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Introduction to Nanotechnology

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Yu Zhuoxin 3p328.  Definitio of nano technology  Scale: 1 nm – 100 nm (1 nm = 1 billionth or 10-9of a meter)  Creating nanoscale size materials does.

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

Biology, Health, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics

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Nanotechnology involves the understanding and control of matter at the nanometer -scale. The so-called nanoscale deals with dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers .

A nanometer is an extremely small unit of length—a billionth (10 - 9) of a meter. Just how small is a nanometer (nm)?

On the nanometer-scale, materials may exhibit unusual properties. When you change the size of a particle , it can change color, for example. That’s because in nanometer-scale particles, the arrangement of atoms reflects light differently. Gold can appear dark red or purple, while silver can appear yellowish or amber -colored.

Nanotechnology can increase the surface area of a material. This allows more atoms to interact with other materials. An increased surface area is one of the chief reasons nanometer-scale materials can be stronger, more durable , and more conductive than their larger-scale (called bulk) counterparts.

Nanotechnology is not microscopy. "Nanotechnology is not simply working at ever smaller dimensions," the U.S.-based National Nanotechnology Initiative says. "Rather, working at the nanoscale enables scientists to utilize the unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties of materials that naturally occur at that scale."

Scientists study these properties for a range of uses, from altering consumer products such as clothes to revolutionizing medicine and tackling environmental issues.

Classifying Nanomaterials

There are different types of nanomaterials, and different ways to classify them.

Natural nanomaterials, as the name suggests, are those that occur naturally in the world. These include particles that make up volcanic ash , smoke, and even some molecules in our bodies, such as the hemoglobin in our blood. The brilliant colors of a peacock’s feathers are the result of spacing between nanometer-scale structures on their surface.

Artificial nanomaterials are those that occur from objects or processes created by people. Examples include exhaust from fossil fuel burning engines and some forms of pollution . But while some of these just happen to be nanomaterials—vehicle exhaust, for instance, was not developed as one—scientists and engineers are working to create them for use in industries from manufacturing to medicine. These are called intentionally produced nanomaterials.

Fullerenes and Nanoparticles

One way to classify nanomaterials is between fullerenes and nanoparticles. This classification includes both naturally occurring and artificial nanomaterials.

Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon. Allotropes are different molecular forms of the same element. The most familiar carbon allotropes are probably diamond and graphite , a type of coal .

Fullerenes are atom-thick sheets of another carbon allotrope, graphene , rolled into spheres or tubes.

The most familiar type of spherical fullerene is probably the buckminsterfullerene, nicknamed the buckyball . Buckyballs are nanometer-sized carbon molecules shaped like soccer balls—tightly bonded hexagons and pentagons .

Buckyballs are very stable—able to withstand extreme temperatures and pressure. For this reason, buckyballs are able to exist in extremely harsh environments, such as outer space. In fact, buckyballs are the largest molecules ever discovered in space, detected around planetary nebula in 2010.

Buckyballs’ cage-like structure seems to protect any atom or molecule trapped within it. Many researchers are experimenting with "impregnating" buckyballs with elements, such as helium. These impregnated buckyballs may make excellent chemical "tracers," meaning scientists could follow them as they wind through a system. For example, scientists could track water pollution kilometers away from where it entered a river, lake, or ocean.

Tubular fullerenes are called nanotubes . Thanks to the way carbon atoms bond to each other, carbon nanotubes are remarkably strong and flexible. Carbon nanotubes are harder than diamond and more flexible than rubber.

Carbon nanotubes hold great potential for science and technology. The U.S. space agency NASA, for example, is experimenting with carbon nanotubes to produce "blacker than black" coloration on satellites . This would reduce reflection, so data collected by the satellite are not "polluted" by light.

Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles can include carbon, like fullerenes, as well as nanometer-scale versions of many other elements, such as gold, silicon, and titanium. Quantum dots , a type of nanoparticle, are semiconductors made of different elements, including cadmium and sulfur. Quantum dots have unusual fluorescent capabilities. Scientists and engineers have experimented with using quantum dots in everything from photovoltaic cells (used for solar power) to fabric dye.

The properties of nanoparticles have been important in the study of nanomedicine. One promising development in nanomedicine is the use of gold nanoparticles to fight lymphoma , a type of cancer that attacks cholesterol cells. Researchers have developed a nanoparticle that looks like a cholesterol cell, but with gold at its core. When this nanoparticle attaches to a lymphoma cell, it prevents the lymphoma from "feeding" off actual cholesterol cells, starving it to death.

Intentionally Produced Nanomaterials

There are four main types of intentionally produced nanomaterials: carbon-based, metal-based, dendrimers , and nanocomposites .

Carbon-based nanomaterials

Carbon-based nanomaterials are intentionally produced fullerenes. These include carbon nanotubes and buckyballs.

Carbon nanotubes are often produced using a process called carbon assisted vapor deposition. (This is the process NASA uses to create its "blacker than black" satellite color.) In this process, scientists establish a substrate , or base material, where the nanotubes grow. Silicon is a common substrate. Then, a catalyst helps the chemical reaction that grows the nanotubes. Iron is a common catalyst. Finally, the process requires a heated gas, blown over the substrate and catalyst. The gas contains the carbon that grows into nanotubes.

Metal-based nanomaterials

Metal-based nanomaterials include gold nanoparticles and quantum dots.

