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In the department of international relations.

Jemima Ackah-Arthur (May 2024) "The state, non-state actors, and populations: security responses to insurgent attacks in Sub-Saharan Africa" Thesis online Supervisor: Milli Lake

Lanabi La Lova (March 2024) "What Do News Media in Putin’s Russia Reveal about the Regime’s Survival Strategy?" Thesis online Supervisor: Tomila Lankina

Alexandros Zachariades (March 2024) "Greek and Cypriot Foreign Policy in the Middle East: Small States and the limits of Neoclassical Realism" Thesis online Supervisor: Spyros Economides

Tarsis Daylan Sepulveda Coelho Brito  (December 2023) "Bordering humanness, securing whiteness: race, colonialism, and violence at the European borders" Thesis online Supervisors:  Katharine M Millar , Mark Hoffman

Makena Micheni  (October 2023) "Fractured brotherhoods: ethnic identity in multi-ethnic violent political organising" Thesis online Supervisors:  Milli Lake ,  Tomila Lankina

Samuel Dixon  (July 2023) "From Hegemonic Decline to the End of History: The Transformation of International Relations, c.1970-2000." Thesis online  coming soon Supervisor:  Peter Wilson

David Guo Xiong Han  (July 2023) "Rethinking Hedging: Examining Risk Management in Malaysia and the Philippines’ Foreign Policy Responses Towards China-US Rivalry in Southeast Asia" Thesis online  coming soon Supervisor:  Jürgen Haacke

Olivia Nantermoz  (July 2023) "Imagining International Justice: A History of the Penal Humanitarian Present " Thesis online  coming soon Supervisors:  Peter Wilson ,  Theresa Squatrito

Enrike Van Wingerden  (July 2023) "Catastrophic Comparisons: International Relations Through Elsewhere" Thesis online Supervisors:  George Lawson ,  John Sidel

Andy Hanlun Li  (June 2023) "Discovering China: knowledge production, colonial frontier, and the emergence of modern Chinese territory" Thesis online  coming soon Supervisor:  William A Callahan

Mia Certo  (April 2023) "Queering Civil-Military Relations: The Cultural Work of Recognition, Recovery, and Reproduction" Thesis online  coming soon Supervisor:  Tarak Barkawi

Asad Zaidi   (February 2023) "Pakistani Worldmaking in International Politics - Empire, Decolonization and Cold War struggles 1950-1989" Thesis online Supervisor:  Tarak Barkawi

Oksana Levkovych  (February 2023) "Liberals and Protectionism: Britain's International Trade Policy Between the Wars (1902-1939)" Thesis online Supervisors: James Morrison,  Peter Trubowitz

Catherine Hirst  (December 2022) "Revolution, International Counterrevolution and World Order" Thesis online Supervisors:  Tomila Lankina , George Lawson       

Ricky Raymon  (November 2022) "The Making of Indonesia’s Global Maritime Fulcrum: Its Emergence and Implementation" Thesis online Supervisor:  Jürgen Haacke

Giovanni Angioni   (September 2022) "Essays on the political economy of preferences for redistribution and deservingness in the age of realignments and new cleavages" Thesis online Supervisor:  Tomila Lankina

Armando Marozzi  (September 2022) "Essays on the European Central Bank’s Communication" Thesis online  coming soon Supervisors:  Peter Trubowitz  and James Morrison

McKenzie Ratner  (July 2022) "Why Over-Comply with International Law? Exceeding International Minimum Standards in Social, Labor, and Environmental Policy" Thesis online Supervisor:  Ulrich Sedelmeier

Johanna Rodehau-Noack  (June 2022) "A Culture of Prevention:' The Idea of Preventability and the Construction of War as a Governance Object" Thesis online Supervisors:  Kirsten Ainley  and  Milli Lake

Helena Ivanov  (May 2022) "'Inside propaganda: Serbian media in the Yugoslav wars 1991-1995" Thesis online Supervisor:  Jens Meierhenrich

Irene Morlino  (January 2022) "Assessing the effectiveness of EU humanitarian aid. The cases of Myanmar, Lebanon,Mozambique" Thesis online Supervisor:  Karen E Smith

