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Community and Family Health Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Opioid Decision-Making for Cancer-Related Pain Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Mixed Method Study , Melody Nichole Chavez

Improving Interview Skills through Virtual Reality with Behavior Skills Training for Students with Disabilities , Garrit DuBois

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Exploring Parenthood and the Influence of Lived Experiences on Parenting Behaviors Among Child Welfare-Involved Adults , Veronica Howell

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Multi-object Localization in Robotic Hand , Tsing Tsow

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Cancer-Related Risk Behaviors and Screening Intention among Recreational Sport Athletes , Aldenise P. Ewing

Understanding the Family Planning Care Experiences of Young Black Women Using an Intersectionality Mixed Methods Approach , Rachel G. Logan

Understanding the Implementation of Integrated Care for People Living with HIV , Vickie A. Lynn

Effects of an Academic Enrichment Program on Elementary-Aged Students' Performance , Lauren E. Nieder

Risk and Resilience Pertaining to Mental Health of Youth Attending a College in Kathmandu Who Were Exposed to the 2015 Earthquakes During Their Adolescence: A Mixed Method Study , Vinita Sharma

Understanding the adoption process of an HPV vaccine school-entry requirement in Puerto Rico , Coralia Vázquez-Otero

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The Nutrition Transition Among the Andean Kichwas of Ecuador , Vanessa Alicia Chee

Teaching Debit Card Skills Using General Case Programming , Kristin More

An Examination of Factors that Affect the Utilization of Mental Health Services by Adolescents , Nichole A. Murray

An examination of the relationship between health literacy and dietary practices among college students: A test of the Integrated Model of Health Literacy , Alison B. Oberne

Through the Lens of Objectification Theory: Social Media Use and Women's Behavioral Health , Gina-Maria Roca

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Exploring Nutritional Needs, Roles, and Expectations of Latina Breast Cancer Survivors , Pamela Carolina Birriel

Mixed Method Study of Condom Use among Emerging Adults with New Sex Partners Met Online or Offline , Shana M. Green

Neighborhood Deprivation, Food Insecurity and Gestational Weight Gain , Sabrina Luke

An Exploration of Social Determinants of Health Constructs as Potential Mediators between Disability and Condom Usage , Karina Pineda

Reducing Caregiver Burden: Fostering Healthy Aging and Social Support , Maria A. Rodriguez

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Using Auditory Feedback to Improve Striking for Mixed Martial Artists , Frank Krukauskas Krukauskas

Contextual Factors and the Syndemic of Alcohol Use and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex with Men , Humberto López Castillo

Exploration of the Pregnancy-Related Health Information Seeking Behavior of Women who Gave Birth in the Past Year , Laura Kathleen Merrell

Investigating Pakistan’s Contraception Rate Plateau: A Multilevel Analysis to Understand the Association between Community Contextual Factors and Modern Contraception Use , Mahmooda Khaliq Pasha

An Assessment of Elementary School Children’s Diet and Physical Activity Levels , Karen Tamara Serrano Arce

Smoking Among Youth Living with HIV: The Intersection of Behavioral Health and Chronic Disease , Todd Wells

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Food Insecurity and Hunger Experiences and their Impact on Food Pantry Clients in the Tampa Bay , Nora Brickhouse Arriola

Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms of Comorbid ADHD and Eating Disorders , Jennifer Rebecca Bleck

Theoretically Guided Examination of Caregiver Strain and its Relationship with School-Based Mental Health Services Utilization and Parent Engagement in Services , Amy Lynn Green

Pathogenic Policy: Health-Related Consequences of Immigrant Policing in Atlanta, GA , Nolan Sean Kline

Associations between Social Determinants of Health and Adolescent Pregnancy: An Analysis of Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health , Sarah Britney Maness

Reproductive Health Seeking Behaviors Among Female University Students: An Action Oriented Exploratory Study , Robin Emily Mowson

Women’s Use Of and Decision‐Making Regarding Geo‐Social Networking Applications to Arrange Sexual Experiences , Shireen Mary Noble

HEALTH INFOR[M-ED] : Black College Females Discuss a Virtual Reality (VR) Platform for Sexual Health Education and Training , Henry Arnett Ross

The Influence of Relationship Status on HPV Vaccine Decision-Making among Young Adult Women , Erika L. Thompson

HPV Vaccine Decision-Making among Male Sexual Minorities: An Integrative Theoretical Framework for Vaccine Promotion , Christopher W. Wheldon

Implementation of Medicaid Managed Long-term Services and Supports for Adults with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities: A State’s Experience , Heather Jeanne Williamson

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Use of System Dynamics Modeling to Explicate the Theory-of-Change of a Social Marketing Innovation , Brian J. Biroscak

Risk Factors for Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample , Graig Charles DeFeo

Residency Education in Preparing Adolescent and Young Adults for Transition to Adult Care: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study , Janet S. Hess

Paternal Support for Breastfeeding: A Mixed Methods Study to Identify Positive and Negative Forms of Paternal Social Support for Breastfeeding As Perceived by First-time Parent Couples , Amy Lester

Monitoring and Use of Social Media In Emergncy Management In Florida , Leila Martini

An Exploration of the Health Experiences of Youth Who Were Trafficked for Sex , Christine Ann Meister

Individual and Partner Characteristics Associated with Genital Herpes Disclosure and the Relationship between Disclosure Outcomes, Rejection, and Future Intentions to Disclose , Jaime L. Myers

Understanding Factors Determining Early Termination from a Government Assistance Program for Maternal and Child Health: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) , Anthony Dominic Panzera

An Examination of Coalition Functioning and Use of Evidence-Based Practices: A Case Study of Four Community Substance Abuse Coalitions , Nichole M. Snyder

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults in an Active Living Community , Monica D'adrianne Solomon

Long-Term Mindfulness Meditation: Anxiety, Depression, Stress And Pain, Is There A Connection For Public Health? , Sara Spowart

Substance Abuse Prevention in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities: Exploration of Guiding Theoretical Underpinnings and Theoretical Fit in Practice , Margaret L. Walsh

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Universal Tumor Screening for Lynch Syndrome: Identification of system-level implementation factors influencing patient reach , Deborah Le Cragun

The Water Culture Beliefs of Embera Communities and Maternal and Child Health in the Republic of Panama , Ilenia Anneth Forero

An Exploration of the Meaning and Consequences of Unintended Pregnancy among Latina Cultural Subgroups: Social, Cultural, Structural, Historical and Political Influences , Natalie Dolores Hernandez

The Relationship between High School Coaches' Beliefs about Sports Injury and Prevention Practice Readiness , Siwon Jang

Parent Distress in Life with a Child with Type 1 Diabetes , Lauren Nicole Johnson

Parent Pathways: Recognition and Responses to Developmental Delays in Young Children , Jennifer Marshall

The Role of Connectedness and Religious Factors on Bullying Participation among Preadolescents in Puerto Rico , Melissa C. Mercado-Crespo

Utilizing Habit Reversal and Contingency Contracting to Impact Eating Habits With Obese Individuals , Christopher Thomas Scull

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

A Study of Potential Risk Factors of Depression among Latina Breast Cancer Survivors , Claudia Ximena Aguado Loi

Assessing the Psychometric Properties Of A Self-Efficacy Measure Within A Patient Navigation Research Program , Mariana Arevalo

A Cross-National Analysis of the Human Papillomavirus, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Behavior among Men , Euna Marie August

A Systematic Review of Interventions to Increase Mental Health Service Use , Jennifer Greene

Beliefs of and Attitudes Toward Sexual Violence by a Diverse Group of Self-Identified Male Collegiate Athletes , Belinda-Rose James

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Drug Courts Work, but How? Preliminary Development of a Measure to Assess Drug Court Structure and Processes , Blake Barrett

The Role of Male Partners in Childbirth Decision Making: A Qualitative Exploration with First-Time Parenting Couples , Sharon Dejoy

Navigating the Child Welfare System: An Exploratory Study of Families' Experiences , Lianne Fuino Estefan

An Evaluation of the Early Steps Referral Process in Hillsborough County to Detect Delays in Access to Early Intervention Services , Jessica Fry Johnson

Understanding the Psychosocial Aspects of Waterpipe Smoking Among College Students , Mary Pautler Martinasek

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Low Documented Risk Cesarean Sections and Late-Preterm Births: The Florida Experience , Heather Breeze Clayton

An Exploratory Study of the Intrapersonal, Socio-cultural, and Behavioral Factors that Influence HIV Risk Behaviors Among Ethnic Subgroups of Black Heterosexual Men: The Intersection of the Beliefs and Perceptions of Black Women , Shalewa Noel-Thomas

Before the Storm: Evacuation Intention and Audience Segmentation , Homer J. Rice

The Relationship Between Knowledge and Beliefs About Human Papillomavirus, Acceptance of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine, and Intentions to Practice Safer Sex Behaviors Among Female College Students , Theresa Scorcia-Wilson

Exploring Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Disclosure to First-Degree Relatives: An African American Family Case Series , Kamilah B. Thomas

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Determinants of Nutrition Appointment Non-Attendance among Male Veterans , Claire Fontenot Bell

Exploring the Effects of BMI Health Report Card Letters Among 6 th Grade Students and Parents: An Application of the Social Cognitive Theory , Jenna M. Kaczmarski

Examining the Title X Family Planning Program’s (Public Law 91-572) Legislative History through a Feminist Lens: A Thematic Analysis and Oral Histories with Key Stakeholders in Florida , Cheryl A. Vamos

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

The Getting Ready to Learn Program: An Impact Report , Rosa M. Avila

The Cumulative Effects of Victimization, Community Violence, and Household Dysfunction on Depression and Suicide Ideation in a Cohort of Adolescent Females , Katherine Best

Dental Hygienists' Beliefs, Norms, Attitudes, and Intentions Toward Treating HIV/AIDS Patients , Barbara Clark-Alexander

Organizational Culture in Children's Mental Health Systems of Care , Jessica Mazza

A Modified Obesity Proneness Model in the Prediction of Weight Status Among High School Students , Joyce E. Nickelson

The Role of Pharmacists and Emergency Contraception: An Assessment of Pharmacy School Curricula in the U.S. and the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Dispensing Practices of Florida Pharmacists. , Alice R. Richman

Measuring Culture Change as an Evaluation Indicator: Applying Cultural Consensus Analysis to Cultural Models of Lymphatic Filariasis in Haiti , Kelly M. Simpson

Association among Neonatal Mortality, Weekend or Nighttime Admissions And Staffing in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , Leisa J. Stanley

The Social Construction of a Special Needs Program for Hurricanes , Robert E. Tabler Jr., M.A., C.H.E.S.

