(1) What they like to do, (2) what kind of relationships they would like to have, both in their private life and their work life, (3) what kind of career they would like to have, and (4) lifestyle choices
2. Current and desired competencies and habits | (1) Qualities they admire in others, (2) competencies they have or would like to acquire, and (3) their own habits they like or dislike |
3. Present and future social life | (1) Relationship that energize and de-energize them, (2) kinds of friends and acquaintances that are good for them, (3) kinds of friends and acquaintances they would like to have in the future, and (4) what their ideal family life and broader social life would look like |
4. Possible future career (path) | (1) What is important in a job, (2) what is it they like to do, (3) what kind of colleagues do they want, and (4) whom do they want to meet through their work? |
5. Ideal versus less ideal future | Best possible self and future when there are no (self-imposed) constraints. Contrast this with “future if no changes are made” |
6. Goal attainment and “if-then” plans | (1) Formulating, strategizing, and prioritizing goals, (2) identifying and describing ways to overcome obstacles, and (3) monitoring progress toward goals |
7. Public commitment to goal | Photo with statement, which communicates their goals to the world; communicating goals to friends, co-workers |
Discovering Values and Passion
Discovering one’s passion has two sides: Doing what you “like” is often said to be important, but it seems that discovering what you find “important” is more helpful in igniting passion, as this is more values-based and will contribute to self-concordance ( Sheldon and Houser-Marko, 2001 ; Ryff and Singer, 2008 ). Recent research (e.g., Jachimowicz et al., 2017 ) has shown that it is important that people pursue a career that is in line with what they find to be “important,” rather than engaging in activities that they “like”; it found that those who engaged in activities that they liked (feelings-oriented mindset) exhibited less passion than those who engaged in activities that they thought were important (values-oriented mindset). Thus, while it is important that people discover what they feel passionate about, ideally this passion should also be aligned with values that they hold dear, such as collaboration, equality, and honesty ( Sheldon, 2002 ).
There is, however, also a difference between harmonious and obsessive passion (for a meta-analysis, see Vallerand et al., 2003 ; Curran et al., 2015 ). People with an obsessive work passion experience more conflict between work and other areas of life, and work is more related to their self-worth ( Vallerand et al., 2003 ). Harmonious passion was shown to be related to positive outcomes such as flow and enhanced performance, whereas obsessive passion was related more to negative outcomes, such as excessive rumination and decreased vitality ( Curran et al., 2015 ). Discovering a (harmonious) passion is not always easy.
In a life-crafting intervention, questions on this area could be similar to those listed in section 1 of Table 1 , involving also life style choices. In particular, choosing a lifestyle that involves physical activity seems to be a powerful way not only to increase self-regulation and self-control (for a review see Baumeister et al., 2006 ; Oaten and Cheng, 2006 ), but also to prevent mental illness, foster positive emotions, buffer individuals against the stresses of life, and help people thrive when they have experienced adversity ( Faulkner et al., 2015 , p. 207).
Gap Between Current Versus Future State: Current and Desired Competencies and Habits
In order to achieve a match between values and passion, it is important to become aware of one’s current habits and competencies as a first step in changing/adapting (cf., Schippers et al., 2014 ). Being aware of the habits you would like to change is important in promoting positive behavioral change ( Holland et al., 2006 ; Graybiel and Smith, 2014 ). Since most of our daily behavior is habitual, and this is usually functional in that it allows us to perform many tasks with minimum cognitive effort, but this same mechanism also makes habits hard to break ( Jager, 2003 ). Being aware of our habits and reflecting on them can be a first step in breaking them ( Schippers and Hogenes, 2011 ; Schippers et al., 2014 ); implementation intentions (i.e., if-then plans: “If situation Y is encountered, then I will initiate goal-directed behavior X!”) have also been shown to help in breaking old habits and forming new ones ( Holland et al., 2006 ). Many people have habits they would like to change (relating, for example, to eating behaviors, physical health, or substance use). However, it has been shown that the effect of good intentions such as New Year’s resolutions is very minimal ( Marlatt and Kaplan, 1972 ; Pope et al., 2014 ) and that it is the extent to which people have self-concordant goals, coupled with implementation intentions, that leads to successful changes in behavior ( Mischel, 1996 ; Koestner et al., 2002 ). Self-concordant goals are personal goals that are pursued out of intrinsic interest and are also congruent with people’s identity. Research has shown that if people pursue goals because they align with their own values and interests, rather than because others urge them to pursue them, they typically exhibit greater well-being ( Sheldon and Houser-Marko, 2001 ). This was shown to be true across many cultures ( Sheldon et al., 2004 ). In a life-crafting intervention, questions on this area could be similar to those listed in section 2 of Table 1 .
Present and Future Social Life
Research shows that people with a strong social network live longer and are healthier and happier ( Demir et al., 2015 ; Haslam et al., 2016 ). This network does not necessarily have to be very big, and it seems that, as one grows older, the quality of the relationships in this network becomes more important than the quantity ( Carmichael et al., 2015 ). Recent research places more emphasis on the quality of relationships, specifically showing that quality in terms of the social and emotional dimensions of relationships is related to mental well-being ( Hyland et al., 2019 ). The quality of the network has also been shown to be helpful during a transition to college ( Pittman and Richmond, 2008 ). Although at first sight it may seem odd to think about what kind of acquaintances and friends one would like to have, it may pay off to think about this carefully. Certain kinds of relationships, so called high-maintenance relationships, require a lot of time and energy ( Schippers and Hogenes, 2011 ; Fedigan, 2017 ) and often are characterized by negative interactions that can even influence self-regulation ( Finkel et al., 2006 ). It seems important that in general people seek out interaction with others who are supportive and from which they receive energy rather than those that cost energy. In a life-crafting intervention, questions on this area could be similar to those listed in section 3 of Table 1 . Practical questions in the intervention in this respect could be: think about your current friends and acquaintances. What kind of relationships energize you? What kind of relationships require energy? Why is that? What kind of friends and acquaintances do you need? What kind of friends and acquaintances would you like to have in the future? What does your ideal family life and broader social life look like?