Seebal Aboudounya  (December 2021) "Deliberation in International Institutions: the case of the International Maritime Organization" Thesis online Supervisor:  Mathias Koenig-Archibugi

Marnie Howlett  (December 2021) "Nationalism in the Borderlands of a Borderland: A Critical, Cartographical, and (De)constructional Analysis of Contemporary Ukraine" Thesis online Supervisor:  Tomila Lankina

Jacklyn Majnemer  (October 2021) "Understanding reneging: Canada’s nuclear sharing commitments to NATO and NORAD during the Cold War" Thesis online Supervisor:  Peter Trubowitz

Vuk Vuksanovic  (October 2021) "Systemic pressures, party politics and foreign policy: Serbia between Russia and the West, 2008-2020" Thesis online Supervisor:  Spyros Economides

Jonny Hall  (September 2021) "The normalisation of war. From the Korean War to the War on Terror" Thesis online Supervisor:  Christopher Coker  

Eleanore Heimsoeth  (August 2021) "The European External Action Service’s influence in European security and defence policy: understanding the role of its relational capital" Thesis online Supervisors:  Spyros Economides ,  Federica Bicchi

Tyler Bonnet  (July 2021) "Russia and the rise of China: an analysis of Russian foreign policy towards China under Putin" Thesis online Supervisor:   Tomila Lankina

Frega Wenas Inkiriwang  (June 2021) "The interplay between grand strategy and defence diplomacy: examining Indonesia's post-new order period" Thesis online Supervisor:   Jurgen Haacke

Sarah Bertrand   (April 2021) "Curating Knowledge: Geopolitical Expertise and the End of the Cold War in East Germany" Thesis online Supervisor:   Tarak Barkawi

Kentaro Fujikawa  (March 2021) "Serving peace and democracy? The rationales and impact of post-conflict self-determination referendums in Eritrea, East Timor, and South Sudan" Thesis online Supervisor:  Mark Hoffman

Anissa Haddadi  (February 2021) "(Post) Colonial Egypt & its simulacra of liberation. A capture of revolutionary desire" Thesis online Supervisor:   Fawaz Gerges

Emma Saint  (January 2021) "Empowering resistance? ‘Revisionist’ states and the underlying dynamics of international norm diffusion" Thesis online Supervisors:   Karen E Smith  and Mark Hoffman

Alessandro Guasti  (November 2020)

"The Systemic Effects of Labour Rights Promotion: A Spatial Interdependence Analysis of its Impact on Working Conditions and International Trade" Thesis online Supervisor:   Mathias Koenig-Archibugi

Nicola Degli Esposti  (November 2020) "Whose Kurdistan? Class Politics and Kurdish Nationalism in the Middle East, 1918-2018" Thesis online Supervisor:   Katerina Dalacoura

Pilar Elizalde  (October 2020) "Human rights promotion, contestation, and politicisation in international human rights institutions: A study of the Universal Periodic Review 2008-2016" Thesis online Supervisors:    Ulrich Sedelmeier  and  Daniel Berliner

Alireza Shams Lahijani  (August 2020) "Iran's Idea of Europe: Representation, Recognition and International Society" Thesis online soon Supervisors:  Iver B Neumann and  Fawaz Gerges

Christopher Murray  (July 2020) "Anti-imperial world politics: race, class, and internationalism in the making of post-colonial order" Thesis online Supervisor:   Tarak Barkawi

Till Spanke  (May 2020) "Nurturing dependence: the role of patron states in the state and Institution building processes of de facto states" Thesis online Supervisor:   Tomila Lankina

Marc Sinan Winrow  (May 2020) "Reconstituting sovereignty: the Young Turks’ efforts to secure external recognition and the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey, 1908 - 1923"  Thesis online Supervisor:     Katerina Dalacoura

Joseph Leigh  (April 2020) "'The Emergence of Global Power Politics: Imperialism, Modernity, and American Expansion, 1870-1914" Thesis online Supervisor:   George Lawson 

Wafa Alsayed  (February 2020) "Foreign policy making in the small Gulf states: state formation processes, ideas and identities in Kuwait and Bahrain" Thesis online Supervisor:   Toby Dodge

Adrian Rogstad  (January 2020) "Stigmatisation in international relations: Russia, the West and international society from the Cold War to Crimea" Thesis online Supervisors:   George Lawson, Professor Iver B Neumann