Quantum dots are synthesized using different methods. In one method, small crystals of two different elements are formed under high temperatures. By controlling the temperature and other conditions, the size of the nanometer-scale crystals can be carefully controlled. The size is what determines the fluorescent color. These nanocrystals are quantum dots—tiny semiconductors—suspended in a solution.

Dendrimers are complex nanoparticles built from linked, branched units. Each dendrimer has three sections: a core, an inner shell, and an outer shell. In addition, each dendrimer has branched ends. Each part of a dendrimer—its core, inner shell, outer shell, and branched ends—can be designed to perform a specific chemical function.

Dendrimers can be fabricated either from the core outward (divergent method) or from the outer shell inward (convergent method).

Like buckyballs and some other nanomaterials, dendrimers have strong, cage-like cavities in their structure. Scientists and researchers are experimenting with dendrimers as multifunctional drug-delivery methods. A single dendrimer, for example, may deliver a drug to a specific cell, and also trace that drug's impact on the surrounding tissue .

Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites combine nanomaterials with other nanomaterials, or with larger, bulk materials. There are three main types of nanocomposites: nano ceramic matrix composites ( NCMCs ), metal matrix composites ( MMCs ), and polymer matrix composites (PMCs).

NCMCs, sometimes called nanoclays , are often used to coat packing materials. They strengthen the material’s heat resistance and flame- retardant properties.

MMCs are stronger and lighter than bulk metals. MMCs may be used to reduce heat in computer " server farms" or build vehicles light enough to airlift.

Industrial plastics are often composed of PMCs. One promising area of nanomedical research is creating PMC "tissue scaffolding ." Tissue scaffolds are nanostructures that provide a frame around which tissue, such as an organ or skin, can be grown. This could revolutionize the treatment of burn injuries and organ loss.

Nanomanufacturing  

Nanotech equipment

Scientists and engineers working at the nanometer-scale need special microscopes. The atomic force microscope ( AFM ) and the scanning tunneling microscope ( STM ) are essential in the study of nanotechnology. These powerful tools allow scientists and engineers to see and manipulate individual atoms.

AFMs use a very small probe —a cantilever with a tiny tip—to scan a nanostructure. The tip is only nanometers in diameter. As the tip is brought close to the sample being examined, the cantilever moves because of the atomic forces between the tip and the surface of the sample.

With STMs, an electronic signal is passed between the microscope’s tip—formed by one single atom—and the surface of the sample being scanned. The tip moves up and down to keep both the signal and the distance from the sample constant.

AFMs and STMs allow researchers to create an image of an individual atom or molecule that looks just like a topographic map . Using an AFM’s or STM’s sensitive tip, researchers can also pick up and move atoms and molecules like tiny building blocks.

Nanomanufacturing

There are two ways to build materials on the nanometer-scale: top-down or bottom-up.

Top-down nanomanufacturing involves carving bulk materials to create features with nanometer-scale dimensions. For decades, the process used to produce computer chips has been top-down. Producers work to increase the speed and efficiency of each "generation" of microchip . The manufacture of graphene-based (as opposed to silicon-based) microchips may revolutionize the industry.

Bottom-up nanomanufacturing builds products atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule. Experimenting with quantum dots and other nanomaterials, tech companies are starting to develop transistors and other electronic devices using individual molecules. These atom-thick transistors may mark the future development of the microchip industry.

History of Nanotechnology

U.S. physicist Richard Feynman is considered the father of nanotechnology. He introduced the ideas and concepts behind nanotech in a 1959 talk titled "There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom." Feynman did not use the term "nanotechnology," but described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.

Modern nanotechnology truly began in 1981, when the scanning tunneling microscope allowed scientists and engineers to see and manipulate individual atoms. IBM scientists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the scanning tunneling microscope. The Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center in Zurich, Switzerland, continues to build on the work of these pioneering scientists by conducting research and developing new applications for nanotechnology.

The iconic example of the development of nanotechnology was an effort led by Don Eigler at IBM to spell out "IBM" using 35 individual atoms of xenon.

By the end of the 20th century, many companies and governments were investing in nanotechnology. Major nanotech discoveries, such as carbon nanotubes, were made throughout the 1990s. By the early 2000s, nanomaterials were being used in consumer products from sports equipment to digital cameras.

Modern nanotechnology may be quite new, but nanometer-scale materials have been used for centuries. 

As early as the 4th century, Roman artists had discovered that adding gold and silver to glass created a startling effect: The glass appeared slate green when lit from the outside, but glowed red when lit from within. Nanoparticles of gold and silver were suspended in the glass solution, coloring it. The most famous surviving example of this technique is a ceremonial vessel , the Lycurgus Cup.

Artists from China, western Asia, and Europe were also using nanoparticles of silver and copper, this time in pottery glazes. This gave a distinctive luster to ceramics such as tiles and bowls.

In 2006, modern microscopy revealed the technology of Damascus steel , a metal used in South Asia and the Middle East until the technique was lost in the 18th century—carbon nanotubes. Swords made with Damascus steel are legendary for their strength, durability, and ability to maintain a very sharp edge.

One of the most well-known examples of premodern use of nanomaterials is in European medieval stained-glass windows. Like the Romans before them, medieval artisans knew that by putting varying, small amounts of gold and silver in glass, they could produce bright reds and yellows.

Nanotech and the Environment

Many governments, scientists, and engineers are researching the potential of nanotechnology to bring affordable, high-tech, and energy-efficient products to millions of people around the world. Nanotechnology has improved the design of products such as light bulbs, paints, computer screens, and fuels.