Future Life: Career
Work is an important part of life. For many it is important to have a job that suits them, and a job which they feel passionate about and from which they can get energy (see Werner et al., 2016 ; Downes et al., 2017 ). However, research on mental illness prevails the literature in occupational health psychology, despite a call for a shift toward more research into positive psychology as antipode for work-related health problems such as job burnout. Especially in times where employees are required to be proactive and responsible for their own professional development, and to commit to high quality performance standards, it is important to think about activities that energize people and make them feel engaged with their work ( Bakker et al., 2008 ; Schippers and Hogenes, 2011 ). Relatedly, research on job crafting shows that people can actively enhance the personal meaning of their work and make it more enjoyable by changing cognitive, task, or relational aspects to shape interactions and relationships with others at work ( Wrzesniewski and Dutton, 2001 ). Consequently, it is not always the job itself but the meaning you give to it that is important ( Demerouti et al., 2015 ). It is also important to think about when and where you do each particular task, in order to manage your daily energy ( Wessels et al., 2019 ).
It should be noted, however, that it is also important to see work in relation to other areas of life. Christensen (2010) noted that many of his contemporaries ended up working 70-h working weeks and also were often divorced and estranged from their children over time. They could not imagine that this end result was a deliberate choice, so it seems important to choose the kind of person you want to become not only in your career but also in other areas of life ( Christensen, 2010 ). This also means making strategic decisions about how to allocate your time and energy, instead of letting daily hassles make these decisions for you ( Christensen, 2017 ). In a life-crafting intervention, participants could be asked to think about what they would ideally like to do in their job, and what kinds of people they might be working with, either directly or indirectly. They could be asked to reflect on their education and their career, and to consider what they feel to be important in a job and what their ideal colleagues would be like. The questions would thus be similar in nature to those shown in section 4 of Table 1 .
Of course, some people choose a job that they do not necessarily like a lot but then make sure their leisure time is filled with meaningful activities ( Berg et al., 2010 ), and leisure crafting has been shown to make up to a certain extent for having few opportunities for job crafting. So weighing up the balance between work life and leisure activities and making conscious decisions in this respect seems very important.
Key Element: Ideal Future Versus Future If You Do Not Take Action
As people are able to think about and fantasize a future ( Oettingen et al., 2018 ), it is key that the future they envisage is one that is attractive to them. Likewise it is vital they formulate plans of how to achieve their desired future (implementation intentions) and contrast this in their minds with an undesired future ( Oettingen and Gollwitzer, 2010 ; Oettingen et al., 2013 ). In a university context, and more generally in order to stay engaged, it is important that people choose goals that are self-concordant. It has been shown that if people formulate such goals implicitly by visualizing their best possible self, this can be very powerful and has a stronger effect on well-being than exercises such as gratitude letters ( Sheldon and Lyubomirsky, 2006 ). Other research has shown that writing about the best possible self in three domains—personal, relational, and professional—leads to increased optimism ( Meevissen et al., 2011 ). A meta-analysis showed that best possible self was a particularly powerful intervention in terms of enhancing optimism ( Malouff and Schutte, 2017 ). If this optimism is also turned into concrete plans for the future, there is an increased chance that this positive envisioned future will become a reality (cf., Schippers et al., 2015 ).
Based on the theorizing above, it should be stressed that in the intervention students formulate goals that they find important, not ones that others (parents, peers, or friends) find important or that are pursued solely for reasons of status. In the instructions in the intervention, the students are advised to choose goals that they think are important and want to pursue and not to choose goals that others (parents, peers, and friends) think are important. Otherwise, they will live someone else’s life. In order to make sure that they do not choose goals that will be detrimental to themselves or others, they are also advised to not describe an ideal life that includes harming themselves or others.
Additionally, it is also important that people imagine the future they are likely to face if they do not do anything . This represents a goal-framing effect, or the finding that people are more likely to take action when they are confronted with the possible consequences of not doing so ( Tversky and Kahneman, 1981 ). It might be useful to ask participants to visualize both a desirable and an undesirable future and to get them to contrast the two (see Oettingen, 2012 ; Brodersen and Oettingen, 2017 ). This would be a form of “metacognitive self-regulatory strategy of goal pursuit” ( Duckworth et al., 2013 , p. 745; cf. Schippers et al., 2013 ; see also Schippers et al., 2015 ). Other research has shown that positive “deliberate mental time travel” (or MTT) was related to a significant increase in happiness but not when the MTT was negative or neutral. However, neutral MTT was related to a reduction in stress ( Quoidbach et al., 2009 ). In the intervention (see also Table 1 , section 5), participants are asked what their future would look like if they did not change anything. What would their life look like 5–10 years down the road?
Goal Attainment Plans
After finishing the elements as described above, it is important for intervention participants to formulate concrete goals and plans. In the meta-analysis undertaken by Koestner et al. (2002) , it was concluded that it is important for personal goal setting to be combined with if-then plans. Self-concordance—the feeling that people pursue goals because they fit with their own values and interests—and goal attainment plans are important for goal progress ( Locke and Schippers, 2018 ). Since the rewards that come from achieving a significant life goal are often attained in the future, it is important to formulate concrete goals and also to identify the small steps toward them (see Trope and Liberman, 2003 ). While the first part of the student intervention is aimed at discovering their passions and ideas about their ideal life, the second part is much more concrete and follows the steps set out in research on goal setting, SMART goals, and if-then plans ( Oettingen et al., 2013 , 2018 ). The idea is that by making concrete plans and identifying obstacles (if-then plans), people are better able to visualize their desired future and will be less tempted to engage in activities that distract them from their goal ( Mischel, 1996 ; Mischel and Ayduk, 2004 ).
In this part of the intervention, ideally any obstacles to the plans will also be identified. In addition to the research on mental contrasting, which generally indicates that one should visualize both the goal and the obstacles to it (e.g., Sevincer et al., 2017 ), it is important that one should also visualize a way of overcoming those obstacles. This may be a vital element, as research has shown that mental contrasting works best for people who are very confident about succeeding ( Sevincer et al., 2017 ). The elements are outlined in Table 1 , section 6. The idea is that, based on what participants write when describing their ideal future, they then identify a number of goals (usually about six to eight), which could be personal, career, and/or social goals (e.g., Morisano et al., 2010 ; Schippers et al., 2015 ; Locke and Schippers, 2018 ). As detailed implementation plans have been shown to aid progress toward goals ( Gollwitzer, 1996 ), it is vital for participants to set down a detailed strategy for how they will achieve their goals. This part of the intervention asks participants about their motivations for their goals and gets them to consider the personal and social impact of those goals. They should also be asked to identify potential obstacles and how to overcome them and monitor progress toward the goals they have set. Participants should be instructed to be specific and concrete—for instance, to write down things that they will do weekly or daily to further their goals ( Morisano et al., 2010 ; Schippers et al., 2015 ). It may also be useful to get participants to make a concrete plan of action for the upcoming week and to make them specify for each day the hours they will spend working on the goal they have in mind.
