not figure of speech meaning

• Literary Terms
• Figures of Speech
• Definition & Examples
• When & How to Use Figures of Speech

I. What are Figures of Speech?

A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition. In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.  We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes , to more general forms like sarcasm and slang.

Figures of speech make up a huge portion of the English language, making it more creative, more expressive, and just more interesting! Many have been around for hundreds of years—some even thousands—and more are added to our language essentially every day. This article will focus on a few key forms of figures of speech, but remember, the types are nearly endless!

III. Types of Figure of Speech

There are countless figures of speech in every language, and they fall into hundreds of categories. Here, though, is a short list of some of the most common types of figure of speech:

A. Metaphor

Many common figures of speech are metaphors. That is, they use words in a manner other than their literal meaning. However, metaphors use figurative language to make comparisons between unrelated things or ideas. The “peak of her career,” for example, is a metaphor, since a career is not a literal mountain with a peak , but the metaphor represents the idea of arriving at the highest point of one’s career.

An idiom is a common phrase with a figurative meaning. Idioms are different from other figures of speech in that their figurative meanings are mostly known within a particular language, culture, or group of people. In fact, the English language alone has about 25,000 idioms. Some examples include “it’s raining cats and dogs” when it is raining hard, or “break a leg” when wishing someone good luck.

This sentence uses an idiom to make it more interesting:

There’s a supermarket and a pharmacy in the mall, so if we go there, we can kill two birds with one stone.

The idiom is a common way of saying that two tasks can be completed in the same amount of time or same place.

A proverb is a short, commonplace saying that is universally understood in today’s language and used to express general truths. “Don’t cry over spilt milk” is a popular example. Most proverbs employ metaphors (e.g. the proverb about milk isn’t  literally  about milk).

This example uses a proverb to emphasize the situation:

I know you think you’re going to sell all of those cookies, but don’t count your chickens before they hatch!

Here, “don’t count your chickens before they hatch” means that you shouldn’t act like something has happened before it actually does.

A simile is a very common figure of speech that uses the words “like” and “as” to compare two things that are not related by definition. For example, “he is as tall as a mountain,” doesn’t mean he was actually 1,000 feet tall, it just means he was really tall.

This example uses a simile for comparison:

The internet is like a window to the world —you can learn about everything online!

The common phrase “window to the world” refers to a hypothetical window that lets you see the whole world from it. So, saying the internet is like a window to the world implies that it lets you see anything and everything.

E. Oxymoron

An oxymoron is when you use two words together that have contradictory meanings. Some common examples include s mall crowd, definitely possible, old news, little giant , and so on.

A metonym is a word or phrase that is used to represent something related to bigger meaning. For example, fleets are sometimes described as being “thirty sails strong,” meaning thirty (curiously, this metonym survives in some places, even when the ships in question are not sail-powered!) Similarly, the crew on board those ships may be described as “hands” rather than people.

Irony is when a word or phrase’s literal meaning is the opposite of its figurative meaning. Many times (but not always), irony is expressed with sarcasm (see Related Terms). For example, maybe you eat a really bad cookie, and then say “Wow, that was the best cookie I ever had”—of course, what you really mean is that it’s the worst cookie you ever had, but being ironic actually emphasizes just how bad it was!

IV. The Importance of Figures of Speech

In general, the purpose of a figure of speech is to lend texture and color to your writing. (This is itself a figure of speech, since figures of speech don’t actually change the colors or textures on the page!) For instance, metaphors allow you to add key details that make the writing more lively and relatable. Slang and verbal irony, on the other hand, make the writing seem much more informal and youthful (although they can have the opposite effect when misused!) Finally, other figures of speech, like idioms and proverbs, allows a writer to draw on a rich cultural tradition and express complex ideas in a short space.

V. Examples of Figures of Speech in Literature

“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances, and one man in his time plays many parts.” (William Shakespeare, As You Like It)

This is one of the most famous metaphors ever crafted in the English language. Shakespeare uses his extended metaphor to persuade the audience of the similarities between the stage and real life. But rather than making his play seem more like life, he suggests that life is more like a play. His metaphor calls attention to the performative, creative, and fictional aspects of human life.

“Our words are b ut crumbs that fall down from the feast o f the mind.” (Khalil Gibran, Sand & Foam )

Gibran’s timeless metaphor succeeds for a number of reasons. For one thing, it is not a cliché – had Gibran said “words are just the tip of the iceberg ,” he would have been making roughly the same point, but in a much more clichéd way. But the feast of the mind is a highly original metaphor. In addition, it’s a successful double metaphor. The crumbs and the feast are two parts of the same image, but they work together rather than being “mixed” (see How to Use Figures of Speech ).

“If you chase two rabbits, you will lose them both.” (Russian Proverb)

Like many proverbs, this one draws on a simple metaphor of chasing rabbits. The rabbits can stand in for all sorts of objectives, from jobs to relationships, but the coded message is quite clear – focus your energy on a single objective, or you will likely fail. This literal statement, though, is quite dry and not terribly memorable, which shows the power of figures of speech.

VI. Examples of Figures of Speech in Pop Culture

The chorus to Sean Kingston’s Fire Burning contains a couple of figures of speech. First of all, there’s the word “shorty” used as a slang term (see Related Terms ) for a young woman. She may or may not be literally short, but the figure of speech applies either way (though it could easily be taken as belittling and derogatory). Second, Kingston sings the metaphor: “she’s fire, burning on the dance floor.” Hopefully this is a figure of speech and not a literal statement; otherwise, Kingston and everyone else in the club are in mortal danger!

“Oh, thanks! This is much better!” (Townspeople, South Park )

This is an example of irony. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, South Park satirized the government’s response to the disaster by writing about a similar disaster in South Park. In a bumbling effort to rescue people from the floods, the authorities accidentally spill oil on the flood waters and set it on fire, making the situation far more dangerous. In response, they ironically “thank” the people responsible—their meaning is obviously the opposite of their words!

Years of talks between Washington and Havana resulted in Obama’s historic visit to Cuba on March 21st. (Patreon 2016)

This is a common form of metonym in foreign policy and news media. The capital city of a country is used as a metonym for the national government. The talks, of course, are not literally between these two cities, but between the leaders and government officials of the two countries (US and Cuba).

VII. Related Terms

Literal and figurative language.

Language is generally divided into two categories: literal, and figurative. Literal language relies on the real definition of words and phrases, or their literal meanings. Figurative language, on the other hand, relies on implied meanings, which can be understood differently depending on the location or who is using it. For example, “the sky is blue” relies on the literal definition of the word “blue,” while “I am feeling blue” relies on the figurative definition. All figures of speech rely on the use of figurative language for their meaning.

Sarcasm is mocking or bitter language that we use to express different meaning than what we say; often the exact opposite. When your intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning, that’s irony (another type of figure of speech), which includes common phrases like “Oh, great…” when you really mean something is bad.

Slang is language that uses atypical words and phrases to express specific meanings. It varies greatly by region, demographic, and language—for example, you would find different slang in the U.S. and in the U.K. even though they are both English speaking countries. Likewise, teenagers and the elderly will use different slang terms, as would Spanish and English. Many slang terms are figures of speech. For example, “bro” could be used to describe a friend rather than an actual brother; this would be using the word as a figure of speech.

List of Terms

• Alliteration
• Amplification
• Anachronism
• Anthropomorphism
• Antonomasia
• APA Citation
• Aposiopesis
• Autobiography
• Bildungsroman
• Characterization
• Circumlocution
• Cliffhanger
• Comic Relief
• Connotation
• Deus ex machina
• Deuteragonist
• Doppelganger
• Double Entendre
• Dramatic irony
• Equivocation
• Extended Metaphor
• Flash-forward
• Foreshadowing
• Intertextuality
• Juxtaposition
• Literary Device
• Malapropism
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Point of View
• Polysyndeton
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Rhetorical Device
• Rhetorical Question
• Science Fiction
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Synesthesia
• Turning Point
• Understatement
• Urban Legend
• Verisimilitude
• Essay Guide
• Cite This Website

• History & Society
• Science & Tech
• Biographies
• Animals & Nature
• Geography & Travel
• Arts & Culture
• Games & Quizzes
• On This Day
• One Good Fact
• New Articles
• Lifestyles & Social Issues
• Philosophy & Religion
• Politics, Law & Government
• World History
• Health & Medicine
• Browse Biographies
• Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates
• Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates
• Environment
• Fossils & Geologic Time
• Entertainment & Pop Culture
• Sports & Recreation
• Visual Arts
• Demystified
• Image Galleries
• Infographics
• Top Questions
• Britannica Kids
• Saving Earth
• Space Next 50
• Student Center
• Introduction

Common figures of speech and their use

• The five major categories
• Figures of speech in non-Western languages

figure of speech

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

• Academia - Figures of Speech
• Literary Devices - Figure of Speech
• Washington State University - Figures of Speech
• figure of speech - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

figure of speech , any intentional deviation from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language . Forming an integral part of language, figures of speech are found in oral literatures as well as in polished poetry and prose and in everyday speech. Greeting-card rhymes, advertising slogans, newspaper headlines, the captions of cartoons, and the mottoes of families and institutions often use figures of speech, generally for humorous, mnemonic , or eye-catching purposes. The argots of sports , jazz , journalism, business, politics, or any specialized groups abound in figurative language.

Most figures in everyday speech are formed by extending the vocabulary of what is already familiar and better known to what is less well known. Thus metaphors (implied resemblances) derived from human physiology are commonly extended to nature or inanimate objects as in the expressions “the mouth of a river,” “the snout of a glacier,” “the bowels of the earth,” or “the eye of a needle.” Conversely, resemblances to natural phenomena are frequently applied to other areas, as in the expressions “a wave of enthusiasm,” “a ripple of excitement,” or “a storm of abuse.” Use of simile (a comparison, usually indicated by “like” or “as”) is exemplified in “We were packed in the room like sardines” or “He is as slow as molasses.” Personification (speaking of an abstract quality or inanimate object as if it were a person) is exemplified in “Money talks”; metonymy (using the name of one thing for another closely related to it), in “The power of the crown was mortally weakened,” where “crown” means “king” or “queen”); synecdoche (use of a part to imply the whole), in expressions such as “brass” for high-ranking military officers or “hard hats” for construction workers.

Other common forms of figurative speech are hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration for the sake of effect), as in “I’m so mad I could chew nails”; the rhetorical question (asked for effect, with no answer expected), as in “How can I express my thanks to you?”; litotes (conscious understatement in which emphasis is achieved by negation), as in “It’s no fun to be sick”; and onomatopoeia (imitation of natural sounds by words), in such words as “crunch,” “gurgle,” “plunk,” and “splash.”

Almost all the figures of speech that appear in everyday speech may also be found in literature . In serious poetry and prose, however, their use is more fully conscious, more artistic, and much more subtle; it thus has a stronger intellectual and emotional impact, is more memorable, and sometimes contributes a range and depth of association and suggestion far beyond the scope of the casual colloquial use of imagery. The Old and New Testaments of the Bible—an example of a work rich in simile , metaphor , personification, and parallelism (which is often used in Hebrew poetry)—is an important literary influence.

• More from M-W
• To save this word, you'll need to log in. Log In

figure of speech

noun phrase

Definition of figure of speech, examples of figure of speech in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'figure of speech.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1751, in the meaning defined above

Articles Related to figure of speech

What is figurative language?

Paint a picture with words

31 Useful Rhetorical Devices

'Simile' and 'metaphor' are just the beginning

Dictionary Entries Near figure of speech

figure of merit

figure of the earth

Cite this Entry

“Figure of speech.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/figure%20of%20speech. Accessed 26 Jul. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of figure of speech, more from merriam-webster on figure of speech.

Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for figure of speech

Nglish: Translation of figure of speech for Spanish Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about figure of speech

Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!

Can you solve 4 words at once?

Word of the day.

See Definitions and Examples »

Get Word of the Day daily email!

Popular in Grammar & Usage

Plural and possessive names: a guide, your vs. you're: how to use them correctly, every letter is silent, sometimes: a-z list of examples, more commonly mispronounced words, how to use em dashes (—), en dashes (–) , and hyphens (-), popular in wordplay, it's a scorcher words for the summer heat, flower etymologies for your spring garden, 12 star wars words, 8 words for lesser-known musical instruments, birds say the darndest things, games & quizzes.

Figure of Speech

Definition of figure of speech.

you fit into me like a hook into an eye a fish hook an open eye

Types of Figures of Speech

The term  figure of speech covers a wide range of literary devices, techniques, and other forms of figurative language, a few of which include:

Common Examples of Figures of Speech Used in Conversation

Understatement.

Understatement is a figure of speech that invokes less emotion than would be expected in reaction to something. This downplaying of reaction is a surprise for the reader and generally has the effect of showing irony .

A pun is a figure of speech that contains a “ play ” on words, such as using words that mean one thing to mean something else or words that sound alike in as a means of changing meaning.

Common Examples of Figure of Speech in Writing

Euphemism is a figure of speech that refers to figurative language designed to replace words or phrases that would otherwise be considered harsh, impolite, or unpleasant.

Personification

Writing figure of speech.

Here are some ways that writers benefit from incorporating figures of speech into their work:

Figure of Speech as Artistic Use of Language

Figure of speech as entertainment for reader, figure of speech as memorable experience for reader, examples of figure of speech in literature, example 1:  the great gatsby  (f. scott fitzgerald).

In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars.