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Attitudinal factors related to driving behaviors of young adults in Belize: An application of the precaution adoption process model , Ismael A. Hoare

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What are the trending topics in Public Health and related disciplines?

You can identify some of the most discussed and influential topics with the help of Altmetric attention scores, which take into account several outlets including social media, news articles, and policy documents.

Drawing from a selection of Public Health and Medicine journals, we have compiled a list of the articles that have been mentioned the most over the past few months.

Discover the articles that are trending right now, and catch up on current topics in Public Health and related disciplines. We will update our collection every few weeks; come back to this page to be on top of the latest conversations in Public Health and Medicine. Previously featured articles are listed here .

You can also sign up for e-alerts to make sure you never miss the latest research from our journals.

*Last updated October 2021*

Age and Ageing

Alcohol and alcoholism, american journal of epidemiology, annals of work exposures and health, epidemiologic reviews, european journal of public health, family practice, health education research, health policy and planning, health promotion international, international health, international journal of epidemiology, international journal for quality in health care, journal of public health, journal of travel medicine, journal of tropical pediatrics, nicotine & tobacco research, transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine & hygiene, behaviour change interventions to increase physical activity in hospitalised patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.

There is moderate-certainty evidence that behaviour change interventions are associated with increased physical activity levels among older hospitalised patients.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders in Young Adulthood: Findings from a Canadian Nationally Representative Survey

This study from Canada found that one in three young adults with ADHD had a lifetime alcohol use disorder, and that young adults with ADHD were also three times more likely to develop a substance use disorder. Targeted outreach and interventions for this extremely vulnerable population are warranted.

Expiring Eviction Moratoriums and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality

According to this study, resuming evictions in summer 2020 was associated with increased COVID-19 incidence and mortality in US states, with an estimated 433,700 excess cases and 10,700 excess deaths. Explore more research on COVID-19 in a curated collection from the AJE: https://academic.oup.com/aje/pages/covid-19

The Development of a Covid-19 Control Measures Risk Matrix for Occupational Hygiene Protective Measures

The British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) developed a control banding matrix for employers and others to help assess the risks of COVID-19 infection, and calls for further work to validate the reliability of the tool. Browse the Annals' collection on occupational hygiene for virus protection: https://academic.oup.com/annweh/pages/covid-19 

Immunization to Protect the US Armed Forces: Heritage, Current Practice, and Prospects

In 1777, George Washington ordered a mandatory inoculation program for his troops, in what would become the first mass immunization mandate in the US. This archival article discussess and contextualizes immunization practices for US Armed Forces.

Does face mask use elicit risk-compensation? Quasi-experimental evidence from Denmark during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Responding to concerns that that face mask use could elicit a false sense of security and lead to riskier behaviours, this study from Denmark found that mask use overall correlated positively with protective behaviours.

Evidence reversals in primary care research: a study of randomized controlled trials

While medical practice is often undermined by subsequent investigation, randomized trials relevant to primary care generally hold up over time.

Social media influencers can be used to deliver positive information about the flu vaccine: findings from a multi-year study

This study shows the potential for using social media influencers to inspire positive engagements on pro-vaccine health messaging. For more content on accurate information's importance for public health, browse the latest article collection from HER: https://academic.oup.com/her/pages/covid-19

COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plans from 106 countries: a review from a health systems resilience perspective

Current emergency response planning does not have adequate coverage to maintain health systems functionality for essential health service delivery alongside emergency-specific interventions and healthcare. The findings from this study can help align health emergency planning with broader population health needs.

Rise and demise: a case study of public health nutrition in Queensland, Australia, over three decades

This case study shows that that ongoing efforts are needed to improve sustainability of nutrition policy and programmes to address all diet-related diseases.

Institutional and behaviour-change interventions to support COVID-19 public health measures: a review by the Lancet Commission Task Force on public health measures to suppress the pandemic

This review article outlines evidence for a range of institutional measures and behaviour-change measures, and highlights research and knowledge gaps.

Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries 

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered significant mortality increases in 2020 of a magnitude not witnessed since World War II in Western Europe or the breakup of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.

Gender in the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) Checklist

The authors propose an update to the Equator’s Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist, with the aim of enhancing inclusivity.

Rate of reinfections after SARS-CoV-2 primary infection in the population of an Italian province: a cohort study

This study confirms previous findings on a low risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. If confirmed, these findings suggest that more targeted restriction policies can be applied to the subjects that recovered after a first infection. Read highly cited papers on COVID-19 from the Journal of Public Health: https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/pages/covid-19

The reproductive number of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is far higher compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus

Given the Delta variant's high reproductive number associated with higher transmissibility, in a context of globally still low vaccine coverage rates and lower vaccine effectiveness, public health and social measures will need to be substantially strengthened. A high reproductive number also means that much higher vaccine coverage rates need to be achieved compared to the originally assumed.

Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Neurological complications are rare in children suffering from COVID-19. Still, these children are at risk of developing seizures and encephalopathy, more in those suffering from severe illness.

Reactions to Sales Restrictions on Flavored Vape Products or All Vape Products Among Young Adults in the United States

The researchers examined support for and perceived impact of e-cigarette sales restrictions. Findings suggest that bans on flavored vape products could have a positive impact on lower-risk users, but that other young adult user subgroups may not experience benefit.

Covid-19 and Health at Work 

An editorial from the earlier stages of the pandemic highlights the importance of properly fitted respirators for worker safety and outlines occupational hygiene measures.

Lessons from the field: delivering trachoma mass drug administration safely in a COVID-19 context

Guidelines for safe mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases were developed in a COVID-19 context; training and implementation were assessed through an observation checklist.

For more research on the impact of COVID-19 on NTDs, explore the March 2021 special issue: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/issue/115/3

Previously featured

Age and frailty are independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality and increased care needs in survivors: results of an international multi-centre study

Trajectories of Alcohol Use and Related Harms for Managed Alcohol Program Participants over 12 Months Compared with Local Controls: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Estimating the Effect of Social Distancing Interventions on COVID-19 in the United States

Selecting Controls for Minimizing SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission in Workplaces and Conserving Respiratory Protective Equipment Supplies

What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries?

Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?

Acute cooling of the feet and the onset of common cold symptoms

The effect of falsely balanced reporting of the autism–vaccine controversy on vaccine safety perceptions and behavioral intentions

Climate change: an urgent priority for health policy and systems research

Power, control, communities and health inequalities I: theories, concepts and analytical frameworks

Research ethics in context: understanding the vulnerabilities, agency and resourcefulness of research participants living along the Thai–Myanmar border

Tobacco smoking and mortality among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults in Australia

Quality and safety in the time of Coronavirus: design better, learn faster

Years of life lost associated with COVID-19 deaths in the United States

In-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of the attack rates and available data on the efficacy of face masks

Stability of the Initial Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder by DSM-5 in Children: A Short-Term Follow-Up Study

Impact of Tobacco Smoking on the Risk of COVID-19: A Large Scale Retrospective Cohort Study

Mental health of staff working in intensive care during COVID-19

The benefits and costs of social distancing in high- and low-income countries

A classification tree to assist with routine scoring of the Clinical Frailty Scale

Recent Advances in the Potential of Positive Allosteric Modulators of the GABAB Receptor to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder

The recent oubreak of smallpox in Meschede, West Germany

Your Hair or Your Service: An Issue of Faith for Sikh Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Emerging Infections: Pandemic Influenza

Identifying the views of adolescents in five European countries on the drivers of obesity using group model building 

Novel multi-virus rapid respiratory microbiological point-of-care testing in primary care: a mixed-methods feasibility evaluation

Public health crisis in the refugee community: little change in social determinants of health preserve health disparities

In search of ‘community’: a critical review of community mental health services for women in African settings

COVID-19, a tale of two pandemics: novel coronavirus and fake news messaging 

Disrupting vaccine logistics

Use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to identify confounders in applied health research: review and recommendations

Measurement and monitoring patient safety in prehospital care: a systematic review

Black Lives Matter protests and COVID-19 cases: relationship in two databases

The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China

Severe Malnutrition and Anemia Are Associated with Severe COVID in Infants

A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Pilot, and Feasibility Study of a High Nicotine Strength E-Cigarette Intervention for Smoking Cessation or Reduction for People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Who Smoke Cigarettes

Healthcare workers and protection against inhalable SARS-CoV-2 aerosols

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• v.44(1); Jan-Mar 2019

Revisiting the Relevance of Community Medicine in Undergraduate Medical Curriculum

Anand krishnan.