Nanotechnology is helping inform the development of alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Solar cells, for instance, turn sunlight into electric currents . Nanotechnology could change the way solar cells are used, making them more efficient and affordable.

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, are usually assembled as a series of large, flat panels. These solar panels are big and bulky. They are also expensive and often difficult to install. Using nanotechnology, scientists and engineers have been able to experiment with print-like development processes, which reduces manufacturing costs. Some experimental solar panels have been made in flexible rolls rather than rigid panels. In the future, panels might even be "painted" with photovoltaic technology.

The bulky, heavy blades on wind turbines may also benefit from nanotech. An epoxy containing carbon nanotubes is being used to make turbine blades that are longer, stronger, and lighter. Other nanotech innovations may include a coating to reduce ice buildup.

Nanotech is already helping increase the energy-efficiency of products. One of the United Kingdom's biggest bus operators, for instance, has been using a nano-fuel additive for close to a decade. Engineers mix a tiny amount of the additive with diesel fuel, and the cerium-oxide nanoparticles help the fuel burn more cleanly and efficiently. Use of the additive has achieved a 5 percent annual reduction in fuel consumption and emissions .

Access to clean water has become a problem in many parts of the world. Nanomaterials may be a tiny solution to this large problem.

Nanomaterials can strip water of toxic metals and organic molecules. For example, researchers have discovered that nanometer-scale specks of rust are magnetic, which can help remove dangerous chemicals from water. Other engineers are developing nanostructured filters that can remove viruses from water.

Researchers are also experimenting with using nanotechnology to safely, affordably, and efficiently turn saltwater into freshwater, a process called desalination . In one experiment, nano-sized electrodes are being used to reduce the cost and energy requirements of removing salts from water.

Oil Spill Clean-Up

Scientists and engineers are experimenting with nanotechnology to help isolate and remove oil spilled from offshore oil platforms and container ships.

One method uses nanoparticles' unique magnetic properties to help isolate oil. Oil itself is not magnetic, but when mixed with water-resistant iron nanoparticles, it can be magnetically separated from seawater. The nanoparticles can later be removed so the oil can be used.

Another method involves the use of a nanofabric "towel" woven from nanowires. These towels can absorb 20 times their weight in oil.

Nanotech and People

Hundreds of consumer products are already benefiting from nanotechnology. You may be wearing, eating, or breathing nanoparticles right now! 

Scientists and engineers are using nanotechnology to enhance clothing. By coating fabrics with a thin layer of zinc oxide nanoparticles, for instance, manufacturers can create clothes that give better protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation , like that from the sun. Some clothes have nanoparticles in the form of little hairs or whiskers that help repel water and other materials, making fabric more stain-resistant.

Some researchers are experimenting with nanotechnology for "personal climate control." Nanofiber jackets allow the wearer to control the jacket’s warmth using a small set of batteries.

Many cosmetic products contain nanoparticles. Nanometer-scale materials in these products provide greater clarity , coverage, cleansing, or absorption. For instance, the nanoparticles used in sunscreen (titanium dioxide and zinc oxide) provide reliable, extensive protection from harmful UV radiation. These nanomaterials offer better light reflection for a longer time period.

Nanotechnology may also provide better "delivery systems" for cosmetic ingredients. Nanomaterials may be able to penetrate a skin’s cell membranes to augment the cell’s features, such as elasticity or moisture.

Nanotech is revolutionizing the sports world. Nanometer-scale additives can make sporting equipment lightweight, stiff, and durable.

Carbon nanotubes, for example, are used to make bicycle frames and tennis rackets lighter, thinner, and more resilient . Nanotubes give golf clubs and hockey sticks a more powerful and accurate drive.

Carbon nanotubes embedded in epoxy coatings make kayaks faster and more stable in the water. A similar epoxy keeps tennis balls bouncy.

The food industry is using nanomaterials in both the packaging and agricultural sectors. Clay nanocomposites provide an impenetrable barrier to gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide in lightweight bottles, cartons, and packaging films. Silver nanoparticles, embedded in the plastic of storage containers, kill bacteria .

Engineers and chemists use nanotechnology to adapt the texture and flavor of foods. Nanomaterials’ greater surface area may improve the "spreadability" of foods such as mayonnaise, for instance. 

Nanotech engineers have isolated and studied the way our taste buds perceive flavor. By targeting individual cells on a taste bud, nanomaterials can enhance the sweetness or saltiness of a particular food. A chemical nicknamed "bitter blocker," for instance, can trick the tongue into not tasting the naturally bitter taste of many foods.

Electronics

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the realm of electronics. It provides faster and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of data.

Nanotech has improved display screens on electronic devices. This involves reducing power consumption while decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens.

Nanotechnology has allowed glass to be more consumer friendly. One glass uses nanomaterials to clean itself, for example. As ultraviolet light hits the glass, nanoparticles become energized and begin to break down and loosen organic molecules—dirt—on the glass. Rain cleanly washes the dirt away. Similar technology could be applied to touch-screen devices to resist sweat.

Nanomedicine

Nanotechnology can help medical tools and procedures be more personalized, portable, cheaper, safer, and easier to administer . Silver nanoparticles incorporated into bandages, for example, smother and kill harmful microbes . This can be especially useful in healing burns.

Nanotech is also furthering advances in disease treatments. Researchers are developing ways to use nanoparticles to deliver medications directly to specific cells. This is especially promising for the treatment of cancer, because chemotherapy and radiation treatments can damage healthy as well as diseased tissue.