Example 2:  One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gabriel Garcia Marquez)

Both described at the same time how it was always March there and always Monday, and then they understood that José Arcadio Buendía was not as crazy as the family said, but that he was the only one who had enough lucidity to sense the truth of the fact that time also stumbled and had accidents and could therefore splinter and leave an eternalized fragment in a room.

In this passage, Garcia Marquez utilizes personification as a figure of speech. Time is personified as an entity that “stumbled” and “had accidents.” This is an effective use of figurative language in that this personification of time indicates a level of human frailty that is rarely associated with something so measured. In addition, this is effective in the novel as a figure of speech because time has a great deal of influence on the plot and characters of the story. Personified in this way, the meaning of time in the novel is enhanced to the point that it is a character in and of itself.

Example 3:  Fahrenheit 451 (Ray Bradbury)

A book is a loaded gun in the house next door…Who knows who might be the target of the well-read man?

Related posts:

Post navigation.

Figure of Speech

What is a figure of speech.

• Jack has a few skeletons in the cupboard .
• You are driving me up the wall .

The Seven Most Common Figures of Speech

Table of Contents

Examples of Figures of Speech

Metaphors used as figures of speech, similes used as figures of speech, personification used as figures of speech, hyperbole used as figures of speech, idioms used as figures of speech, euphemisms used as figures of speech, metonyms used as figures of speech, a broader definition of figure of speech, why figures of speech are important.

• This bedroom is a prison.
• He's a real gannet.
• He listened with a stone face.
• We don't need dinosaurs in this company.
• He eats like a gannet.
• This sandwich tastes like sawdust between two doormats.
• She sings like an angel.
• It's like water off a duck's back.
• The tide waits for no man.
• My car tends to give up on long hills.
• Summer's healing rays
• I have a million problems.
• We won a tonne of cash.
• I'll die if I don't finish this crossword.
• Be careful not to miss the boat.
• This is the last straw.
• You can't pull the wool over my eyes.
• Don't sit on the fence. Say what you mean.
• kicked the bucket = has died
• knocked up = is pregnant
• letting you go = you're fired
• lost his marbles = is mad
• Tongue = language
• Sweat = hard work.
• Capitol Hill = American seat of government
• took to the bottle = took to alcohol
• my word = my promise
• a suit = business executive, a lawyer (typically)
• Figure of speech: the use of words in an unusual or imaginative manner.

Alliteration

• The plate was filled with b eautiful b uns b ursting with b erries.
• The squ ea ky wh ee l gets the gr ea se.
• I will pi ck or cra ck the lo ck .

Logosglyphs

• She had eyes like pools .

Onomatopoeia

• The NASA humans-to-Mars program is all sizzle and no steak.
• During interphase, the protein binds to DNA with its elbow and then digs in with its fingers during mitosis. (Professor Leonie Ringrose)
• Team, we must throw a party in our guests' mouths. Got it? Yes, chef. Yes, chef. Yes, chef. Yes, Geoff. Did someone just call me Geoff? (Comedian Chris Wells)
• Use a figure of speech to express an idea more clearly or more interestingly.

This page was written by Craig Shrives .

You might also like...

Help us improve....

Was something wrong with this page?

Use #gm to find us quicker .

Create a QR code for this, or any, page.

mailing list

grammar forum

teachers' zone

Confirmatory test.

This test is printable and sendable

expand to full page

show as slides

download as .doc

print as handout

send as homework

display QR code

Figure of Speech: Definition, types, and examples

Figures of speech are ways of using words that go beyond their literal meanings to create more interesting or effective expressions. They can add color, emotion, and emphasis to language, and can help to make writing and speech more vivid and engaging. Some figures of speech are very common and are often used without us even realizing it, while others are more specific and may be used for a particular effect or in a particular context. Some figures of speech, such as metaphor and simile, are used to make comparisons and help us to understand abstract concepts in more concrete terms. Others, such as hyperbole and irony, are used to create emphasis or to convey a meaning that is opposite to the literal meaning of the words. Still others, such as alliteration and onomatopoeia, are used to create a particular sound or rhythm in language. Overall, figures of speech are an important tool in the writer or speaker’s toolkit and can help to make the language more expressive and engaging. 

A figure of speech is a diversion from the usual utilization of words to enhance their impact. Due to its rhetorical effect, it is sometimes referred to as a rhetorical figure. It alters a statement’s actual essence or usual application to get the desired impact. In both written and spoken communication, it typically emphasizes, exaggerates, or enhances language.  Even newspapers, cartoons, billboards, slogans, and other media feature it. A figure of speech can quickly draw attention and attract people to the use. It’s intended to draw comparisons and provide drama when writing or speaking. It deepens the meaning of the text and makes the audience speculate, and gives the author’s ideas more vitality. The use of figurative language reveals the author’s objective and motivation for utilizing certain words. Poetry is commonly related to figurative language in writing. A figure of speech is a creative way to utilize language to produce a certain impact. Metaphors, similes, and metonymy are types of figures of speech that are used often in spoken language. Many, like antithesis, or circumlocution, require more writing practice to use well. 

A figure of Speech Types

There are many different types of figures of speech, but some common ones include;

• Alliteration: the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of words, as in “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
• Simile: a comparison of two things using “like” or “as,” as in “She was as graceful as a swan.”
• Metaphor: a comparison of two things without using “like” or “as,” as in “He was a tiger on the football field.”
• Hyperbole: exaggeration for emphasis or effect, as in “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”
• Irony: when something is said to mean the opposite of what it literally means, as in “I’m so glad it’s raining on my wedding day.”
• Personification: giving human characteristics to non-human things, as in “The wind was howling with anger.”
• Onomatopoeia: words that imitate the sound they describe, such as “buzz,” “hiss,” and “meow.”
• Allusion: a reference to something from literature, history, or popular culture, as in “He’s a real Romeo.”
• Oxymoron: a combination of two words that seem to contradict each other, such as “jumbo shrimp” or “deafening silence.”
• Pun: a play on words, often involving a word with multiple meanings or similar-sounding words, as in “Why was the math book sad? Because it had too many problems.”
• Idiom: a phrase or expression that has a meaning different from its literal words, such as “it’s raining cats and dogs.”
• Cliché: a phrase or expression that has been used so often that it has lost its originality or impact, such as “love is blind” or “the early bird gets the worm.”
• Antithesis: the juxtaposition of two contrasting ideas, as in “To be or not to be, that is the question.”
• Synecdoche: using a part to represent the whole, as in “All hands on deck” to mean “everyone on the ship.”
• Euphemism: using a mild or indirect word or phrase in place of a more direct or blunt one, as in “passed away” instead of “died.”
• Chiasmus: a figure of speech in which the order of words in the second half of a sentence is the reverse of the order in the first half, as in “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.”
• Litotes: a figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its opposite, as in “It’s not a bad book” to mean “It’s a good book.”
• Antanaclasis: repeating a word or phrase, but with a different meaning each time, as in “I cried tears of joy and tears of sorrow.”
• Paradox: a statement that seems contradictory or absurd but may actually be true, as in “Less is more.”
• Rhetorical question: a question that is asked for effect, without expecting an answer, as in “How can anyone be so cruel?”

How are figures of speech used in writing?

Figures of speech are commonly used in writing to add emphasis, clarity, or appeal to a piece of writing. They can help to make writing more vivid and engaging by creating images, comparisons, or sounds that capture the reader’s attention and imagination. For example, a writer might use a metaphor to compare two things to help the reader understand a complex idea or concept. They might use a simile to create a vivid image or to draw attention to a particular quality or feature. They might use alliteration to create a sense of rhythm or flow in their writing or to draw attention to a specific word or phrase. Figures of speech can also be used to create a particular tone or mood in writing, such as using irony to create humor or using personification to create a sense of empathy or emotional connection. Overall, figures of speech are an important tool for writers and can help to make their writing more effective and engaging.

What are the 12 main figure of speech

Figures of speech are rhetorical devices or language patterns that add richness and depth to language. While there are many figures of speech, here are 12 main ones:

• Simile:  A figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared using “like” or “as.” Example: “Her smile was as bright as the sun.”
• Metaphor:  Similar to a simile, but it directly asserts that one thing is another. Example: “The world is a stage.”
• Personification:  Giving human qualities to non-human entities or objects. Example: “The wind whispered through the trees.”
• Hyperbole:  Exaggeration for emphasis. Example: “I’ve told you a million times.”
• Understatement:  Deliberately downplaying or minimizing something for ironic effect. Example: “It’s just a flesh wound” (said of a severe injury).
• Alliteration:  Repetition of initial consonant sounds in a series of words. Example: “She sells seashells by the seashore.”
• Assonance:  Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words. Example: “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.”
• Consonance:  Repetition of consonant sounds within nearby words. Example: “Pitter-patter.”
• Onomatopoeia:  Words that imitate the sound they describe. Example: “Buzz,” “hiss,” “clang.”
• Irony:  A contrast between expectation and reality. Types include verbal irony (saying the opposite of what is meant), situational irony (a situation that is the opposite of what is expected), and dramatic irony (the audience knows something the characters do not).
• Oxymoron:  A combination of contradictory or incongruent words. Example: “Jumbo shrimp.”
• Pun:  A play on words, often for humorous effect, where a word is used in multiple meanings or similar-sounding words are used. Example: “Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.”

These figures of speech contribute to the beauty and expressiveness of language, allowing writers and speakers to convey ideas in more imaginative and impactful ways.

What is a figure of speech, and how does it enhance language

A figure of speech is a linguistic device or technique used to add richness, vividness, and expressiveness to language. It involves a deviation from the ordinary or literal use of words to create a more imaginative or impactful effect. Figures of speech are often employed in literature, poetry, rhetoric, and everyday language to evoke emotions, create mental images, and engage the audience’s senses. Here’s how figures of speech enhance language;

Imagery:  Figures of speech help create vivid mental images by comparing one thing to another, using similes and metaphors. This allows readers or listeners to better visualize and connect with the content.

Example: “The night sky was a blanket of stars."

Emphasis:  Figures of speech, such as hyperbole and understatement, are used to exaggerate or downplay situations for emphasis. This draws attention to specific details and heightens the impact of the message.

Example: “I’ve told you a million times!"

Engagement:  Figures of speech engage the audience by appealing to their emotions, senses, and intellect. They make language more interesting, capturing the attention of the reader or listener.

Example: “The aroma of freshly baked bread filled the air, tempting even the strictest dieter."

Clarity:  Certain figures of speech, like analogies, help in explaining complex or abstract ideas by drawing parallels with more familiar concepts. This enhances clarity and facilitates understanding.

Example: “Understanding the human brain is like deciphering a complex computer program."

Rhythm and Sound:  Alliteration, assonance, and consonance contribute to the musicality of language, adding a rhythmic quality that can enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of a piece of writing or speech.

Example (alliteration): “She sells seashells by the seashore."

Persuasion:  Figures of speech are frequently used in persuasive writing and speech to make arguments more compelling. They can influence emotions and opinions, making the communication more persuasive.

Example: “Our plan is the beacon of hope in these troubled times, a guiding light toward a better future."

Creativity:  Figures of speech allow for creative expression, encouraging writers and speakers to play with language, explore new ideas, and invent novel ways of conveying meaning.

Example: “Time is a thief that steals our youth, leaving behind only memories."

In summary, figures of speech enhance language by making it more vibrant, memorable, and effective in conveying thoughts and emotions. They contribute to the artistry of language, making communication a richer and more nuanced experience.

Can you provide examples of similes and metaphors in everyday language

Similes and metaphors are ways of talking that compare things, but they do it a bit differently. Here are some examples in simple words;

• Brave like a lion:  He faced a tough situation with bravery, like a lion.
• Like a fish out of water:  She felt uncomfortable in the new school, like a fish out of water.
• Busy as a bee:  The office was very busy, just like a bee during its busy hours.
• Light as a feather:  The package was not heavy at all, as light as a feather.
• Clear as crystal:  The instructions were very easy to understand, clear like crystal.
• Time is a thief:  This means time takes away moments from our lives like a thief steals things.
• The world is a stage:  Life is compared to a play, where people play different roles.
• He has a heart of stone:  This says someone is unfeeling or not kind.
• The classroom was a zoo:  This means the classroom was very chaotic and disorderly.
• Love is a journey:  Love is described as a journey or experience, like traveling and exploring.

So, similes use “like” or “as” to show similarities, while metaphors say one thing is another. Both make language more interesting by adding meaning and creating clear pictures in people’s minds.

How does personification contribute to storytelling and poetry

Personification is a literary device where human qualities and characteristics are attributed to non-human entities, animals, or abstract concepts. It involves giving human traits, emotions, or actions to things that are not human. Personification contributes to storytelling and poetry in several ways;

Emotional Connection:  By personifying non-human elements, writers create a bridge between the reader and the subject. This fosters emotional connections and empathy, as readers can relate to the human-like experiences of the personified entity.

Example: “The wind whispered through the trees, sharing its ancient tales of love and loss."

Vivid Imagery:  Personification brings inanimate objects or abstract concepts to life, creating vivid and memorable images in the reader’s mind. It adds depth and visual appeal to the description.

Example: “The old house groaned as if burdened by the weight of its memories."

Enhanced Storytelling:  Personification can be used to animate characters or elements in a story, making them more dynamic and engaging. This technique is especially effective in children’s literature, where inanimate objects take on personalities and become part of the narrative.

Example: “The little blue engine huffed and puffed its way up the steep hill."