Centre for Community Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

There have been attempts recently to bring clarity as to the role/functions of the discipline of community medicine. Debates on whether community medicine is a discipline in itself and if so is it a clinical discipline has been there for decades across the world. As the departments of community medicine do not exclusively teach any clinical skill to undergraduate or postgraduates, it is difficult to argue that our discipline is a clinical discipline. Our stalwarts are also known for their work at community and government level and not as clinicians. Our current undergraduate course does not prepare the students adequately for their role in society, profession and health system. Our mandate is to prepare the would-be-doctors as a “finished product” to the country. Our training should address the current crisis that afflicts our profession. A list of learning objectives to be achieved in the three domains of profession, health system, and society and suggestions to improve the teaching of this discipline are provided in this paper.

I NTRODUCTION

As per the Medical Council of India, the goal of medical graduates training is that at the end of undergraduate program, the medical student should contribute to “Health for All” by learning aspects of the National Policies on health, achieving competence in practice of holistic medicine, develop scientific temper, acquire proficiency in profession, and promote healthy living and become exemplary citizen by the observation of medical ethics and fulfilling social and professional obligations.[ 1 ] The objectives of teaching community medicine to MBBS students in India have been largely defined as preparing them to function as community and first level physicians.[ 2 ]

In the recent times, there have been attempts to bring clarity as to the role/functions of the discipline.[ 3 ] Community medicine bridges the fields of clinical medicine and public health and elaborations have been provided on the differences between public health and clinical approaches in medicine.[ 4 , 5 ] Debates on whether community medicine is a discipline in itself and if so, is it a clinical discipline have been there for decades across the world.[ 6 , 7 ] One can safely say that in India, the notion that our subject is a clinical subject is well entrenched in our current way of thinking. However, it needs to be revisited.

Do we exclusively teach any clinical skill to the undergraduate which is not taught by any other department or do we teach any new clinical skill to postgraduates that is not supposed to be taught during their undergraduate studies? For this purpose, the clinical skill is defined as any activity/procedure done to diagnose or manage a clinical condition. The general opinion is that both the questions are answered as “NO.” There is no denying that we teach some clinical skills, though not exclusively. For example, the teaching related to the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses or many aspects in maternal and child health. Next, if we ask our fraternity to name stalwarts or leaders in our discipline and their contributions, it will invariably be about their work at community, state, national, or international level, and not their clinical work. If we insist that ours is a clinical discipline, then this paradox needs to be explained.

Community medicine departments to provide a platform where clinical skills are practiced and honed. While Each department focuses on providing knowledge and skills to identify and treat certain diseases in their area of specialty, our focus is on applying these composite knowledge and skills to individuals in a “real world” context. What students learn in clinical department s of medical colleges are different from what they would face after graduation in their professional practice in a typical primary care setting in terms of patient profile or level of support available. Profile or level of support Community medicine teaching/postings address these shortcomings in clinical teaching. Does this make us a clinical department? This undue focus on clinical aspects detracts from the strength of our discipline. If we consider clinical subjects as the inner ring or core of the medical course, community medicine should be the outer ring of the course, linking the core to the external world.

We all know that at the end of the MBBS course, the graduates are not employable, a problem that is shared across almost all graduate education in India. In that context, our job is to chisel these square pegs into round holes needed for the health system. In other words, our job is to deliver the “finished product” to the country. There is no doubt in my mind that community medicine teaching to medical undergraduates has a key role to play in achieving the main goal of graduate medical education in India as described above. The basic rule should be that our teaching should be relevant to a doctor working at a Primary Health Centre or working as a family physician. Our mandate is to prepare the “would-be-doctors” to perform their role in society, profession, and health system. Keeping in mind these considerations, revised learning objectives for our subject in MBBS course has been provided [ Box 1 ]. They may deviate from our original vision but are probably better nuanced to the current situation and better organized for clarity. The framework also allows us to add more objectives to it, as our fraternity would surely like to do.

Learning objectives of community medicine teaching in undergraduate medical curriculum

The first domain on professional aspects is new and addresses the current crisis in the profession. Real-life case studies can be used to discuss and highlight the challenges being faced by the profession with the help of colleagues from other departments. This component is essential for shaping the doctors as “ not merely a shopkeeper who sells what is needed (wanted?) by patients but a professional with a specific skill set .”[ 8 ] Knowledge of regulatory framework is essential in today's context. For us to be called professionals, it is important to conduct clinical audit and ensure that the results contribute to clinical excellence. The self-regulation is one of the defining elements of a profession. Only this can ensure that the public has confidence that the members of that profession are competent, trustworthy, and fit for work. The component of the health system is perhaps the focus of our current teaching. Again, this requires that we must move decisively from our traditional role as “ passively responding to sick individual, to become active guardians of the health of our populations .”[ 8 ] The third component is what converts medicine from “science” to a “social” discipline . We know that social and cultural factors influence the causation of disease, health seeking as well as outcomes of treatment. The medical professionals should, therefore, acquire competency to address them. To do so, we need to supplement the scientific content with social content in the curriculum and increase their synergy. Doctors must become an active change agent in the society in which they work and live.

This also requires changes in our approach to teaching the discipline. These are summarized as below:

Locating the community medicine teaching within the MBBS course

We should move from teaching community/social issues at the beginning of the course to health system issues and then to professional issues as students make progress. Community medicine requires a certain level of maturity for students to appreciate and understand the importance of social determinants and health system response to diseases. Providing a platform to practice clinical work at primary and secondary levels, giving hands-on experience in implementing national health programs and initiatives during internship is critical to our aim of shaping these students into an employable professional at community level or a practicing family physician.

Change in course content

This calls for strengthening the coverage of topics such as consumer protection act, clinical establishment acts, and professional ethics which are currently not adequately covered. Many of our lectures on diseases are repetitive (we repeat, microbiology/pathology/medicine/pediatrics) with very little value addition from our discipline. This must change, and the use of integrated lectures should be welcome. For example, while gynecology would teach about contraceptive methods, we should focus on ways and means to deliver these methods to the users and not repeat what has already been taught to them on these issues. The textbooks should also reflect this change.

Mode of teaching

This is our Achilles heel, and one of the major grouse of students is that we teach lot of theory and very little application. It is clear from the above list that most of our content is applied and not factual. Therefore, lectures are not the best way to teach them. We need to move toward problem-based learning, exercises, case studies, field visits (with clearly defined objectives) as our primary mode of teaching. Our “Bible” textbook of preventive and social medicine is overloaded with facts with relatively little focus on concepts or critical thinking or applied aspects. Family presentations need to be better structured and promote a multifactorial view of health.[ 9 ] These should be addressed in the textbooks that are likely to come out in the near future.

Mode of assessment

Our assessments include asking students about facts (definitions and guidelines) in multiple choice questions or viva voice or vague questions with long drawn answers in theory papers. Our assessments must be more objective and focused on community-based skills and test of critical thinking. A recent evaluation showed very poor performance of students in skills assessment (score from 3% to 13%).[ 10 ] The learning objectives listed above should form the core of the assessment. Methods of assessment systems can be improved by implementing techniques to assess psychomotor skills, presentation and communication skills, organizational skills, and the student's ability to work in a team.[ 11 ]

A revision of the content and modes of teaching of community medicine in the country is proposed. This needs more discussion and debate before we move toward a consensus. The time has come for us to do a collective review as our country is undergoing a major sociocultural-demographic transition. A, long overdue, revision in the medical curriculum, is just around the corner and time is ripe to put our best foot forward.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This article has benefited immensely from my discussion on earlier versions of this article with my teachers – Dr. L. M. Nath, Dr. S. K. Kapoor and Dr. Jenifer Lobo and colleagues in the department. These interactions have shaped my thoughts on this discipline over the years along with my exposure at Ballabgarh. It does not, however, necessarily reflect their opinion on this topic.

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Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2021 2021.

“The Impact of Self-Stigma of Seeking Help and Perceived Social Support on Burnout among Clinical Psychologists” , Aavrita A

The impact of self-stigma of seeking help &percieved social support on burnout among clinical psychologists. , Aavrita .

Immediate Effects of Novel Hand Rehabilitation Board on Fine Motor Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy. , Romita Fernandes. Abraham

"COMPARISON OF THREE SCORING CRITERIA TO ASSESS RECOVERY FROM GENERAL ANAESTHESIA IN THE POST-ANAESTHESIA CARE UNIT- A LONGITUDINAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY " , Shagun Aggarwal

Comparative predictive validity of Alberta Infant Motor Scale and Infant Neurological International Battery in Low Birth Weight Infants- A Prospective Longitudinal Study. , Polisetti Siva Sai Anand

Antagonistic Asynchrony in Muscle Recruitment Pattern of Forward Reach Movement In Children With Cerebral Palsy. , Sanya Anklesaria

Muscle fatigue response of rotator cuff muscles in sitting and standing postures , Lisanne Aranha

Effectiveness of static weight bearing versus modified constraint induced movement therapy on improving hand function in hemiplegic cerebral palsy- A Randomized Clinical Trial. , Ruth Bavighar

How informed are our patients about generic medicines? – A study from coastal South India , Darshan BB

Morphological variants of the human spleen, a cadaveric study , Murlimanju BV

Association between cervical breast cancer and Diabtetes mellitus among women seeking health care in tertiary hospitals od south India: A cross sectional study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee

Carcinoma Breast in among Women with Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Control Study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee

Perception of Empathy among medical students: A cross sectional study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee

CLINICOMYCOLOGICAL PROFILE OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA , Adyashree Dalai

Study of outcome of Ponseti technique of management for idiopathic clubfoot in a tertiary center in south India , Lulu Damsas

Comparative study of emotional labour &burnout on life satisfaction among school teachers across different educational settings , Meghana Dharampalan

“Comparative Study of Emotional Labor and Burnout on Life Satisfaction Among School Teachers Across Different Educational Settings” , Meghana V. Dharmapalan

