 48 hours post porcine parvovirus infection, biomechanical comparison of four isometric prosthetic ligament repair techniques for tarsal medial collateral ligament injury, dogs with diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy have higher urine di-docosahexaenoyl (22:6)-bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate, a biomarker of phospholipidosis, medical-grade honey has superior antibacterial properties against common bacterial isolates in wound cultures of dogs and cats in comparison to non–medical-grade honey types, interleukin 31 mediates pruritus in horses, retrospective analysis of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry data demonstrates body composition changes with age in dogs and cats, finite element analysis shows minimal stability difference between individualized mini-hemilaminectomy–corpectomy and partial lateral corpectomy in a dog model, sidestream dark field video microscopy demonstrates shelf-stable blood products preserve the endothelial glycocalyx in a canine hemorrhagic shock model, pharmacokinetics of intramuscular l-carvone in sheep, the prevalence of intervertebral disc degeneration in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine in asymptomatic cats, baseline cystometric parameters in conscious and anesthetized sheep: experimental data and systematic review, accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure measurement using a cardell touch multiparameter monitor in anesthetized pigs, botanical oleander extract and oleandrin have superior effects on innate immune functions pertaining to dermal allergic reactions in canine cells when compared to oclacitinib, computed tomographic features of pulmonary and extrapulmonary lesions can be useful in prioritizing the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma metastases in dogs, excretory urography can track down morphological changes in the urinary bladder associated with urachal anomalies in calves for early diagnosis, vertebral heart score and vertebral left atrial size reference intervals in jack russell terriers, miniature pinschers, and brussels griffons, lameness of horses is effectively ameliorated with a low volume of mepivacaine administered as a palmar digital nerve block, transcriptomic identification of genes associated with thrombosis and coagulation in lipopolysaccharide-exposed bovine monocyte-derived macrophages, preliminary evaluation of ionized magnesium levels in dogs on long-term esomeprazole administration, novel drug sampling technique: portal vein catheterization in steers, economic impact of mortality prediction by predictive model at first and second treatment for bovine respiratory disease, pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of single-dose oral gabapentin in cheetahs ( acinonyx jubatus ), aims and scope .

AJVR is a monthly, peer-reviewed, veterinary medical journal owned by the American Veterinary Medical Association that publishes reports of original research and review articles in the general area of veterinary medical research.

The mission of the AJVR is to publish, in a timely manner, peer-reviewed reports of the highest-quality research that has the clear potential to enhance the health, welfare, and performance of animals and humans. The journal will maintain the highest ethical standards of scientific journalism and promote such standards among its contributors. In addition, the journal will foster global interdisciplinary cooperation in veterinary medical research.

AJVR supports the collaborative exchange of information between researchers and clinicians by publishing novel research findings that bridge the gulf between basic research and clinical practice or that help to translate laboratory research and preclinical studies to the development of clinical trials and clinical practice. The journal welcomes submission of high-quality original studies and review articles in a wide range of scientific fields, including anatomy, anesthesiology, animal welfare, behavior, clinical pathology, epidemiology, genetics, infectious disease, microbiology, molecular biology, oncology, pharmacology, pathogenic mechanisms, physiology, surgery, theriogenology, toxicology, and vaccinology. Species of interest include production animals, companion animals, equids, exotic animals, birds, reptiles, and wild and marine animals. Reports of laboratory animal studies and studies involving the use of animals as experimental models of human diseases are considered only when the study results are of demonstrable benefit to the species used in the research or to another species of veterinary interest. Other fields of interest or animal species are not necessarily excluded from consideration, but such reports must focus on novel research findings. Submitted papers must make an original and substantial contribution to the veterinary medicine knowledge base; preliminary or pilot studies are not appropriate.

Business Model

Open access

AJVR converted to a fully open access journal in June 2022 to better serve the interests of researchers and funders. Open access means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or the user’s institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other purpose permitted under the applicable License, without asking for prior permission from the publisher or the author. Under this model, authors or their research funders or institutions pay an article processing charge (APC) in order to make the article immediately free to access, download, and share anywhere in the world. Archival material (ie, pre-June 2022) is freely available. All rights are reserved in archival material.

Publication fees

The APC for AJVR is $1,250 for newly submitted articles effective January 1, 2024.

APC waivers may be granted at the Editor-in-Chief’s discretion.

License to publish

Articles published starting with the June 2022 issue are licensed for publication under the CC BY-NC Creative Commons License. Authors retain copyright in their work, which others may copy, redistribute, and transform, provided users give appropriate attribution to the original author(s) and do not use the content for commercial purposes. CC BY licensing is available upon request.

An article prepared by a U.S. federal government employee as part of the employee's official duties, or which is an official U.S. government publication, is called a "U.S. Government work" and is in the public domain in the United States. This does not mean that the article is automatically open access; rather, it means there is no copyright to transfer under U.S. law. AJVR makes such articles freely available at publication.

Editorial Policies

Peer review

AJVR uses a single anonymized review process. Reviewer identities are not, and should not be, disclosed to the authors or other reviewers. In addition, authors should not contact those whom they presume to be reviewers of their manuscripts. Each submitted manuscript is initially assessed by the Editor-in-Chief for suitability for the journal and may be assigned to an Associate Editor to initiate peer review by a minimum of 2 independent experts. When reviews are received, the Associate Editor recommends further revisions or rejection without further review, and the Editor-in-Chief, who may include additional comments, sends the decision to the authors.

Individuals should be listed as authors only if they:

• Made a substantial contribution to the conception or design of the study, acquisition of the data used in the study, or analysis and interpretation of that data, AND
• Were involved in drafting or revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, AND
• Will have the opportunity to approve the submitted and all subsequent versions, AND
• Agree to be accountable for the validity of the data and results.

Individuals who contributed to the study but do not meet all 4 of these criteria should not be listed as authors but should be included in the Acknowledgments section. Requests to list a working group or study group in the byline will be handled on a case-by-case basis.

• Authors are responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts are written clearly in English and formatted in accordance with these author instructions.
• Manuscripts should be carefully reviewed prior to submission for format, clarity, spelling, and grammar.
• A manuscript deemed by the editorial team to require extensive revisions prior to further consideration will be rejected with the option to resubmit after reformatting and/or editing has been performed.
• The journal does not endorse any specific editing service and provides these examples of suitable services that authors might consider: Cactus ,  Bioscience Writers , American Journal Experts , and the Nature Research Editing Service . Please note that when working with a professional language-editing service, authors should choose full medical editing with journal formatting, rather than simply proofreading, and that changes should comply with these instructions for authors.

Acknowledgments, disclosures, and funding

Authors will be required to address these 3 statements during submission. This information does not need to be included in the manuscript document.