Public Commitment
In this part of the intervention, participants can either write down a number of goals and make them public (read them out to others) or have a photo taken to accompany a public (“I WILL…”) statement, as was the case in the RSM intervention (see the examples mentioned earlier). Prior research has found that public commitment can enhance goal attainment ( Hollenbeck et al., 1989 ). This part seems to be related to enhanced commitment to goals as a result of self-presentation ( Schienker et al., 1994 ). Shaun Tomson, a former surfing champion and inspirational speaker, invites audiences to come up with goals and 12 lines, all starting with: “I will…” These lines are spoken aloud in a group as a form of public commitment ( Tomson and Moser, 2013 ). This makes it more likely that people will be more self-regulating toward goal-attainment and will put more effort into reaching their goals, especially if they are highly committed to reaching this goal ( McCaul et al., 1987 ).
Formulating clear goals has been shown to contribute to student well-being and academic success ( Morisano et al., 2010 ; Schippers et al., 2015 , 2019 ; Locke and Schippers, 2018 ). However, this has been often neglected in education and work settings resulting in a lack of evidence based tools. The effects of goal setting on the well-being of students have hardly been tested. Recently, calls have been made for positive psychology interventions to be made part of the educational curriculum in order to teach students life skills and to combat the rising number of mental health problems such as depression (e.g., Clonan et al., 2004 ; Seligman et al., 2009 ; Schippers, 2017 ).
Informed by the theoretical frameworks of salutogenesis, embodied cognition, dynamic self-regulation, and goal-setting theory, in this paper, we outlined a life-crafting intervention in which participants complete a series of online writing exercises using expressive writing to shape their ideal future. Important elements of such an intervention that were covered are: (1) discovering values and passion, (2) reflecting on current and desired competencies and habits, (3) reflecting on present and future social life and (4) future career, (5) writing about the ideal future, (6) goal attainment plans, and finally (7) public commitment to goals.
The idea is to use the fantasized ideal future to deduce goals and formulate a strategy to reach these goals. Finally, participants commit to their intentions by having a photo taken to accompany their goal statement, which is then made public. We described the key elements of this intervention and outlined the theoretical rationale for each of these elements. As previous research has shown that developing life skills, such as being able to set goals and make plans to achieve them (i.e., goal setting), increases the resilience, well-being, and study success of students ( Schippers et al., 2015 , 2019 ; Locke and Schippers, 2018 ), it may be important to make this intervention available to a wider population.
Future Research and Developments
As research shows that students in higher education are increasingly experiencing psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, and burn-out ( Gilchrist, 2003 ; Snyder et al., 2016 ), an add-on to the goal-setting program as described above is recommended. Rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), especially areas such as emotion recognition, natural language processing, and machine learning have great potential to aid students experiencing study-related mental health problems ( Kavakli et al., 2012 ; Oh et al., 2017 ). For example, a goal-setting exercise could be enhanced by incorporating a digital coach in the form of a goal-setting chatbot. With this type of intervention, students are given immediate, personalized feedback after their writing assignments. After two longer writing assignments, which are part of the curriculum, the chatbot can help students to by asking questions on specific topics ( Fulmer et al., 2018 ). For instance, through personalized questions and feedback the chatbot could stimulate students to regularly reflect on their progress toward reaching a certain goal (“Did I invest enough time into my goals? What could I do to improve this? Which smaller sub-goals could help me to achieve my objective? What obstacles do I face? What ways do I see to overcome them?”). Depending on the answers the chatbot could also provide the students with different strategies. In addition, the chatbot can remind students of their goals and objectives during the year.
The expectation is that this addition to the intervention will allow students to reflect better on their own goals, so that a positive effect on student well-being can be expected and more serious problems can be prevented. What is also innovative is that the chatbot can ask additional questions about the students’ well-being. This gives the chatbot an important role in identifying possible problems. For students who have no problems or whose problems are minor, setting goals and receiving online feedback and coaching will be sufficient. In cases of more severe problems, the chatbot can offer more intensive coaching, or can refer them to the university’s psychological support or other professional services if necessary. In summary, the chatbot could provide a better connection between goal setting and the needs of the individual student and could help to integrate the life-crafting intervention into early stages of students’ academic career and can also deliver mental health care for students. Moreover, it could help integrate the life-crafting intervention with interactional forms of mental health care provided by the chatbot, thereby possibly increasing its effectiveness. In addition, goal diaries might form a way to provide insights into whether students are able to achieve important goals. Such diaries could also be used to assess their level of happiness and well-being and might be easily integrated into the interaction with the chatbot.
Next to examining how promising the intervention is in terms of its effects on students, future research could look at the effects of the life-crafting intervention in organizations. Prior research has shown that the effects from positive psychology interventions in organizations are promising ( Meyers et al., 2012 ). The relationship between different areas of life and decision making with regard to how to spend one’s time seems to be key ( Menzies, 2005 ; Schippers and Hogenes, 2011 ). Researchers could also examine what role life crafting might play at the team level.
Despite the obvious upside of experiencing meaning in life and having life goals as described in this paper, many people have difficulty choosing between the seemingly endless number of possibilities. The good news is that it is in principle never too late to find a purpose in life, although recent research suggests that it may be most beneficial to find a direction in life earlier rather than later (see Steger et al., 2009 ; Bundick, 2011 ; Hill and Turiano, 2014 ). It seems that interventions of the kind we have described above may be particularly helpful when one is entering into a new phase of life, such as when starting one’s study or just before entering the job market (see Kashdan and Steger, 2007 ).