“Relationship Between Sexual Fantasy, Sexual Communication, Personality Traits and Sexual Satisfaction in Married Individuals” , Rhea Dhir

Comparing the efficacy of USG guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block with or without intercostobrachial nerve block for forearm surgeries – an observational study , DIKSHA D’MELLO

Does Quality of Sitting influence Functional Mobility in Cerebral Palsy? A cross-sectional study , Kaiorisa N. Doctor

Factors effecting gait velocity in osteoarthritis knee-An observational study. , Lisha Gretal D’silva

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Pulmonary Function, Functional Capacity, Quality Of Life And Length Of Stay in individuals undergoing Cardiac Surgery , Fiona Verdine Dsouza

Relationship of Academic Resilience with Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Social Support; Among Civil Service Aspirants , Neha Eldho

EFFICACY, FEASIBILITY, AND SAFETY OF PERCUTANEOUS IMAGE-GUIDED CATHETER DRAINAGE OF THORACIC, ABDOMINAL, AND PELVIC FLUID COLLECTION , Aishwarya Gadwal

Comparison of efficacy of two different bolus doses of norepinephrine as prophylac-tic to prevent post-spinal hypotension during elective caesarean section , PRANATHI GARAPATI

Trends in Frailty and its Associated factors in Community Dwelling Elderly Indian Population during COVID-19 Pandemic- A Prospective Analytical Study , Karan Gautam

Speech Sound acquisition in some south Indian Dravidian languages: A systematic review , Jesica George

Comparison of Femoral nerve block with Dexmedetomidine and Adductor canal block with Dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia for Total Knee Arthroplasty . , NEHA GEORGE

Assessment Of Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Patients With Osteoarthritis Knee , Sagar Goel

Effectiveness of Intermittent Cervical Traction with and without Neural Mobilization in Discogenic Cervical Radiculopathy , Aditi Goyal

Study of maternal and cord blood vitamin B12 levels with anthropometry in term neonates born to normal and malnourished mothers: a hospital based cross sectional study , Sugapradha a. GR

Development of a Questionnaire to Determine the Intervention and Service Delivery Practices of Speech-Language Pathologists for Children with Speech Sound Disorders in India , Shaily Gupta

Relationship between Physical Activity, Objective Sleep Parameters and Circadian Rhythm in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer receiving Chemoradiotherapy- A Longitudinal Study , Rachita Gururaj

“Emotional Contagion, Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies Among Nurses” , Saumya Hariharan

Assessment of knowledge and belief about stuttering among undergraduate medical students , Anushree Harihar

Association of serum lipid levels and other systemic risk factors with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy patients. , Harshita Mukesh Hiran

Assessment of risk of Diabetes Mellitus by using Indian Diabetes Risk Score among Housekeeping staff , Ramesh Holla

“Emotional Intelligence, Self-compassion, and Life-Satisfaction In Clinical Psychologists” , Vania Jacob

UPPER-CROSSED SYNDROME AND DISABILITY IN SHOULDER ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS. , Aishwarya Jaideep

Study to assess the role of doppler ultrasound in evaluation of arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula and the complications of hemodialysis access , Ishank Jain

Relationship between burnout compassion fatigue, work environment & mindfulness in medical residents , Pranay Javeri

“Relationship Between Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, Work Environment and Mindfulness in Medical Residents” , Pranay Harichandra Javeri

“Dating Anxiety in Emerging Adults” , Jisha V. Jayaprakash

“Relationship Between Tolerance for Disagreement and Mindfulness in Married Males and Married Females” , Jahnavi Jha

Antibiotic usage and susceptibility patterns in Uncomplicated UTI in a Tertiary Hospital in South India , Christy John

Association of bed rise difficulty scale with trunk impairment and functional scales among stroke patients , Leena G. John

Is there a correlation between Pediatric Berg Balance Scale and Centre of Pressure Excursion measured through Dual Axis Static Force Plate™ to assess Balance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy and Typically Developing? , Niharika Joshi

Comparison of Sensory Processing Responses in Cerebral Palsy Subtypes and Typically Developing Children (7-36 months): A Cross Sectional Study. , Archana Antony K

‘A study on the Role of Learned Helplessness, Selfefficacy and Perceived Social Support in Determining Resilience in Parents of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders’ , Benaisha Khurshed Katrak

A study of correlation of maternal serum zinc levels with breast milk and cord blood of late preterm neonates , Rashmi Katti

Correlation of histopathology and direct immunofluorescence findings in clinically diagnosed prurigo nodularis , Haritha K

Difference in proximal femur loading due to muscle activity during partial weight bearing and NWB standing- A cross-sectional study. , Smital Kshirsagar

Effect of Sesamol on neurobiochemical changes in diet induced (DIO) obesity model of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) , Rashmii K.S.

Importance of integration of medical ethics with undergraduate medical curriculum- Instructors and student’s perspectives. , Rashmii K.S.

Long-term potentiation (LTP): A simple yet powerful cellular process in learning and memory , Rashmii K.S.

Parkinson's Disease Overview: Alternative Potential Curcumin Treatment, Current Treatment and Prevalence Among Ethnic Groups , Rashmii K.S.

Smart brain of India vs. tricky drugs , Rashmii K.S.

The Role of Professionalism and Ethics Training: Instructor’s and Student’s perspectives in a medical College , Rashmii K.S.

Violence Against Doctors: A Qualitative Study On This Rising Predicament , Rashmii K.S.

Morphometric study of the gracilis muscle and its pedicles , Chettiar Ganesh Kumar

Comparative study of bed side tests to assess difficult airway in paediatric patients , S.Abinandha Kumar

Euphorbia thymifolia (Linn.)- A review on ethno pharmacological properties , Vasavi Kumblekar

COMPARISON OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE TOWARDS THE USE OF SUNSCREEN IN DAILY LIFE BETWEEN FIRST -AND THIRD -YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS , Aarushi Lall

‘Feminist Identity, Socio-cultural Attitude Towards Appearance, and Body Images issues in Emerging Adult Women’ , Sheena Lonappan

A novel approach to quantify the Dynamic Windlass Mechanism , Ishita Mahajan

METFORMIN VERSUS INSULIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES , Varikuti Manogna

Cognitive abilities among employed and unemployed middle-aged women – a systematic review , Aswini M

‘Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction and Psychological Well-being Among Nurses’ , Chetna M

RELATIONSHIP OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN(CAD)-BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR FACIAL DYSFUNCTION WITH FACIAL GRADING SYSTEMS FOR BELL’S PALSY: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY , Ankita Mehendale

“Effect of Sensation Seeking and Anxious Traits on Suicidal Ideation Among Adults by Birth Order” , Haripriya G. M

Clinical & radiological assessment of intertrochanteric fractures treated with PFN A2 , Harish M

Effect of a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme on respiratory function, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , Vaibhavi Mhatre

Profiling Communication Characteristics of Individuals with Acquired Neuro-communication Disorder in a Tertiary Care Setup , Nikita Subudhi M

Relationship between weight bearing symmetry, trunk control and fear of fall amongst subjects with stroke: A cross sectional study , VIVIAN NEHAL MONIS

Lower extremity muscle recruitment pattern during sit to stand transfer in children with cerebral palsy as compared to typically developing children- a cross sectional study. , Kiran P. Nadgauda

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Indian classical singers towards vocal healthcare , Raveena Muralidharan Nair

"Perspectives of Indian Speech Language Pathologists on Adolescent Language Assessment" , Rohana Muralidharan Nair

Effect Of Yoga On Perceived Stress And Pulmonary Function In High Stressed Postmenopausal Women , Vinodini NA

Refractory errors, blood groups & diabetes mellitus: A corrleative study in south Indian population , Vinodini NA

Comparison of Functional outcomes for displaced extra-articular distal radius fractures managed by Conservative versus Operative methods: A Prospective cohort study , Muhammed Ehsan Nazeer

COMPARATIVE STUDYOF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VAPOCOOLANT SPRAY VERSUS EMLA®® CREAM IN REDUCING PAIN DURING INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION IN ADULT POPULATION , Sisla Nazer P

Assessment of attitude among public towards stuttering in a coastal city of Southern Karnataka , Prithvi N

"Severity assessment of acute pancreatitis using ct severity index and modified ct severity index: association with clinical outcomes and ranson’s criteria. " , GEETANJALI PARMAR

“The Effect of Culture Shock on Adjustment and Psychological Wellbeing Among College Going Students” , Akanksha Patra

‘Effect of Religiosity on Attitude Towards Euthanasia in Medical Students’ , Sumedha Pawar

Development Of A Questionnaire To Determine The Clinical Assessment Practices Of Speech-Language Pathologists For Children With Speech Sound Disorders In India , Prasila Elsa Philip

Correlation of oxidised LDL with oxidant and antioxidant enzymes in subjects with elevated LDL levels , Pooja p

Association of emotional intelligence of primigravida mothers with breastfeeding self efficacy in the early postpartum period and exclusive breastfeeding rates up to 6 months. , Priyanka Reddy p

Morphometric study of the Sartorius muscle and its vascular pedicles , M.D. Prameela

Comparison of the analgesic duration using ultrasound guided popliteal sciatic nerve block between diabetics with neuropathy and non-diabetics without neuropathy , GANESH PRASAD

Early follicular and Mid-luteal phase associated changes in Lower extremity Muscle strength , length and Agility in amateur female athletes – a Prospective Analytical study , Vishnu Priya

Assessment of mobile device based educational intervention on breastfeeding technique in multigravida mothers and its effect on early infant feeding pattern- A randomized controlled trial. , Keerthi Raj

THERMAL ULTRASOUND, MANIPULATION AND EXERCISE ON PAIN AND MOUTH OPENING IN CHRONIC TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDER: A CASE REPORT , Suchita S. Rao

Correlation of Histopathology and Direct Immunofluorescence: Findings in clinically diagnosed Prurigo nodularis in a Tertiary care hospital , Haritha Reddy

EFFECT OF POSITIONING ON THE PAIN RESPONSE OF INFANTS VACCINATED WITH IPV AND PENTAVALENT (dtwp-HEPATITIS B-HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B) VACCINES , Sontosh Reddy

Assessment of the acceptable length of Right internal jugular central venous catheters. , Nivedhitha R

PRELEVANCE OF WORK RELATED DERMATOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN COVID-19 ERA , Rana R

COMPARISON OF TWO ROUTINE FACIAL EXERCISE PROTCOLS FOR BELL’S PALSY- A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL , Stephanie Santiago

Profiling selected speech characteristics in individuals with Chronic Cough , Nawal Palakkal Sathar

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Preventive And Social Medicine

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PSM Thesis Topics for MD/DNB

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Below is the list of 100 free thesis topics for MD/DNB Preventive and social medicine . You can select any good Preventive and social medicine  thesis topics for MD/DNB from here. For more thesis topics you can avail the service of premium thesis topics. The premium thesis topics include list of 2000+ Preventive and social medicine  thesis topics as well as recent topics which has been published in various national and international Preventive and social medicine  journals. 