Dendrimers, nanomaterials with multiple branches, may improve the speed and efficiency of drug delivery. Researchers have experimented with dendrimers that deliver drugs that slow the spread of cerebral palsy -like symptoms in rabbits, for example.

The list goes on. Fullerenes can be manipulated to have anti- inflammatory properties to slow or even stop allergic reactions. Nanomaterials may reduce bleeding and speed coagulation . Diagnostic testing and imaging can be improved by arranging nanoparticles to detect and attach themselves to specific proteins or diseased cells.

Grey Goo and Other Concerns

Unregulated pursuit of nanotechnology is controversial. In 1986, Eric Drexler wrote a book called Engines of Creation , which painted a vision of the future of nanotech, but also warned of the dangers. The book’s apocalyptic vision included self-replicating nanometer-scale robots that malfunctioned , duplicating themselves a trillion times over. These nano-bots rapidly consumed the entire world as they pulled carbon from the environment to replicate themselves.

Drexler’s vision is nicknamed the "grey goo" scenario. Many experts think concerns like "grey goo" are probably premature . Even so, many scientists and engineers continue to voice their concerns about nanotech’s future.

Nanopollution is the nickname given to the waste created by the manufacturing of nanomaterials. Some forms of nanopollution are toxic, and environmentalists are concerned about the bioaccumulation , or buildup, of these toxic nanomaterials in microbes, plants, and animals.

Nanotoxicology is the study of toxic nanoparticles, particularly their interaction with the human body. Nanotoxicology is an important research field, as nanomaterials can enter the body both intentionally and unintentionally. 

“Research is needed,” writes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “to determine whether exposure to manufactured nanomaterials can lead to adverse effects to the heart, lungs, skin; alter reproductive performance; or contribute to cancer.”

Another concern about nanotechnology is the price. Nanotech is an expensive area of research, and largely confined to developed nations with strong infrastructure . Many social scientists are concerned that underdeveloped countries will fall further behind as they cannot afford to develop a nanotechnology industry.

Investing in Nanotech

There are many ways of assessing investment in nanotechnology: government funding of research, venture capital funding of start-ups, or the number of new nanotech companies. These nations have made significant investment in nanotechnology.

• United States

Nano-Cartography

In 2010, researchers at IBM used nanotechnology to create a 3-D relief map of the world . . . 1/1000 the size of a grain of salt. Researchers used a sophisticated silicon tip in their microscope to carve into a glass substrate.

Nano-Graffiti

In 1989, IBM researchers spelled out their company’s logo using 35 xenon atoms. Twenty years later, researchers at Stanford University spelled out “SU” using subatomic particles. The letters were so small they could be used to print the 32-volume Encyclopedia Britannica 2,000 times and the contents would fit on the head of a pin.

Nanoscale Perspective

• Your fingernails grow about one nanometer every second.
• When a seagull lands on an aircraft carrier, the carrier sinks about one nanometer.
• A man’s beard grows about a nanometer between the time he picks up a razor and lifts it to his face.

Nano-Soccer

Nanosoccer is an event where computer-driven “nanobots” the size of dust mites challenge one another on fields no bigger than a grain of rice. Often sponsored by government laboratories, nanosoccer teams from all over the world compete in events such as the “RoboCup.” See the rules and results of the 2009 nanosoccer tournament here .

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FREE K-12 standards-aligned STEM

curriculum for educators everywhere!

Find more at TeachEngineering.org .

• TeachEngineering
• Nanotechnology as a Whole

Lesson Nanotechnology as a Whole

Grade Level: 11 (9-11)

Time Required: 45 minutes

Lesson Dependency: None

Subject Areas: Chemistry, Physics

NGSS Performance Expectations:

• Print lesson and its associated curriculum

Curriculum in this Unit Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum.

• What is a Nanometer?
• Magnetic Fluids
• Nanoparticles & Light Energy Experiment: Quantum Dots and Colors
• Thirsty for Gold

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Engineering connection, learning objectives, worksheets and attachments, more curriculum like this, pre-req knowledge, introduction/motivation, associated activities, vocabulary/definitions, user comments & tips.

Working in the fields of nanotechnology and engineering requires an understanding of many classical materials engineering principles and fundamentals. However, due to the very small length scale, some classical fundamentals break down and new physics is necessary to fully understand nanotechnology. It is important for students to learn that to produce such technological applications, existing science has been modified to describe and replicate unique behaviors found at the extremely small scale. In addition, because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily interact with human cells. With access to so many areas of the body and their unique behaviors, they have the potential to detect disease and deliver treatment in ways never unimagined.

After this lesson, students should be able to:

• Describe ways nanotechnology is expected to influence society.
• List key areas of research in the nanotechnology field and real-world applications.
• Explain the length scale of nanotechnology relative to traditional length scales.
• Convert measurements to different units.

Educational Standards Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) , a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g. , by state; within source by type; e.g. , science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .

Ngss: next generation science standards - science.

International Technology and Engineering Educators Association - Technology

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State Standards

Texas - science.

Students must be able to operate a basic scientific calculator, take measurements using measuring tapes, sticks or string, and complete unit and place value conversions.

(Be ready to show students the attached 21-slide Introduction to Nanotechnology Presentation PowerPoint file. In advance of class, make sure to download some of the PowerPoint images into the slides; see notes in the PowerPoint file. Ask students the following questions to stimulate their thinking about the topic of nanotechnology. Survey students' knowledge prior to giving the attached presentation. Expect the introduction and presentation to not exceed 25 minutes.)