The problem so far has been that most interventions are not easily taken to scale (for an exception see Schippers et al., 2015 ). Given the relatively low amount of costs and administrative work that the implementation of the outlined life crafting intervention entails, especially when compared to the potential benefits, we recommend its inclusion in student’s curriculums. Getting many (young) people to take part in an online life crafting intervention may be an important step in achieving not only higher academic performance, but also better well-being, happiness, health, and greater longevity (see Schippers et al., 2015 ). Using technology to assist with life crafting via a goal-setting intervention seems to be a particularly promising avenue as this is an approach that can be easily scaled up. Ideally then, these scalable and affordable interventions should not be regarded as an extra-curricular activity; it would be advisable to make them a formal part of the curriculum for all students. In a work context, employees could also benefit as this type of activity might be something that companies could easily offer. In short, life-crafting is about (1) finding out what you stand for (i.e., values and passions), (2) finding out how to make it happen (i.e., goal-attainment plans), and (3) telling someone about your plans (i.e., public commitment). Concluding, it seems that life crafting is about taking control of one’s life and finding purpose. Based on recent findings, it would be well-advised for many of us to carve out time to do an evidence-based life-crafting intervention.
Author Contributions
MS has written the draft of the manuscript. NZ provided important intellectual input at all stages and helped to develop, review, and revise the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the members of the Erasmus Centre for Study and Career Success ( https://www.erim.eur.nl/erasmus-centre-for-study-and-career-success/ ) and Christina Wessels for their useful comments on an earlier version of this paper.
1 see https://www.rsm.nl/iwilleveryone/ .
A student, participating in the intervention, described its effect on him as follows (see also Singeling, 2017 ).
“I studied, or at least I attempted to study, a lot of different things before I came here. But usually I stopped halfway through. And then I ended up here and I liked the courses well enough, but once again it was completely unplanned. I came here because, well, it was expected of me to finish some kind of university course.
When I got here, and all the “I WILL” stuff [life crafting/goal setting] happened, I thought it was a complete and utter joke. I thought: who needs this kind of stuff? Between the second and the third [trimester], so towards the end of the second really, I started to realize that: you know those silly goals I put down? I’m actually close to completing some of those. That got me inspired to apply for the position of mentor for the BA business skills course. And in the third year, for my minor, I took a teaching class. A few of my students who started off basically slacking through everything, they are taking their assignments more seriously. Instead of doing everything the evening beforehand, they are dedicating a week beforehand. It’s tiny steps, but they are tiny steps that would not have happened without the goal setting.
Quite simply, I’m proud of the things that I have been doing, such as teaching, and I’m proud that it came through goal setting. It’s why in the end I have changed my I WILL statement: “I will help the next generation to be better.”
From this extract, it can be seen that the intervention seemed to inspire the student to be clearer about his goals, to dedicate time to them, and also to use them to help other students. Furthermore, it serves to illustrate the concept of an upward spiral ( Sheldon and Houser-Marko, 2001 ; Sekerka et al., 2012 ), where trough tiny steps (starting to study for an exam earlier) goals are attained.
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What is the Research Lifecycle?
Within the context of this guide, we will be referring to the research lifecycle as the steps taken to fund, plan, design, deliver, and disseminate a research project from start to finish. For reference, you can also consult the Harvard Biomedical Data Management page to see this process of research data management. Another useful resource is the SAGE Research Methods Project Planner tool , which walks you through the research process, step-by-step.
This guide compiles library-created online learning objects designed to address a particular stage of the research process. By grouping them here, we hope to provide easy access to faculty and students looking for asynchronous instruction on literature reviews, synthesis tools (e.g., Covidence), data management, finding a publisher, and where to store your research for reuse.
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- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research: Consultation Services "Our team of research professionals help with planning, implementing, conducting, and disseminating research. Our services including identifying and accessing resources, matching researchers with collaborators and providing research training."
- Human Research Protection Program/Institutional Review Board "The OVPRI Human Research Protection Program provides guidance and resources for researchers and IRB members at Virginia Commonwealth University. We review all research involving human participants to facilitate the conduct of ethical research and ensure compliance with federal, state and institutional regulations."
- Office of the Vice President for Research and Innovation (OVPRI): Research Development Resources OVPRI provides "a comprehensive range of proposal development and grantsmanship services..."
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How to Write a Research Proposal: A Complete Guide
A research proposal is a piece of writing that basically serves as your plan for a research project. It spells out what you’ll study, how you’ll go about it, and why it matters. Think of it as your pitch to show professors or funding bodies that your project is worth their attention and support.
This task is standard for grad students, especially those in research-intensive fields. It’s your chance to showcase your ability to think critically, design a solid study, and articulate why your research could make a difference.
In this article, we'll talk about how to craft a good research proposal, covering everything from the standard format of a research proposal to the specific details you'll need to include.
Feeling overwhelmed by the idea of putting one together? That’s where DoMyEssay comes in handy. Whether you need a little push or more extensive guidance, we’ll help you nail your proposal and move your project forward.
Research Proposal Format
When you're putting together a research proposal, think of it as setting up a roadmap for your project. You want it to be clear and easy to follow so everyone knows what you’re planning to do, how you’re going to do it, and why it matters.
Whether you’re following APA or Chicago style, the key is to keep your formatting clean so that it’s easy for committees or funding bodies to read through and understand.
Here’s a breakdown of each section, with a special focus on formatting a research proposal:
- Title Page : This is your first impression. Make sure it includes the title of your research proposal, your name, and your affiliations. Your title should grab attention and make it clear what your research is about.
- Abstract : This is your elevator pitch. In about 250 words, you need to sum up what you plan to research, how you plan to do it, and what impact you think it will have.
- Introduction : Here’s where you draw them in. Lay out your research question or problem, highlight its importance, and clearly outline what you aim to achieve with your study.
- Literature Review : Show that you’ve done your homework. In this section, demonstrate that you know the field and how your research fits into it. It’s your chance to connect your ideas to what’s already out there and show off a bit about what makes your approach unique or necessary.
- Methodology : Dive into the details of how you’ll get your research done. Explain your methods for gathering data and how you’ll analyze it. This is where you reassure them that your project is doable and you’ve thought through all the steps.
- Timeline : Keep it realistic. Provide an estimated schedule for your research, breaking down the process into manageable stages and assigning a timeline for each phase.