• Acknowledgments: Identify individuals who made important contributions to the study but who do not meet the  criteria for authorship . If none , include the statement “None reported.”
• Include any conflicts of interest related to the manuscript. Include relevant financial interests (eg, ownership, employment, consultancies, honoraria, paid expert testimony, grants, patent-licensing arrangements, equity interests, and service as an officer or board member), activities, relationships, and affiliations (other than those listed on the title page of the manuscript). If none , include the statement “The authors have nothing to disclose.”
• Include the use of any artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted technology such as ChatGPT or another large language model in the writing of the manuscript or production of images. If none were used, include the statement “No AI-assisted technologies were used in the generation of this manuscript.” If an AI tool was used, the authors must be transparent in disclosing here, in the disclosures section, which AI tool was used and how the AI tool was used. AI tools cannot be listed as an author of a manuscript.
• Funding: Include all funding, other financial support, and material support obtained directly or indirectly from any third party in connection with information included in the manuscript or with the writing or publishing of the manuscript. If none , include the statement “The authors have nothing to disclose.”

Copyright permissions

• Permissions for use of figures, tables, or other content owned by another party: If your manuscript contains previously published material (text, images, tables, photographs, drawings, etc), you are responsible for obtaining permission for reuse from the original copyright holder. At the time of submission of your manuscript to our journal, please include (1) permission for reuse of figures or tables and (2) a full citation for the previous publication. We cannot publish any previously published illustration or table without written permission from the original copyright holder.

Commercial availability, compounding, and extralabel drug use

• If a manuscript reports results of a study that involved evaluating a pharmaceutical, biologic, or other product that is not legally available in the US for use in that species, then a clear disclaimer is needed in the Methods section describing where the drug is commercially available and that the drug is neither FDA approved nor commercially available in the US.
• If compounded products/drugs were used in a study, an explanation in the Discussion section should include why the authors chose to use compounded products and what key factors should be considered by veterinarians interested in prescribing similarly prepared products.
• The Methods section should contain a complete description of the compounded products.
• Extralabel drug use must comply with the provisions of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act .
• Extralabel drug use was performed with owner consent and complied with provisions of AMDUCA and 21 CFR §530.
• Compounded products were prepared from bulk substances because [provide reason]. Veterinarians should adhere to compounding regulations and be aware that pharmacokinetic properties may differ between compounded and FDA-approved products.
• Compounded products were prepared from FDA-approved products because [provide reason]. Veterinarians should adhere to compounding regulations and be aware that pharmacokinetic properties may differ between compounded and FDA-approved products.

Humane animal care and use

• Research studies involving animals must have been performed in compliance with guidelines outlined in the US Animal Welfare Act , US Public Health Service Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals , National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals , or Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching or in compliance with equivalent guidelines. If animals were euthanized, the method of euthanasia must be indicated in the manuscript. Methods of euthanasia must comply with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals of jav.ma/GEA . If a method not recommended by the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia was used, a justification for use of this method must be provided.

Institutional oversight and owner consent

• With the exception of reports of retrospective studies based solely on historical data, manuscripts describing studies that involved the use of animals, including studies that involved the use of privately owned animals (eg, animals owned by clients, staff members, students, or private entities), must include a statement that the study protocol was reviewed and approved by an appropriate oversight entity (eg, an animal care and use committee or institutional review board) or was performed in compliance with institutional or other (eg, governmental or international) guidelines for research on animals.
• Prospective studies that involved privately owned animals must also include a statement indicating that informed owner consent was obtained.
• Research involving human subjects, including surveys of human subjects, must include a statement that the research was performed under appropriate institutional review board oversight.

NIH Public Access Policy

AJVR  is in compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy and with the open access policies of other research funders.

Patient confidentiality and the right to privacy

• Authors have an obligation to protect the personal privacy of patients and clients and to maintain the confidentiality of patient-client information.
• For any manuscript containing patient information (eg, patient descriptions, photographs, or pedigrees) that would allow specific animals or their owners to be identified, the authors must obtain a signed statement of informed consent to publish the information (in print and online) from the owners. Generally, such consent should include an opportunity for the owner to read the manuscript to be submitted for publication. If necessary, nonessential identifying data can be removed, unless clinically or epidemiologically important. However, identifying data may not be altered or falsified.
• Cropping or altering photographs to remove nonessential identifying information is acceptable, so long as the photographs are not otherwise altered. Patient identifiers may not appear in photographs.
• Authors must also obtain informed consent to publish from any identifiable person appearing in photographs. Importantly, these guidelines also apply to any materials (eg, text, photographs, or videos) submitted for posting as supplementary materials.

Prior publication

• Manuscripts are considered with the understanding that they have not been published previously and will not be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by AJVR .
• Manuscripts submitted to the journal following or prior to presentation at a scientific meeting or publication of preliminary findings elsewhere, such as in abstract form, will be considered for publication. Publication of abstracts and posting of slides or videos of the scientific presentation in a print or online conference proceedings is acceptable.
• Posting preprints of research manuscripts in progress or in submission on a public server is not considered prior publication and is also acceptable. Preprints are defined as research manuscripts that have not undergone formal peer review by a journal. Preprints may also be posted at any time during the review process.
• Authors should disclose preprint posting, including DOI, URL link, and license details, at the time of manuscript submission or during the review process. Authors are requested to update any prepublication versions with a link to the final published article.
• Media coverage of presentations at scientific meetings will not jeopardize consideration, but direct release of results beyond what was included in the abstract through press releases or news media briefings may preclude consideration of the manuscript by this journal.

Plagiarism Policy

At the time of submission, similarity detection software (iThenticate) is used. If the similarity score is less than 25%, no further action is taken. If it’s over 25%, iThenticate is run again with title, author list, affiliations, methods, and references hidden from the check. If it’s still over 25%, authors are informed of the findings and directed to revise the language or provide a reference if the text is recycled from one of their previously published articles.

For Librarians

AJVR ceased print production in June 2022 and became fully open access as an online-only journal. You and your patrons may now access AJVR online, which includes copyedited, typeset articles before they are assembled into an issue as well as all online content from 2000 to the present.

One of the AVMA’s strategic initiatives for the journal is the digitization of pre-2000 content ( AJVR was launched in 1940). In 2024, you will have free access to the digital archive of the 1990s JAVMAs, and it is our plan to digitize 1 decade of archival content each of the next 3 years going back to the 1970s. For further information about the archive digitization, please see Editor-in-Chief Dr. Lisa Fortier’s November 2023 editorial .

AVMA is committed to the longterm preservation of all content published in our journals, whether open access or subscribed ( JAVMA only). We collaborate with digital archive provider CLOCKSS, a sustainable, geographically distributed dark archive that builds on the LOCKSS enabling technology.