What is nanotechnology? (Listen to student ideas and definitions.) Nanotechnology' is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. How small is that!? Nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from "the bottom up," using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, highly advanced products.

What types of technologies and goods (products, services) do you think nanotechnology is a part of? (Listen to student suggestions. Make a list on the board.) Examples: Car bumpers (nanocomposites), sporting goods (golf clubs, tennis rackets), quantum dots (optical beacons), cancer treatment, antibacterial dressings, photovoltaic devices (solar cells), sunscreens (similar to solar cells; want to absorb UV light), protein tracking, stain-repellant fabrics, rocket propellants, synthetic bone, organic light-emitting diodes (telephone and radio screens), nanostructured materials for engineering applications, nanocatalysts, filters.

(Proceed to show students the attached PowerPoint presentation.)

Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. While these materials have been around for decades, only recently—because of our improved capability to see at that scale—have they received so much attention. However, traditional material science and physics cannot explain, nor see, phenomena that occur at their tiny scale. With the birth of quantum mechanics and electron microscopes, engineers are able to model, predict and visually design specific material behaviors at those length scales. Nano materials are unique because of the relative size compared to the atomic scale. How small? The thickness of one sheet of loose-leaf notebook paper is equivalent to ~100,000 nm. This is extremely small and because of this relative size comparison, new interactions start occurring. All this is meaningless if one cannot visualize or comprehend how small the nano scale is in comparison to tangible, familiar objects. To start envisioning this scale, one nanometer is 1 millionth the size of a Skittle TM candy. Refer to the associated activity What is a Nanometer? so students obtain a simple reference framework to the nano-size length scale by measuring everyday objects and converting their length units to nanometers.

Note: The attached PowerPoint presentation provides information on topics such as: What is nanotechnology? What does nano really mean? and How old is nanotechnology? Other topics in the presentation include: types of nano phenomena, single-walled carbon nanotubes, SWNT properties and applications, the world's smallest radio, quantum dots and applications; ferrofluids (magnetic fluids) and applications, nano shells, gold nanoshell synthesis, nanoshell applications, misconceptions about nanotechnology, and consumer uses and projections.

Watch this activity on YouTube

crystalline: A solid with a periodic arrangement of atoms that make-up crystals.

engineer: A person who applies her/his understanding of science and math to creating things for the benefit of humanity and our world.

nanometer: Length measurement that is equal to 1 x 10^-9m.

Opening Questions: Survey students' knowledge about nanotechnology by asking them the following questions before showing the attached presentation. Listen to student ideas, definitions and suggestions. See the Introduction/Motivation section for discussion points and answers.

• What is nanotechnology?
• What types of technologies and goods (products, services) do you think nanotechnology is a part of?

Closing Questions: At lesson conclusion, ask students to take five minutes and write out and hand in their own answers to the following questions. Review their answers to gauge their comprehension of the material presented.

• What are some example products and technologies that take advantage of nanotechnology?

Research: Have students research online articles on nanotechnology and write a summary to share with the class. 

Through three teacher-led demonstrations, students are shown samplers of real-world nanotechnology applications involving ferrofluids, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. This nanomaterials engineering lesson introduces practical applications for nanotechnology and some scientific principles relate...

Students learn about the biomedical use of nanoparticles in the detection and treatment of cancer, including the use of quantum dots and lasers that heat-activate nanoparticles. They also learn about electrophoresis—a laboratory procedure that uses an electric field to move tiny particles through a ...

Students are introduced to the physical concept of the colors of rainbows as light energy in the form of waves with distinct wavelengths, but in a different manner than traditional kaleidoscopes. Looking at different quantum dot solutions, they make observations and measurements, and graph their dat...

Students are introduced to the technology of flexible circuits, some applications and the photolithography fabrication process. They are challenged to determine if the fabrication process results in a change in the circuit dimensions since, as circuits get smaller and smaller (nano-circuits), this c...

Sanders, Robert. "Single Nanotube Makes World's Smallest Radio." October 31, 2007. University of California-Berkeley. Accessed October 10, 2012. http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/10/31_NanoRadio.shtml

Contributors

Supporting program, acknowledgements.

This curriculum was created with the support of National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. 0840889. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.

Last modified: July 21, 2023

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Nanotechnology

Apr 06, 2019

2.05k likes | 5.65k Views

Pace University School of Computer Science & Information Systems Emerging Information Technology II Spring 2005. Nanotechnology .

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Pace University School of Computer Science & Information Systems Emerging Information Technology II Spring 2005 Nanotechnology Carl Abrams George Baker Godfrey Cheng Michael Homeyer Emerging Information Technology II

Agenda - Nanotechnology • Introduction / Origins / Status • Current State of Technology • Manufacturing Processes • Commercial Activity • The Future Emerging Information Technology II

Nanotechnology Introduction / Origins / Status

NNI Definition of Nanotechnology Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer range, to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size. Nanotechnology research and development includes manipulation under control of the nanoscale structures and their integration into larger material components, systems and architectures. Within these larger scale assemblies, the control and construction of their structures and components remains at the nanometer scale. (National Nanotechnology Initiative) Emerging Information Technology II