- Budget : If you need funding, lay out a budget that spells out what you need money for. Be clear and precise so there’s no guesswork involved about what you’re asking for.
- References/Bibliography : List out all the works you cited in your proposal. Stick to one citation style to keep things consistent.
Get Your Research Proposal Right
Let our experts guide you through crafting a research proposal that stands out. From idea to submission, we've got you covered.
Research Proposal Structure
When you're writing a research proposal, you're laying out your questions and explaining the path you're planning to take to tackle them. Here’s how to structure your proposal so that it speaks to why your research matters and should get some attention.
Introduction
An introduction is where you grab attention and make everyone see why what you're doing matters. Here, you’ll pose the big question of your research proposal topic and show off the potential of your research right from the get-go:
- Grab attention : Start with something that makes the reader sit up — maybe a surprising fact, a challenging question, or a brief anecdote that highlights the urgency of your topic.
- Set the scene : What’s the broader context of your work? Give a snapshot of the landscape and zoom in on where your research fits. This helps readers see the big picture and the niche you’re filling.
- Lay out your plan : Briefly mention the main goals or questions of your research. If you have a hypothesis, state it clearly here.
- Make it matter : Show why your research needs to happen now. What gaps are you filling? What changes could your findings inspire? Make sure the reader understands the impact and significance of your work.
Literature Review
In your research proposal, the literature review does more than just recap what’s already out there. It's where you get to show off how your research connects with the big ideas and ongoing debates in your field. Here’s how to make this section work hard for you:
- Connect the dots : First up, highlight how your study fits into the current landscape by listing what others have done and positioning your research within it. You want to make it clear that you’re not just following the crowd but actually engaging with and contributing to real conversations.
- Critique what’s out there : Explore what others have done well and where they’ve fallen short. Pointing out the gaps or where others might have missed the mark helps set up why your research is needed and how it offers something different.
- Build on what’s known : Explain how your research will use, challenge, or advance the existing knowledge. Are you closing a key gap? Applying old ideas in new ways? Make it clear how your work is going to add something new or push existing boundaries.
Aims and Objectives
Let's talk about the aims and objectives of your research. This is where you set out what you want to achieve and how you plan to get there:
- Main Goal : Start by stating your primary aim. What big question are you trying to answer, or what hypothesis are you testing? This is your research's main driving force.
- Detailed Objectives : Now, break down your main goal into smaller, actionable objectives. These should be clear and specific steps that will help you reach your overall aim. Think of these as the building blocks of your research, each one designed to contribute to the larger goal.
Research Design and Method
This part of your proposal outlines the practical steps you’ll take to answer your research questions:
- Type of Research : First off, what kind of research are you conducting? Will it be qualitative or quantitative research , or perhaps a mix of both? Clearly define whether you'll be gathering numerical data for statistical analysis or exploring patterns and theories in depth.
- Research Approach : Specify whether your approach is experimental, correlational, or descriptive. Each of these frameworks has its own way of uncovering insights, so choose the one that best fits the questions you’re trying to answer.
- Data Collection : Discuss the specifics of your data. If you’re in the social sciences, for instance, describe who or what you’ll be studying. How will you select your subjects or sources? What criteria will you use, and how will you gather your data? Be clear about the methods you’ll use, whether that’s surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments.
- Tools and Techniques : Detail the tools and techniques you'll use to collect your data. Explain why these tools are the best fit for your research goals.
- Timeline and Budget : Sketch out a timeline for your research activities. How long will each phase take? This helps everyone see that your project is organized and feasible.
- Potential Challenges : What might go wrong? Think about potential obstacles and how you plan to handle them. This shows you’re thinking ahead and preparing for all possibilities.
Ethical Considerations
When you're conducting research, especially involving people, you've got to think about ethics. This is all about ensuring everyone's rights are respected throughout your study. Here’s a quick rundown:
- Participant Rights : You need to protect your participants' rights to privacy, autonomy, and confidentiality. This means they should know what the study involves and agree to participate willingly—this is what we call informed consent.
- Informed Consent : You've got to be clear with participants about what they’re signing up for, what you’ll do with the data, and how you'll keep it confidential. Plus, they need the freedom to drop out any time they want.
- Ethical Approval : Before you even start collecting data, your research plan needs a green light from an ethics committee. This group checks that you’re set up to keep your participants safe and treated fairly.
You need to carefully calculate the costs for every aspect of your project. Make sure to include a bit extra for those just-in-case scenarios like unexpected delays or price hikes. Every dollar should have a clear purpose, so justify each part of your budget to ensure it’s all above board. This approach keeps your project on track financially and avoids any surprises down the line.
The appendices in your research proposal are where you stash all the extra documents that back up your main points. Depending on your project, this could include things like consent forms, questionnaires, measurement tools, or even a simple explanation of your study for participants.
Just like any academic paper, your research proposal needs to include citations for all the sources you’ve referenced. Whether you call it a references list or a bibliography, the idea is the same — crediting the work that has informed your research. Make sure every source you’ve cited is listed properly, keeping everything consistent and easy to follow.
Research Proposal Got You Stuck?
Get expert help with your literature review, ensuring your research is grounded in solid scholarship.
How to Write a Research Proposal?
Whether you're new to this process or looking to refine your skills, here are some practical tips to help you create a strong and compelling proposal.
Tip | What to Do |
Stay on Target 🎯 | Stick to the main points and avoid getting sidetracked. A focused proposal is easier to follow and more compelling. |
Use Visuals 🖼️ | Consider adding charts, graphs, or tables if they help explain your ideas better. Visuals can make complex info clearer. |
Embrace Feedback 🔄 | Be open to revising your proposal based on feedback. The best proposals often go through several drafts. |
Prepare Your Pitch 🎤 | If you’re going to present your proposal, practice explaining it clearly and confidently. Being able to pitch it well can make a big difference. |
Anticipate Questions ❓ | Think about the questions or challenges reviewers might have and prepare clear responses. |
Think Bigger 🌍 | Consider how your research could impact your field or even broader society. This can make your proposal more persuasive. |
Use Strong Sources 📚 | Always use credible and up-to-date sources. This strengthens your arguments and builds trust with your readers. |
Keep It Professional ✏️ | While clarity is key, make sure your tone stays professional throughout your proposal. |
Highlight What’s New 💡 | Emphasize what’s innovative or unique about your research. This can be a big selling point for your proposal. |
Research Proposal Template
Here’s a simple and handy research proposal example in PDF format to help you get started and keep your work organized:
Writing a research proposal can be straightforward if you break it down into manageable steps:
- Pick a strong research proposal topic that interests you and has enough material to explore.