If your institution is interested in negotiating a “Read and Publish” agreement with AVMA, whereby for a single annual fee your faculty, students, and staff gain free access to JAVMA and waiver of open access article processing charges (CC BY-NC license), please contact Editor-in-Chief Dr. Lisa Fortier at [email protected] for further information.

AJVR is owned and published by the AVMA.

How to Submit

General information

To submit manuscripts, please visit https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ajvr . Note, an article processing charge of $1,250 will apply to accepted manuscripts. For author and presubmission inquiries, please contact [email protected] . For details on AVMA news, conferences, or other AVMA information, please visit avma.org .

Submission checklist—ensure the following:

• If accepted, the authors agree to pay an open access article processing charge of $1,250.
• Email address.
• Full postal address.
• The manuscript has been checked for spelling and grammar.
• Abbreviations and preferred pharmacologic and pharmacokinetics terminology, pulmonary and respiratory terminology, and radiographic projection naming are used in accordance with journal guidelines .
• All references mentioned in the reference list are cited in the text.
• Footnotes are not used (review the instructions on citing special materials for information on citing materials previously included as footnotes).
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources.
• Journal policies detailed in this guide have been reviewed.
• Manuscript.
• Figures (include relevant captions), with the same figure names (eg, Figure 1) as used in the manuscript.
• Supplementary files (where applicable).
• Why is this study important? (2 or 3 sentences)
• What did you find? (2or 3 sentences)
• Why is this study of wide interest? (2 or 3 sentences)
• Is the manuscript for resident credentialing or promotion?
• Suggested 6-10 reviewers with their names and email addresses.

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Instructions for Journal Award Nominations

       .

The annual AVMA Journal Awards recognize contributions of students, interns, and residents for manuscripts published in JAVMA or AJVR . Nominations are accepted year-round.

Qualifications

• Nominee is the first or corresponding author
• Work supporting the manuscript was performed when the nominee was a student, intern, or resident
• Manuscripts are assessed for potential impact and clinical relevance, and winners are selected by an Associate Review Board Panel

Nomination Instructions

• Nominations close on March 15 for the preceding year
• Name of nominee
• Nominee category (student, intern, or resident)
• Attestation sentence confirming that the work was done by the nominee
• Manuscript title and name of the journal ( JAVMA or AJVR )
• Nominee’s current email address
• Winners will be announced during the AVMA Annual Convention
• Certificate of achievement
• Cash prize of $500
• Extensive social media exposure
• A waiver of open access fees ($1,250 value) for each winner’s next paper in JAVMA or AJVR  

Click on an issue cover below to read more. For information about images on the cover, contact Rita Donnelly at [email protected] .

May 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 5

This month’s cover image displays a multi-omics approach for machine learning (ML) in veterinary medicine. The last decade has brought tremendous growth in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in veterinary medicine. This has been accompanied by rapid evolution in -omics technologies in veterinary practice. With the use of ML technologies, the combination of these disparate -omics datatypes, like genomics, image features (radiomics), and radiation dose distribution features (dosiomics), offers the potential for a deeper understanding of diseases, their detection and expression, and better treatments for them. This image was obtained as part of the “Currents in One Health Study.” Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(5):385–392. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0038

April 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 4

The cover illustration depicts the oromaxillofacial region as a potential and promising model for a ‘One Health’ global approach in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Translating discoveries of regenerative therapeutics in veterinary species to novel, effective human therapies using a One Health approach provides a fundamental link between basic biomedical research and medical clinical practice, with the goal of developing strategies for curing or preventing disease and ameliorating pain and suffering in companion animals and humans alike. Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(4):291–297. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0208

March 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 3

This month’s cover images show blood smears from a Jack Russell Terrier presented with very severe pulmonic stenosis (peak systolic trans-stenotic = 340 mmHg). On the blood smear before valvuloplasty (A), severe schistocytosis (arrowheads) and polychromasia (asterisk) are present, suggestive of regenerative hemolytic anemia due to abnormal blood flow. The schistocytosis completely resolved 2 months after pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (B). This study concluded that poikilocytosis (schistocytosis, acanthocytosis, keratocytosis) is common in dogs with congenital ventricular outflow tract obstruction associated with hemolytic anemia in a few cases with severe or very severe pulmonic stenosis. These results indicate the importance of serial blood smear analysis from canine patients with severe or very severe ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The images were obtained as part of the following study: Passavin P, Chetboul V, Poissonnier C, et al. Red-blood cell abnormalities occur in dogs with congenital ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(3):198–204. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.11.0188

February 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 2

This month's cover image shows the bacterial pathobiome map of canine oral health and disease. Dogs were assigned to one of four different stages of periodontal disease and their microbiome was analyzed. Several bacterial species were identified that were significantly associated with the different stages of periodontitis. This pathobiome map can provide a guidance to veterinarians to understand their patient’s periodontal microbiome and health status. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Niemiec BA, Gawor J, Tang S, Prem A, Krumbeck JK. The bacteriome of the oral cavity in healthy dogs and dogs with periodontal disease. Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(1):50–58. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.02.0027

January 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 1

This month's cover images are shear-wave elastographic images of the color map and propagation map of the mandibular lymph node from a healthy adult beagle to measure shear-wave velocities (SWVs). This study concluded that SWE could be used to non¬invasively evaluate changes in the elastic properties of lymphatic tissues. Ultimately, SWE could be applied to increase the diagnostic accuracy of tumor staging. Intra- and interobserver reliability were excellent suggesting that SWV of lymph nodes could be used in practice settings.

The images were obtained as part of the following study: Kang YR, Lee SH, Seo IM, et al. Comparison of shear-wave velocities obtained with shear-wave elastography of various peripheral lymph nodes in healthy Beagles. Am J Vet Res . 2021;82(12):981–987. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.12.981

December 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 12

This month's cover (top photomontage) depicts a series of sodium fluorescein angiographic images exhibiting various degrees of vascular abnormalities (dye leakage) present within the iris of diabetic canines. A standard color, near-infrared, indocyanine green and sodium fluorescein angiographic image of an age-matched control is also shown below. Venular dilation, in the absence of dye leakage, is illustrated. The presence and severity of vascular changes (dye leakage) noted in diabetic canines appear to be associated with disease duration and blood glucose regulation. Anterior segment angiography could be employed to identify the severity of these vascular disruptions present, in addition to, monitoring disease progression and potential response to therapeutic interventions. These images were obtained as part of the following study: Pirie CG, Shelnutt LM, Langlois DK. Assessment of iris vasculature abnormalities in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Am J Vet Res 2021;82(10):829–839. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.82.10.829

November 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 11

This month's cover images are micro-CT and photomicrographs of proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) of Thoroughbred racehorses following catastrophic PSB fracture. Osteophyte size at the apical and basilar margins was scored and found to positively correlate with accrued total career high-speed furlongs and with catastrophic PSB fracture. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Cresswell EN, Ruspi BD, Wollman CW, et al. Determination of correlation of proximal sesamoid bone osteoarthritis with high-speed furlong exercise and catastrophic sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:467–477.