Symbolism:  Personification allows writers to use symbols in a more relatable and accessible manner. By assigning human attributes to abstract concepts, authors can convey complex ideas or themes in a way that is easier for readers to grasp.

Example: “Justice, blindfolded and wielding a sword, is a symbol of fairness and impartiality."

Allegory and Metaphor:  Personification is often employed in allegorical writing, where characters or elements represent larger concepts or ideas. It can also be used metaphorically to convey abstract qualities through human-like actions.

Example: “Hope danced on the horizon, promising a new beginning."

Conveying Atmosphere:  Personification can contribute to the overall mood or atmosphere of a piece. By attributing emotions or actions to natural elements, the writer sets a specific tone for the story or poem.

Example: “The stormy clouds angrily shouted their disapproval overhead."

Expressing Intangible Concepts:  Abstract concepts such as time, death, or fate can be made more accessible and relatable through personification. This allows writers to explore and communicate complex ideas in a more humanized form.

Example: “Time marched on, unyielding and indifferent to the struggles of mortals."

In summary, personification enriches storytelling and poetry by infusing life into non-human elements, fostering emotional connections, creating vivid imagery, and providing a creative way to convey themes and ideas.

Explain the role of hyperbole in creating emphasis and impact in communication

Hyperbole is a rhetorical device that is defined by overly dramatic language or assertions that aren’t intended to be accepted literally. It involves stretching the truth to make a point, often for emphasis, humor, or to create a strong impact in communication. The role of hyperbole in communication is to;

Emphasize Importance:  Hyperbole is used to highlight the significance of a point or idea. By exaggerating, speakers or writers draw attention to certain aspects, making them stand out and creating a sense of importance.

Example: “I’ve told you a million times to clean your room!"

Create Memorable Impressions:  Exaggeration tends to be memorable. Hyperbolic statements stick in the mind of the audience, leaving a lasting impression that can enhance the overall impact of the communication.

Example: “The suitcase weighed a ton!"

Enhance Humor:  Hyperbole is often employed in humor to create comic effects. The exaggeration of situations or characteristics can make the audience laugh and add a playful element to the communication.

Example: “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!"

Express Strong Emotion:  Hyperbole is a powerful tool for conveying intense emotions. By using extreme language, speakers can express their feelings in a way that resonates with the audience and conveys the depth of their emotions.

Example: “I’m so happy I could burst into song!"

Exaggerate for Effect:  Hyperbole is used to make a point more forcefully. It helps to convey the speaker’s or writer’s passion or intensity on a subject, grabbing the attention of the audience.

Example: “This is the worst day of my life!"

Simplify Complex Ideas:  Exaggeration can be used to simplify complex ideas or situations, making them more relatable and easier to understand by emphasizing key aspects.

Example: “I have a million things to do before the deadline."

Create a Sense of Drama:  Hyperbole adds a sense of drama and theatricality to communication. It can make the narrative more engaging and entertaining by amplifying certain elements.

Example: “The crowd roared like a thousand thunderstorms."

Strengthen Persuasion:  When used in a persuasive context, hyperbole can be effective in convincing or swaying opinions. The exaggeration can make a case more compelling and persuasive.

Example: “This product will change your life forever!"

It’s important to note that while hyperbole is a powerful tool, its effectiveness depends on context and the degree of exaggeration. When used judiciously, hyperbole can enhance communication, making it more engaging, memorable, and impactful.

Give examples of understatement in literature or everyday conversation

Understatement is when someone intentionally makes something seem less important, serious, or impressive than it really is. It’s like saying things in a way that downplays their true significance. Here are some examples of understatement in stories and everyday talk;

Literary Examples

• In a play by Shakespeare called “Julius Caesar,” a character named Mark Antony calls another character, Brutus, “the noblest Roman of them all.” This is an understatement because it downplays the complexity of Brutus’s character.
• In a funny essay by Jonathan Swift called “A Modest Proposal,” he suggests that poor Irish families could sell their children to solve money problems. This extreme idea is an understatement because it makes a very serious proposal sound less serious than it is.
• In a novel by Jane Austen called “Pride and Prejudice,” a character named Mr. Collins often downplays things when he talks. For example, he modestly says, “I cannot bear to imagine what would have become of Mr. Bennet if left to himself.” This is an understatement because it makes a big problem seem smaller than it is.
• In a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald called “The Great Gatsby,” the narrator, Nick Carraway, talks about Jay Gatsby’s big parties in a modest way. He says they were “celebrated, there were hospitality and merriment, and dancing and wine.” This is an understatement because it downplays the grandness of the parties.

Everyday Conversation Examples

• When it’s raining a lot, someone might say, “I think it’s just a little bit of rain.” This is an understatement because it makes heavy rain sound less serious than it is.
• After something bad happens, someone might say, “I’ve had better days.” This is an understatement because it downplays how bad the day really was.
• If a room is really messy, someone might say, “It’s a little untidy in here.” This is an understatement because it makes a very messy room sound less messy than it is.
• When a task is really hard, someone might say, “It might be a bit tricky.” This is an understatement because it downplays how difficult the task really is.
• After waiting for a very long time, someone might say, “I’ve been waiting for a while.” This is an understatement because it downplays the length of the wait.

Understatement is a rhetorical tool that adds subtlety and humour by rendering things seem less significant or serious than they actually are. It depends on the listener’s ability to discern between what is being said and what is actually taking place.

How does alliteration contribute to the rhythm and sound of a piece of writing

Alliteration is a writing trick where words in a row start with the same sound. It helps make writing sound nice and has a few cool effects;

Rhythmic Flow:  Alliteration makes words flow together in a nice rhythm. It’s like a musical beat that makes reading more enjoyable.

Example: “Sally sells seashells by the seashore."

Musicality:  Alliteration is like music in writing. It repeats sounds and makes the words sound musical, making reading more fun.

Example: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

Emphasis and Attention:  It helps draw attention to specific words or ideas. By repeating sounds, it naturally emphasizes important parts.

Example: “Boldly and bravely, he faced the challenges."

Mnemonic Device:  Alliteration can help remember things better. Repeating sounds make phrases stick in your mind.

Example: “She sells seashells down by the seashore."

Enhanced Expressiveness:  It makes writing more expressive and beautiful. It adds a poetic or lyrical touch.

Example: “Whispering willows welcomed us with their wisdom."

Sound Patterns:  Alliteration creates patterns in sounds, making the writing feel harmonious. Repeating consonant sounds ties words together.

Example: “Misty mountains murmured in the morning breeze."

Mood and Tone:  Depending on the sounds used, alliteration can set the mood. Soft sounds create calmness, while strong sounds bring excitement.

Example: “Silent shadows slinked through the moonlit night."

Aural Pleasure:  Alliteration makes reading sound nice. It adds a pleasant experience, making the words enjoyable to listen to.

Example: “Gleaming golden sunsets painted the sky."

So, alliteration makes writing sound good by creating rhythm, making it musical, emphasizing important parts, helping memory, adding expressiveness, creating sound patterns, setting the mood, and providing a nice listening experience for readers.

Can you provide examples of assonance and consonance in song lyrics

Assonance and consonance are both literary devices that involve the repetition of sounds nearby, but they differ in the types of sounds repeated.

Assonance:  This involves the repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words.

Song: “Someone Like You” by Adele

• Example: “Never mind, I’ll find someone like you.”

Song: “Hallelujah” by Leonard Cohen

• Example: “I heard there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord.”

Song: “Creep” by Radiohead

• Example: “But I’m a creep, I’m a weirdo.”

Consonance:  This involves the repetition of consonant sounds within nearby words.

Song: “I Will Always Love You” by Whitney Houston

• Example: “And I will always love you.”

Song: “The Sound of Silence” by Simon & Garfunkel

• Example: “Hello darkness, my old friend.”

Song: “Let It Be” by The Beatles

• Example: “Whisper words of wisdom, let it be.”

In these examples, you can see how assonance and consonance contribute to the musical and poetic qualities of the lyrics. The repeated vowel or consonant sounds create a sense of harmony, rhythm, and cohesion within the language, enhancing the overall auditory experience for the listener.

What is the significance of onomatopoeia in literature and its impact on the reader

Onomatopoeia is a literary device that refers to words that imitate or resemble the sound they describe. These words create a sensory experience for the reader by mimicking the actual sounds associated with the objects or actions they represent. The use of onomatopoeia in literature can have several significant impacts on the reader;

• Sensory Engagement:  Onomatopoeic words engage the reader’s senses by vividly representing sounds. This sensory stimulation helps readers to better visualize and experience the scenes described in the text.
• Immersive Experience:  Onomatopoeia contributes to the immersive quality of literature by bringing the narrative to life. Readers can feel more connected to the story when they can imagine the sounds associated with the events and characters.
• Enhanced Descriptions:  Onomatopoeic words provide a unique and specific way to describe sounds. Instead of relying on adjectives alone, writers can use words that directly replicate the noise, resulting in a more precise and evocative description.
• Emotional Impact:  The use of onomatopoeia can evoke emotions by connecting the reader to the sensory experiences of the characters. For example, the sound of thunder or a creaking door can create a sense of tension or fear.
• Memorability:  Onomatopoeic words are often memorable and can leave a lasting impression on the reader. The unique and distinctive nature of these words makes them stand out in the text, contributing to the overall impact of the narrative.
• Rhythmic Elements:  Onomatopoeia can add a rhythmic quality to the text, especially in poetry. The repetition of sounds can create a musicality that enhances the aesthetic appeal of the writing.
• Symbolism:  In some cases, onomatopoeia may be used symbolically. Certain sounds may carry cultural or emotional connotations that enrich the meaning of the text.
• Comic and Playful Tone:  Onomatopoeic words are often associated with comic books and playful language. Their use can contribute to a lighthearted or humorous tone in literature.

In summary, onomatopoeia serves as a powerful tool for writers to create a more immersive and engaging experience for readers. By incorporating sounds directly into the text, authors can enhance descriptions, convey emotions, and make their narratives more vivid and memorable.

Explain the different types of irony and provide examples for each

Irony is a literary device characterized by a discrepancy between expectation and reality. There are several types of irony, each involving a different kind of incongruity. Here are the main types of irony, along with examples for each;

Verbal Irony

• Meaning: When someone says something but really implies something else, it’s called verbal irony. It is a contrast between the literal and intended meanings of the words.
• Example: On a rainy, gloomy day, someone looks out the window and says, “What a beautiful day!”

Situational Irony

• Definition: Situational irony involves a situation in which there is a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs.
• Example: A fire station burns down.

Dramatic Irony

• Definition: Dramatic irony occurs when the audience or reader knows something that the characters in the story do not. It creates tension and suspense.
• Example: In a play, a character is planning a surprise party for another character, but the second character thinks the first character is plotting against them.

Cosmic Irony (Irony of Fate)

• Definition: Cosmic irony involves a situation in which fate, destiny, or a higher power seems to be intentionally working against individuals.
• Example: A character survives a plane crash only to be hit by a falling meteorite shortly afterward.

Socratic Irony

• Definition: Socratic irony is a form of verbal irony in which a person feigns ignorance or pretends to be naive to provoke others into revealing their ignorance.
• Example: A student asks a teacher a seemingly simple question, pretending not to know the answer, to prompt a detailed explanation.

Structural Irony

• Definition: Structural irony arises when the structure of a work undermines or contradicts the apparent meaning.
• Example: In a novel, a character spends the entire story trying to achieve a goal, but the reader realizes that the character’s efforts are ultimately futile.

Historical Irony

• Definition: Historical irony occurs when the outcome of events differs from what was expected, often with a sense of poetic justice or an unexpected twist of fate.
• Example: A political leader who advocated for peace is remembered for starting a long and devastating war.

Situational Irony of Misfortune

• Definition: This type of situational irony involves a reversal of fortune or an unexpected turn of events that is unfavorable to a character or characters.
• Example: A person wins the lottery and celebrates by buying a luxurious car, only to get into a major accident on the way home from claiming the prize.

Understanding these different types of irony can enrich the reading experience by highlighting the complexity and subtleties within a literary work.

How do oxymorons add depth and complexity to language and expression

Oxymorons are words or phrases that put together opposite ideas to make a strong effect. Even though they seem contradictory, oxymorons are used to express complicated thoughts, make language more interesting, and bring out different feelings. Let’s see how oxymorons make language deeper and more interesting;

• Mixing Opposites:  Oxymorons let us talk about situations or feelings that are complicated. When we use words that go against each other, like “jumbo shrimp,” we show the complexity of real-life experiences.
• Creating Strong Pictures:  Oxymorons often make strong and memorable pictures in our minds. Combining ideas that don’t usually go together, like “bitter sweetness,” makes the language more interesting and helps us clearly understand abstract ideas.
• Feeling Strong Emotions:  When oxymorons use words that contradict each other, like “loving hate,” they can make us feel strong emotions. Phrases like these capture the complexity of human feelings, giving us a deeper understanding.
• Thinking Deep Thoughts:  People often use oxymorons in serious thinking or creative writing to explore big ideas. They go against regular thinking and make us think more deeply, adding a layer of smartness to the language.
• Being Funny or Critical:  Oxymorons are also used in funny or critical situations to show how silly or mixed up things can be. They add humor or criticism, helping us cleverly talk about society.
• Getting Attention:  Oxymorons can be used to get attention when talking about certain ideas. They are powerful tools that highlight the complexity and contradictions in different concepts.
• Making Stories Special:  Writers use oxymorons to give a special mood or tone to their work. By using words that go against each other, they create a unique style that makes their writing memorable.
• Making Our Minds Work:  Oxymorons make our brains work hard by making us think about ideas that seem opposite. This makes us curious and encourages us to explore the language and its meanings more deeply.
• Being Artistic:  In poems and creative writing, oxymorons help express complicated emotions or ideas shortly and artistically. They make language more beautiful and powerful.