- Craft an engaging introduction that clearly states your research question and objectives.
- Do a thorough literature review to see how your work fits into the existing research landscape.
- Plan out your research design and method , deciding whether you’ll use qualitative or quantitative research.
- Consider the ethical aspects to ensure your research is conducted responsibly.
- Set up a budget and gather any necessary appendices to support your proposal.
- Make sure all your sources are cited properly to add credibility to your work.
If you need some extra support, DoMyEssay is ready to help with any type of paper, including crafting a strong research proposal.
What Is a Research Proposal?
How long should a research proposal be, how do you start writing a research proposal.
Examples of Research proposals | York St John University. (n.d.). York St John University. https://www.yorksj.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/apply/examples-of-research-proposals/
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We found passion and purpose in new pollinator studies, pollinators are in danger, and national parks want to help. two early-career scientists piloted research projects to find out how they could..
By Grace Kowalski and Nina Crawford
Image credits: NPS / Grace Kowalski (left); NPS / Nina Crawford (right)
What are over 100 national parks buzzing about? Pollinator research! In recent years, pollinators like bees and butterflies have drastically declined in number. This is a problem because most flowering plants rely on pollinators to reproduce. People eat many pollinator-dependent plants, and national parks need them to sustain diverse landscapes and wildlife. Yet parks often don’t know much about their pollinators or how to protect them. In 2023 alone, 42 parks approached the National Park Service’s Inventory and Monitoring Division seeking help with pollinator research projects. Now, 19 parks are working with the division to start pollinator inventories. The division hired us as Scientists in Parks interns to test methods for two of those projects in the summer of 2023. Our work illustrates the importance of inventories—and of the Scientists in Parks program—in shaping the future of park pollinator research.
Closing the Gap
Human health is directly linked to the health of pollinators , because pollinators’ support of food crops makes it possible for people to consume nutritional diets that help them resist disease. Pollinators are also essential to the health and stability of ecosystems everywhere, including public lands. One recent study estimates that 90 percent of all flowering plant species on Earth depend on pollinators for reproduction. Many of these plants provide food, habitat, and other resources for people, livestock, and wildlife. When pollinators are abundant and diverse, their networks—the connections between them and the plants they pollinate— thrive .
We helped examine the effects of actions like mowing and grazing on pollinator networks.
Scientists attribute a 57 percent decrease in pollinators from 1998 to 2020 to pesticides , pathogens , climate change , and shifts in land use . But knowledge gaps remain in understanding how these broad threats combine with other, localized disturbances to affect pollinators. We helped examine the effects of actions like mowing and grazing on pollinator networks at Minute Man National Historical Park and Dinosaur National Monument to aid those parks in closing the gap.
Image credit: NPS / Grace Kowalski
Finding Our Passion
Along with partner organizations, the National Park Service operates the Scientists in Parks internship program to give college students, recent graduates, or early-career professionals the chance to participate in scientific research. It fosters opportunities for emerging scientists to enhance their skills in tasks like data collection, science communication, and field surveys. This unique internship program also exposes young professionals to scientific career opportunities in national parks.
In spring 2023, we were finishing our undergraduate degrees and looking for jobs. I (Kowalski) was seeking an opportunity to develop new research skills after working on ecosystem management and native seed collection as an undergraduate. My previous work fueled my determination to learn more about how land management practices can support the diversity and health of ecological communities. When I came across the job posting for a Scientists in Parks internship to study pollinators, I was excited. I thought it would provide me with the opportunity to draw on knowledge I had already developed and to learn new skills.
I felt inspired by the potential of being a part of pollinator research in national parks and being surrounded by other women in this field of study.
I (Crawford) was searching for pollinator ecology graduate programs after finding my passion for bees as an undergrad. But I struggled to find a laboratory that was a good fit. While exploring one lab website, I found a job posting for a Scientists in Parks internship related to pollinators that prioritized diversity in ecology. I felt inspired by the potential of being a part of pollinator research in national parks and being surrounded by other women in this field of study.
Laying the Groundwork
One long-term goal in inventorying pollinators at Minute Man National Historical Park in Massachusetts is to understand which mowing practices may promote the health and abundance of these animals. The specific effects of mowing depend on which pollinators are present, because different pollinators can have different nesting behavior, habitat , or breeding times . Understanding the types of pollinators that live in the park is thus crucial to determining when to mow or what mowing methods would be most beneficial. The summer 2023 field season was a pilot year for this work, in which I (Kowalski) helped establish a survey protocol, tested survey sites, and got familiar with the park’s most common pollinators. The project continues in 2024 and 2025, using the data park staff and I collected to help determine the best mowing regime.
Uncertainty about drivers of pollinator abundance exists in western parks too. There isn’t any consensus in the scientific community on whether domestic grazing is harmful to pollinator communities. But by examining the relationship between pollinators and permitted livestock grazing at Dinosaur National Monument, on the Colorado-Utah border, my (Crawford’s) research helped provide some of these much-needed data. Work in the monument is especially critical because we know species of concern, like the western bumblebee and the monarch butterfly , have existed there historically. “There has never been such a widespread inventory at the monument,” said Emily Spencer, the monument’s natural resource specialist. “The park hosts areas of high priority pollinator habitat, and it is important to have an understanding of what pollinators are present when considering planning actions and management decisions.”
Expanding Experience at Minute Man
In summer 2023, I (Kowalski) surveyed four sites throughout Minute Man weekly. During each survey, I captured live native and non-native pollinators, took photos of specimens for accurate species identification, and recorded their plant hosts. I discovered, for example, a total of nine golden northern bumble bees in two sites at Minute Man. This species has declined by as much as 50 percent since the 1950s. If this continues, researchers think it will be extinct in 70 to 80 years.
My work is helping researchers determine if the non-lethal sampling protocol is an effective way to accurately identify species like these.