Nano - How big are we talking about? Nanometers Ten shoulder-to-shoulder hydrogen atoms span 1 nanometer. DNA molecules are about 2.5 nanometers wide. A million nanometers The pinhead sized patch of this thumb is a million nanometers across. Billions of nanometers A two meter tall male is two billion nanometers. Thousands of nanometers Biological cells have diameters in the range of thousands of nanometers. Less than a nanometer Individual atoms are up to a few tenths of a nanometer in diameter. A human hair is approximately 100,000 nm. Emerging Information Technology II

Understanding Effects Physical processes do not scale uniformly • gravity • friction • combustion • electrostatic • van der Walls • brownian • quantum Emerging Information Technology II

Nano Timeline • 1905: Einstein published paper estimating diameter of a sugar molecule as 1nanometer • 1959: Richard Feynman’s famed talk • 1981: Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) created • 1985: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) invented • 1993: Carbon Nanotubes discovered • 1998: First Single-Electron Transistor created • 2001: Nanowire ZnO laser • 2002: Superlattice Nanowires • 2004: Single-Electron Transistor with tiny mechanical arm Emerging Information Technology II

Richard Feynman, 1959 • “The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big.” • “The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to see what we’re doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is ultimately developed---a development which I think cannot be avoided. • http://nano.xerox.com/nanotech/feynman.html Emerging Information Technology II

Nanotechnology - Two Meanings • Feynman’s vision of factories using nanomachines to build complex products, including additional nanomachines. • Ability to make large products with atomic precision, building them with superior materials, cleanly at low cost. • Original vision for nanotechnology is termed molecular manufacturing. • Products which have significant features less than 100 nanometers in size. • Can describe anything with small features, ranging from fine particles to thin coatings to large molecules. Emerging Information Technology II

K. Eric Drexler “Development of the ability to design protein molecules will open a path to the fabrication of devices to complex atomic specifications (1981)” Engines of Creation (1985) • THE FOUNDATIONS OF FORESIGHT • PROFILES OF THE POSSIBLE • DANGERS AND HOPES Emerging Information Technology II

Device miniaturization by reducing their physical sizes Exploiting enhanced surface effects by increased surface/volume ratio (e.g. catalysts) Utilization of biological objects in inorganic nanostructures for various sensors and novel functions Novel phenomena in low-dimensional structures Direct observation of physics laws in nanostructures Motivation towards Nanotechnology Emerging Information Technology II

So who cares? “The worldwide annual industrial production in the nanotech sectors is estimated to exceed $1 trillion in 10 - 15 years from now, which would require about 2 million nanotechnology workers.” (M.C. Roco Chair, WH/NSTC/Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology Subcommittee (NSEC), and Senior Advisor, NSF) Emerging Information Technology II

Where Are We? • It’s NOT science fiction – it’s here today • Will affect almost everything over time • Initial impact will be subtle and gradual • R&D funding is unprecedented • Academic, government and industrial • Spread across globe • Patent filing exploding worldwide • Accelerated pace of development • Advances in tools will speed acceleration Emerging Information Technology II

Context – Nanotechnology in the WorldGovernment investments 1997-2004 Note: • U.S. begins FY in October, six month before EU & Japan in March/April • U.S. does not have a commanding lead as it was for other S&T megatrends(such as BIO, IT, space exploration, nuclear) (Senate Briefing, May 24, 2001 (M.C. Roco), updated on October, 12, 2002) Emerging Information Technology II

National Nanotechnology Initiative - Intentions (Source: AIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), MC Roco) Emerging Information Technology II

NNI - Where the Money Goes Biosystems at the Nanoscale ~ 14% • Biostructures, mimicry, bio-chips Nanostructure ‘by Design’, Novel Phenomena 45% • Physical, biological, electronic, optical, magnetic Device and System Architecture 20% • Interconnect, system integration, pathways Environmental Processes 6 % • Filtering, absorption, low energy, low waste Multiscale and Multiphenomena Modeling 9 % Manufacturing at the nanoscale 6% Education and Social Implications (distributed) Emerging Information Technology II

Key Technologies • Nanomaterial • Nanopowder • Nanotubes • Fullerenes • Detection and diagnosis devices • Nanopores • Quantum Dot • Dendrimers • Soft Lithography (Nano-imprinting, Dip-pen Lithography) Emerging Information Technology II

Patent Landscape Emerging Information Technology II

Nanotechnology Current State of Technology

Highlights Highlights of major accomplishments in past 15-20 years Metrology: Measurements & images & motion can be controlled to 10 pico-meters. We can see what we’re doing. Modeling: Software can now successfully model the dynamics of most molecular interactions under numerous static and dynamic conditions. We can simulate what we want to build. Manufacturing: Certain processes exist to actually fabricate nanostructures. We can build some of what we want to build. MEMS: Fabrication of micro-meter scale devices is routine. We can build much of what we want at larger scales. Policy: There is a growing consensus of what nanotechnology is. We almost what we’re talking about. Emerging Information Technology II

Tools & Techniques Current foundation of research tools and techniques • Microscopy • Any technique for producing visible images of structures or details too small to otherwise be seen by the human eye. In classical light microscopy, this involves passing light transmitted through or reflected from the subject through a series of lenses, to be detected directly by the eye, imaged on a photographic plate or captured digitally. Electron microscopes are used to magnify very small details using electrons instead of light. Magnification levels of 500,000 times can be achieved with this technology. • Simulation • Environments must be developed that can accommodate the corresponding problem complexity and non-traditional device characteristics to be explored in the nanotechnolgy space. 1 (1) Le, J., Pileggi, L., Devgan, A., “Circuit Simulation of Nanotechnology Devices with Non-monotonic I-V Characteristics”, IEEE, 2003 Emerging Information Technology II