October 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 10

This month's cover image is a photograph of multiple cross sections of the prostate gland from a canine cadaver in which microwave ablation with cooling urethral perfusion was performed in 2 zones (white outline and arrow). The median percentage of prostate gland ablation for this and 7 other cadavers in this group was 73%, and urethral mucosal injury was limited. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Traverson M, Lin S, Kendall A, et al. Investigation of the use of microwave ablation with and without cooling urethral perfusion for thermal ablation of the prostate gland in canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:395–404.

September 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a composite photograph of the bottom of an equine foot that was shod with 5 different types of shoes to determine which one provided the best hoof protection and traction for horses on paved surfaces. Results suggest that shoes coated with a thin layer of tungsten carbide (Panel E), and plastic-steel composite shoes (Panel F) offered the best protection and traction. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Wang P, Takawira C, Taguchi T, et al. Assessment of the effect of horseshoes with and without traction adaptations on the gait kinetics on nonlame horses during a trot on a concrete runway. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:292–301.

August 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 8

Echocardiographic image obtained from a modified apical 4-chamber view used to measure right atrial longitudinal strain (RALS) indices (left), and curves obtained from 120 healthy dogs (right). The right atrial wall is divided into 6 color-coded segments, and the colors correspond to the strain curves, with the average color in white.The authors concluded that age should be considered in the interpretation of RALS indices in clinical settings. Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, et al. Repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals for indices of right atrial longitudinal strain derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:274–279.

July 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 7

This month's cover image is a photograph of a mature (> 18 months old) domestic laying hen ( Gallus domesticus ) during ovariectomy performed with a vessel and tissue–sealing device through a left lateral celiotomy. Notice the ovary with multiple follicles and yolks of various sizes. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Sullivan JL, Wakamatsu N, Yin J-H et al. Assessment of a vessel and tissue–sealing device for ovariectomy in chickens to evaluate the potential application of the procedure to other avian species. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:310–317.

June 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a photograph depicting explants harvested from fibrocartilage on the dorsal surface of the deep digital flexor tendon of the forelimb of a horse. To obtain these explants, the navicular bone was dissected from the foot en bloc, and the deep digital flexor tendon segment directly opposing the navicular bone was harvested with aseptic technique. The explants were obtained with a 4-mm biopsy punch. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Sullivan SN, Cole SL, Stewart MC, et al. Ex vivo effects of corticosteroids on equine deep digital flexor and navicular fibrocartilage explant cell viability. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:125–131.

May 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph depicting the results of immunohistochemical staining for insulin expression in isolated canine insulinoma cells after 48 hours of culture. Insulin content (red stain) varies among individual insulinoma cells (arrowheads). Intact insulinoma cells approximately 10 µm in diameter are enlarged after processing with the cytocentrifuge. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Suwitheechon O, Schermerhorn T. Evaluation of the expression of hexokinase I, glucokinase, and insulin by canine insulinoma cells maintained in short-term culture. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:110–117.

April 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of placentome obtained at 80 days of gestation from a pregnant yearling Katahdin ewe that was experimentally inoculated with 4 X 107 TCID50 of a noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus type lb isolate (NY-I strain), intranasally, at 65 days of gestation. The chorioallantois is lined by plump trophoblastic epithelium that contains multifocal areas of intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity for bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen (red-stained tissue). The image was obtained as part of the following study: Lear A, Pohler K, Sula M-JM, et al. Alterations in pregnancy-associated glycoprotein concentrations of pregnant sheep experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:63–70.

March 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 3

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of liver tissue from a dog that was euthanized because of development of clinical signs of liver failure 12 weeks after being treated with lomustine (75 mg/m2, PO, q 21 d for 5 doses). Notice that the portal vein profiles are diminished, prominent pigmented macrophages are present in the portal tract and adjacent parenchyma, and persistent biliary hyperplasia is evident. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Dedeaux AM, Flesner BK, Reinhart JM, et al. Biochemical, functional, and histopathologic characterization of lomustine-induced liver injury in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:810–820.

February 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 2

This month's cover image is a laparoscopic image obtained during microwave ablation of the ovary in a healthy dog. The dog was positioned in dorsolateral recumbency for the procedure, and laparoscopic forceps were used to grasp the proper ligament and elevate and stabilize the ovary. The microwave ablation probe was placed percutaneously through the ventrolateral aspect of the abdominal wall at an orientation parallel to the long axis of the ovary after complete dissection of the ovarian bursa. Notice how dissection of the ovarian bursa improved the visibility of the ovary and facilitated correct positioning of the probe in the central longitudinal axis of the ovary. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Verpaalen VD, Case JB, Dark MJ, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of ultrasonographic and laparoscopic guidance for microwave ablation of clinically normal canine ovaries. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:747–754.

January 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 1

This month's cover features color-coded transverse abdominal MRI images illustrating hepatic apparent diffusion coefficient and hepatic fat fraction in a healthy neutered male cat (top) and a neutered male cat that underwent 40 weeks of dietary intervention to achieve and maintain a body condition score of 7/9 (bottom). Notice the bright violet component in the liver and increased subcutaneous and visceral fat tissue in the bottom cat. The color scale bar depicts approximate percentage fat. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Steger G-L, Salesov E, Richter H, et al. Evaluation of the changes in hepatic apparent diffusion coefficient and hepatic fat fraction in healthy cats during body weight gain. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:796–803.

December 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 12

This months cover image is a perfusion CT image of the abdomen of a healthy Beagle. A region of interest (dotted circle) has been placed over the body of the pancreas, and blood flow is expressed as a color map. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Park S, Jung J-W, Je H, et al. Effect of slice thickness on computed tomographic perfusion analysis of the pancreas in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:732–738.

November 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 11

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of neoplastic lymph node from a dog illustrating expression of luteinizing hormone receptors, as determined with an immunohistochemical, LH receptor–specific stain and hematoxylin counterstain. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Ettinger AM, Gust SK, Kutzler MA. Luteinizing hormone receptor expression by nonneoplastic and neoplastic canine lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:572–577.

October 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 10

This month's cover image consists of a series of median plane T2-weighted spin-echo magnetic resonance images and corresponding anatomic sections of cervical intervertebral disks in cadaveric cats. From left to right, the images illustrate increasing stages of intervertebral disk degeneration. The images were obtained as part of the following study: Alisauskaite N, Bitterli T, Kircher PR, et al. Evaluation of agreement and correlation of results obtained with MRI-based and macroscopic observation-based grading schemes when used to assess intervertebral disk degeneration in cats. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:309–316.