Monitoring the golden northern bumble bee population at Minute Man assists scientists in tracking these trends and developing strategies—like limiting habitat disturbance—to help the population recover. My work is helping researchers determine if the non-lethal sampling protocol is an effective way to accurately identify species like these.
I also developed pollinator field guides using the photos I took, which will help park staff train other employees on species identification. And I assisted natural resources staff with habitat restoration projects like monitoring and removing invasive plants, surveying amphibians and reptiles, and measuring water quality. These activities expanded the breadth of my work experience and my understanding of ecology. By working closely with female scientists, I got to learn about their careers and how they got involved in the positions they hold today. This gave me insight and inspiration into what my future career could look like.
Growing in Science at Dinosaur
The inventory at Dinosaur National Monument aligned closely with my (Crawford's) interest in the ecological impacts of disturbance. I was excited to develop a project that would benefit pollinators and allow me to grow as a data collector and science communicator. Throughout summer 2023, I tested survey protocols, identified potential study sites, and recorded pollinators for field guides and to establish baseline data. I also conducted a comprehensive internal review of current research on the effects of domestic grazing on pollinator communities.
I learned how to balance the needs of multiple stakeholders like ranchers with the need for scientific understanding.
In writing a proposal for this project, I learned how to balance the needs of multiple stakeholders like ranchers with the need for scientific understanding. That skill will serve me well when I work on interdisciplinary projects. Learning more advanced ecological concepts related to pollination and disturbance further fueled my passion for doing research in these subject areas.
As the summer started to come to an end, I switched gears and assisted the Southwest Monarch Study , a large-scale citizen science project, in and around Dinosaur National Monument. Our goal was to understand the dynamics of the monarch population west of the Rocky Mountains, in the Uinta Basin. Understanding monarch butterflies’ migration routes can provide insight into what challenges they face during their journeys and how scientists can alleviate those challenges. For example, land managers could plant monarch food plants along the migration route to heighten the butterflies’ chances of survival.
Image credit: NPS / Nina Crawford
Our data collection focused on locations with abundant and diverse flowers, water, and trees. We used nets to capture butterflies and recorded their location, condition, sex, and behavior. We then carefully applied adhesive tags with unique identification numbers to their wings. We also swabbed their thorax—the midsection between the head and abdomen—to detect the Ophryocystis elektroscirrha parasite , which can greatly weaken a butterfly and impair its ability to reproduce. Finally, we released them, hoping they would be recaptured by other scientists or citizen science volunteers. When people report tagged butterflies to the study, scientists can draw a migration path for them , which is crucial for understanding their overwintering sites.
Making a Difference
I (Kowalski) learned about pollinator research for the first time through this experience, and it inspired me to continue working on research projects that address environmental challenges and promote conservation. In summer 2024, I’ll be working for Colorado State University on a project focused on monitoring and assessing the health and use of riparian and wetland resources on public lands throughout Colorado and Wyoming. I’m excited to continue my focus on researching and maintaining the health and stability of natural resources.
The time I (Crawford) spent as a Scientist in Parks intern and assisting the Southwest Monarch Study inspired me to continue working on pollinator inventory projects in a PhD program at the University of Wyoming. Starting this summer, I’ll be working on park pollinator data requests in the Northern Great Plains Network that examine the impact of disturbance. My experience in the Scientists in Parks program not only connected me with this project, it gave me the confidence to pursue a graduate degree. It fueled my passion for pollinator research and confirmed that I’m capable of making a difference in this field of study.
As women in science, it was inspiring to enter the National Park Service and be surrounded by other accomplished women. Being mentored by women who held positions of importance allowed us to feel represented in the scientific field and visualize ourselves in similar careers. Through connecting with park visitors and citizen scientists, we were able to pay it forward, mentoring young women ourselves to bolster a scientific community where women have a seat at the table.
This rewarding experience gave us a valuable, career-advancing opportunity to help preserve the intricate plant-pollinator networks.
Pollinators directly contribute to plant reproduction and help maintain the diversity and abundance of plant communities. But without knowing more about their pollinators, parks can do little to preserve them. That’s why inventories are so important. Our work through the Scientists in Parks program helped Dinosaur National Monument and Minute Man National Historical Park determine which methods to use in their 2024 pollinator inventories. This rewarding experience gave us a valuable, career-advancing opportunity to help preserve the intricate plant-pollinator networks on which these beloved park landscapes depend.
You Might Also Like
- dinosaur national monument
- minute man national historical park
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Dinosaur National Monument , Minute Man National Historical Park
Last updated: August 30, 2024
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APOE Genetics as a Major Determinant of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathobiology
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Purpose and Background
Registration, contact information.
Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (AD/ADRD) physicians and biologists, and scientists interested in brain aging, neurodegenerative diseases, genetics, whole genome sequencing, global and local genetic ancestry analyses, single-cell genomic analyses, neurons-astrocytes-microglia interactions, and genetically driven therapeutic targets.
September 5, 2024 | 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. ET September 6, 2024 | 8:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. ET
This is a hybrid workshop. Participants can attend virtually via Zoom, or In Person on NIH Main Campus:
John Edwards Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Building 35 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
This workshop will bring together investigators who have intensely investigated the effects of APOE on the brain, and the mechanism of disease to engage with the audience on new technologies centered on APOE for the successful identification of genetically driven therapeutic approaches. The expertise of investigators ranging from genetics, molecular biology, functional genomics, and AI/ML fields will also present the latest findings across diverse populations both in terms of global and local genetic ancestries. Discussion of supported research will for example examine why APOE4 risk differs dramatically among populations and how these differences can be leveraged to better understand AD pathobiology. During the two-day meeting participants will explore the best next steps to develop study approaches that will pinpoint the molecular, genetic, and epigenetic factors associated with APOE risk for AD. Information provided at this workshop is expected to generate new mechanistic insights into APOE impact in the brain and its multivariate cell types.
Pease register in advance for this webinar.
Register for this workshop
All times are in Eastern Daylight Time.