In short, oxymorons make language interesting and expressive by using words that don’t usually go together. They show the complexity of human experiences and feelings, making communication more thoughtful and meaningful.

Share some examples of puns and their role in humor or wordplay

Puns are a form of wordplay that create humor through the use of a word or series of words that sound the same but have two or more possible meanings. They often make use of homophones - words that sound the same but have different meanings. Puns are generally considered to be a fairly basic form of humor, though they can also be very sophisticated and funny. Here are some examples of puns;

• Why did the tomato turn red? Because it saw the salad dressing
• I’m reading a book on anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down!
• I informed my wife that she was raising her brows too much. She looked surprised
• I’m on a whiskey diet. I’ve lost three days already
• I’m reading a book about teleportation. It’s bound to take me places

Puns can be used in everyday conversation, emails, social media, television, and any number of other situations in which the speaker wishes to present themselves as comical or witty. They can be used to elicit a “jokey” tone, enhance a reader’s interpretation, show off a clever use of language, or generate irony. Puns are a great way to add humor to your writing or speech, and they can be a lot of fun to come up with!

How can an understanding of figures of speech enhance one’s ability to interpret and appreciate literature

An understanding of figures of speech can significantly enhance one’s ability to interpret and appreciate literature in several ways;

• Depth of Interpretation:  Figures of speech add layers of meaning to literary works. Recognizing metaphors, similes, and other devices allows readers to explore deeper meanings in the text. It enables a more nuanced understanding of the author’s intended messages and themes.
• Visual and Emotional Impact:  Figures of speech, such as vivid imagery and evocative language, create strong mental images and emotional responses. An awareness of these devices enhances the reader’s ability to connect with the text on a sensory and emotional level, making the literary experience more immersive.
• Enhanced Communication:  Writers use figures of speech to convey complex ideas concisely and expressively. Understanding these devices helps readers decode the author’s intended messages more efficiently, leading to clearer communication of themes, emotions, and concepts.
• Appreciation of Style and Craftsmanship:  Figures of speech showcase a writer’s skill and artistry in language. Recognizing and appreciating these devices allows readers to acknowledge the craftsmanship involved in constructing well-crafted sentences, paragraphs, and entire works of literature.
• Identification of Themes and Motifs:  Certain figures of speech may be used to represent recurring themes or motifs in a literary work. Identifying and analyzing these devices helps readers trace and understand the development of key ideas throughout the text, contributing to a more comprehensive interpretation.
• Recognition of Tone and Mood:  Figures of speech play a crucial role in establishing the tone and mood of a literary piece. Recognizing the use of, for example, irony, sarcasm, or hyperbole helps readers accurately discern the author’s attitude and emotional intent, enriching their interpretation of the work.
• Cultural and Historical Context:  Figures of speech are often shaped by cultural and historical contexts. An understanding of these devices can provide insights into the time and place in which a work was written, aiding readers in appreciating the cultural nuances embedded in the literature.
• Engagement with Poetry and Prose:  Figures of speech are prevalent in both poetry and prose. In poetry, they contribute to rhythm, rhyme, and overall aesthetic appeal, while in prose, they enhance narrative style and descriptive elements. Recognizing these devices helps readers engage more deeply with various forms of literary expression.
• Critical Thinking and Analysis:  Analyzing figures of speech encourages readers to think critically about language choices and their impact on the overall meaning of a text. This analytical skill contributes to a more thoughtful and informed appreciation of literature.

In summary, an understanding of figures of speech serves as a valuable toolkit for readers, enabling them to unpack the richness of literary works. It enhances interpretation, fosters appreciation for the artistry of language, and deepens the overall reading experience.

In what ways do writers use figures of speech to create vivid imagery in their work

Writers use figures of speech to create vivid imagery in their work by employing language in ways that go beyond the literal meaning of words. Figures of speech add depth, color, and sensory detail to the writing, allowing readers to form mental pictures and engage more fully with the text. Here are several ways in which writers use figures of speech to enhance imagery;

• Definition:  A metaphor directly compares two unrelated things, suggesting that they are alike.
• Example:  “The world is a stage.”
• Imagery:  This metaphor conjures an image of life as a performance, with people playing different roles on the world’s stage.
• Definition:  A simile compares two things using “like” or “as.”
• Example:  “As brave as a lion.”
• Imagery:  This simile creates a vivid picture of someone’s courage by comparing it to the bravery often associated with a lion.

Personification

• Definition:  Personification attributes human qualities to non-human entities.
• Example:  “The wind whispered through the trees.”
• Imagery:  By giving the wind the human quality of whispering, the writer creates an image of the wind as a gentle, secretive presence.
• Definition:  Hyperbole involves exaggerating for emphasis.
• Example:  “I’ve told you a million times.”
• Imagery:  Though not meant to be taken literally, this hyperbole emphasizes the frequency of the speaker’s repetition, creating a strong mental image.

Onomatopoeia

• Definition:  Onomatopoeia uses words that imitate the sound they describe.
• Example:  “The bees buzzed around the flowers.”
• Imagery:  The use of “buzzed” creates a vivid auditory image of the sound made by the bees.

Alliteration

• Definition:  Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words.
• Example:  “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
• Imagery:  The repeated “p” sounds create a rhythmic and memorable image of the character Peter Piper picking peppers.
• Definition:  The repeating of vowel sounds within adjacent words is known as assonance.
• Example:  “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.”
• Imagery:  The repetition of the long “a” sound contributes to the musical quality of the phrase and creates a mental image of rain falling on a plain in Spain.

Imagery-rich Descriptions:  Writers use descriptive language and sensory details to paint vivid pictures in the reader’s mind. This may include appealing to the senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell to create a multisensory experience.

Symbolism:  Writers may use symbolic language to represent abstract ideas, making their writing more evocative and open to interpretation. Symbols often contribute to the creation of vivid mental images that carry deeper meaning.

By skillfully incorporating these figures of speech into their writing, authors can transport readers into imaginative and sensory-rich worlds, making their narratives more engaging, memorable, and emotionally resonant.

How can teachers effectively teach students about figures of speech in language arts classes

Teaching students about figures of speech in language arts classes can be engaging and effective with the right strategies. Here are some tips for teachers;

• Start with Basics:  Begin by introducing the basic types of figures of speech, such as similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, and others. Provide clear definitions and examples to build a foundation.
• Use Examples from Literature:  Select examples from literature that students are familiar with or find interesting. Analyze these examples together to demonstrate how authors use figures of speech to enhance their writing.
• Incorporate Multimedia:  Use multimedia resources like videos, audio clips, or online interactive activities to illustrate figures of speech. Visual and auditory aids can make the concept more accessible and enjoyable.
• Hands-on Activities:  Engage students in hands-on activities that involve creating their own examples of figures of speech. This could include writing poems, creating visual representations, or acting out scenarios that incorporate these language elements.
• Explore Real-world Examples:  Help students recognize figures of speech in everyday language, advertisements, song lyrics, and other real-world contexts. This connection to their daily lives can make the concept more relevant and interesting.
• Interactive Games:  Incorporate games and interactive exercises that make learning about figures of speech enjoyable. Games like Bingo, Jeopardy, or crossword puzzles can reinforce understanding while adding an element of fun.
• Provide Mnemonics:  Mnemonics or memory aids can help students remember different types of figures of speech. Create acronyms, rhymes, or catchy phrases that summarize key features of each figure of speech.
• Group Discussions:  Foster group discussions where students can share their understanding of figures of speech, analyze examples together, and brainstorm creative applications. This collaborative approach encourages critical thinking.
• Relate to Writing Skills:  Emphasize the practical application of figures of speech in writing. Encourage students to incorporate these elements into their own compositions to enhance their descriptive and expressive skills.
• Use Graphic Organizers:  Utilize graphic organizers to visually represent the relationships between different figures of speech. Visual aids can help students organize information and see connections more clearly.
• Provide Constructive Feedback:  When students create their own examples, offer constructive feedback that highlights both successful usage and areas for improvement. This feedback helps reinforce learning and encourages experimentation.
• Create a Figurative Language Wall:  Establish a figurative language wall in the classroom where students can add examples they come across in their readings. This visual display serves as a constant reference and reinforcement.
• Encourage Exploration:  Encourage students to explore figures of speech in literature of their choice. This autonomy fosters a sense of ownership and allows students to discover how authors use these devices in various genres.
• Assessment through Creative Projects:  Assess understanding through creative projects where students demonstrate their mastery of figures of speech. This could include creating a figurative language anthology, performing skits, or designing visual displays.

By employing a combination of these strategies, teachers can make the learning process engaging, relevant, and memorable for students as they delve into the world of figures of speech in language arts classes.

Explore the cultural or historical significance of certain figures of speech

Some sayings have special meaning because of history or culture. Let’s look at a few;

“Bread and Circuses” - Historical Importance

• Start:  This saying is from ancient Rome, created by a Roman poet named Juvenal. In Latin, it’s called “panem et circenses.”
• Meaning:  It talks about a trick Roman rulers used to keep people happy. They gave them free food (bread) and entertainment (circuses) to distract them.
• Cultural Significance:  People now use this saying to criticize leaders who use simple things to keep people happy without fixing bigger problems.

“The Iron Curtain” - Historical Importance

• Start:  This phrase was made up by Winston Churchill, the leader of Britain, in a speech in 1946.
• Meaning:  Churchill used it to talk about the separation between Eastern Europe, controlled by the Soviet Union, and the democratic Western nations after World War II.
• Cultural Significance:  “The Iron Curtain” became a symbol of the Cold War, showing the split between communist and capitalist countries.

“The American Dream” - Cultural Importance

• Start:  It’s not a specific phrase but a big idea tied to U.S. history and stories.
• Meaning:  The American Dream is the belief that anyone, no matter where they come from, can be successful through hard work.
• Cultural Significance:  This idea is a big theme in American stories, reflecting what people believe and hope for. It’s also talked about in discussions about fairness and equal opportunities.

“Catch-22” - Literary Importance

• Start:  Created by author Joseph Heller in his book “Catch-22” from 1961.
• Meaning:  In the book, it’s a messed-up rule that stops people from avoiding dangerous situations, making them stuck.
• Cultural Significance:  “Catch-22” is now used to talk about any situation with confusing rules. It points out how some rules in systems are silly and frustrating.

“Big Brother” - Literary and Cultural Importance

• Start:  Popularized by George Orwell in his book “1984” from 1949.
• Meaning:  In the book, Big Brother is a symbol of a government that watches and controls its people.
• Cultural Significance:  “Big Brother” now means a government watching too much. It comes up in discussions about how technology affects our privacy.

“Glass Ceiling” - Cultural Importance

• Start:  Coined in the late 1900s to talk about invisible barriers stopping women and minorities from getting top jobs.
• Meaning:  It’s about unfair practices that keep certain groups from reaching high positions.
• Cultural Significance:  “Glass ceiling” is widely used to talk about gender and racial unfairness at work, showing the challenges faced by these groups.

These sayings have become important in our talks about culture and history. They show up in conversations and influence how we see things in different parts of our lives.

Discuss the role of figures of speech in advertising and persuasive communication

Figures of speech play a crucial role in advertising and persuasive communication by adding impact, emotional appeal, and memorability to messages. Here’s how figures of speech contribute to the effectiveness of advertising;

Enhanced Imagery

• Role:  Figures of speech, such as metaphors and similes, create vivid mental images that help consumers visualize the benefits or qualities of a product or service.
• Example:  “Our mattresses are as soft as a cloud.” This simile creates a clear image of comfort and softness.

Emotional Appeal

• Role:  Figures of speech evoke emotions and connect with consumers on a personal level, making the message more compelling and memorable.
• Example:  “Open happiness” (Coca-Cola). This metaphor goes beyond the literal act of opening a bottle and associates the drink with a positive emotional experience.

Slogan Creation

• Role:  Figures of speech are often used to craft catchy slogans that stick in the minds of consumers, fostering brand recall.
• Example:  “Have a break, have a Kit Kat.” The catchphrase is memorable because of its pattern of repetition and rhyme.

Brand Personality

• Role:  Figures of speech help establish and reinforce a brand’s personality by imbuing messages with distinct tones and characteristics.
• Example:  “Just do it” (Nike). The simplicity and directness of this imperative sentence create a sense of empowerment and action.

Hyperbole for Emphasis

• Role:  Exaggeration through hyperbole grabs attention and emphasizes key features, making the product or service stand out.
• Example:  “The best a man can get” (Gillette). This hyperbolic statement implies superiority and excellence.

Rhetorical Questions

• Role:  Rhetorical questions engage the audience by prompting thought and involvement, encouraging them to consider the benefits or solutions offered.
• Example:  “What’s in your wallet?” (Capital One). This question invites consumers to think about their financial situation and consider the benefits of the advertised product.

Alliteration and Rhyme

• Role:  Alliteration and rhyme create a pleasing rhythm, making slogans and brand names more memorable.
• Example:  “Melts in your mouth, not in your hands” (M&M’s). The alliteration and rhyme contribute to the slogan’s musical quality.
• Role:  Assigning human qualities to products or services through personification makes them more relatable and fosters a connection with the audience.
• Example:  “Choosy moms choose Jif.” This personification suggests that discerning mothers prefer this particular peanut butter brand.