September 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph depicting qualitative histologic scoring of neutrophil infiltration (in this instance, rare neutrophils, or a score of 1 on a scale from 1 to 5) at local injection sites in equids after SC administration of ReqIL-4, ReqIL-8, or a negative control solution, each mixed with a biopolymer carrier. A 6-mm-diameter biopsy punch was used to collect cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, including the biopolymer plug, at the injection sites. The biopolymer is pink, and the host tissue is saffron-yellow to orange. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Godbout M, Vargas A, Hélie P, et al. Use of a biopolymer delivery system to investigate the influence of interleukin-4 on recruitment of neutrophils in equids. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:344–354.

August 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 8

This month's cover image is a lateromedial radiographic view illustrating locations of soft tissue attachments in the tarsal region of horses. Illustrated locations represent composite findings based on dissection and radiographic imaging of 8 hind limbs from healthy adult horses. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Casillas JM, Jacobs CC, Manfredi JM. Radiographic localization of the attachments of soft tissue structures in the tarsal region of horses. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:406–415.

July 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 7

This month's cover features an endoscopic image of the coelomic cavity in a male bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps ). The endoscope was inserted in a cranial direction through an incision just lateral to the umbilicus. In this image, the gallbladder can be seen between lobes of the liver. The location of the skin incision for the ventral approach was chosen to avoid the ventral abdominal vein and pelvic veins. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Frei S, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of a ventral and a left lateral approach to coelioscopy in bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps ). Am J Vet Res 2020;81:267–275.

June 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a transverse computed tomographic image of the cranial abdominal region in a healthy dog showing placement of regions of interest for evaluation of perfusion of the pancreas (T1 and T2) and liver (T3 and T4). Colors indicate the scale from the lowest (blue) to highest (red) amount of perfusion. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Kloer TB, Rao S, Twedt DC, et al. Computed tomographic evaluation of pancreatic perfusion in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:131–138.

May 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a 5-chamber view obtained by use of multidetector computed tomography of the left side of the heart in a healthy adult hound-type dog. The lumen of the left atrium is shaded pink. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Owens EJ, LeBlanc NL, Scollan KF. Comparison of left and right atrial volumes determined by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography with those determined by multidetector computed tomography for healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:33–40.

April 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is an endoscopic image (with the endoscope positioned in a caudal-to-cranial direction) of the abdomen of a rabbit obtained during evaluation of working space achieved with CO2 insufflation to an intra-abdominal pressure of 8 mm Hg. The diaphragm and liver are shown. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Kabakchiev CM, zur Linden AR, Singh A, et al. Effects of intra-abdominal pressure on laparoscopic working space in domestic rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ). Am J Vet Res 2020;81:77–83.

March 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 3

This month's cover image is a contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic image of the left kidney of a Beagle obtained at the time of peak enhancement. Notice the placement of 3 regions of interest (black circles) in the renal cortex and 2 regions of interest (white circles) in the renal medulla. Each region of interest area was 0.11 cm 2 . The image was obtained as part of the following study: Hwang J, Kang K, Kang J, et al. Effect of catheter diameter and injection rate of flush solution on renal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with perfluorobutane in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:825–831.

February 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 2

This month's cover image is a dorsal-plane, maximum-intensity CT image, displayed in a bone window, of a cat after injection of contrast medium into a popliteal lymph node. Notice the caudal extent of thoracic duct branching. No other abnormalities were identified during evaluation of baseline CT lymphangiography images. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Dickerson VM, Grimes JA, Secrest SA, et al. Abdominal lymphatic drainage after thoracic duct ligation and cisterna chyli ablation in clinically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:885–890.

January 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 1

This month's cover image consists of a 3-D model (left) and a heat map (right) illustrating deviations from the articular surface of the radius of a feline cadaver. The 3-D model illustrates positive differences between models created by use of laser-scanned images and images obtained with CT in a transverse orientation. For the heat map, negative deviations (light to dark blue) indicate that the CT model overestimated the articular surface, and positive deviations (yellow, orange, or red) indicate that the CT model underestimated the articular surface. The image was part of the following study: Webster CE, Marcellin-Little DJ, Koballa EM, et al. Evaluation of the geometric accuracy of computed tomography and microcomputed tomography of the articular surface of the distal portion of the radius of cats. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:976–984.

December 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 12

This month's cover image is a photograph of the ground surface of a bovine hind foot with toe-tip necrosis. The photograph was obtained during application of a static load of 3 kN, and a region-growing technique involving a stylus and tablet was used to process the image to highlight regions of white line separation (yellow areas). The image was part of the following study: Johnston JD, Eichhorn DJR, Kontulainen SA, et al. Investigation of white line separation under load in bovine claws with and without toe-tip necrosis. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:736–742.

November 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 11

This month's cover image is an illustration of the cranial aspect of a bovine stifle joint depicting placement of a prosthesis for extracapsular stabilization in cattle with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. For this prosthesis, 800-lb-test monofilament nylon leader line would be threaded through bone tunnels and secured with three 316 stainless steel crimping sleeves on the lateral aspect of the joint. The illustration was created as part of the following study: Lozier JW, Niehaus AJ, Hinds CA, et al. Investigation of a novel prosthesis technique for extracapsular stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joints in adult cattle. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:779–786. ©The Ohio State University, Tim Vojt.

October 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 10

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of neoplastic lymph node from a dog illustrating expression of luteinizing hormone receptors, as determined with an immunohistochemical, LH receptor–specific stain and hematoxylin counterstain. The image was obtained as part of the following: Ettinger AM, Gust SK, Kutzler MA. Luteinizing hormone receptor expression by nonneoplastic and neoplastic canine lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:572–577.

September 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a volume rendering of the intracranial arteries in a 21-month-old 5-kg mixed-breed dog with idiopathic epilepsy; the image was obtained in the dorsal plane by use of 1.5-T, 3-D, time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. Bilaterally, the caudal communicating artery (green) and rostral cerebellar artery (pink) overlap the internal carotid artery (blue), which is located ventral to the caudal communicating artery. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Ishikawa C, Ito D, Tanaka N, et al. Use of three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography at 1.5 Tesla to evaluate the intracranial arteries of 39 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:480–489.

August 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 8

This month's cover features an echocardiographic image obtained during longitudinal strain analysis in a dog with tricuspid valve dysplasia. The image shows a left apical 4-chamber image that was analyzed with 2-D speckle tracking echocardiography software. The left ventricle is outlined in red by the software. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Santarelli G, Toaldo MB, Bouvard J, et al. Variability among strain variables derived from two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dogs by use of various software. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:347–357.

July 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 7

This month's cover image represents a propagation map of the right liver lobe of a healthy dog obtained by means of 2-D shear wave elastography in elasticity mode. Notice the consistent parallel contour lines. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Tamura M, Ohta H, Nisa K, et al. Evaluation of liver and spleen stiffness of healthy dogs by use of two-dimensional shear wave elastography. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:378–384.