Day 1 | Thursday, September 5
8:00 a.m. Welcome
8:10 a.m. NIA Opening Remarks, Eliezer Masliah, M.D., National Institute on Aging (NIA)
8:30 a.m. Keynote Lecture, APOE4 as a toxic gain of function molecule, David M. Holtzman, M.D., Washington University
9:00 a.m. Session 1 | APOE genetics (Part 1) Session Moderator: Jeffery (Jeff) Vance, M.D., Ph.D., University of Miami
- The APOE4 Story: From Discovery to Diversity, Peggy Pericak-Vance, Ph.D., University of Miami
- Local versus global ancestry in APOE: African and African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations, Farid Rajabli, Ph.D., University of Miami
- Differential APOE effects on gene expression in different human brain cell types, Anthony (Tony) Griswold, Ph.D., University of Miami
10:20 a.m. Break
10:35 a.m. Session 1 | APOE genetics (Part 1 Continued)
- Dissecting APOE biology by CRISPR-based functional genomics, Martin Kampmann, Ph.D., University of California, San Francisco
- South Asians in India (LASI-DAD): Impact of APOE4 with Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), Sharon Kardia, Ph.D., University of Michigan
- A Genetic Modifier of ε4/AD Association and APOE Expression, Lindsay Farrer, Ph.D., Boston University
11:35 a.m. Session 2 | APOE genetics (Part 2) Moderator: Jeffery (Jeff) Vance, M.D., Ph.D., University of Miami
- PSG haplotype is protective for APOE4, Jeffery (Jeff) Vance, M.D., Ph.D., University of Miami
- Fibronectin 1 and APOE- ε4, Richard Mayeux, M.D., Columbia University
- Interaction of Haptoglobin and APOE in Alzheimer Disease, Jonathan Haines, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University
12:30 p.m. Lunch
1:15p.m. Session 2 | APOE genetics (Part 2 Continued)
- APOE ε2 Allele and Protective Variants in APOE ε4/ε4 Carriers on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk, Gyungah Jun, Ph.D., Boston University
- Rare Protective APOE Variants, Michael Greicius, M.D., MPH., Stanford University
1:55 p.m. Session 3 | Mechanisms of Disease-APOE Moderator: Takahisa Kanekiyo, M.D., Ph.D., Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- APOE-Genotype Dependent Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Alzheimer's Disease, Li Hui Tsai, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- The role of APOE genotype in microglial behavior and gene expression, Alison Goate, D.Phil., Mount Sinai
- The role of APOE genetics in glial lipid metabolism and inflammation, Julia TCW, Ph.D., Boston University
- The role of genetic variants and their influence on the immune response in myeloid cells/microglia, Christopher (Chris) Glass, M.D., Ph.D., University of California, San Diego
3:15 p.m. Break
3:30 p.m. Session 3 | Mechanisms of Disease-APOE (Continued)
- An allelic series of lipidated ApoE drives CNS lipofuscinosis , Gilbert (Gil) Di Paolo, Ph.D., Denali Therapeutics
- APOE4/4 is linked to damaging lipid droplets in Alzheimer's disease microglia, Michael Haney, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
- Biology of APOE Protective Variants, Yadong Huang, M.D., Ph.D., Gladstone Institute/ University of California, San Francisco
- Biological effects of APOE3ch on amyloid-induced tau seeding/spreading, Yun Chen, Washington University
4:50 p.m. Wrap Up
5:00 p.m. Adjourn
Day 2 | Friday, September 6
8:00 a.m. Session 4 | New technologies and moving towards therapeutics of APOE4 Moderator: Julia TCW, Ph.D., Boston University
- (Machine) Learning Features of the Alzheimer’s Disease Landscape, Olivier Lichtarge, M.D., Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine
- Leveraging deep molecular profiling to understand APOE dependent and independent pathology, Carlos Cruchage, Ph.D., Washington University in St. Louis
- APOE4 impact on vasculature, Sally Temple, Ph.D., Neural Stem Cell Institute
- ApoeE2 and its role in plaque deposition, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, Bradley (Brad) Hyman, M.D., Ph.D., Massachusetts General Hospital
- Clinical trial of APOE2 gene therapy, Ronald Crystal, M.D., Weill Cornell Medical College
9:50 a.m. Break
10:10 a.m. Session 4 | New technologies and moving towards therapeutics of APOE4 (Continued)
- Potential therapeutic role for peripheral APOE, Guojun Bu, Ph.D., Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Antisense oligonucleotides for Alzheimer’s disease – a focus on APOE, Hien Zhao, Ph.D., Ionis Pharmaceuticals
- RNAi Modulation of ApoE: Delicate Balance between Plague Clearance and Glia Activation, Anastasia Khvorova, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts
- Combination therapy in NACC and ADNI Alzheimer’s participants: Impact of APOE genotype and Sex, Francesca Vitali, Ph.D., University of Arizona
- Using biomarkers in persons with different APOE variants to inform the study, treatment and prevention of AD, Eric Reiman, M.D., Banner Health
- Therapeutic Correction of ApoE4-Mediated Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease, Joachim Herz, M.D., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
12:00 p.m. Lunch
1:00 p.m. Session 5 | Brainstorm Moderator: David M. Holtzman, M.D., Washington University and Jeffery (Jeff) Vance, M.D., Ph.D., University of Miami
- What are the therapeutic implications of lowering or raising APOE variants?
- What more do we need to understand from a mechanistic standpoint?
- What else needs to be understood about APOE variants and the effect in different ancestries?
- How does APOE variant impact Aβ immunotherapy and other diseases?
2:45 p.m. Wrap Up: Discussion Summary and Meeting Outcomes
3:00 p.m. Adjourn
Please contact Marilyn Miller at [email protected] , Michael Bennani at [email protected] , and Tiffany Rolle at [email protected] for questions you may have about the workshop.
Reasonable Accommodations: If you need reasonable accommodation to participate in this event, please contact the meeting organizer listed under Contact information. Please make your request no later than 1 week before the event.
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People eat many pollinator-dependent plants, and national parks need them to sustain diverse landscapes and wildlife. Yet parks often don't know much about their pollinators or how to protect them. In 2023 alone, 42 parks approached the National Park Service's Inventory and Monitoring Division seeking help with pollinator research projects ...
Purpose and Background. ... Discussion of supported research will for example examine why APOE4 risk differs dramatically among populations and how these differences can be leveraged to better understand AD pathobiology. During the two-day meeting participants will explore the best next steps to develop study approaches that will pinpoint the ...