• A study of complementary feeding practices amongst mothers of children aged six months to two years attending an immunisation clinic.
• A study of factors associated with health seeking behavior of elderly in rural community
• Knowledge,attitude,practice and toxicity symptoms asssociated with pesticide use among farm workers in a rural area.
• A community based study of prevalence of selected risk factors of osteoporosis in adult male population in an organized sector. Study of quality of life in hiv/aids patients in a tertiary care center.
• Knowledge and practices regarding injection procedures among injection providers in a tertiary care hospital.
• A comparative study of prevalence of hypertension,and its association with bmi and waist circumference,among adolescent school children in urban and rural area.
• A study of family planning practices in an urban slum.
• A cross sectional study of susceptibility to rubella among college students.
• A study of morbidity profile of middle,secondary and higher secondary school children in an urban area.
• A study of newborn care practices in the filed practice area of urban health center, sulthan palya.
• Socio-demograhic and reproductive variables in relation to female reproductive tract malignancies: hospital based case-control study.
• Clinico -epidemiological profile and risk factors of hypertension among the bank employees in western maharastra-a cross sectional study.
• An epidemiological study of overweight and obesity and its risk factors among adults in an adopted urban slum area.
• To study the prevalence and risk factors of obesity in bank employees in the city.
• Quality of life,stress and depression in geriatric population residing in field practice area of urban health training centre-a cross sectional study.
• Study of anaemia in adolescent girls and its co-relation with dietary intake.
• Assesment of effect of early childhood development interventions on child feeding practices including responsive feeding and nutrition status of 6 to 23 months old children.
• Awareness and health care seeking behaviour for newborn danger signs among mothers in rural area.
• Process evaluation of implementation of rashtriya bal swasthya karyakram in a District in central india.
• Status and effectiveness of implementation of weekly iron and folic acid supplementation Scheme in schools.
• Assessment of effect of a school-based behavior modification strategy on improvement in physical activity among school children.
• Prevalence of primary infertility among reproductive age group women.
• Menstrual morbidities in adolescent girls and their health seeking behavior in rural area.
• A study of health profile of juveniles placed in remand home.
• Cross sectional study of patients attending diabetic clinic in a tertiary care hospital.
• Epidemiological study of ischemic heart disease in patients admitted in intensive care unit in the tertiary care hospital.
• Study of contraceptive use and unmet need for contraception in married women of reproductive age group in urban slum area.
• Study of some epidemiological determinants of road traffic accidents.
• A study of morbidity associated with biomass fuel combustion among women in rural field practice area of a medical college.
• Profile of multimorbidity and associated socio-demographic factors:a hospital based study.
• A cross sectional study of health profile of bus drivers with special focus on mental health.
• Evaluation of the quality of pulmonary tuberculosis management among private practitioners in an urban area with special reference to rntcp guidelines/dots Strategy.
• A study to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in tuberculosis patients registered for treatment under rntcp.
• Study of health profile of hiv positive
• Orphans in selected orphanages and challenges faced by their caregivers.
• Assessment of knowledge and practices regarding menstruation in school going Adolescent girls who attained menarche.
• Prevalence of sharps injuries among health care workers and assessment of their knowledge,attitude and practice regarding post-exposure prophylaxis for hiv in a tertiary care hospital.
• Morbidity pattern among geriatric population in field practice area of urban health centre.
• Prevalence of high risk pregnancy and its outcome in rural area.
• Health status of bank employees with special reference to musculoskeletal disorders.
• Risk factors for oral cancer : a case control study.
• Prevalence and determinants of caesarean section in an urban slum.
• To study to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and it’s associated risk factors in class iv employess of tertiary care hospital and their family members residing in the hospital campus.
• Assessment of vitamin d status among the geriatric population in a tertiary care hospital of a metropolitan city.
• Prevalence of anemia morbidity school absenteeism and examination performance among lower primary school children.
• Coronary heart disease at the tertiary care hospital – a 5 years retrospective analysis.
• Assessment of the functionality status of the health facilities,according to the iphs guidelines.
• An epidemiological study of health hazards in sawmill workers.
• Study of prevalence & risk factors of metabolic syndrome in teaching staff of Engineering college.
• An epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases admitted in tertiary care Hospital from central india.
• Immunization coverage and its associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in rural area of a district.
• Evaluation of janani suraksha yojana in rural area of a district.
• Nutritional status of adolescent girls in rural area of a district.
• Study of factors associated with delay in diagnosis and treatment initiation in pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Cross sectional study of health status of geriatric population in urban and rural field practice area under community medicine department.
• Monitoring and surveillance of hypertension control in urban slum through community ownership programme.
• An epidemiological study of acute malnutrition in children six months to five years of age in an urban slum.
• Study of health care seeking behaviour and reasons for patient and health system delay in diagnosis of tuberculosis patients
• A cross sectional study to assess the antenatal utilization and factors affecting them in a tribal area.
• A cross-sectional review of issues and challenges in immunization services of under-five children amongst brick-kiln workers settlements.
• A cross-sectional epidemiological study of assessment of health needs and awareness regarding reproductive health in adolescent girls in rural area.
• An epidemiological study of health needs assessment and health seeking behavior Among geriatric population of and urban slum in a metro city
• A cross sectional epidemiological study of morbidity profile and assessment of health needs among workers of municipal water treatment plant.
• Clinical evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of indirab and verorab using simulated updated thai red cross regimen in healthy volunteers phase iii randomized controlled trial.
• A study of health problems lifestyle and behaviour of college youths in an urban area.
• Occupational health and safety measures among the health care workers in ancillary departments of a private tertiary care hospital.
• An epidemiological study of morbidity profile and health seeking behavior amongst brick workers in a rural field area of tertiary care hospital.
• A cross sectional epidemiological study of morbidity pattern and factors influencing mental health status with special focus on depression in geriatric population in field practice area of unban an health centre.
• A cross-sectional study to determine occupational determinants influencing health status & morbidity profile of traffic police in a metropolitan city.
• An epidemiological study to evaluate determinants influencing health status amongst married working women in the administrative departments of a medical college and a tertiary care hospital attached to it.
• An epidemiological mapping of growth and development in children below 3 years of age in a rural area.
• A cross-sectional study to evaluate the epidemiological determinants influencing the health status of meat handlers in the field practice area of an urban health centre in a metropolitan city.
• A study of knowledge attitudes and practices of private general practitioners in davangere city regarding tuberculosis and its control.
• Study of profile of the burns cases admitted to the a tertiary care hospital.
• Study of acute respiratory infections among pre-school children in rural field practice area.
• A prospective study to know the type of tuberculosis treatment outcome and reason for default among pediatric tuberculosis cases.
• Study of gaps between precepts and practices of preventive measures and pre hospital care among injury cases.
• A study to assess the outcome with particular reference to institutional deliveries after interventions under janani suraksh yojana in a primary health center area.
• Prevalence of bronchial asthma in adult population in rural field practice area.
• Knowledge attitude and practice of first aid in rural women
• To determine measles vaccination coverage and the socio-cultural factors associated with partial immunization among children of aged between 9-24 months in the urban slums.
• Nutritional status of adolescent girls residing in an urban slum of bagalkot city – a cross sectional study.
• A study on risk factors of type-2 diabetes mellitus – a case control study.
• Acute respiratory infections in under five children in urban slums.
• To estimate the proportion of substance use and socio-demographic factors among street children.
• Epidemiological determinants among the suspects of multidrug resistance tuberculosis.
• Occupational safety and health risks in selected estates of a tea planting company.
• A comparative study of prevelence and needs of persons with disability in selected rural areas.
• Health scenario and service utilization in urban slums of Surat city: Perspectives among young girls.
• Assessment of the Factors Related to the Development of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Category IV Eligible Patients.
• A study on life style risk factors on prevalence of hypertension among college going students.
• Situational analysis of NICU of tertiary health care, public health sector of western India.
• Diagnosis, Compliance & Treatment Outcome Among Public & Private Sector- A Retrospective Cohort Study.
• Undernutrition Among Three to Five Years Old Children Attending Anganwadi Centers in a City.
• Study of health profile and lifestyle disorder pattern among medical students.
• A Study Of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Of Universal Precautions and Post Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Among Resident doctors.
• An interventional study regarding reproductive health among adolescent girls in the rural field practice area.
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There are many methods of sample size determination. It is one of the first hurdle when someone starts writing a thesis. I have tried to give simplest way of determination of sample size. You need to show the method to your PG teacher before you include this method in your thesis. First confirm from your PG teacher and then only proceed.