Helena De Moraes Achcar  (December 2019) 'The politics and anti-politics of south-south cooperation: the case of Brazil-Mozambique pro Savannah and antiretroviral factory' Thesis online Supervisors:   Tomila Lankina ,  Francisco Panizza   

Ilari Aula  (September 2019) 'Consuming conflicts: consumer responsibility for armed conflicts in Nigeria and DR Congo' Thesis online Supervisor:  Kirsten Ainley

Kiran Phull  (August 2019) 'Polling and the pursuit of Arab public opinion' Thesis online Supervisor:  Federica Bicchi

Irena Kalhousova  (August 2019) 'Our Jews, our Israel! Origins of the foreign policy of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary towards Israel' Thesis online Supervisor:   Federica Bicchi

Ben Tze Ern Ho  (August 2019) Chinese exceptionalism: an interpretive framework to understanding China’s rise and relations with the world' Thesis online soon Supervisor:   William A Callahan

Sophie Haspeslagh  (April 2019) 'The effect of proscription on pre-negotiation: a comparative analysis of making peace with Colombia’s FARC before and after 9/11' Thesis online Supervisor:  Mark Hoffman

Liane Hartnett  (April 2019) 'Love in a Time of Empire: An Engagement with the Political Thought of Tolstoy, Tagore and Camus' Thesis online Supervisor:   Chris Brown

Ilaria Carrozza  (March 2019) 'Securing the way to power: China's rise and its normative peace and security agenda in Africa' Thesis online Supervisor:   Chris Alden

Gokhan Cifliki  (March 2019) 'Learning Conflict Duration: Insights from Predictive Modelling' Thesis online Supervisor:   Peter Trubowitz

Kerry Goettlich  (March 2019) 'From Frontiers to Borders: The Origins and Consequences of Linear Boundaries in International Politics' Thesis online Supervisor:   Tarak Barkawi

Elitsa Garnizova  (February 2019) 'The new political economy of trade: understanding the treatment of non-tariff measures in European Union trade policy' Thesis online LSE profile Supervisor:   Steve Woolcock

Ziyuan Wang  (February 2019) 'The political logic of status competition among nations: cases from China, 1962-1979' Thesis online Supervisor:   Jurgen Haacke

Sidharth Kaushal  (December 2018) 'Reconceptualising strategic culture as a focal point: the impact of strategic culture on a state’s grand strategy '   Thesis online Supervisor:   Peter Trubowitz

Andrea Dessi  (December 2018) 'Normalising the Israel asset. The Regan administration and the second Cold War in the Middle East: leverage, blowback and the institutionalisation of the US-Israel ‘Special Relationship’ Thesis online Supervisor:   Fawaz Gerges

Jonathan Freeman  (November 2018) 'Military assistance as a tool of 20th Century American grand strategy: the American experience in Korea and Vietnam after World War II ' Thesis online Supervisor:  Christopher Coker

Ida Danewid  (November 2018)  'Race, capital, and politics of solidarity: Radical Internationalism in the 21st Century' Thesis online Supervisors:  Kirsten Ainley, Mark Hoffman

Marian Feist  (September 2018) 'Learning in international negotiations: The strategic use of lessons in post-agreement climate finance politics' Supervisor:   Robert Falkner

Luka Bareis  (September 2018) 'Interstate resource conflicts: international networks and the realpolitik of violent resource acquisitions' Thesis online Supervisor:   Mathias Koenig-Archibugi

Emmanuelle Blanc  (August 2018) 'The EU in the quest for recognition: anchoring institutional identity through dialogue. The case of the EU-US dialogues' Thesis online Supervisor:   Federica Bicchi

So Hyun Lee  (May 2018) 'A Step Forward to East Asian Regionalism? Comparing Negotiation Methods of South Korea and Japan in their Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN' Thesis online Supervisor:   Steve Woolcock

Rachel George  (May 2018) 'From contestation to convergence? A constructivist critique of the impact of UN human rights treaty ratification on interpretations of Islam in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries' Thesis online Supervisor:   Katerina Dalacoura

Andrew Delatolla  (February 2018) 'The State as a Standard of Civilization: Assembling the Modern State in Lebanon and Syria, 1800-1944' Thesis online Supervisor:   Katerina Dalacoura