June 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a skin sample obtained from the incision site of a koi 2 weeks after coelioscopy. The image depicts poor healing; the epithelium is incomplete, and the wound surface is partially covered by a layer of serofibrinous crust and cellular debris. The sides of the incision have separated, and severe pyogranulomatous inflammation extends transmurally through the section, which severely disrupts the normal tissue architecture. Suture material is visible. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Stevens BN, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Phillips KL, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic coelioscopy in koi ( Cyprinus carpio ). Am J Vet Res 2019;80:221–229.

May 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a portal region in a section of a hepatic biopsy sample from a cat with lymphocytic cholangitis. Bile duct proliferation has been made obvious through immunohistochemical staining of proliferative epithelial progenitors. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Chandler AM, Center SA, Randolph JF, et al. Reference limits for hepatic bile duct-to-arteriole and bile duct-to-portal tract ratios in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:15–23.

April 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is a representative 3-D reconstruction of the entire renal volume in a healthy dog. The image was created by combining CT attenuation values of the entire renal volume (including renal parenchyma) in all transverse planes. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Wallimann M, Richter H, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, et al. Influence of injection protocol and measurement technique on computed tomographic assessment of glomerular filtration rate in healthy Beagles. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:1298–1305.

March 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 3

This month's cover image was generated during finite element modeling depicting the minimum principal strain at the bone-pin interface for a 2 transfixation pin–cast construct applied to an equine forelimb. The insert represents a higher magnification of the bone-pin interface outlined by the white line in the main image. Notice that local bone strain at the bone-pin interface was quite high, reaching approximately –15,000 microstrain. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Thomas KL, Carmalt JL, Burnett WD, et al. In vitro mechanical evaluation of three transfixation pin–cast constructs applied to equine forelimbs. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:1287–1297.

February 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 2

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of equine lamellar tissue following extracorporeal perfusion of the limb with lipopolysaccharide. The section was immunostained for total (active and latent) matrix metalloproteinase-9 (brown). Notice the moderate reaction in fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and suprabasal epidermal cells and intense reaction in basal epidermal cells. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Patan-Zugaj B, Gauff FC, Egerbacher M, et al. Endotoxin-induced changes of type VII collagen–cleaving matrix metalloproteinases in lamellar tissue of extracorporeally perfused equine limbs. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:986–994.

January 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 1

This month's cover image is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a cast stainless steel tibial plateau leveling osteotomy plate that had been explanted from a dog. Notice the circular areas of corrosion that can be seen between scratches on the surface of the plate. The image was part of the following study: Sprecher CM, Milz S, Suter T, et al. Retrospective analysis of corrosion and ion release from retrieved cast stainless steel tibia plateau leveling osteotomy plates in dogs with and without peri-implant osteosarcoma. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:970–979.

December 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 12

This month's cover image is a sagittal proton-density fast spin echo image of the supraspinatus tendon of a nonlame 2-year-old sexuallty intact male Beagle. Notice that the collagen-dense fibers of the superficial and deep margins of the supraspinatus tendon have a hypointense signal, whereas the thick water-rich central substance has a hyperintense signal. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Pownder SL, Caserto BG, Hayashi K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and histologic features of the supraspinatus tendon in nonlame dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:836–844.

November 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 11

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of cultured primary canine aortic endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were grown to confluency and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, then stained for vascular endothelial–cadherin with rabbit polyclonal anti-CD144 antibody. Fluorescent-labeled goat anti-rabbit lgG was used as the secondary antibody, and cell nuclei were stained with blue fluorescent bisbenzimide stain. The image was obtained as part of the following study: König ML, Lettry SC, Marti E, et al. Validation of a human angiopoietin-2 ELISA for measurement of angiopoietin-2 concentrations in canine plasma samples and supernatant of primary canine aortic endothelial cell cultures. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:803–810.

October 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 10

This month's cover image is a photograph of the left eye of a 24-year-old female horse that was obtained during anterior segment indocyanine green angiography. The image was obtained 18 seconds after injection of indocyanine green and illustrates filling of the radial iris veins. The image was part of the following study: Pirie CG, LoPinto AJ, Tenney WA. Comparison of angiographic dyes and injection techniques for ocular anterior segment angiography in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:562–567.

September 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a color-coded map created by postprocessing of delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance images of the distal sagittal medial midcondylar region of the second phalanx of a horse obtained after injection of gadolinium into the dorsal recess of the distal interphalangeal joint. Different colors represent different cartilage relaxation times, with light green and blue pixels representing articular cartilage. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Bischofberger AS, Fürst AE, Torgerson PR, et al. Use of a 3-Telsa magnet to perform delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with and without naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:287–298.

August 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 8

This month's cover image consists of photomicrographs of representative cytologic preparations of neutrophils isolated from equine blood samples and cultured for 12 hours with (top) and without (bottom) lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/mL). Treatment with LPS delayed apoptosis of neutrophils for up to 24 hours. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Anderson SL, Townsend HGG, Singh B. Role of toll-like receptor 4 and caspase-3, -8, and -9 in lipopolysaccharide-induced delay of apoptosis in equine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:424–432.

July 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 7

This month's cover image is a transverse CT image of a clinically normal Holstein calf. The calf was anesthetized and received an IV injection of iodinated contrast medium, with dynamic CT scanning of the head initiated at the time of contrast medium injection. The image was created by merging a perfusion CT color map of cerebral blood flow with a conventional CT image of the same slice, and was obtained as part of the following study: Kishimoto M, Kushida K, Yamada K. Perfusion computed tomographic measurements of cerebral blood flow variables in live Holstein calves. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:177–180.

June 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph depicting the distribution of Helicobacter -like organisms on the mucosal surface of the gastric antrum in a healthy dog. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Suárez-Esquivel M, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Guzmán-Verri C, et al. Analysis of the association between density of Helicobacter spp and gastric lesions in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1414–1420.

May 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a photograph from the caudal aspect of a canine cadaver larynx after bilateral ventriculocordectomy performed via ventral laryngotomy. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Regier PJ, McCarthy TC, Monnet E. Effect of bilateral ventriculocordectomy via ventral laryngotomy on laryngeal airway resistance in larynges of canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1444–1448.

April 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a tissue section obtained from a horse 120 days after unicortical ostectomy of the third metacarpal bone and filling of the defect with a castor oil polyurethane polymer containing calcium carbonate. There is a degenerating clot on the bone tissue in a pore of the polymer and focal areas of bone matrix. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Nóbrega FS, Selim MB, Arana-Chavez VE, et al. Histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of biocompatibility of castor oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate in equine bone tissue. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1210–1214.