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The Crackdown on Student Protesters

Columbia university is at the center of a growing showdown over the war in gaza and the limits of free speech..

This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email [email protected] with any questions.

[TRAIN SCREECHING]

Well, you can hear the helicopter circling. This is Asthaa Chaturvedi. I’m a producer with “The Daily.” Just walked out of the 116 Street Station. It’s the main station for Columbia’s Morningside Heights campus. And it’s day seven of the Gaza solidarity encampment, where a hundred students were arrested last Thursday.

So on one side of Broadway, you see camera crews. You see NYPD officers all lined up. There’s barricades, steel barricades, caution tape. This is normally a completely open campus. And I’m able to — all members of the public, you’re able to walk through.

[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]

Looks like international media is here.

Have your IDs out. Have your IDs out.

Students lining up to swipe in to get access to the University. ID required for entry.

Swipe your ID, please.

Hi, how are you, officer? We’re journalists with “The New York Times.”

You’re not going to get in, all right? I’m sorry.

Hi. Can I help please?

Yeah, it’s total lockdown here at Columbia.

Please have your IDs out ready to swipe.

From “The New York Times,” I’m Michael Barbaro. This is “The Daily.” Today, the story of how Columbia University has become the epicenter of a growing showdown between student protesters, college administrators, and Congress over the war in Gaza and the limits of free speech. I spoke with my colleague, Nick Fandos.

[UPBEAT MUSIC]

It’s Thursday, April 25.

Nick, if we rewind the clock a few months, we end up at a moment where students at several of the country’s best known universities are protesting Israel’s response to the October 7 attacks, its approach to a war in Gaza. At times, those protests are happening peacefully, at times with rhetoric that is inflammatory. And the result is that the leaders of those universities land before Congress. But the president of Columbia University, which is the subject we’re going to be talking about today, is not one of the leaders who shows up for that testimony.

That’s right. So the House Education Committee has been watching all these protests on campus. And the Republican Chairwoman decides, I’m going to open an investigation, look at how these administrations are handling it, because it doesn’t look good from where I sit. And the House last winter invites the leaders of several of these elite schools, Harvard, Penn, MIT, and Columbia, to come and testify in Washington on Capitol Hill before Congress.

Now, the President of Columbia has what turns out to be a very well-timed, pre-planned trip to go overseas and speak at an international climate conference. So Minouche Shafik isn’t going to be there. So instead, the presidents of Harvard, and Penn, and MIT show up. And it turned out to be a disaster for these universities.

They were asked very pointed questions about the kind of speech taking place on their campuses, and they gave really convoluted academic answers back that just baffled the committee. But there was one question that really embodied the kind of disconnect between the Committee — And it wasn’t just Republicans, Republicans and Democrats on the Committee — and these college presidents. And that’s when they were asked a hypothetical.

Does calling for the genocide of Jews violate Penn’s rules or code of conduct? Yes or no?

If the speech turns into conduct, it can be harassment.

And two of the presidents, Claudine Gay of Harvard and Elizabeth Magill of the University of Pennsylvania, they’re unwilling to say in this really kind of intense back and forth that this speech would constitute a violation of their rules.

It can be, depending on the context.

What’s the context?

Targeted at an individual. Is it pervasive?

It’s targeted at Jewish students, Jewish individuals. Do you understand your testimony is dehumanizing them?

And it sets off a firestorm.

It does not depend on the context. The answer is yes. And this is why you should resign. These are unacceptable answers across the board.

Members of Congress start calling for their resignations. Alumni are really, really ticked off. Trustees of the University start to wonder, I don’t know that these leaders really have got this under control. And eventually, both of them lose their jobs in a really high profile way.

Right. And as you’ve hinted at, for somewhat peculiar scheduling reasons, Columbia’s President escapes this disaster of a hearing in what has to be regarded as the best timing in the history of the American Academy.

Yeah, exactly. And Columbia is watching all this play out. And I think their first response was relief that she was not in that chair, but also a recognition that, sooner or later, their turn was going to come back around and they were going to have to sit before Congress.

Why were they so certain that they would probably end up before Congress and that this wasn’t a case of completely dodging a bullet?

Well, they remain under investigation by the committee. But also, as the winter wears on, all the same intense protests just continue unabated. So in many ways, Columbia’s like these other campuses. But in some ways, it’s even more intense. This is a university that has both one of the largest Jewish student populations of any of its peers. But it also has a large Arab and Muslim student population, a big Middle Eastern studies program. It has a dual degree program in Tel Aviv.

And it’s a university on top of all that that has a real history of activism dating back to the 1960s. So when students are recruited or choose to come to Columbia, they’re actively opting into a campus that prides itself on being an activist community. It’s in the middle of New York City. It’s a global place. They consider the city and the world, really, like a classroom to Columbia.

In other words, if any campus was going to be a hotbed of protest and debate over this conflict, it was going to be Columbia University.

Exactly. And when this spring rolls around, the stars finally align. And the same congressional committee issues another invitation to Minouche Shafik, Columbia’s President, to come and testify. And this time, she has no excuse to say no.

But presumably, she is well aware of exactly what testifying before this committee entails and is highly prepared.

Columbia knew this moment was coming. They spent months preparing for this hearing. They brought in outside consultants, crisis communicators, experts on anti-Semitism. The weekend before the hearing, she actually travels down to Washington to hole up in a war room, where she starts preparing her testimony with mock questioners and testy exchanges to prep her for this. And she’s very clear on what she wants to try to do.

Where her counterparts had gone before the committee a few months before and looked aloof, she wanted to project humility and competence, to say, I know that there’s an issue on my campus right now with some of these protests veering off into anti-Semitic incidents. But I’m getting that under control. I’m taking steps in good faith to make sure that we restore order to this campus, while allowing people to express themselves freely as well.

So then the day of her actual testimony arrives. And just walk us through how it goes.

The Committee on Education and Workforce will come to order. I note that —

So Wednesday morning rolls around. And President Shafik sits at the witness stand with two of her trustees and the head of Columbia’s new anti-Semitism task force.

Columbia stands guilty of gross negligence at best and at worst has become a platform for those supporting terrorism and violence against the Jewish people.

And right off the bat, they’re put through a pretty humbling litany of some of the worst hits of what’s been happening on campus.

For example, just four days after the harrowing October 7 attack, a former Columbia undergraduate beat an Israeli student with a stick.

The Republican Chairwoman of the Committee, Virginia Foxx, starts reminding her that there was a student who was actually hit with a stick on campus. There was another gathering more recently glorifying Hamas and other terrorist organizations, and the kind of chants that have become an everyday chorus on campus, which many Jewish students see as threatening. But when the questioning starts, President Shafik is ready. One of the first ones she gets is the one that tripped up her colleagues.

Does calling for the genocide of Jews violate Columbia’s code of conduct, Mr. Greenwald?

And she answers unequivocally.

Dr. Shafik?

Yes, it does.

And, Professor —

That would be a violation of Columbia’s rules. They would be punished.

As President of Columbia, what is it like when you hear chants like, by any means necessary or Intifada Revolution?

I find those chants incredibly distressing. And I wish profoundly that people would not use them on our campus.

And in some of the most interesting exchanges of the hearing, President Shafik actually opens Columbia’s disciplinary books.

We have already suspended 15 students from Columbia. We have six on disciplinary probation. These are more disciplinary actions that have been taken probably in the last decade at Columbia. And —

She talks about the number of students that have been suspended, but also the number of faculty that she’s had removed from the classroom that are being investigated for comments that either violate some of Columbia’s rules or make students uncomfortable. One case in particular really underscores this.

And that’s of a Middle Eastern studies professor named Joseph Massad. He wrote an essay not long after Hamas invaded Israel and killed 1,200 people, according to the Israeli government, where he described that attack with adjectives like awesome. Now, he said they’ve been misinterpreted, but a lot of people have taken offense to those comments.

Ms. Stefanik, you’re recognized for five minutes.

Thank you, Chairwoman. I want to follow up on my colleague, Rep Walberg’s question regarding Professor Joseph Massad. So let me be clear, President —

And so Representative Elise Stefanik, the same Republican who had tripped up Claudine Gay of Harvard and others in the last hearing, really starts digging in to President Shafik about these things at Columbia.

He is still Chair on the website. So has he been terminated as Chair?

Congresswoman, I —

And Shafik’s answers are maybe a little surprising.

— before getting back to you. I can confirm —

I know you confirmed that he was under investigation.

Yes, I can confirm that. But I —

Did you confirm he was still the Chair?

He says that Columbia is taking his case seriously. In fact, he’s under investigation right now.

Well, let me ask you this.

I need to check.

Will you make the commitment to remove him as Chair?

And when Stefanik presses her to commit to removing him from a campus leadership position —

I think that would be — I think — I would — yes. Let me come back with yes. But I think I — I just want to confirm his current status before I write —

We’ll take that as a yes, that you will confirm that he will no longer be chair.

Shafik seems to pause and think and then agree to it on the spot, almost like she is making administrative decisions with or in front of Congress.

Now, we did some reporting after the fact. And it turns out the Professor didn’t even realize he was under investigation. So he’s learning about this from the hearing too. So what this all adds up to, I think, is a performance so in line with what the lawmakers themselves wanted to hear, that at certain points, these Republicans didn’t quite know what to do with it. They were like the dog that caught the car.

Columbia beats Harvard and UPenn.

One of them, a Republican from Florida, I think at one point even marvelled, well, you beat Harvard and Penn.

Y’all all have done something that they weren’t able to do. You’ve been able to condemn anti-Semitism without using the phrase, it depends on the context. But the —

So Columbia’s president has passed this test before this committee.