Tools & Techniques (cont’d) Current foundation of research tools and techniques • Metrology • Simply put, metrology is the measurement of something, be it large or be it small. • Interferometry • The applied science of combining two or more input points of a particular data type, such as optical measurements, to form a greater picture based on the combination of the two sources. 1 • Crystallography • The experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. Crystallographic methods all rely on the analysis of the diffraction patterns that emerge from a sample that is targeted by a beam of some type. 2 (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry (2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography Emerging Information Technology II

Microscopy Current foundation of research tools and techniques • Microscopy • Acoustic / Ultrasonic • Sound waves are used to image samples, permitting a view beneath the surface • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Produces a 3D-type image. This is useful for judging the surface of a structure. • Scanning Probe / Atomic Force (SPM / AFM) • Generally used to sample the surface height of a specimen at discrete positions and forming a grid based upon the readings. The grid can be reviewed off-line as a 3D surface. The AFM can actually be pushed down on the surface of the specimen and modify it. • Transmission Electron Microcope (TEM) • Electrons are used to produce a specimen image on a fluorescent screen or on film. Emerging Information Technology II

Simulation Current foundation of research tools and techniques • Simulation • Molecular modeling • Varies from building and visualizing molecules to performing complex calculations on molecular systems. Using molecular modeling scientists will be better able to design new and more potent drugs. Molecular modeling not only has the potential to bring new drugs to the market, but a vast array of new materials. • Quantum effect modeling • The paradoxical influence of quantum mechanics dominates at the nano-level. In the weird world of quantum mechanics, objects can exist simultaneously in mutually exclusive states, but with a certain probability that one state or another will apply at a given moment. Measuring quantum effects in real-world objects is an important steppingstone toward building quantum computers. The ability for information to exist in multiple states at once is what would make a quantum computer so powerful. 1 (1) http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/031120/quantum.shtml Emerging Information Technology II

Metrology Current foundation of research tools and techniques • Metrology • Film Thickness Testers • The thickness of films can be routinely measured down to about 2 nm. A full spectrum of instruments is marketed for thin film analysis. • Thin file is important in micro and nano-scale electronics and nonlinear optics devices. Its characteristic properties are high thermal stability, reliable mechanical strength, and low dielectric constant. • Wafer Inspection Tools • Wafers must be inspected for level of contamination. Process improvement techniques have been introduced to identify exactly where in the manufacturing process defects over acceptable limits are being introduced. 1 (1) http://www.future-fab.com/documents.asp?grID=216&d_ID=1250 Emerging Information Technology II

Interferometry Current foundation of research tools and techniques • Interferometry • Optical • Some optical phenomena depend on the quantum nature of light and as such some areas of optics are also related to quantum mechanics. 1 • X-ray • uses the interference of two x-ray beams to precisely measure optical constants, or (by moving components of the interferometer) to measure displacement with picometer precision. 2 (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical (2) http://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div842/Gp5/admd.htm Emerging Information Technology II

Crystallography Current foundation of research tools and techniques • Crystallography • X-ray • An experimental technique that exploits the fact that X-rays are diffracted by crystals. It is not an imaging technique. X-rays have the proper wavelength to be scattered by the electron cloud of an atom of comparable size. 1 • X-ray crystallography remains the "gold standard" for structure determination. 2 (1) http://www-structure.llnl.gov/Xray/101index.html (2) http://www.imm.org/Reports/Rep002.html#XrayPhase Emerging Information Technology II

Recent Accomplishments • Recursive NanoBox Processor Grid • Superfine Ink-Jet Printing • Drug Delivery Emerging Information Technology II

Recursive NanoBox Processor Grid Recent Accomplishments • Nano devices less reliable than CMOS devices • Parallel computer system design • High accuracy rates • Low FIT (failure in time) rates KleinOsowski, A.J., KleinOsowski, K., Rangarajan, V., “The RecursiveBox Processor Grid: A Reliable System Architecture for Unreliable Nano Devices”, IEEE, 2004 Emerging Information Technology II

Superfine Ink-Jet Printing Recent Accomplishments • Produces dots less than 1 micron in size • Uses metal nano-particle paste • Printing of metallic wires a few microns in width • Pre-patterning of the substrate not necessary Murata, K. “Super-fine ink-jet printing for nanotechnology”, IEEE, 2003 Emerging Information Technology II

Drug Delivery Recent Accomplishments • Side effects of conventional drugs • Nanoparticles are the ideal vehicle • AZT nanoparticle drug delivery system Lobenberg, R., “Smart Materials: Applications of Nanotechnolgy in Drug Delivery and Drug Targeting”, IEEE, 2003 Emerging Information Technology II

Nanotechnology Manufacturing Processes

The NNI Vision “The essence of nanotechnolgoy is the ability to work at the molecular level…to create large structures with fundamentally new molecular organization” Ref:” National Nanotechnology Initiative”: The Initiative and its Implementation Plan” http://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/nnl2.htm Emerging Information Technology II

The NNI Goals • First Generation: passive nanostructures in coatings, nanoparticles, bulk materials (nano-structured metals, polymers, ceramics): ~ 2001 – • Second Generation: active nanostructures such as transistors, amplifiers, actuators, adaptive structures: ~ 2005 – • Third Generation: 3D nanosystems with heterogeneous nano-components and various assembling techniques ~ 2010 – • Fourth Generation: molecular nano-systems with heterogeneous molecules, based on bio-mimetics and new design ~ 2020 (?) Source: AIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), MC Roco Emerging Information Technology II