March 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 3

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of equine hematopoietic cells after culturing for B-cell differentiation and immunostaining with antibodies against B-cell signature transcription factor E2A/TCF3 (green) and cell surface molecule CD19 (red); nuclei were stained blue with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Schwab UE, Tallmadge RL, Matychak MB, et al. Effects of autologous stromal cells and cytokines on differentiation of equine bone marrow–derived progenitor cells. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1215–1228.

February 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 2

This month's cover features an endoscopic image of the upper respiratory tract of a horse after nasopharyngeal administration of contrast medium. The contrast medium is visible on the surfaces of the nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Colbath AC, Valdés-Martinez A, Leise BS, et al. Evaluation of two methods for topical application of contrast medium to the pharyngeal and laryngeal region of horses. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1098–1103.

January 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 1

This month's cover features a photomicrograph of a cytologic preparation of bone marrow from a healthy juvenile female New Zealand White rabbit showing large granulocyte precursor cells. The myeloid precursor cells are 2 to 3 times the diameter of mature heterophils. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Riedel RM, de Matos R, Schaefer DMW. Bone marrow cell composition and morphology in healthy juvenile female New Zealand White rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ). Am J Vet Res 2017;78:910–918.

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Blood mir-331-3p is a potential diagnostic marker for giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) testicular tumor

In recent years, several giant pandas have suffered from testicular tumor, which has seriously affected giant panda health. However, the pathogenesis of testicular tumor in giant panda is still unclear. Studie...

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Stability of closed and needle-punctured vials of Porvac® subunit vaccine against classical swine fever subjected to thermal stress

Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is still one of the most economically important viral diseases of pigs. In endemic countries, the disease is controlled mostly through vaccination; hence, the availability of safe a...

Rapid detection of Brucella cells using a gold nanoparticle-based aptasensor via a simple colorimetric method

Brucellosis is a major worldwide zoonotic disease that is caused by Brucella spp. and threatens the health of communities. Novel methods for rapid detection of Brucella bacteria are beneficial and necessary in pr...

Developmental studies of the sublingual and mandibular salivary glands in Japanese quails ( Coturinx coturinx japonica )

The Japanese quail ( Coturinx coturnix japonica ) has a crucial role in the lives of humanity since the 12 th century and continues to play main roles in our industry and scientific research. The advantages that the...

Chemical castration in dogs using calcium chloride: effects on testicular hemodynamics and semen characteristic and serum levels of testosterone

Dog overpopulation and stray dogs are global issues that are detrimental to public health and animal welfare. Thus, the goal of the current study was to provide alternatives for surgical castration. Therefore,...

Rapid detection of zoonotic Streptococcus suis serotype 2 and 14 by enzyme-activated probe fluorescence quantitative PCR method

Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 14 are the most common zoonotic strains, but previous identification methods made distinguish these two serotypes from other S. suis serotypes difficult. To effectively prevent ...

Somatic cell count in dairy goats I: association with infectious and non-infectious factors

Intramammary infections negatively affect milk quality, animal welfare and productivity in the dairy industry. Somatic cell count (SCC) is the most used screening tool to detect subclinical mastitis caused by ...

Descriptive embryological insights of the colorectum of quail embryos with concern to its functional morphology

Quail is an interesting emerging bird species gaining attention in developmental embryology research due to its small size, quick lifespan, and fast growth rate. These characteristics make quail an ideal model...

Urethral obstruction in a ram with a periurethral abscess: clinical findings, diagnostic imaging and pathology

Urethral obstruction is a common and life-threatening condition in male small ruminants.

Iron deficiency in dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis

Iron-deficiency is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in non-communicable diseases. However, iron parameters are rarely assessed in dogs. Here, we aimed to assess and correlate iron parameters i...

Metabolomics and proteomics insights into hepatic responses of weaned piglets to dietary Spirulina inclusion and lysozyme supplementation

Studying the effect of dietary Spirulina and lysozyme supplementation on the metabolome and proteome of liver tissue contributes to understanding potential hepatic adaptations of piglets to these novel diets. ...

Autologous platelet-rich fibrin enhances skin wound healing in a feline trauma model

Trauma is a common cause of cutaneous surgical disease with an increased risk of secondary infection in cat clinics. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a platelet and leukocyte concentrate containing multiple cytokin...

Genetic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig farms in Korea: emergence of cfr -positive CC398 lineage

Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus (LA-SA) has gained global attention because of its ability to colonize farm animals and transmit to the environment and humans, leading to symptomatic infections and the...

Upper respiratory tract detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae employing nasopharyngeal swabs

Flock-level prevalence and characterization of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is determined almost exclusively using nasal swabbing followed by molecular detection with either quantitative PCR or multi-locus sequence t...

Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio in healthy Chihuahuas

Chihuahua represents an increasingly widespread breed predisposed to cardiac disease. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) might be a useful point-of-care biomarker for dogs suspected of havin...

Comparative analysis of innate immune responses in Sonali and broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus

H9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Bangladesh since 2006, affecting multiple avian species and resulting in economic losses. The recent emergence of tribasic strains, along with co-infection...

The clinical efficacy of cGMP-specific sildenafil on mitochondrial biogenesis induction and renal damage in cats with acute on chronic kidney disease

Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) induction has recently emerged as potential therapeutic approaches in kidney pathology and the mitochondria-targeted therapies should be investigated to improve treatment of anima...

Treatment ineffectiveness towards Haemonchus contortus is highly prevalent in sheep and goat farms of North-Eastern Italy

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a global threat to grazing livestock farming. In Italy, anthelmintic efficacy remains high compared to other European countries, but many parts of the country haven’t been inves...

First molecular evidence of bovine hemoplasmas in houseflies ( Musca domestica )

Hemoplasma infections in cattle are caused by Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos and induce asymptomatic or chronic infections but occasionally lead to life-threatening hemolytic anemia. Despi...

A preliminary study of gene expression changes in Koalas Infected with Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) and identification of potential biomarkers for KoRV pathogenesis

Koala retrovirus (KoRV), a major pathogen of koalas, exists in both endogenous (KoRV-A) and exogenous forms (KoRV-A to I and K to M) and causes multiple disease phenotypes, including carcinomas and immunosuppr...

Efficacy and safety of diclazuril nanoemulsion in control of Eimeria tenella in broilers

Nanotechnology has the potential to reduce drug dosage while increasing efficacy; thus, the current work intends to synthesize diclazuril nanoemulsion and assess its performance against experimental coccidiosi...

Enhancing impact of dietary nano formulated quercetin on laying performance: egg quality, oxidative stability of stored eggs, intestinal immune and antioxidants related genes expression

Nutritional interventions with natural antioxidants can provide a pragmatic solution for modifying hens’ performance and maintaining oxidative stability of eggs during storage. Quercetin is the most abundant f...