Metonymy and Synecdoche

• Role:  Metonymy and synecdoche involve substituting one term with another related concept, creating shorthand expressions that convey complex ideas in a concise manner.
• Example:  “The crown jewel of luxury” (Lexus). The use of “crown jewel” metaphorically represents the car as a symbol of ultimate luxury.

Storytelling Techniques

• Role:  Figures of speech are integral to storytelling in advertising, helping to craft narratives that capture attention, build interest, and communicate brand values.
• Example:  The “Share a Coke” campaign by Coca-Cola personalized the product by replacing the logo with popular names, creating a sense of connection and inclusivity.

In summary, figures of speech in advertising serve as powerful tools to convey messages with impact, create lasting impressions, and influence consumer behavior. They allow advertisers to go beyond mere information and appeal to the emotions, desires, and aspirations of their target audience.

How do figures of speech contribute to the tone and mood of a piece of writing

Figures of speech play a crucial role in shaping the tone and mood of a piece of writing. Here’s how they contribute to these literary elements;

Setting the Tone

• Role:  Figures of speech help establish the overall tone, which refers to the author’s attitude or the emotional atmosphere conveyed in the writing.
• Example:  The use of metaphors like “a sea of troubles” sets a tone of melancholy or despair in a piece.

Expressing Emotion

• Role:  Figures of speech, especially those that evoke emotions, contribute to the overall emotional tone of the writing.
• Example:  A simile comparing a smile to “sunshine on a cloudy day” creates a warm and positive emotional tone.

Conveying Attitude

• Role:  Figures of speech, such as irony or sarcasm, can convey the author’s attitude toward the subject matter.
• Example:  The use of verbal irony, saying one thing but meaning another, can create a tone of humor or criticism depending on the context.

Establishing Mood

• Role:  Figures of speech influence the mood, which is the feeling or atmosphere experienced by the reader.
• Example:  The repetition of soft-sounding consonants in alliteration can create a calm and soothing mood.

Enhancing Descriptive Language

• Role:  Figures of speech add layers of meaning to descriptive language, influencing how readers perceive the details and setting.
• Example:  The use of vivid metaphors and similes can transform a mundane description into a more engaging and colorful portrayal.

Creating Atmosphere

• Role:  Figures of speech contribute to the overall atmosphere or ambiance of a piece, influencing the reader’s experience.
• Example:  A metaphor describing a forest as “whispering giants” can create a mysterious and enchanting atmosphere.

Conveying Intensity

• Role:  Figures of speech, such as hyperbole or powerful imagery, contribute to the intensity of the writing.
• Example:  The use of hyperbole like “a million tears” can intensify the emotional impact of a piece.

Establishing Rhythm

• Role:  Figures of speech like alliteration or assonance can contribute to the rhythmic quality of a piece, influencing its tone.
• Example:  The repetition of harsh consonant sounds in alliteration can create a tense or dramatic tone.

Connotative Meanings

• Role:  Figures of speech often carry connotative meanings that go beyond their literal interpretations, influencing the emotional undertones of the writing.
• Example:  The use of a metaphor comparing time to a thief can carry connotations of loss and inevitability, affecting the overall mood.

Adding Depth and Nuance

• Role:  Figures of speech add depth and nuance to the language, allowing for a more nuanced tone that can convey multiple layers of meaning.
• Example:  The use of oxymorons, juxtaposing contradictory terms, can create a tone of complexity or ambiguity.

In essence, figures of speech serve as powerful tools for writers to craft a specific tone and mood, influencing how readers interpret and respond to the text emotionally. By employing various figures of speech strategically, writers can create a more immersive and evocative reading experience.

Can you identify and analyze figures of speech in famous speeches or poetry

Let’s look at examples of figures of speech in famous speeches and poetry;

Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” Speech

• Example:  “But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.”
• Analysis:  This metaphor suggests that justice is a valuable resource that can be depleted, emphasizing the need for fairness and equality.
• Example:  “I have a dream…”
• Analysis:  The repetition of this phrase at the beginning of successive clauses emphasizes King’s vision and creates a powerful rhythmic effect.
• Example:  “Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.”
• Analysis:  This allusion to the idea of freedom ringing refers to the patriotic song “My Country, ‘Tis of Thee,” connecting King’s message to American ideals.

William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 (“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?")

• Example:  “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.”
• Analysis:  The simile compares the beauty of the subject to a summer’s day but suggests that the subject is even more lovely and enduring.
• Example:  “But thy eternal summer shall not fade.”
• Analysis:  The metaphor of “eternal summer” suggests that the beauty of the subject will never diminish or age.
• Example:  “Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st.”
• Analysis:  The personification of “possession” implies that the subject possesses beauty, and it is something to be preserved.

John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address

• Example:  “Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.”
• Analysis:  This antithesis creates a powerful contrast, emphasizing civic responsibility over personal gain.

Parallelism

• Example:  “Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.”
• Analysis:  Parallelism enhances the symmetry of the sentence and emphasizes the call for unity.

Langston Hughes’ “A Dream Deferred”

• Example:  “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?”
• Analysis:  The metaphor of a deferred dream being compared to a raisin in the sun suggests withering and loss of vitality.
• Example:  “Or does it explode like a supersized fruit?”
• Analysis:  The simile emphasizes the potential for intense and destructive consequences if a dream is not realized.
• Example:  “Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.”
• Analysis:  Personifying a deferred dream as something that sags adds a tangible and emotional weight to the idea.

These examples demonstrate how figures of speech enrich the language, evoke emotions, and contribute to the overall impact of speeches and poetry. They serve as powerful tools for writers and speakers to convey complex ideas, create vivid imagery, and engage their audience.

Share examples of figures of speech used in different forms of media, such as film or television

Figures of speech are not limited to written works and are often employed in various forms of media, including film and television. Here are examples from both;

• Example (The Matrix):  “You take the blue pill—the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill—you stay in Wonderland, and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes.”
• Analysis:  The red pill and blue pill metaphor in “The Matrix” represents choices with profound consequences, creating a powerful visual image.
• Example (Beauty and the Beast):  “Be our guest, be our guest, put our service to the test.”
• Analysis:  The personification of the objects in the castle as hosts adds a whimsical and entertaining quality to the song.
• Example (Spider-Man):  “With great power comes great responsibility.”
• Analysis:  This hyperbolic statement encapsulates the moral duty Spider-Man feels, emphasizing the enormity of the responsibility that comes with his powers.
• Example (Friends):  “Joey doesn’t share food!”
• Analysis:  The repetition of the “sh” sound in “Joey doesn’t share food” adds humor and emphasis to Joey’s possessive attitude toward his food.
• Example (The Simpsons):  The character named Sideshow Bob, who is anything but a “sidekick” and is often a central antagonist.
• Analysis:  This is an example of situational irony, where the opposite of what is expected occurs.
• Example (Breaking Bad):  The pink teddy bear symbolizes the tragic plane crash in the series.
• Analysis:  The pink teddy bear serves as a symbol of the catastrophic consequences of Walter White’s actions.
• Example (The Office):  “Dwight, you ignorant slut.”
• Analysis:  This humorous line from “The Office” uses a euphemism to mockingly insult a character, adding a comedic element.
• Example (Game of Thrones):  “The Iron Throne commands respect.”
• Analysis:  The Iron Throne is a metonym for the ruling power in the Seven Kingdoms, emphasizing the authority associated with the throne.
• Example (The Twilight Zone):  “To Serve Man” (Title of an episode).
• Analysis:  The paradox in the title becomes evident in the episode, where initially positive intentions take a dark turn, adding suspense and intrigue.

Figures of speech in film and television contribute to storytelling, character development, and overall audience engagement. They enhance dialogue, create memorable moments, and often add layers of meaning to the narrative.

How do figures of speech evolve, and are there cultural differences in their usage

Figures of speech, like language itself, evolve over time through cultural, societal, and linguistic influences. The changes in how people communicate, advancements in technology, shifts in social dynamics, and exposure to different cultures all contribute to the evolution of figures of speech. Here are some ways in which figures of speech evolve;

• Semantic Shifts:  The meanings of words and phrases can change over time, leading to shifts in the interpretation of figures of speech. Some words or expressions may take on new connotations or lose their original meaning.
• Pop Culture Influence:  Figures of speech often reflect current events, popular trends, or cultural phenomena. New expressions and metaphors may emerge based on the language used in music, movies, television, or social media.
• Globalization:  Increased interconnectedness and exposure to diverse cultures through globalization contribute to the adoption and adaptation of figures of speech from different linguistic traditions. Phrases or expressions from one culture may find resonance in another.
• Technological Advances:  Changes in technology can introduce new metaphors and analogies into everyday language. For example, the rise of the internet has given rise to figures of speech related to digital concepts.
• Social and Political Movements:  Figures of speech often reflect the values and concerns of a society. Social and political movements can influence language use, introducing new expressions or recontextualizing existing ones to convey evolving perspectives.

As for cultural differences in the usage of figures of speech;

• Language Structure:  Different languages have distinct grammatical structures and idiomatic expressions. Figures of speech that work well in one language may not have direct equivalents in another.
• Cultural Symbolism:  Certain figures of speech rely on cultural symbols and references that may not be universally understood. These symbols can carry different meanings or significance in various cultures.
• Historical and Contextual Nuances:  The historical context and cultural nuances associated with certain figures of speech may differ across cultures. What is considered a powerful metaphor in one culture may not resonate similarly in another.
• Humor and Wit:  Humor often involves wordplay and figures of speech, and what is considered witty or humorous can vary culturally. Puns, for example, may rely on language-specific nuances that may not translate well.
• Social Norms and Values:  Figures of speech often reflect societal norms and values. Expressions that align with the cultural context and beliefs of a particular community may gain popularity, while those conflicting with cultural norms may not.

In summary, figures of speech evolve in response to changes in language use, societal shifts, and cultural influences. While some figures of speech may transcend cultural boundaries, others are deeply rooted in specific linguistic and cultural contexts. Understanding these variations is essential for effective communication across diverse cultural landscapes.

• English Grammar
• Figures Of Speech

Figures of Speech - Definition, Types and Usage with Examples

Are you as busy as a bee? Why not take some time off your busy schedule to learn how you can make your speech and writing sound and look extraordinary and engaging? There are many ways to make your language creative and interesting. One of the most effective ways to do it is to use figurative language. In this article, you will be introduced to what figures of speech are, their meaning and definition, the different types of figures of speech and how to use them effectively in sentences with examples.

Table of Contents

Definition of a Figure of Speech

Classification of figures of speech.

• How to Use a Figure of Speech in a Sentence? – Points to Remember

Examples of Figures of Speech

Frequently asked questions on figures of speech in english, what irs a figure of speech.

A figure of speech is an expression used to make a greater effect on your reader or listener. It includes making comparisons, contrasts, associations, exaggerations and constructions. It also gives a much clearer picture of what you are trying to convey.

Let us take a look at how different dictionaries define a figure of speech to have a much better idea of what it is.

A figure of speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “an expression that uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning.” According to the Collins Dictionary, a figure of speech is “an expression or word that is used with a metaphorical rather than a literal meaning.”

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “ a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.” According to the Macmillan Dictionary, a figure of speech is defined as “an expression in which the words are used figuratively, not in their normal literal meaning.”

Figures of Speech in English Grammar

In English grammar , there are around fifteen to twenty figures of speech. However, there are a few of them which are used more often than the others. Let us look at the most commonly used figures of speech.

• Personification
• Alliteration
• Transferred Epithet

How to Use a Figure of Speech in English? – Points to Remember

You now know that a figure of speech can make your language look and sound a lot more poetical, interesting and flamboyant. However, the challenge is not about learning the different figures of speech but knowing when, where and how to use them. You cannot use it anywhere you like. Only if it is used right and where they are appropriate and necessary, will it make your language better.

Figures of speech are not meant to provide information literally, so it is not suggested that you use figurative language in professional presentations and writings like essays. Since they do not convey literal meanings, it is very important that you learn how each figure of speech can be used. What is more important is knowing what it would mean when used in a particular part of a sentence. So, the most significant point that you have to keep in mind when using figures of speech is to employ them only if they give you the desired effect and meaning.

The figures of speech can be categorized into types based on their functions when used in sentences. Accordingly, the main categories are composed of ones that:

• Show a Relationship or Resemblance
• Show Phonetic Resemblances and Representing Sounds
• Show Emphasis or Unimportance

Showing a Relationship or Resemblance

This category includes figures of speech which are designed to make comparisons to show a relationship or some resemblances. Similes, metaphors, personification, euphemism, metonymy and synecdoche are the figures of speech used for this purpose.

Showing Phonetic Resemblances and Representing Sounds

This category of figures of speech include alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia. The first two figures of speech are used to create an effect by using similar sounding words or words starting with the same consonant and vowel sounds, whereas onomatopoeia includes words that are used to represent sounds.

Showing Emphasis or Unimportance

The figures of speech belonging to this category are used to provide emphasis or show how important or unimportant something is. Hyperbole, antithesis, oxymoron, irony and litotes are figures of speech that can be used for this purpose.

Here are a few examples of the different figures of speech in English grammar.