David  Schäfer  (January 2018) 'Banking on ideas? The negotiations of the EU banking union' Thesis online Supervisor:   Ulrich Sedelmeier

Andreas Nohr  (January 2018) 'Tyrants of Truth: A genealogy of hyper-real politics' Thesis online Supervisor:  Iver Neumann

Gustav Meibauer  (January 2018) '"Doing something". Neoclassical realism US foreign policy and the no-fly zones, 1991-2016' Thesis online Supervisor:   Toby Dodge

Aaron McKeil  (January 2018) 'Searching for a World Polity: The World After Anarchy Question' Thesis online Supervisor:   Peter Wilson

Lu Jiang (December 2017) 'Beyond ODA: Chinese way of development cooperation with Africa the case of agriculture' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Alden

Carolina De Simone (November 2017) 'Italy and the Community of Sant'Egidio in the 1990s. 'Coopetition' in post-Cold War Italian foreign policy?' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Alden

Julia Himmrich (October 2017) 'Germany's recognition of Kosovo as an independent state in 2008' Thesis online Supervisor: Spyros Economides

John Hemmings (September 2017) 'Quasi-alliances, managing the rise of China, and domestic politics: the US-Japan-Australia trilateral 1991-2015' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Hughes

Bugra Susler (September 2017) 'Turkey's Foreign Policy Cooperation with the European Union during the Arab Spring, 2011-2013' Thesis online Supervisor: Ulrich Sedelmeier

Jana Hoeffken (August 2017) 'Competition provisions in EU preferential trade agreements: consequences for domestic reform in developing countries' Thesis online Supervisor: Steve Woolcock

Corina Lacatus (June 2017) 'The design of national human rights institutions: global patterns of institutional diffusion and strength' Thesis online Supervisor: Ulrich Sedelmeier

Daniel Schade (June 2017) 'The European Union's Latin America policy: a study of foreign policy change and coordination' Thesis online Supervisor: Karen E Smith

Scott Hamilton (June 2017) 'Governing through the Climate: Climate Change, the Anthropocene, and Global Governmentality' Thesis online Supervisor: Iver Neumann

Minako Morita-Jaeger (May 2017) 'Services trade integration in East Asia and political-economy impediments in the domestic decision making: a case study of the Japan-ASEAN free trade agreements' Thesis online Supervisor: Steve Woolcock

Neal Suleimanova (May 2017) 'Why keep protecting the few without external incentives? Compliance with minority rights norms after attaining IO membership in Latvia and Georgia' Thesis online Supervisor: Ulrich Sedelmeier

Martin Hearson (April 2017) LSE Profile 'Bargaining away the tax base: the North-South politics of tax treaty diffusion' Thesis online Supervisor: Jeffrey Chwieroth

Ningkang Heidi Wang (April 2017) 'Strategic concepts and interest grouping in China's environmental foreign relations' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Hughes

Ioannis Papagaryfallou (February 2017) 'The history/theory dialectic in the thought of Herbert Butterfield, Martin Wight and E. H. Carr: a reconceptualisation of the English School of international relations' Thesis online Supervisor: Peter Wilson

Inez Freiin von Weitershausen (February 2017) 'Explaining variation in European crisis cooperation: the role of incentives, ideas and institutions during the 2011 uprisings in Libya' Thesis online Supervisor: Ulrich Sedelmeier

Yuan Yao (February 2017) 'Constructing the ideal river: the 19th century origins of the first international organisations' Thesis online Supervisor: Peter Wilson

Maddalena Procopio (January 2017) 'Negotiating governance: Kenyan contestation, cooperation, passivity toward the Chinese' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Alden

Dimitrios Stroikos (January 2017) 'China, India in space and the orbit of international society: power, status, and order on the high frontier' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Hughes

David Brenner (December 2016) 'Insurgency as a social process: authority and armed groups in Myanmar's changing borderlands' Thesis online Supervisor: Jurgen Haacke

Jillian Terry (October 2016) 'Towards a feminist ethics of war: rethinking moral justifications for contemporary warfare' Thesis online Supervisor: Kimberly Hutchings