Yeah, this big moment that tripped up her predecessors and cost them their jobs, it seems like she has cleared that hurdle and dispatched with the Congressional committee that could have been one of the biggest threats to her presidency.

Without objection, there being no further business, the committee stands adjourned. [BANGS GAVEL]

But back on campus, some of the students and faculty who had been watching the hearing came away with a very different set of conclusions. They saw a president who was so eager to please Republicans in Congress that she was willing to sell out some of the University’s students and faculty and trample on cherished ideas like academic freedom and freedom of expression that have been a bedrock of American higher education for a really long time.

And there was no clearer embodiment of that than what had happened that morning just as President Shafik was going to testify before Congress. A group of students before dawn set up tents in the middle of Columbia’s campus and declared themselves a pro-Palestinian encampment in open defiance of the very rules that Dr. Shafik had put in place to try and get these protests under control.

So these students in real-time are beginning to test some of the things that Columbia’s president has just said before Congress.

Exactly. And so instead of going to celebrate her successful appearance before Congress, Shafik walks out of the hearing room and gets in a black SUV to go right back to that war room, where she’s immediately confronted with a major dilemma. It basically boils down to this, she had just gone before Congress and told them, I’m going to get tough on these protests. And here they were. So either she gets tough and risks inflaming tension on campus or she holds back and does nothing and her words before Congress immediately look hollow.

And what does she decide?

So for the next 24 hours, she tries to negotiate off ramps. She consults with her Deans and the New York Police Department. And it all builds towards an incredibly consequential decision. And that is, for the first time in decades, to call the New York City Police Department onto campus in riot gear and break this thing up, suspend the students involved, and then arrest them.

To essentially eliminate this encampment.

Eliminate the encampment and send a message, this is not going to be tolerated. But in trying to quell the unrest, Shafik actually feeds it. She ends up leaving student protesters and the faculty who support them feeling betrayed and pushes a campus that was already on edge into a full blown crisis.

[SLOW TEMPO MUSIC]

After the break, what all of this has looked like to a student on Columbia’s campus. We’ll be right back.

[PHONE RINGS]

Is this Isabella?

Yes, this is she.

Hi, Isabella. It’s Michael Barbaro from “The Daily.”

Hi. Nice to meet you.

Earlier this week, we called Isabella Ramírez, the Editor in Chief of Columbia’s undergraduate newspaper, “The Columbia Daily Spectator,” which has been closely tracking both the protests and the University’s response to them since October 7.

So, I mean, in your mind, how do we get to this point? I wonder if you can just briefly describe the key moments that bring us to where we are right now.

Sure. Since October 7, there has certainly been constant escalation in terms of tension on campus. And there have been a variety of moves that I believe have distanced the student body, the faculty, from the University and its administration, specifically the suspension of Columbia’s chapters of Students for Justice in Palestine and Jewish Voice for Peace. And that became a huge moment in what was characterized as suppression of pro-Palestinian activism on campus, effectively rendering those groups, quote, unquote, unauthorized.

What was the college’s explanation for that?

They had cited in that suspension a policy which states that a demonstration must be approved within a certain window, and that there must be an advance notice, and that there’s a process for getting an authorized demonstration. But the primary point was this policy that they were referring to, which we later reported, was changed before the suspension.

So it felt a little ad hoc to people?

Yes, it certainly came as a surprise, especially at “Spectator.” We’re nerds of the University in the sense that we are familiar with faculty and University governance. But even to us, we had no idea where this policy was coming from. And this suspension was really the first time that it entered most students’ sphere.

Columbia’s campus is so known for its activism. And so in my time of being a reporter, of being an editor, I’ve overseen several protests. And I’ve never seen Columbia penalize a group for, quote, unquote, not authorizing a protest. So that was certainly, in our minds, unprecedented.

And I believe part of the justification there was, well, this is a different time. And I think that is a reasonable thing to say. But I think a lot of students, they felt it was particularly one-sided, that it was targeting a specific type of speech or a specific type of viewpoint. Although, the University, of course, in its explicit policies, did not outline, and was actually very explicit about not targeting specific viewpoints —

So just to be super clear, it felt to students — and it sounds like, journalistically, it felt to you — that the University was coming down in a uniquely one-sided way against students who were supporting Palestinian rights and may have expressed some frustrations with Israel in that moment.

Yes. Certainly —

Isabella says that this was just the beginning of a really tense period between student protesters and the University. After those two student groups were suspended, campus protests continued. Students made a variety of demands. They asked that the University divest from businesses that profit from Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But instead of making any progress, the protests are met with further crackdown by the University.

And so as Isabella and her colleagues at the college newspaper see it, there’s this overall chilling effect that occurs. Some students become fearful that if they participate in any demonstrations, they’re going to face disciplinary action. So fast forward now to April, when these student protesters learned that President Shafik is headed to Washington for her congressional testimony. It’s at this moment that they set out to build their encampment.

I think there was obviously a lot of intention in timing those two things. I think it’s inherently a critique on a political pressure and this congressional pressure that we saw build up against, of course, Claudine Gay at Harvard and Magill at UPenn. So I think a lot of students and faculty have been frustrated at this idea that there are not only powers at the University that are dictating what’s happening, but there are perhaps external powers that are also guiding the way here in terms of what the University feels like it must do or has to do.

And I think that timing was super crucial. Having the encampment happen on the Wednesday morning of the hearing was an incredible, in some senses, interesting strategy to direct eyes to different places.

All eyes were going to be on Shafik in DC. But now a lot of eyes are on New York. The encampment is set up in the middle of the night slash morning, prior to the hearing. And so what effectively happens is they caught Shafik when she wasn’t on campus, when a lot of senior administration had their resources dedicated to supporting Shafik in DC.

And you have all of those people not necessarily out of commission, but with their focus elsewhere. So the encampment is met with very little resistance at the beginning. There were public safety officers floating around and watching. But at the very beginning hours, I think there was a sense of, we did it.

[CHANTING]: Disclose! Divest! We will not stop! We will not rest. Disclose! Divest! We will not stop!

It would be quite surprising to anybody and an administrator to now suddenly see dozens of tents on this lawn in a way that I think very purposely puts an imagery of, we’re here to stay. As the morning evolved and congressional hearings continued —

Minouche Shafik, open your eyes! Use of force, genocide!

Then we started seeing University delegates that were coming to the encampment saying, you may face disciplinary action for continuing to be here. I think that started around almost — like 9:00 or 10:00 AM, they started handing out these code of conduct violation notices.

Hell no! Hell no! Hell no!

Then there started to be more public safety action and presence. So they started barricading the entrances. The day progressed, there was more threat of discipline. The students became informed that if they continue to stay, they will face potential academic sanctions, potential suspension.

The more they try to silence us, the louder we will be! The more they —

I think a lot of people were like, OK, you’re threatening us with suspension. But so what?

This is about these systems that Minouche Shafik, that the Board of Trustees, that Columbia University is complicit in.

What are you going to do to try to get us out of here? And that was, obviously, promptly answered.

This is the New York State Police Department.

We will not stop!

You are attempting participate in an unauthorized encampment. You will be arrested and charged with trespassing.

My phone blew up, obviously, from the reporters, from the editors, of saying, oh my god, the NYPD is on our campus. And as soon as I saw that, I came out. And I saw a huge crowd of students and affiliates on campus watching the lawns. And as I circled around that crowd, I saw the last end of the New York Police Department pulling away protesters and clearing out the last of the encampment.

[CHANTING]: We love you! We will get justice for you! We see you! We love you! We will get justice for you! We see you! We love you! We will get justice for you! We see you! We love you! We will get justice for you!

It was something truly unimaginable, over 100 students slash other individuals are arrested from our campus, forcefully removed. And although they were suspended, there was a feeling of traumatic event that has just happened to these students, but also this sense of like, OK, the worst of the worst that could have happened to us just happened.

And for those students who maybe couldn’t go back to — into campus, now all of their peers, who were supporters or are in solidarity, are — in some sense, it’s further emboldened. They’re now not just sitting on the lawns for a pro-Palestinian cause, but also for the students, who have endured quite a lot.

So the crackdown, sought by the president and enforced by the NYPD, ends up, you’re saying, becoming a galvanizing force for a broader group of Columbia students than were originally drawn to the idea of ever showing up on the center of campus and protesting?

Yeah, I can certainly speak to the fact that I’ve seen my own peers, friends, or even acquaintances, who weren’t necessarily previously very involved in activism and organizing efforts, suddenly finding themselves involved.

Can I — I just have a question for you, which is all journalism, student journalism or not student journalism, is a first draft of history. And I wonder if we think of this as a historic moment for Columbia, how you imagine it’s going to be remembered.

Yeah, there is no doubt in my mind that this will be a historic moment for Colombia.

I think that this will be remembered as a moment in which the fractures were laid bare. Really, we got to see some of the disunity of the community in ways that I have never really seen it before. And what we’ll be looking to is, where do we go from here? How does Colombia repair? How do we heal from all of this? so That is the big question in terms of what will happen.

Nick, Isabella Ramírez just walked us through what this has all looked like from the perspective of a Columbia student. And from what she could tell, the crackdown ordered by President Shafik did not quell much of anything. It seemed, instead, to really intensify everything on campus. I’m curious what this has looked like for Shafik.

It’s not just the students who are upset. You have faculty, including professors, who are not necessarily sympathetic to the protesters’ view of the war, who are really outraged about what Shafik has done here. They feel that she’s crossed a boundary that hasn’t been crossed on Columbia’s campus in a really long time.