Enhancing Ras cheese safety: antifungal effects of nisin and its nanoparticles against Aspergillus flavus

Due to the adverse effects of industrial chemicals and their carcinogenicity and toxicity for humans, the debates have increased on using natural preservatives. This study was conducted to investigate the inhi...

Effect of single parenteral administration of marbofloxacin on bacterial load and selection of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the fecal microbiota of healthy pigs

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern impacting both humans, animals and their environment. The use of oral antimicrobials in livestock, particularly in pigs, has been identified as a driver in th...

Comparison of DNA extraction procedures for detection of Mycoplasma bovis directly from extended bovine semen straw samples using a commercial M. bovis PCR

Mycoplasma bovis is a global pathogen of cattle but was detected for the first time in New Zealand in 2017, triggering a response under their Biosecurity Act as an “unwanted organism”. Following a lengthy eradica...

Diagnosis of canine B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia with a CD21 negative phenotype using the LT21 clone CD21 antibody in flow cytometry: a case report

Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is a hematological disorder characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature lymphocytes that accumulate in the blood and bone marrow. CLL can arise from B-, T-, or natural...

Treatment with oclacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, down-regulates and up-regulates CD25 and Foxp3 expression, respectively, in peripheral blood T cells of dogs with atopic dermatitis

Oclacitinib (OCL), a Janus kinase inhibitor, is a novel immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive agent which is an approved as the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) in dogs. The aim of the study was to...

Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles derived from canine mammary tumour cell lines identifies protein signatures specific for disease state

Canine mammary tumours (CMT) are among the most common types of tumours in female dogs. Diagnosis currently requires invasive tissue biopsies and histological analysis. Tumour cells shed extracellular vesicles...

Alleviating effects of Gracilaria verrucosa supplement on non-specific immunity, antioxidant capacity and immune-related genes of pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) provoked with white spot syndrome virus

Our work evaluated the possible underlying roles of dietary dried seaweed ( Gracilaria verrucosa; GV) on the inherent immune response, antioxidant capacity, immune-related gene expression, and protection of whitel...

Nesfatin-1 expression and blood plasma concentration in female dogs suffering from cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra and its possible interaction with phoenixin-14

Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide that regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and may play a role in uterus function. It is co-expressed with other peptides, such as phoenixin, which can influence sex ho...

Is castration leading to biological aging in dogs? Assessment of lipid peroxidation, inflammation, telomere length, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and expression of telomerase and age-related genes

Biological aging is a complex process influenced by various factors, including reproductive status and castration. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of castration on biological aging in dogs.

Strengthening anthrax outbreak response and preparedness: simulation and stakeholder education in Namisindwa district, Uganda

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthrac is that poses a significant threat to both human health and livestock. Effective preparedness and response to anthrax outbreak at the district level is esse...

A novel supraorbital surgical approach for enucleation in dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedaries ): cadaveric study

Enucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary practice, involving the complete removal of the eye and comprehensive extraction of orbital contents, respectively. These pr...

Delivery strategies to improve piglets exposure to oral antimicrobials

The widespread practice of delivering antimicrobials through drinking water to livestock leads to considerable variability in exposure levels among animals, raising concerns regarding disease outbreaks and the...

The endocannabinoid system in bovine tissues: characterization of transcript abundance in the growing Holstein steer

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is highly integrated with seemingly all physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body. There is increasing interest in utilizing bioactive plant compounds, for pro...

Isolation and evaluation of the pathogenicity of a hybrid shiga toxin-producing and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs

Porcine pathogenic Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), the globally recognized important pathogen, causes significant economic loss in the field. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) causes porcine neonatal and post-weaning di...

Whole-genome sequencing of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile reveals multidrug resistance and virulence genes in strains of environmental and animal origin

Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as an emerging pathogen in both humans and animals. In this context, antimicrobial resistance plays a major role in driving the spread of this disease, often leading t...

Challenges in diagnosing bovine tuberculosis through surveillance and characterization of Mycobacterium species in slaughtered cattle in Kolkata

Tuberculosis in cattle is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. Apart from MTBC, different Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) species have also been isolated from cattle. The presence of NTM...

Aligning with the 3Rs: alternative models for research into muscle development and inherited myopathies

Inherited and acquired muscle diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in human medical and veterinary patients. Researchers use models to study skeletal muscle development and pathology, imp...

Toxicological screening of zinc oxide nanoparticles in mongrel dogs after seven days of repeated subcutaneous injections

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have recently been applied in various veterinary and medical fields, however, the toxicological evaluations of these NPs in dogs are lacking. Therefore, the current study is ...

Occurrence and characterization of ESKAPE organisms on the hands of veterinary students before patient contact at a veterinary academic hospital, South Africa

This study aimed to investigate the presence of ESKAPE organisms on the hands of students working in the intensive care unit (ICU) at a veterinary academic hospital.

Impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the behavior and stress indicators of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) exposed to heat stress

This study was designed to assess the role of nano-zinc oxide in mitigating the deleterious effects of heat stress in African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) by evaluating parameters such as aggressive behavior (bit...

Comparative pathogenesis of Ethiopia/Habru/2014 Lineage-IV peste des petits ruminants virus in goats and cattle

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, with clinical manifestations ranging from peracute disease to subclinical infection, particularly in a...

Effects of poultry by-product meal and complete replacement of fish oil with alternative oils on growth performance and gut health of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ): a FEEDNETICS™ validation study

Aquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health o...

Physiology, gene expression, and behavior as potential indicators of oxidative stress in piglets

The goal of the current study was to develop a pig model to investigate oxidative stress with a low negative impact on piglet welfare. Four independent trials (A, B, C, and D) were performed using a single int...

An apparently healthy female British shorthair cat with a rare complication of colonic stenosis after flank approach ovariohysterectomy

Colonic stenosis is a rare postoperative complication of ovariohysterectomy in cats, leading to dyschezia and fecal diameter reduction. In cats, while there are reports of colonic stenosis after midline approa...

Immune protective, stress indicators, antioxidant, histopathological status, and heat shock protein gene expression impacts of dietary Bacillus spp. against heat shock in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

This research evaluated the efficacy of mixed Bacillus strains probiotic supplements in mitigating acute thermal-induced stress in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). Three experimental fish groups involved 135...

Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae inducing mass mortalities in cultured Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) with trials for disease control using zinc oxide nanoparticles and ethanolic leaf extracts of some medicinal plants

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) induces a serious infection that can harm not only aquatic life but also humans and other animals. In a fish farm in southern Egypt, Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis...

Correction: Change in the plasma proteome associated with canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS) in Thailand

The original article was published in BMC Veterinary Research 2021 17 :60

Identification and genetic characterization of five novel bat coronaviruses from Yunnan, China

Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a serious threat to human health and have become a major transmissible, endemic, and causative pathogen in humans; they represent a major health concern, given their ability to c...

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