Lukas Linsi (October 2016) 'How the beast became a beauty: the social construction of the meaning of inward foreign direct investments in advanced economies, 1960-2007' Thesis online Supervisor: Jeffrey Chwieroth

Maria Fotou (September 2016) 'Ethics of hospitality: envisaging the stranger in the contemporary world' Thesis online Supervisor: Kimberly Hutchings

Magdalena Delgado (July 2016) 'A constructivist analysis of religion's role in foreign policy: the cases of Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia under the leaderships of Menachem Begin, Ayatollah Khomeini and Fahd bin Abdulaziz' Thesis online Supervisor: Katerina Dalacoura

Borja Guijarro Usobiaga (June 2016) 'European sanctions reconsidered: regime type, strategic bargaining and the imposition of EU sanctions' Thesis online Supervisor: Ulrich Sedelmeier

Per-Axel Frielingsdorf (May 2016) 'Machiavelli of peace: Dag Hammarskjold and the political role of the Secretary-General of the United Nations' Thesis online Supervisor: John Kent

Morten Andersen (May 2016) 'A genealogy of the balance of power' Thesis online Supervisor: Iver Neumann

Jie Yu (April 2016) 'Partnership or partnerships: an assessment of China-EU relations between 2001 and 2013 with case studies on their collaborations to climate change and renewable energy' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Hughes

Melissa Koluksuz (February 2016) 'A critical geopolitics of American imperialism and grand strategy (post 9-11): the role of language and ideology' Thesis online Supervisor: Toby Dodge

Benjamin Mueller (November 2015) 'The end of the cold war: complexity, causation and systemic change' Thesis online Supervisor: George Lawson

Johann Basedow (September 2015) 'The European Union's international investment policy: explaining intensifying Member State cooperation in international investment regulation' Thesis online Supervisor: Steve Woolcock

Viviane Dittrich (September 2015) 'Present at the completion: creating legacies at the international criminal tribunals' Thesis online Supervisor: Jens Meierhenrich

Curran Flynn (August 2015) 'Hans Morgenthau's 'Scientific Man Versus Power Politics' and 'Politics Among Nations': a comparative analysis' Thesis online Supervisor: Peter Wilson

Reik Kramer (August 2015) 'Network-centric peace: an application of network theory to violent conflicts' Thesis online Supervisor: Christopher Coker

Noële Crossley (July 2015) 'Humanitarian interventions: from Le Droit D'Ingerence to the Responsibility to Protect' Thesis online Supervisor: Mark Hoffman

Deepak Nair (July 2015) 'Saving the states' face: an ethnography of the ASEAN secretariat and the diplomatic field in Jakarta' Thesis online Supervisor: Jurgen Haacke

Daniel Falkiner (June 2015) 'The erotics of empire: love, power and tragedy in Thucydides and Hans Morgenthau' Thesis online Supervisor: Kimberly Hutchings

Monika Hellmeyer (June 2015) 'The impact of the Central and Eastern European EU member states on the EU's foreign policy, 2004 - 2013' Thesis online Supervisor: Karen E Smith

Curtis Ohlers (June 2015) 'Interstate warfare and the emergence of transnational insurgencies' Thesis online Supervisor: Christopher Coker

Laura Barber (May 2015) 'Chinese foreign policy in the 'going out' era: confronting challenges and 'adaptive learning' in the case of China-Sudan and South Sudan relations' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Alden

David Rajeev Sibal (March 2015) 'Varieties of capitalism and firm performance in emerging markets: an examination of the typological trajectories of India and Brazil' Thesis online Supervisor: Lauren Phillips

Emily Anderson (March 2015) 'States of extraction: Impacts of taxation on statebuilding in Angola and Mozambique, 1975-2013' Thesis online Supervisor:  Chris Alden

Julia Muravska (March 2015) 'The institutionalisation of the European defence equipment market' Thesis online Supervisors: Spyros Economides , Karen E Smith

Margit Ussar (March 2015) 'Ethics, aid and organisational characteristics: are multilateral aid organisations more likely to be driven by ethical considerations than their bilateral counterparts?' Thesis online Supervisor: Kirsten Ainley

Damiano De Felice (February 2015) 'Diverging visions on human rights conditionality: a comparison between France and the United Kingdom' Thesis online Supervisor: Karen E Smith