And so you start to hear things by the end of last week like censure, no confidence votes, questions from her own professors about whether or not she can stay in power. So this creates a whole new front for her. And on top of it all, as this is going on, the encampment itself starts to reform tent-by-tent —

— almost in the same place that it was. And Shafik decides that the most important thing she could do is to try and take the temperature down, which means letting the encampment stand. Or in other words, leaning in the other direction. This time, we’re going to let the protesters have their say for a little while longer.

The problem with that is that, over the weekend, a series of images start to emerge from on campus and just off of it of some really troubling anti-Semitic episodes. In one case, a guy holds up a poster in the middle of campus and points it towards a group of Jewish students who are counter protesting. And it says, I’m paraphrasing here, Hamas’ next targets.

I saw an image of that. What it seemed to evoke was the message that Hamas should murder those Jewish students. That’s the way the Jewish students interpreted it.

It’s a pretty straightforward and jarring statement. At the same time, just outside of Columbia’s closed gates —

Stop killing children!

— protestors are showing up from across New York City. It’s hard to tell who’s affiliated with Columbia, who’s not.

Go back to Poland! Go back to Poland!

There’s a video that goes viral of one of them shouting at Jewish students, go back to Poland, go back to Europe.

In other words, a clear message, you’re not welcome here.

Right. In fact, go back to the places where the Holocaust was committed.

Exactly. And this is not representative of the vast majority of the protesters in the encampment, who mostly had been peaceful. They would later hold a Seder, actually, with some of the pro-Palestinian Jewish protesters in their ranks. But those videos are reaching members of Congress, the very same Republicans that Shafik had testified in front of just a few days before. And now they’re looking and saying, you have lost control of your campus, you’ve turned back on your word to us, and you need to resign.

They call for her outright resignation over this.

That’s right. Republicans in New York and across the country began to call for her to step down from her position as president of Columbia.

So Shafik’s dilemma here is pretty extraordinary. She has set up this dynamic where pleasing these members of Congress would probably mean calling in the NYPD all over again to sweep out this encampment, which would mean further alienating and inflaming students and faculty, who are still very upset over the first crackdown. And now both ends of this spectrum, lawmakers in Washington, folks on the Columbia campus, are saying she can’t lead the University over this situation before she’s even made any fateful decision about what to do with this second encampment. Not a good situation.

No. She’s besieged on all sides. For a while, the only thing that she can come up with to offer is for classes to go hybrid for the remainder of the semester.

So students who aren’t feeling safe in this protest environment don’t necessarily have to go to class.

Right. And I think if we zoom out for a second, it’s worth bearing in mind that she tried to choose a different path here than her counterparts at Harvard or Penn. And after all of this, she’s kind of ended up in the exact same thicket, with people calling for her job with the White House, the Mayor of New York City, and others. These are Democrats. Maybe not calling on her to resign quite yet, but saying, I don’t know what’s going on your campus. This does not look good.

That reality, that taking a different tack that was supposed to be full of learnings and lessons from the stumbles of her peers, the fact that didn’t really work suggests that there’s something really intractable going on here. And I wonder how you’re thinking about this intractable situation that’s now arrived on these college campuses.

Well, I don’t think it’s just limited to college campuses. We have seen intense feelings about this conflict play out in Hollywood. We’ve seen them in our politics in all kinds of interesting ways.

In our media.

We’ve seen it in the media. But college campuses, at least in their most idealized form, are something special. They’re a place where students get to go for four years to think in big ways about moral questions, and political questions, and ideas that help shape the world they’re going to spend the rest of their lives in.

And so when you have a question that feels as urgent as this war does for a lot of people, I think it reverberates in an incredibly intense way on those campuses. And there’s something like — I don’t know if it’s quite a contradiction of terms, but there’s a collision of different values at stake. So universities thrive on the ability of students to follow their minds and their voices where they go, to maybe even experiment a little bit and find those things.

But there are also communities that rely on people being able to trust each other and being able to carry out their classes and their academic endeavors as a collective so they can learn from one another. So in this case, that’s all getting scrambled. Students who feel strongly about the Palestinian cause feel like the point is disruption, that something so big, and immediate, and urgent is happening that they need to get in the faces of their professors, and their administrators, and their fellow students.

Right. And set up an encampment in the middle of campus, no matter what the rules say.

Right. And from the administration’s perspective, they say, well, yeah, you can say that and you can think that. And that’s an important process. But maybe there’s some bad apples in your ranks. Or though you may have good intentions, you’re saying things that you don’t realize the implications of. And they’re making this environment unsafe for others. Or they’re grinding our classes to a halt and we’re not able to function as a University.

So the only way we’re going to be able to move forward is if you will respect our rules and we’ll respect your point of view. The problem is that’s just not happening. Something is not connecting with those two points of view. And as if that’s not hard enough, you then have Congress and the political system with its own agenda coming in and putting its thumb on a scale of an already very difficult situation.

Right. And at this very moment, what we know is that the forces that you just outlined have created a dilemma, an uncertainty of how to proceed, not just for President Shafik and the students and faculty at Columbia, but for a growing number of colleges and universities across the country. And by that, I mean, this thing that seemed to start at Columbia is literally spreading.

Absolutely. We’re talking on a Wednesday afternoon. And these encampments have now started cropping up at universities from coast-to-coast, at Harvard and Yale, but also at University of California, at the University of Texas, at smaller campuses in between. And at each of these institutions, there’s presidents and deans, just like President Shafik at Columbia, who are facing a really difficult set of choices. Do they call in the police? The University of Texas in Austin this afternoon, we saw protesters physically clashing with police.

Do they hold back, like at Harvard, where there were dramatic videos of students literally running into Harvard yard with tents. They were popping up in real-time. And so Columbia, really, I think, at the end of the day, may have kicked off some of this. But they are now in league with a whole bunch of other universities that are struggling with the same set of questions. And it’s a set of questions that they’ve had since this war broke out.

And now these schools only have a week or two left of classes. But we don’t know when these standoffs are going to end. We don’t know if students are going to leave campus for the summer. We don’t know if they’re going to come back in the fall and start protesting right away, or if this year is going to turn out to have been an aberration that was a response to a really awful, bloody war, or if we’re at the beginning of a bigger shift on college campuses that will long outlast this war in the Middle East.

Well, Nick, thank you very much. Thanks for having me, Michael.

We’ll be right back.

Here’s what else you need to know today. The United Nations is calling for an independent investigation into two mass graves found after Israeli forces withdrew from hospitals in Gaza. Officials in Gaza said that some of the bodies found in the graves were Palestinians who had been handcuffed or shot in the head and accused Israel of killing and burying them. In response, Israel said that its soldiers had exhumed bodies in one of the graves as part of an effort to locate Israeli hostages.

And on Wednesday, Hamas released a video of Hersh Goldberg-Polin, an Israeli-American dual citizen, whom Hamas has held hostage since October 7. It was the first time that he has been shown alive since his captivity began. His kidnapping was the subject of a “Daily” episode in October that featured his mother, Rachel. In response to Hamas’s video, Rachel issued a video of her own, in which she spoke directly to her son.

And, Hersh, if you can hear this, we heard your voice today for the first time in 201 days. And if you can hear us, I am telling you, we are telling you, we love you. Stay strong. Survive.

Today’s episode was produced by Sydney Harper, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Olivia Natt, Nina Feldman, and Summer Thomad, with help from Michael Simon Johnson. It was edited by Devon Taylor and Lisa Chow, contains research help by Susan Lee, original music by Marion Lozano and Dan Powell, and was engineered by Chris Wood. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. That’s it for “The Daily.” I’m Michael Barbaro. See you tomorrow.

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Hosted by Michael Barbaro

Featuring Nicholas Fandos

Produced by Sydney Harper ,  Asthaa Chaturvedi ,  Olivia Natt ,  Nina Feldman and Summer Thomad

With Michael Simon Johnson

Edited by Devon Taylor and Lisa Chow

Original music by Marion Lozano and Dan Powell

Engineered by Chris Wood

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Columbia University has become the epicenter of a growing showdown between student protesters, college administrators and Congress over the war in Gaza and the limits of free speech.

Nicholas Fandos, who covers New York politics and government for The Times, walks us through the intense week at the university. And Isabella Ramírez, the editor in chief of Columbia’s undergraduate newspaper, explains what it has all looked like to a student on campus.

On today’s episode

Nicholas Fandos , who covers New York politics and government for The New York Times

Isabella Ramírez , editor in chief of The Columbia Daily Spectator

Background reading

Inside the week that shook Columbia University .

The protests at the university continued after more than 100 arrests.

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We aim to make transcripts available the next workday after an episode’s publication. You can find them at the top of the page.

Research help by Susan Lee .

The Daily is made by Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Stella Tan, Alexandra Leigh Young, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Sydney Harper, Mike Benoist, Liz O. Baylen, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Rachelle Bonja, Diana Nguyen, Marion Lozano, Corey Schreppel, Rob Szypko, Elisheba Ittoop, Mooj Zadie, Patricia Willens, Rowan Niemisto, Jody Becker, Rikki Novetsky, John Ketchum, Nina Feldman, Will Reid, Carlos Prieto, Ben Calhoun, Susan Lee, Lexie Diao, Mary Wilson, Alex Stern, Dan Farrell, Sophia Lanman, Shannon Lin, Diane Wong, Devon Taylor, Alyssa Moxley, Summer Thomad, Olivia Natt, Daniel Ramirez and Brendan Klinkenberg.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Paula Szuchman, Lisa Tobin, Larissa Anderson, Julia Simon, Sofia Milan, Mahima Chablani, Elizabeth Davis-Moorer, Jeffrey Miranda, Renan Borelli, Maddy Masiello, Isabella Anderson and Nina Lassam.

Nicholas Fandos is a Times reporter covering New York politics and government. More about Nicholas Fandos

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