• Simile – Rachel is as bright as the sun.
• Metaphor – The whole world is a stage.
• Personification – The wind whispered in my ears.
• Apostrophe – O William, you should be living now to see all this.
• Alliteration – Sally sold some seashells.
• Assonance – I seem to like your little green trees.
• Hyperbole – I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
• Oxymoron – Euthanizing their sick pet dog was considered as an act of kind cruelty.
• Epigram – The child is the father of man.
• Irony – A fire station burned down yesterday.
• Pun – Life depends upon the liver.
• Metonymy – The Bench decided that the man is guilty.
• Synecdoche – We need more hands to help us move this cupboard.
• Transferred Epithet – She had a sleepless night.

What is a figure of speech?

What is the definition of a figure of speech.

A figure of speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “an expression that uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning.” According to the Collins Dictionary, a figure of speech is “an expression or word that is used with a metaphorical rather than a literal meaning.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “ a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.” According to the Macmillan Dictionary, a figure of speech is defined as “an expression in which the words are used figuratively, not in their normal literal meaning.”

What are the different figures of speech in English?

Here is a list of the different figures of speech in English.

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Request OTP on Voice Call

Post My Comment

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

Register with byju's & watch live videos.

Look up a word, learn it forever.

Figure of speech, /ˈfɪgjər əv spitʃ/, /ˈfɪgə əv spitʃ/.

Other forms: figures of speech

A figure of speech is a phrase or saying that's not literal, like saying someone who died "kicked the bucket."

Language is full of terms, phrases, and sayings that might seem odd if you don't already know what they mean. When you say you're hungry enough to eat a horse, it's doubtful you mean that literally: it's just a figure of speech. When you say it's raining cats and dogs, pets aren't falling from the sky: it's a figure of speech. English is full of figures of speech, which are definitely not a case of language going to the dogs.

• noun language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense synonyms: figure , image , trope see more see less types: show 20 types... hide 20 types... conceit an elaborate poetic image or a far-fetched comparison of very dissimilar things irony a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs exaggeration , hyperbole extravagant exaggeration kenning a compound word used as a conventional metaphorical name for something, specially in Old English and Old Norse poetry metaphor a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity metonymy substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads') oxymoron conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence') personification , prosopopoeia representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature simile a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as') synecdoche a figure of speech in which part of something is used to refer to or represent the whole thing (or vice versa) zeugma use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one synesthesia a figure of speech in which an author appeals to more than one of the five senses dramatic irony (theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play dead metaphor , frozen metaphor a metaphor that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression (e.g., `he is a snake' may once have been a metaphor but after years of use it has died and become a new sense of the word `snake') mixed metaphor a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect synesthetic metaphor a metaphor that exploits a similarity between experiences in different sense modalities metalepsis substituting metonymy of one figurative sense for another syllepsis use of a word to govern two or more words though agreeing in number or case etc. with only one verbal irony when the intended meaning of a speaker’s words contrasts with the literal meaning situational irony when the result of an event or action is the opposite of what was intended or expected type of: rhetorical device a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance)

Vocabulary lists containing figure of speech

If you want to be a grammar guru, it's imperative that you capitalize on this list. Learn about punctuation, parts of speech, types of sentences, and more. This list is sure to help you develop superlative knowledge of language and grammar. Period.

Have you got the write stuff? Find out by learning this comprehensive list of words related to writing. Here are links to our lists for the collection: Grammar , Reference , Drafting , Text Structure , Purpose , Argumentative Writing , Theme , Genre , Poetry , Plot Development , Literary Devices

Sign up now (it’s free!)

Whether you’re a teacher or a learner, vocabulary.com can put you or your class on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement..

Figure of Speech: Definition and Examples

Illustration by Hugo Lin. ThoughtCo.

• An Introduction to Punctuation

Common Types of Figures of Speech

• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In common usage, a figure of speech is a word or phrase that means something more or something other than it seems to say—the opposite of a literal expression. In rhetoric, a figure of speech is a type of figurative language (such as metaphor, irony, understatement, or anaphora) that departs from conventional word order or meaning. Nevertheless, figures of speech retain an element of truth, even if they may be misinterpreted. 

There are hundreds of figures of speech, and we often utilize them in everyday life. Here are common figures of speech with example phrases and passages.

Examples of common figures of speech include alliteration , which repeats the initial consonant sounds in neighboring words, and simile , which compares two unlike things using "like" or "as."

Anaphora is another figure of speech involving the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis. Hyperbole , on the other hand, exaggerates or overstates a situation for emphasis or effect.

Other common figures of speech are  antimetabole , antithesis , apostrophe , assonance , irony , metonymy , onomatopoeia , paradox , personification , pun , synecdoche , and understatement .

Watch Now: Common Figures of Speech Explained

Figure of speech examples.

Following are a few figures of speech that are a bit tongue-in-cheek.

Mr. Burns, "American History X-cellent," "The Simpsons," 2010

"Break a leg, everyone" (to a passing employee). "I said break a leg." (The employee then breaks his own leg with a hammer.) "My God, man! That was a figure of speech. You're fired!"

Peter Falk and Robert Walker, Jr., "Mind Over Mayhem," "Columbo," 1974

Lieutenant Columbo: "So you had an hour to kill before you had to get back to the airport." Dr. Neil Cahill: "I take it you mean to use that phrase, to kill.' You mean that literally ." Lieutenant Columbo: "No, I was just using a figure of speech. I'm not making an accusation."

Jonathan Baumbach, "My Father More or Less," "Fiction Collective," 1982

"What if there were a gun to your head, what would you say?" "Whose gun are you thinking of putting to my head?" "It was just a figure of speech, for God's sake. You don't have to be so literal about it." "It's only a figure of speech when you don't have a gun in your possession."

Carmen Carter et al., "Doomsday World (Star Trek: The Next Generation, No. 12)," 1990

"'Yes,' said Coleridge. 'The new Commercial Trading Hall... The emptiest building in town, gentlemen. If there are twenty people in it at any given time, I'll eat my tricorder on the spot.' "Data looked at the archaeologist, and Geordi caught the look. 'That's only a figure of speech, Data. She doesn't really intend to eat it.' "The android nodded. 'I am familiar with the expression, Geordi.'"

Metaphor as a Figure of Thought

A  metaphor  is a  trope  or figure of speech, in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common, as these quotes show.

Ning Yu, "Imagery," "Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition," 1996

"In its broad sense, a metaphor is not only a figure of speech but also a figure of thought . It is a mode of apprehension and a means of perceiving and expressing something in a radically different way. In such a sense, figurative images are not simply decorative but serve to reveal aspects of experience in a new light."

"Teddy Roosevelt and the Treasure of Ursa Major," adapted by Ronald Kidd from the play by Tom Isbell, 2008

"Reaching into her pocket, [Ethel] pulled out the paper, held it in the moonlight, and read, 'Beneath this brilliant metaphor will there treasure be.' "What's a metaphor?' I asked. "Ethel said, 'It's a word that compares one thing to another, to show how they might be alike.' "'Well,' I said, 'if the metaphor is brilliant, maybe it's the chandelier.' "They stared at me. I don't know why. If you ask me, the clue had seemed pretty obvious. "'You know,' said Kermit, 'I think Archie is right.' He turned to Ethel. 'I can't believe I just said that.'"

Simile as Another Kind of Comparison

A simile is a figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as, as these quotes demonstrate.

Donita K. Paul, "Two Tickets to the Christmas Ball," 2010

"'What's a simile?' asked Sandy. She looked to Cora for an answer. "'When you compare something to something else to get a better picture of it in your head. The clouds look like cotton balls. The edge of the snow shovel is sharp like a knife.'"

Jay Heinrichs, "Word Hero: A Fiendishly Clever Guide to Crafting the Lines That Get Laughs," 2011

"The simile is a metaphor that gives itself away. 'The moon is a balloon': that's a metaphor. 'The moon is like a balloon': that's a simile."

Oxymoron as an Apparent Contradiction

An  oxymoron  is a figure of speech usually one or two words in which seemingly contradictory terms appear side by side.

Bradley Harris Dowden, "Logical Reasoning ,"  1993

"A contradiction in terms is also called an oxymoron. Debates are often started by asking whether a term is an oxymoron. For example, is artificial intelligence an oxymoron? Jokes are often based in oxymorons; is military intelligence an oxymoron?"

Dianne Blacklock, "False Advertising," 2007

"Her husband got hit by a bus. What was Gemma supposed to say? More to the point, what did Helen want to hear? "'Well,' said Gemma, going to sit on the bed beside Helen, who looked a little taken aback as she shifted to make room. 'You can't have an accident on purpose,' Gemma went on. 'That's an oxymoron. If there was intent, it wasn't an accident.' "'I guess I'm wondering if there isn't hidden intent in everything we do,' said Helen."

Hyperbole as Exaggeration

Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect.

Steve Atinsky, "Tyler on Prime Time," 2002

"Samantha and I sat in chairs that had been set up near the table. "'What's hyperbole?' I asked her. "'It's a fancy way of saying bull.'"

Thomas S. Kane, "The New Oxford Guide to Writing," 1988

"Mark Twain was a master of hyperbole, as he reveals in this description of a tree after an ice storm: '[I]t stands there the acme, the climax, the supremest possibility in art or nature, of bewildering, intoxicating, intolerable magnificence. One cannot make the words strong enough.'"

Understatement as Beauty or Sarcasm

Understatement, the opposite of hyperbole, is a figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.

Fiona Harper, "English Lord, Ordinary Lady," 2008

"She read what [Will] was going to say in his eyes before the words left his lips. "'I love you.' "So simple. No frills, no grandiose gestures. It was so Will. Suddenly, she understood the beauty of understatement."

Steph Swainston, "No Present Like Time," 2006

"[Serein] sat in the doorway, legs out onto the half deck, huddling in his greatcoat. 'Comet,' he said. 'You weren't well.' "'Is that understatement a new type of sarcasm you're experimenting with?'"

A  cliché   is a trite expression whose effectiveness has been worn out through overuse and excessive familiarity.

David Punter, "Metaphor," 2007

"[I]t is interesting that the phrase 'just a figure of speech' has become a cliché as if for something to be a figure of speech in some way downgrades it. It may not be going too far to say that there is a certain denial going on in this view; that it is more convenient and comfortable to pretend that there are some speech forms [that] do not use figures of speech and thus give us access to a solid, incontrovertible perception of the real, in contrast to which the figure of speech is in some way abstracted, lacking in purchase."

Laura Toffler-Corrie, "The Life and Opinions of Amy Finawitz," 2010

"I'm quite sure he doesn't really think you have been abducted by aliens. It was just a figure of speech, like 'Oh, she's just little Miss Sunshine' or 'What a clown.' When you use expressions like that (which I totally never do), it doesn't mean a person is really an inhumanly hot solar ball or that they're a member of the circus. It's not literal."

More on Figures of Speech

For more information on figures of speech, you can explore the following:

• Brief Introductions to 30 Figures of Speech
• Figure of Sound  and  Figure of Thought
• Literally and Figuratively: Commonly Confused Words
• 100 Awfully Good Examples of Oxymorons
• 100 Sweet Similes
• The 10 Greatest Hyperboles of All Time
• Top 20 Figures of Speech
• The Top 20 Figures of Speech
• What Is a Rhetorical Device? Definition, List, Examples
• Brief Introductions to Common Figures of Speech
• AP English Exam: 101 Key Terms
• Bombast in Speech and Writing
• Simile Definition and Examples
• Definition and Examples of Context Clues
• Purple Prose
• Hyperbole: Definition and Examples
• The Most Beautiful-Sounding Words in English
• Stylistics and Elements of Style in Literature
• How Figurative Language Is Used Every Day
• Definition and Examples of Anticlimax in Rhetoric
• Definition and Examples of Symploce in Rhetoric
• What Is Epiphora?

Figurative Language

Figurative Language Definition

What is figurative language? Here’s a quick and simple definition:

Figurative language is language that contains or uses figures of speech . When people use the term "figurative language," however, they often do so in a slightly narrower way. In this narrower definition, figurative language refers to language that uses words in ways that deviate from their literal interpretation to achieve a more complex or powerful effect. This view of figurative language focuses on the use of figures of speech that play with the meaning of words, such as metaphor , simile , personification , and hyperbole .

Some additional key details about figurative language:

• Figurative language is common in all sorts of writing, as well as in spoken language.
• Figurative language refers to language that contains figures of speech, while figures of speech are the particular techniques. If figurative speech is like a dance routine, figures of speech are like the various moves that make up the routine.
• It's a common misconception that imagery, or vivid descriptive language, is a kind of figurative language. In fact, writers can use figurative language as one tool to help create imagery, but imagery does not have to use figurative language.

Figurative Language Pronunciation

Here's how to pronounce figurative language: fig -yer-uh-tiv lang -gwij

Figures of Speech and Figurative Language

To fully understand figurative language, it's helpful to have a basic understanding of figures of speech. More specifically, it's helpful to understand the two main types of figures of speech: tropes and schemes .

• Tropes are figures of speech that play with and shift the expected and literal meaning of words.
• Schemes are figures of speech that involve a change from the typical mechanics of a sentence, such as the order, pattern, or arrangement of words.

Put even more simply: tropes play with the meaning of words, while schemes play with the structure of words, phrases, and sentences.