Diego De Merich (February 2015) 'Empathy at the intersections of care: articulating a critical  approach to the ethics of international development' Thesis online Supervisor: Kimberly Hutchings

Hadi Makarem (February 2015) 'Actually existing neoliberalism: the reconstruction of Downtown Beirut in post-civil war Lebanon' Thesis online Supervisor: Fawaz Gerges

Rupert Brodersen (January 2015) 'Rage, rancour and revenge: existentalist motives in International Relations' Thesis online Supervisor: Christopher Coker

Kasira Cheeppensook (December 2014) 'The development of the ASEAN charter: origins and norm codification' Thesis online Supervisor: Jurgen Haacke

Simone Datzberger (December 2014) 'Peacebuilding and the depoliticisation of civil society: Sierre Leone, 2002-2013' Thesis online Supervisor: Mark Hoffman

Mark Kersten (November 2014) 'Justice in conflict: The International Criminal Court in Libya and Northern Uganda' Thesis online Supervisor: Mark Hoffman

Bradley Parks (June 2014) 'Brokering development policy change: the parallel pursuit of millenium challenge account resources and reform' Thesis online Supervisor: Jeffrey Chwieroth

Janel Smith (June 2014) 'Civil society, human security and the politics of peace-building in Victor's Peace Sri Lanka (2002-2012)' Thesis online Supervisor: Mark Hoffman

Philip Schleifer (June 2014) 'Whose rules? The diffusion and variation of private participatory governance' Thesis online Supervisor: Robert Falkner

Andrew Bowen (May 2014) 'Syrian-American relations 1973-1977: a study of security cooperation in regional conflicts' Thesis online Supervisor: Fawaz Gerges

Christine Cote (May 2014) 'A chilling effect: the impact of international investment agreements on national policy autonomy in the areas of health, safety and the environment' Thesis online Supervisor: Steve Woolcock

Jens Lamprecht (May 2014) 'Bargaining power in multilateral trade negotiations: Canada and Japan in the Uruguay Round and Doha Development Agenda' Thesis online Supervisor: Steve Woolcock

Carolina Boniatti Pavese (April 2014) 'Level-linkage in European Union - Brazil relations: an analysis of cooperation on climate change, trade and human rights' Thesis online Supervisor: Karen E Smith

Jacob Parakilas (April 2014) 'The Mexican Drug War: an examination into the nature of narcotics-linked violence in Mexico 2006-2012' Thesis online Supervisor: Christopher Coker

Bjoern Dueben (March 2014) 'China-Russia relations after the Cold War: the process of institution-building and its impact on the evolution of bilateral cooperation' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Hughes

Robyn Klingler-Vidra (March 2014) 'All politics is local: sources of variance in the diffusion of venture capital policies' Thesis online Supervisor: Robert Falkner

Rajneesh Verma (February 2014) 'The tiger and the dragon: a neoclassical realist perspective of India and China in the oil industry in West Africa' Thesis online Supervisor: Chris Alden

Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen (January 2014) 'Beyond the soldier and the state: the theoretical framework of elite civil-military relations' Thesis online Supervisor: Christopher Coker

Nick Srnicek (January 2014) 'Representing complexity: the material construction of world politics' Thesis online Supervisor: Kim Hutchings

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Kiet Tuan Duong

Luu duc toan huynh, anh dang bao phan, nam tuan vu, september 23rd, 2024, how russian firms use international risk-sharing to mitigate the effects of sanctions.

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Estimated reading time: 6 minutes

The sanctions imposed on Russia following the annexation of Crimea in 2014 have prompted some Russian companies to turn to international risk-sharing through partnerships with countries that maintain friendly relations with Russia. Kiet Tuan Duong, Luu Duc Toan Huynh, Anh Dang Bao Phan and Nam Tuan Vu explore how these partnerships have helped Russian firms mitigate the negative impact of sanctions.

Sanctions aim to restrict the economic activities of targeted countries by limiting access to international markets and resources. In Russia’s case, sanctions imposed since the country’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 have targeted industries such as energy and finance. The Kremlin responded by supporting sanctioned firms , offering subsidies and securing contracts to offset the losses caused by the restrictions. However, beyond internal government measures, Russian firms have leveraged international partnerships to reduce the impact of the sanctions.