Nano Fabrication Approaches Top-down Method(Today) Creates nanostructures out of macrostructures by breaking down matter into more basic building blocks. Frequently uses chemical or thermal methods. Bottom-up Method(Tomorrow) Building complex systems by combining simple atomic level components through self assembly of atoms or molecules into nanostructures Emerging Information Technology II

A Timeline for Molecular Manufacturing Molecular Traditional DNA Templated Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistor Science vol 32 21 Nov 2003 2001 2005 2010 2020 Emerging Information Technology II

First Generation Nano Fabrication Example Single Walled NanoTube SWNT are grown by CO decomposition into C and CO2 at 700-950C in a flow of pure CO at between 1-10atm of pressure http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nanotube.html Emerging Information Technology II

Other Contemporary Production Processes • Vapor Deposition • Evaporization • Combustion • Thermal Plasma • Milling • Cavitation • Milling (Spin or Dip) • Thermal Spray • Electrodeposition Emerging Information Technology II

Other Contemporary Production Processes Emerging Information Technology II

The 3rd/4th Generation Nanofactory • Integrate large numbers of nanoscale chemical fabrication units • Combine nanoscale pieces into large-scale products • General-purpose manufacturing in a tabletop format • Extremely advanced products with compact functionality • Produce its own weight in hours; produce copies of itself Emerging Information Technology II

How Might it Work?? • mass < 1 kg (with a less hefty design than suggested by the above illustration) • volume ~ 50 liters • raw material input 2.5 kg/hr (chiefly acetone, oxygen from air) • waste heat output 1.3 kW (air cooled) • surplus power output 3.3 kW (from oxidation of surplus hydrogen) • waste material output 1.5 kg/hr (chiefly water) • product output 1 kg/hr (chiefly diamond) Emerging Information Technology II

How Might it Work?? • a casing to protect its interior from air, moisture, and dirt • inlets for liquid feedstocks to supply molecules for processing • molecular sorting mechanisms to purify inputs • alignment and binding mechanisms to organize streams of molecules • mechanosynthetic devices to process inputs into reactive tools • mechanosynthetic devices to apply tools to workpieces • mill-style mechanisms to join workpieces into larger blocks • programmable mechanisms to join blocks into complex products • a port to deliver finished products while protecting the interior space • motors to drive moving parts • computers to control material flows and assembly mechanisms • stored data and programs to direct the computers • data communication channels to coordination actions • electrical systems to distribute power • a cooling system to dissipate waste heat • a structural framework to support the casing and internal components Emerging Information Technology II

A Path to Implementation • The key concept is that of a “Fabricator” • A Fabricator is a nano-scale device that can combine individual molecules into useful shapes • Fabricators build “pieces” that are passed to other fabricators to be made into larger pieces (convergent assembly) • Fabricators would make a small nano factories with a few fabricators in it and then build a bigger one etc etc. • By simple scaling a nano factory could make a factory twice its size in a day. In 60 days a desk top model would exist Emerging Information Technology II

A Path to Implementation (continued) • Inside the factory, each fabricator would make a nano block (200 nm on a side) • Assembly of nano-blocks by robotics through commands and fasteners on the surface of the blocks. • Continue until done • Output : e.g. rolls of tough, flexible, high efficiency solar cells to laptops with billions of processors Emerging Information Technology II

Nanotechnology Commercial Activity

Timeline for beginning of industrialprototyping and commercialization • 1st Generation: Passive nanostructures ~ 2001 Ex: coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics • 2nd Generation: Active nanostructures ~ 2005 Ex: transistors, amplifiers, targeted drugs, actuators, adaptive structures • 3rd Generation: Systems of nanosystems ~ 2010 Ex: guided molecular assembling; 3D networking and new system architectures, robotics, supramolecular • 4th Generation: Molecular nanosystems ~ 2020 Ex: molecules as devices/components ‘by design’, based on atomic design, hierarchical emerging functions, evolutionary systems Source: AIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), MC Roco Emerging Information Technology II

Industry Surveys Note: http://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/nano/reports/[email protected] Emerging Information Technology II

Major Corporations in Nanotechnology Emerging Information Technology II

How nanotechnology enable new applications • As things approach the nanoscale, new properties emerge due to size confinement, quantum phenomena, and coulomb blockage. These new properties can be controlled to give us materials with new applications. Specifically, nanotechnology will permit control of the following • Structural properties (e.g. strength and ductility) • Electrical properties • Magnetic properties • Catalytic properties • Thermal properties • Optical properties • Biocompatibility Emerging Information Technology II

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Posted by Richard Willett - Memes and headline comments by David Icke Posted on 28 August 2024

Micro chipping workers and leaked biotech presentation regarding pfizer covid19 nanotechnology micro chipping of humanity.

Dr Pedro Chavez from Comusav sent me this video link. He asked to specifically look at the leaked power point from the Biotech company. This was prepared for Pfizer. Please look at these slides carefully. The information presented is entirely consistent with what I and other researchers have found in human blood and in the Covid vials.

I too am convinced that this already was deployed on humanity. The specifications about polymer chemistry, assembly process, 5G wave antenna all is consistent with what we know.

Read More: Micro Chipping Workers And Leaked Biotech Presentation Regarding Pfizer COVID19 Nanotechnology Micro Chipping Of Humanity

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