The Different Things People Mean When They Say Figurative Language

When people say figurative language, they don't always mean the precise same thing. Here are the three different ways people usually talk about figurative language:

• Dictionary definition of figurative language: According to the dictionary, figurative language is simply any language that contains or uses figures of speech. This definition would mean that figurative language includes the use of both tropes and schemes.
• Much more common real world use of figurative language: However, when people (including teachers) refer to figurative language, they usually mean language that plays with the literal meaning of words. This definition sees figurative language as language that primarily involves the use of tropes.
• Another common real world use of figurative language: Some people define figurative language as including figures of speech that play with meaning as well as a few other common schemes that affect the rhythm and sound of text, such as alliteration and assonance .

What does all that boil down to for you? If you hear someone talking about figurative language, you can usually safely assume they are referring to language that uses figures of speech to play with the meaning of words and, perhaps, with the way that language sounds or feels.

Common Types of Figurative Language

There are many, many types of figures of speech that can be involved in figurative language. Some of the most common are:

• Metaphor : A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unrelated things by stating that one thing is another thing, even though this isn't literally true. For example, the phrase "her lips are a blooming rose" obviously doesn't literally mean what it says—it's a metaphor that makes a comparison between the red beauty and promise of a blooming rose with that of the lips of the woman being described.
• Simile : A simile, like a metaphor, makes a comparison between two unrelated things. However, instead of stating that one thing is another thing (as in metaphor), a simile states that one thing is like another thing. An example of a simile would be to say "they fought like cats and dogs."
• Oxymoron : An oxymoron pairs contradictory words in order to express new or complex meanings. In the phrase "parting is such sweet sorrow" from Romeo and Juliet , "sweet sorrow" is an oxymoron that captures the complex and simultaneous feelings of pain and pleasure associated with passionate love.
• Hyperbole : Hyperbole is an intentional exaggeration of the truth, used to emphasize the importance of something or to create a comic effect. An example of a hyperbole is to say that a backpack "weighs a ton." No backpack literally weighs a ton, but to say "my backpack weighs ten pounds" doesn't effectively communicate how burdensome a heavy backpack feels.
• Personification : In personification, non-human things are described as having human attributes, as in the sentence, "The rain poured down on the wedding guests, indifferent to their plans." Describing the rain as "indifferent" is an example of personification, because rain can't be "indifferent," nor can it feel any other human emotion.
• Idiom : An idiom is a phrase that, through general usage within a particular group or society, has gained a meaning that is different from the literal meaning of the words. The phrase "it's raining cats and dogs" is known to most Americans to mean that it's raining hard, but an English-speaking foreigner in the United States might find the phrase totally confusing.
• Onomatopoeia : Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech in which words evoke the actual sound of the thing they refer to or describe. The “boom” of a firework exploding, the “tick tock” of a clock, and the “ding dong” of a doorbell are all examples of onomatopoeia.
• Synecdoche : In synecdoche, a part of something is used to refer to its whole . For example, "The captain commands one hundred sails" is a synecdoche that uses "sails" to refer to ships—ships being the thing of which a sail is a part.
• Metonymy : Metonymy is a figure of speech in which an object or concept is referred to not by its own name, but instead by the name of something closely associated with it. For example, in "Wall Street prefers lower taxes," the New York City street that was the original home of the New York Stock Exchange stands in for (or is a "metonym" for) the entire American financial industry.
• Alliteration : In alliteration, the same sound repeats in a group of words, such as the “ b ” sound in: “ B ob b rought the b ox of b ricks to the b asement.” Alliteration uses repetition to create a musical effect that helps phrases to stand out from the language around them.
• Assonance : The repetition of vowel sounds repeat in nearby words, such as the " ee " sound: "the squ ea ky wh ee l gets the gr ea se." Like alliteration, assonance uses repeated sounds to create a musical effect in which words echo one another.

Figurative Language vs. Imagery

Many people (and websites) argue that imagery is a type of figurative language. That is actually incorrect. Imagery refers to a writers use of vivid and descriptive language to appeal to the reader's senses and more deeply evoke places, things, emotions, and more. The following sentence uses imagery to give the reader a sense of how what is being described looks, feels, smells, and sounds:

The night was dark and humid, the scent of rotting vegetation hung in the air, and only the sound of mosquitoes broke the quiet of the swamp.

This sentence uses no figurative language. Every word means exactly what it says, and the sentence is still an example of the use of imagery. That said, imagery can use figurative language, often to powerful effect:

The night was dark and humid, heavy with a scent of rotting vegetation like a great-aunt's heavy and inescapable perfume, and only the whining buzz of mosquitoes broke the silence of the swamp.

In this sentence, the description has been made more powerful through the use of a simile ("like a great-aunt's..."), onomatopoeia ("whining buzz," which not only describes but actually sounds like the noise made by mosquitoes), and even a bit of alliteration in the " s ilence of the s wamp."

To sum up: imagery is not a form of figurative language. But a writer can enhance his or her effort to write imagery through the use of figurative language.

Figurative Language Examples

Figurative language is more interesting, lively, beautiful, and memorable than language that's purely literal. Figurative language is found in all sorts of writing, from poetry to prose to speeches to song lyrics, and is also a common part of spoken speech. The examples below show a variety of different types of figures of speech. You can see many more examples of each type at their own specific LitChart entries.

Figurative Language Example: Metaphor

Metaphor in shakespeare's romeo and juliet.

In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet , Romeo uses the following metaphor in Act 2 Scene 2 of Romeo and Juliet , after sneaking into Juliet's garden and catching a glimpse of her on her balcony:

But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.

Romeo compares Juliet to the sun not only to describe how radiantly beautiful she is, but also to convey the full extent of her power over him. He's so taken with Juliet that her appearances and disappearances affect him like those of the sun. His life "revolves" around Juliet like the earth orbits the sun.

Figurative Language Example: Simile

In this example of a simile from Slaughterhouse-Five , Billy Pilgrim emerges from an underground slaughterhouse where he has been held prisoner by the Germans during the deadly World War II firebombing of Dresden:

It wasn't safe to come out of the shelter until noon the next day. When the Americans and their guards did come out, the sky was black with smoke. The sun was an angry little pinhead. Dresden was like the moon now , nothing but minerals. The stones were hot. Everybody else in the neighborhood was dead.

Vonnegut uses simile to compare the bombed city of Dresden to the moon in order to capture the totality of the devastation—the city is so lifeless that it is like the barren moon.

Figurative Language Example: Oxymoron

These lines from Chapter 7 of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls describe an encounter between Robert Jordan, a young American soldier fighting in the Spanish Civil War, and his lover María.

She held herself tight to him and her lips looked for his and then found them and were against them and he felt her, fresh, new and smooth and young and lovely with the warm, scalding coolness and unbelievable to be there in the robe that was as familiar as his clothes, or his shoes, or his duty and then she said, frightenedly, “And now let us do quickly what it is we do so that the other is all gone.”

The couple's relationship becomes a bright spot for both of them in the midst of war, but ultimately also a source of pain and confusion for Jordan, as he struggles to balance his obligation to fight with his desire to live happily by Maria's side. The contradiction contained within the oxymoron "scalding coolness" emphasizes the couple's conflicting emotions and impossible situation.

Figurative Language Example: Hyperbole

Elizabeth Bennet, the most free-spirited character in Pride and Prejudice , refuses Mr. Darcy's first marriage proposal with a string of hyperbole :

From the very beginning, from the first moment I may almost say, of my acquaintance with you, your manners impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form that ground-work of disapprobation, on which succeeding events have built so immoveable a dislike; and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.

Elizabeth's closing statement, that Darcy is the "last man in the world" whom she would ever marry, is an obvious hyperbole. It's hard to believe that Elizabeth would rather marry, say, an axe murderer or a diseased pirate than Mr. Darcy. Even beyond the obvious exaggeration, Austen's use of hyperbole in this exchange hints at the fact that Elizabeth's feelings for Darcy are more complicated than she admits, even to herself. Austen drops various hints throughout the beginning of the novel that Elizabeth feels something beyond mere dislike for Darcy. Taken together with these hints, Elizabeth's hyperbolic statements seem designed to convince not only Darcy, but also herself, that their relationship has no future.

Figurative Language Example: Personification

In Chapter 1 of The Scarlet Letter , Nathaniel Hawthorne describes a wild rose bush that grows in front of Salem's gloomy wooden jail:

But, on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him.

In the context of the novel's setting in 17th century Boston, this rose bush, which grows wild in front of an establishment dedicated to enforcing harsh puritan values, symbolizes those elements of human nature that cannot be repressed, no matter how strict a community's moral code may be: desire, fertility, and a love of beauty. By personifying the rosebush as "offering" its blossoms to reflect Nature's pity (Nature is also personified here as having a "heart"), Hawthorne turns the passive coincidence of the rosebush's location into an image of human nature actively resisting its constraints.

Figurative Language Example: Idiom

Figurative language example: onomatopoeia.

In Act 3, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's The Tempest , Caliban uses onomatopoeia to convey the noises of the island.

Be not afeard. The isle is full of noises, Sounds, and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not. Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments Will hum about mine ears, and sometime voices...

The use of onomatopoeia makes the audience feel the sounds on the island, rather than just have to take Caliban's word about there being noises.

Figurative Language Example: Synecdoche

In Act 4, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's Macbeth , an angry Macbeth kicks out a servant by saying:

Take thy face hence.

Here, "thy face" stands in for "you." Macbeth is simply telling the servant to leave, but his use of synecdoche makes the tone of his command more harsh and insulting because he uses synecdoche to treat the servant not as a person but as an object, a body part.

Figurative Language Example: Metonymy

In his song "Juicy," Notorious B.I.G. raps:

Now I'm in the limelight 'cause I rhyme tight

Here he's using "limelight" as a metonymy for fame (a "limelight" was a kind of spotlight used in old theaters, and so it came to be associated with the fame of being in the spotlight). Biggie's use of metonymy here also sets him up for a sweet rhyme.

Figurative Language Example: Alliteration

In his song "Rap God," Eminem shows his incredible lyrical dexterity by loading up the alliteration :

S o I wanna make sure, s omewhere in this chicken s cratch I S cribble and doodle enough rhymes T o maybe t ry t o help get s ome people through t ough t imes But I gotta k eep a few punchlines Just in c ase, ‘ c ause even you un s igned Rappers are hungry l ooking at me l ike it's l unchtime…

Why Do Writers Use Figurative Language?

The term figurative language refers to a whole host of different figures of speech, so it's difficult to provide a single definitive answer to why writers use figurative language. That said, writers use figurative language for a wide variety of reasons:

• Interest and beauty: Figurative language allows writes to express descriptions, ideas, and more in ways that are unique and beautiful.
• Complexity and power: Because figurative language can create meanings that go beyond the literal, it can capture complex ideas, feelings, descriptions, or truths that cause readers to see things in a new way, or more closely mirror the complex reality of the world.
• Visceral affect: Because figurative language can both impact the rhythm and sound of language, and also connect the abstract (say, love) with the concrete (say, a rose), it can help language make an almost physical impact on a reader.
• Humor: By allowing a writer to layer additional meanings over literal meanings, or even to imply intended meanings that are the opposite of the literal meaning, figurative language gives writers all sorts of options for creating humor in their writing.
• Realism: People speak and even think in terms of the sorts of comparisons that underlie so much figurative language. Rather than being flowery, figurative language allows writers to describe things in ways that match how people really think about them, and to create characters who themselves feel real.

In general, figurative language often makes writing feel at once more accessible and powerful, more colorful, surprising, and deep.

Other Helpful Figurative Language Resources

• The dictionary definition of figurative : Touches on figurative language, as well as some other meanings of the word.
• Figurative and Frost : Examples of figurative language in the context of the poetry of Robert Frost.
• Figurative YouTube : A video identifying various forms of figurative language from movies and television shows.
• Wikipedia on literal and figurative language : A bit technical, but with a good list of examples.

• PDFs for all 136 Lit Terms we cover
• Downloads of 1970 LitCharts Lit Guides
• Teacher Editions for every Lit Guide
• Explanations and citation info for 41,543 quotes across 1970 books
• Downloadable (PDF) line-by-line translations of every Shakespeare play
• Alliteration
• Figure of Speech
• Onomatopoeia
• Personification
• Foreshadowing
• Slant Rhyme
• Connotation
• Climax (Figure of Speech)
• Common Meter
• Understatement
• Characterization
• Internal Rhyme
• Antanaclasis

ESL Speaking

Games + Activities to Try Out Today!

in Learn English

Top 20 Figures of Speech with Definitions and Examples

As an English learner, you probably would have heard of metaphor, personification, or simile. These are the most common types of figures of speech in English. Figures of speech play a significant role in English speaking and writing . You don’t necessarily use all types of figures of speech on a daily basis, but they act as a powerful tool in writing. In this article, we’ll go over the top 20 figures of speech that you need to know to improve your overall English language skills.

What is a Figure of Speech?

A figure of speech is a way of using language that goes beyond its literal meaning to convey a more vivid or imaginative expression. It involves the use of words or phrases in a non-literal sense to create a specific effect or emphasize a point. Figures of speech add color, creativity, and depth to language, making communication more interesting and engaging.

Importance of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech make language more interesting and expressive. They help convey emotions, create mental images, and emphasize ideas. By using metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech, speakers and writers can make their communication more vivid and memorable. These tools also add creativity to literature, contribute to cultural expressions, and play a role in humor. Overall, figures of speech enhance communication by making it more engaging, impactful, and versatile.

List of 20 Figures of Speech with Definitions and Examples

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words “like” or “as” to highlight a shared characteristic. It helps create vivid and imaginative descriptions.