Empirical evidence shows that Russian firms with strong connections to international markets reduced their investments and stockpiled resources before the sanctions took effect, demonstrating a level of preparedness for economic restrictions. This strategy mirrors the actions taken before Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, where firms anticipated the conflict and adjusted their financial positions accordingly.

International risk-sharing

In a recent study , we highlight a novel approach by which Russian firms use international risk-sharing to offset the effects of sanctions. Specifically, firms formed indirect business relationships with partners in countries that abstained from sanctioning Russia, such as China and India. These relationships allowed Russian companies to maintain access to essential markets and resources, mitigating the negative effects of sanctions.

Figure 1: How to construct the indirect relationship between Russian firms and partner firms

Note: For more information, see the authors’ accompanying paper .

By examining supply chain data from the FactSet database, we found that Russian firms engaged in risk-sharing with intermediary firms in friendly countries. This strategy helped firms increase their tangible assets and capital expenditures despite the sanctions in Figure 2. For instance, firms with indirect relationships in friendly countries saw on average a 0.44% increase in tangible assets and a 0.67% increase in capital expenditures post-sanctions.

Figure 2: The impact of risk-sharing channels on firm investments

Note: The figure shows the regression coefficients for the interaction between lagged indirect relationships and period dummies, accompanied by 90% (darker) and 95% (lighter) confidence intervals. The standard errors are robust, and the model incorporates all control variables.

The risk-sharing mechanism was most effective when firms partnered with companies in India and China, Russia’s top trading partners. These partnerships helped Russian firms maintain stable business operations and navigate the financial constraints imposed by the sanctions.

We examined how risk-sharing helps mitigate the adverse effects of financial frictions, using low-dividend payouts as a proxy for high financing constraints. Our findings reveal that firms facing more significant financial challenges can leverage risk-sharing to counter the impact of sanctions and boost investments, particularly in the context of Russian firms. Robustness checks, including analyses of the 2022 sanctions and other firm outcomes, as well as a counterfactual exercise, confirm the consistency of these results.

Implications for policymakers

The ability of Russian firms to circumvent sanctions through international risk-sharing presents challenges for policymakers. It is essential to close the loopholes that allow firms to bypass restrictions through indirect business relationships with non-sanctioning countries to make sanctions more effective. A more targeted approach to sanctions, along with better monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, could reduce the ability of firms to exploit these risk-sharing channels.

Policymakers must also consider the unintended consequences of sanctions on the economies of the targeted and sender countries. Sanctions should be designed to minimise collateral damage while maximising their impact on the intended targets. Enhancing international cooperation and strengthening sanctions coalitions will be crucial in ensuring the effectiveness of future sanctions.

For more information, see the authors’ accompanying paper .

Note: This article gives the views of the authors, not the position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy or the London School of Economics. Featured image credit: fornStudio  / Shutterstock.com

About the author

Kiet Tuan Duong is an Assistant Professor in Finance at the University of York.

Luu Duc Toan Huynh is an Associate Professor in Applied Macroeconomic Analysis at Queen Mary University of London.

Anh Dang Bao Phan is a PhD student in Finance at the University of Liverpool.

Nam Tuan Vu is an Associate Professor of Economics at Miami University.

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Line Relisieux

Phd candidate in human geography and urban studies, department of geography and environment.

Line Relisieux is a doctoral candidate in Human Geography and Urban Studies at the London School of Economics’ Geography and Environment Department.

Her research focuses on maternal experiences on the Cape Flats in Cape Town, South Africa, connecting feminist geopolitics and everyday geographies to unveil daily encounters in gang-present communities.

She holds a double Masters of Political Science from Sciences Po Lille and the WWU Muenster, and a Masters of International Affairs from Johns Hopkin’s SAIS.

Line has experience of teaching at both the postgraduate and undergraduate levels. In 2023, she won the LSESU Student-led Teaching Award, and in 2024 was selected in the highly commanded category. In 2024, she also received a Teaching Recognition Award from LSE’s Geography and Environment Department.

Selected Publications

• A ‘Collective Self-Expression’? How Prison Tattoos Challenge Double Standards in Post-Apartheid South Africa’ (forthcoming, Wits University Press)
• Bekezela: Recalimers of Johannesburg (Collection IFAS-Research, 2021)
• ‘Informality and Covid-19: initiatives by the French Institute of South Africa’ (Cahiers des UMIFRE, 2020)
• Teaching Recognition Award (LSE’s Geography and Environment, 2024)
• Class Teacher Award Recipient (London School of Economics and Political Science, Eden Centre, 2024) – Highly Commended
• Class Teacher Award Recipient (London School of Economics and Political Science, Eden Centre, 2023) – Winner

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 LSE requires that your name on your student record must match your full legal name.  This will be your name exactly as it appears on the photographic identity document (usually your passport) which you used to enrol with us.

Enrolling you under your full name ensures that both you and the School are compliant with any immigration requirements that might apply.  It also means that we can verify degree awards more quickly and accurately when an employer (or other organisation) requests this information.  Your full name will appear on your transcript and degree certificate.  

If you have any questions about this procedure, please submit an enquiry to   Student Services Centre  (for Taught students) or the  PhD Academy  (for Research students).

• are still enrolled at LSE; and
• have changed your name by law e.g. you have married or legally changed your name by enrolled deed poll ; and you are still a current student; and
• have not yet completed your programme of studies at the School;

we will be happy to amend your student record.

To request a change, please bring original legal documents proving your name change to the Student Services Centre  for Taught students or the PhD Academy for Research students.  These may include, for example, an updated passport, enrolled deed poll, or marriage certificate.  A member of staff will take a scan of your documents for verification purposes and update your record for you. 

If you do not have one of the documents listed above and are unsure about what type of evidence to provide, please  submit an enquiry , ideally showing the type of document(s) you already have or plan to obtain, and we can advise further. If you hold a Student visa and would like to find out how to inform the Home Office of your new name, you can contact our specialist advisers  Visa Advice Query Form for help.

If my name's changed, how do I change my email address?

If you would also like your email address to be updated to match your updated name, then please visit the  IT Helpdesk  and let them know that a name change has recently been processed by the Student Services Centre or PhD Academy.  

The  IT Helpdesk  can only change your email address in cases when your legal name has changed - they are not able to make changes where there has not been a change to your record.

What can't we do?

LSE is unable to add names to your official record that do not appear on the ID document you used to enrol at the School.  

We are also unable to remove names that do appear on the ID document you used to enrol, but that you do not commonly use.  

Records cannot be changed retrospectively after graduation. It is your responsibility to ensure that your name is recorded correctly  and  as per your ID document before you graduate.

Changing your name after your degree is awarded

Records cannot be changed retrospectively after your degree has been awarded. It is your responsibility to ensure that your name is recorded correctly  and  as per your ID document before your degree is awarded.

Even if you have changed your name by law after completing your LSE degree, unfortunately we are unable to amend your student record retrospectively to reflect this change. The degree certificate is a legal document and we are unable to retrospectively amend it after your degree has been awarded. 

I'd like to be known by a different name than the one on my ID

 If you are not typically known by your legal name, we can record this separately and will ensure that you are addressed by your preferred name.  If this is the case, please visit the Student Services Centre or  submit an enquiry  to ask for your “Known As” name to be updated. 

In this case, your "Known As" name will be used in day-to-day communication and unofficial correspondence from LSE, but will not appear on official documents (unless it is part of your legal name as it appears on the document you used to register at LSE).  

Similarly, you can specify the name by which you wish to be announced during your graduation ceremony if you wish.  

I need to update my contact details with the School. How do I do this?

It is vital that the School has up to date contact details for you so that we are able to contact you in an emergency. It is also a requirement if you hold a Student visa that you keep the School informed of a change of contact details. You can change the following details on Student LSE for You (LfY) :

• Your personal (non-LSE) email address.
• Your contact phone number.
• Your permanent (home) address.
• Your term-time address.
• Your emergency contact details.

 I think I should be paying Home fees. How can I get my fee status assessed?

 Fee status assessments are completed by the relevant admissions team you applied to, even when you are an enrolled student.  Fee status assessments are not completed by the Student Services Centre.

Before requesting a fee status assessment, you may wish to read this information on the UK Council for International Students web pages: England - HE Fee Status

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