Example: As brave as a lion.

Explanation: Emphasizes the person’s courage by likening it to the well-known bravery of a lion.

2. Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that implies a comparison between two unrelated things, suggesting that they share common characteristics without using “like” or “as.” It is a way of describing one thing as if it were another to create a deeper understanding or evoke a specific image.

Example: Time is a thief.

Explanation: Time is compared to a thief to convey the idea that it steals moments or experiences.

3. Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which human attributes or qualities are given to non-human entities or objects. It involves treating something non-human as if it has human-like characteristics.

Example: The wind whispered through the trees.

Explanation: Personifies the wind by attributing the human quality of whispering to it.

4. Hyperbole

A hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. It is used to emphasize a point, create emphasis, or add dramatic effect.

Example: I’ve told you a million times to clean your room

Explanation: The exaggeration of a million times emphasizes the speaker’s frustration or annoyance. The person didn’t actually say it a million times.

5. Alliteration

Alliteration is a series of words in a sentence or phrase that share the same initial consonant sound. It is often used to create rhythm, emphasize a particular sound, or make language more memorable.

Example: Sally sells seashells by the seashore

Explanation: The repetition of the “s” sound adds a musical quality to the sentence.

6. Assonance

Assonance is where the repetition of vowel sounds occurs within nearby words in a sentence or phrase. It is used for musicality, emphasis, or to create a specific mood.

Example: Hear the mellow wedding bells

Explanation: The repetition of the long “e” sound enhances the melodic quality of the expression.

Irony is a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, or between appearances and reality. It often involves a twist or contradiction that may be humorous, thought-provoking, or even tragic. An example of irony is situational irony, where a fire station burns down; this situation is ironic because a place dedicated to preventing fires becomes the victim of one.

8. Oxymoron

An oxymoron combines contradictory or opposing words to create a paradoxical effect. It is used to convey complexity, irony, or a unique perspective.

Example: jumbo shrimp

Explanation: The juxtaposition of “jumbo” and “shrimp” creates a contrasting and somewhat humorous image.

9. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech where words imitate the natural sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. These words are often used to evoke a sensory experience and bring a vivid quality to language.

Example: buzz

Explanation: The word itself imitates the sound of a buzzing bee.

10. Euphemism

A euphemism is a mild or indirect expression used to replace a harsh or blunt phrase that might be considered impolite, offensive, or too direct. It is often employed to soften the impact of sensitive or uncomfortable topics.

Example: Using “passed away” instead of “died” to refer to someone’s death

Explanation: “Passed away” is considered more gentle and considerate than “died.”

As a figure of speech, a cliché refers to an expression, idea, or phrase that has been so overused that it has lost its originality and impact. It involves using a predictable or stereotyped phrase that may lack creativity.

Example: Saying “quiet as a mouse” to describe silence is a cliché

Explanation: The phrase is often used and has become a common expression.

12. Allusion

An allusion involves referencing a well-known person, place, event, or work of art within a conversation, text, or speech. It allows the speaker or writer to convey complex ideas or emotions by drawing on the associations and meanings attached to the referenced element.

Example: Saying someone has “the Midas touch.”

Explanation: It is an allusion to the mythical King Midas, known for turning everything he touched into gold, suggesting a person’s ability to turn things successful or prosperous.

13. Anaphora

Anaphora is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. It is used for emphasis, rhythm, and to create a powerful impact.

Example: Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech

Explanation: He repeatedly begins sentences with “I have a dream” to highlight and reinforce his vision for a better future.

14. Chiasmus

Chiasmus is a figure of speech where the order of words or phrases in one clause is reversed in the following clause. This creates a balanced and often symmetrical structure, adding emphasis and style to the expression.

Example: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.

Explanation: The order of the terms is reversed in the second part, creating a memorable and impactful rhetorical structure.

15. Litotes

Litotes is a figure of speech that uses double negatives or understatement to emphasize an idea by negating its opposite.

Example: Not bad

Explanation: Conveys that something is good but in a subtle or understated manner.

16. Paradox

A paradox is a statement or situation that appears self-contradictory or absurd, but in reality, it illustrates a deeper truth or logic, often highlighting the complexities and nuances of a concept.

Example: Less is more

Explanation: The apparent contradiction suggests that simplicity or having less can sometimes be more effective or valuable.

17. Epistrophe

Epistrophe is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses or sentences. It is used to create emphasis, rhythmic effect, and a memorable expression.

Example: Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address”

Explanation: “…and that government of the people, by the people, for the people…” The repetition of “people” occurs at the end of each phrase for emphasis.

18. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. It involves substituting a specific attribute or component for the entire entity.

Example: All hands on deck

Explanation: This means that everyone (the hands) is needed to help, representing the entire person.

19. Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that involves the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas or words within parallel grammatical structures. It is used to emphasize the stark contrast between two opposing elements.

Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times” from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities

Explanation: The contrasting ideas of “best” and “worst” highlight the dual nature of the time period described.

20. Apostrophe

Apostrophe, as a figure of speech, is when a speaker addresses an absent or imaginary person, a non-living object, or an abstract concept as if it were present and capable of responding. It often involves a strong emotional expression.

Example: Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar” when Mark Antony says, “O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,”

Explanation: Addresses the lifeless body of Caesar as if it could hear and respond.

FAQs About Figures of Speech

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about figures of speech in English.

What are the 12 main figures of speech?

The 12 main figures of speech include simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, euphemism, oxymoron, allusion, chiasmus, and litotes.

What are the 10 types of figure of speech and their meaning?

The 10 types of figures of speech and their meanings are:

• Simile: Comparing two unlike things using “like” or “as.”
• Metaphor: Implies a resemblance between unrelated things without using “like” or “as.”
• Personification: Giving human characteristics to non-human entities.
• Hyperbole: Exaggerating statements for emphasis or effect.
• Onomatopoeia: Words imitating natural sounds.
• Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.
• Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words.
• Euphemism: Substituting a milder or indirect expression for a harsh or blunt one.
• Oxymoron: Combining contradictory terms to create a paradoxical effect.
• Allusion: Referencing a well-known person, place, event, or work of art.

What are 5 examples of personification?

Here are 5 examples of personification:

• The sun smiled down on the beach.
• The wind whispered through the trees.
• Time flies when you’re having fun.
• The flowers danced in the breeze.
• The alarm clock screamed at me to wake up.

How many figures of speech are there in total?

According to Professor Rober Diyanni, “rhetoricians have catalogues more than 250 different figures of speech.” However, there are mainly 10-20 figures of speech there are commonly used.

Is my shoes are killing me a hyperbole?

“My shoes are killing me” is hyperbole because it is an exaggerated statement meant to convey extreme discomfort, not to be taken literally.

What are some examples of hyperbole?

Here are 5 examples of hyperbole:

• I have a million things to do.
• It’s raining cats and dogs.
• This suitcase weighs a ton.
• I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
• The queue at the amusement park is a mile long.

Is idiom a figure of speech?

Yes, an idiom is a type of figure of speech. Idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be inferred from the literal interpretation of their individual words.

More English Resources

If you want to learn more about the English language, check out the following topics.

• Choose your Own Adventure ESL Writing Activity
• Sequence Words: Meaning and Examples in English
• American English Idioms and Phrases to Learn
• 100 Common English Questions and How to Answer Them
• Parts of Speech Activities ESL | Adverbs, Articles, Nouns, Verbs

Please enable JavaScript

Figures of Speech: Join the Conversation

Which figure of speech interests you the most? Choose one and try creating an example yourself. When you’re done, share yours in the comments! We’d love to hear from you.

About Jackie

Jackie Bolen has been teaching English for more than 15 years to students in South Korea and Canada. She's taught all ages, levels and kinds of TEFL classes. She holds an MA degree, along with the Celta and Delta English teaching certifications.

Jackie is the author of more than 100 books for English teachers and English learners, including 101 ESL Activities for Teenagers and Adults and 1001 English Expressions and Phrases . She loves to share her ESL games, activities, teaching tips, and more with other teachers throughout the world.

You can find her on social media at: YouTube Facebook TikTok Pinterest Instagram

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Our Top-Seller

As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases.

More ESL Activities

How to teach listening to esl students | esl listening, ordering fast food (dialogue in english for beginners), esl restaurant and ordering food activities, games, worksheets, list of common american foods with pictures, about, contact, privacy policy.

Jackie Bolen has been talking ESL speaking since 2014 and the goal is to bring you the best recommendations for English conversation games, activities, lesson plans and more. It’s your go-to source for everything TEFL!

About and Contact for ESL Speaking .

Privacy Policy and Terms of Use .

Email: [email protected]

Address: 2436 Kelly Ave, Port Coquitlam, Canada

• Daily Crossword
• Word Puzzle
• Word Finder
• Word of the Day
• Synonym of the Day
• Word of the Year
• Language stories
• All featured
• Gender and sexuality
• All pop culture
• Writing hub
• Grammar essentials
• Commonly confused
• All writing tips
• Pop culture
• Writing tips

Advertisement

figure of speech

[ fig -yer uh v speech ]

• any expressive use of language, as a metaphor, simile, personification, or antithesis, in which words are used in other than their literal sense, or in other than their ordinary locutions, in order to suggest a picture or image or for other special effect. Compare trope ( def 1 ) .
• an expression of language, such as simile, metaphor, or personification, by which the usual or literal meaning of a word is not employed

Word History and Origins

Origin of figure of speech 1

More About Figure Of Speech

What is a figure of speech .

A figure of speech is a word or phrase that’s used to be expressive ( figurative ) rather than literal. We use figures of speech to create a mental image for our audience or for another special effect, such as an implied meaning.

English has many different kinds of figures of speech . For example, a simile is a figure of speech that compares two seemingly unrelated things, as in He ran across the field like a cheetah . Personification is a figure of speech in which nonhuman things are given human attributes, as in The car slammed into the cruel, unforgiving wall . And irony is a figure of speech in which words are used to imply the opposite of what they actually mean, as in “Beautiful weather!” he said as he came in from the thunderstorm.

Why is figure of speech important?

The first records of the phrase figure of speech come from around 1815. The phrase combines the word figure , which means “a representation or symbol,” and the word speech , which means “oral communication.” A figure of speech relies on the listener or reader to know or be able to determine the intended meaning behind the figure of speech rather than the literal definitions of the words being used.

Figures of speech are a neat quirk of language and are used in both oral and written communication. They often require the listener or reader to go beyond the words themselves and logically determine what the user of a figure of speech actually meant.

A particularly interesting kind of figure of speech is the idiom , as as Get a dose of one’s own medicine . When interpreted literally, many idioms seem to make no sense at all, such as raining cats and dogs , which means “raining heavily.” Idioms rarely translate across languages and may even be limited to a particular culture or region.

Did you know … ?

Figures of speech can be found in every language. In fact, many of the names for the figures of speech we use in English come from the same figures of speech that were used by ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome.

What are real-life examples of figure of speech ?

This chart gives some more examples of idioms, a commonly used type of figure of speech :

ESLBuzz.com

We use figures of speech all of the time. Sometimes, a person misjudges if a listener or reader will actually understand the figure of speech they use.

"I have a favor to ask you" Are you more likely to get what you want when this precedes a request? If so, is it because you're making explicit the debits and credits in the interaction? I.e. "I know I'm using one of my limited credits now." Or is it just a figure of speech? — Ben Casnocha (@bencasnocha) April 26, 2020

Today I learned falling out of bed is a real thing and not a figure of speech — mom0ka@Khonsu Posting (@stocjia) September 6, 2020

What other words are related to figure of speech ?

• personification

Quiz yourself!

Which of the following is NOT an example of a figure of speech ?

A. simile B. metaphor C. hyperbole D. fact

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of figure of speech in English

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

• allegorically
• anthropomorphic
• anthropomorphism
• anthropomorphize
• double meaning
• figuratively
• metaphorical
• mixed metaphor
• non-literal
• non-metaphorical
• so to speak idiom

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

a figure of speech | Intermediate English

A figure of speech, examples of figure of speech, translations of figure of speech.

Get a quick, free translation!

Word of the Day

the materials in which objects are wrapped before being sold

Putting a spanner in the works – Idioms in The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society

Learn more with +Plus

• Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}}
• Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English
• Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus
• Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation
• English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English
• English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English
• English–Dutch Dutch–English
• English–French French–English
• English–German German–English
• English–Indonesian Indonesian–English
• English–Italian Italian–English
• English–Japanese Japanese–English
• English–Norwegian Norwegian–English
• English–Polish Polish–English
• English–Portuguese Portuguese–English
• English–Spanish Spanish–English
• English–Swedish Swedish–English
• Dictionary +Plus Word Lists
• English    Noun
• Intermediate    Idiom
• Translations
• All translations

To add figure of speech to a word list please sign up or log in.

Add figure of speech to one of your lists below, or create a new one.

{{message}}

Something went wrong.

There was a problem sending your report.

• Dictionaries home
• American English
• Collocations
• German-English
• Grammar home
• Practical English Usage
• Learn & Practise Grammar (Beta)
• Word Lists home
• My Word Lists
• Recent additions
• Resources home
• Text Checker

Definition of figure of speech noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

• figure of speech
• When we talk about ‘selfish’ genes it is just a figure of speech.
• When we say we're ‘dead tired’, it's just a figure of speech.
• alliteration
• onomatopoeia

Definitions on the go

Look up any word in the dictionary offline, anytime, anywhere with the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app.