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What this handout is about
This handout will help you create an effective speech by establishing the purpose of your speech and making it easily understandable. It will also help you to analyze your audience and keep the audience interested.
What’s different about a speech?
Writing for public speaking isn’t so different from other types of writing. You want to engage your audience’s attention, convey your ideas in a logical manner and use reliable evidence to support your point. But the conditions for public speaking favor some writing qualities over others. When you write a speech, your audience is made up of listeners. They have only one chance to comprehend the information as you read it, so your speech must be well-organized and easily understood. In addition, the content of the speech and your delivery must fit the audience.
What’s your purpose?
People have gathered to hear you speak on a specific issue, and they expect to get something out of it immediately. And you, the speaker, hope to have an immediate effect on your audience. The purpose of your speech is to get the response you want. Most speeches invite audiences to react in one of three ways: feeling, thinking, or acting. For example, eulogies encourage emotional response from the audience; college lectures stimulate listeners to think about a topic from a different perspective; protest speeches in the Pit recommend actions the audience can take.
As you establish your purpose, ask yourself these questions:
- What do you want the audience to learn or do?
- If you are making an argument, why do you want them to agree with you?
- If they already agree with you, why are you giving the speech?
- How can your audience benefit from what you have to say?
Audience analysis
If your purpose is to get a certain response from your audience, you must consider who they are (or who you’re pretending they are). If you can identify ways to connect with your listeners, you can make your speech interesting and useful.
As you think of ways to appeal to your audience, ask yourself:
- What do they have in common? Age? Interests? Ethnicity? Gender?
- Do they know as much about your topic as you, or will you be introducing them to new ideas?
- Why are these people listening to you? What are they looking for?
- What level of detail will be effective for them?
- What tone will be most effective in conveying your message?
- What might offend or alienate them?
For more help, see our handout on audience .
Creating an effective introduction
Get their attention, otherwise known as “the hook”.
Think about how you can relate to these listeners and get them to relate to you or your topic. Appealing to your audience on a personal level captures their attention and concern, increasing the chances of a successful speech. Speakers often begin with anecdotes to hook their audience’s attention. Other methods include presenting shocking statistics, asking direct questions of the audience, or enlisting audience participation.
Establish context and/or motive
Explain why your topic is important. Consider your purpose and how you came to speak to this audience. You may also want to connect the material to related or larger issues as well, especially those that may be important to your audience.
Get to the point
Tell your listeners your thesis right away and explain how you will support it. Don’t spend as much time developing your introductory paragraph and leading up to the thesis statement as you would in a research paper for a course. Moving from the intro into the body of the speech quickly will help keep your audience interested. You may be tempted to create suspense by keeping the audience guessing about your thesis until the end, then springing the implications of your discussion on them. But if you do so, they will most likely become bored or confused.
For more help, see our handout on introductions .
Making your speech easy to understand
Repeat crucial points and buzzwords.
Especially in longer speeches, it’s a good idea to keep reminding your audience of the main points you’ve made. For example, you could link an earlier main point or key term as you transition into or wrap up a new point. You could also address the relationship between earlier points and new points through discussion within a body paragraph. Using buzzwords or key terms throughout your paper is also a good idea. If your thesis says you’re going to expose unethical behavior of medical insurance companies, make sure the use of “ethics” recurs instead of switching to “immoral” or simply “wrong.” Repetition of key terms makes it easier for your audience to take in and connect information.
Incorporate previews and summaries into the speech
For example:
“I’m here today to talk to you about three issues that threaten our educational system: First, … Second, … Third,”
“I’ve talked to you today about such and such.”
These kinds of verbal cues permit the people in the audience to put together the pieces of your speech without thinking too hard, so they can spend more time paying attention to its content.
Use especially strong transitions
This will help your listeners see how new information relates to what they’ve heard so far. If you set up a counterargument in one paragraph so you can demolish it in the next, begin the demolition by saying something like,
“But this argument makes no sense when you consider that . . . .”
If you’re providing additional information to support your main point, you could say,
“Another fact that supports my main point is . . . .”
Helping your audience listen
Rely on shorter, simpler sentence structures.
Don’t get too complicated when you’re asking an audience to remember everything you say. Avoid using too many subordinate clauses, and place subjects and verbs close together.
Too complicated:
The product, which was invented in 1908 by Orville Z. McGillicuddy in Des Moines, Iowa, and which was on store shelves approximately one year later, still sells well.
Easier to understand:
Orville Z. McGillicuddy invented the product in 1908 and introduced it into stores shortly afterward. Almost a century later, the product still sells well.
Limit pronoun use
Listeners may have a hard time remembering or figuring out what “it,” “they,” or “this” refers to. Be specific by using a key noun instead of unclear pronouns.
Pronoun problem:
The U.S. government has failed to protect us from the scourge of so-called reality television, which exploits sex, violence, and petty conflict, and calls it human nature. This cannot continue.
Why the last sentence is unclear: “This” what? The government’s failure? Reality TV? Human nature?
More specific:
The U.S. government has failed to protect us from the scourge of so-called reality television, which exploits sex, violence, and petty conflict, and calls it human nature. This failure cannot continue.
Keeping audience interest
Incorporate the rhetorical strategies of ethos, pathos, and logos.
When arguing a point, using ethos, pathos, and logos can help convince your audience to believe you and make your argument stronger. Ethos refers to an appeal to your audience by establishing your authenticity and trustworthiness as a speaker. If you employ pathos, you appeal to your audience’s emotions. Using logos includes the support of hard facts, statistics, and logical argumentation. The most effective speeches usually present a combination these rhetorical strategies.
Use statistics and quotations sparingly
Include only the most striking factual material to support your perspective, things that would likely stick in the listeners’ minds long after you’ve finished speaking. Otherwise, you run the risk of overwhelming your listeners with too much information.
Watch your tone
Be careful not to talk over the heads of your audience. On the other hand, don’t be condescending either. And as for grabbing their attention, yelling, cursing, using inappropriate humor, or brandishing a potentially offensive prop (say, autopsy photos) will only make the audience tune you out.
Creating an effective conclusion
Restate your main points, but don’t repeat them.
“I asked earlier why we should care about the rain forest. Now I hope it’s clear that . . .” “Remember how Mrs. Smith couldn’t afford her prescriptions? Under our plan, . . .”
Call to action
Speeches often close with an appeal to the audience to take action based on their new knowledge or understanding. If you do this, be sure the action you recommend is specific and realistic. For example, although your audience may not be able to affect foreign policy directly, they can vote or work for candidates whose foreign policy views they support. Relating the purpose of your speech to their lives not only creates a connection with your audience, but also reiterates the importance of your topic to them in particular or “the bigger picture.”
Practicing for effective presentation
Once you’ve completed a draft, read your speech to a friend or in front of a mirror. When you’ve finished reading, ask the following questions:
- Which pieces of information are clearest?
- Where did I connect with the audience?
- Where might listeners lose the thread of my argument or description?
- Where might listeners become bored?
- Where did I have trouble speaking clearly and/or emphatically?
- Did I stay within my time limit?
Other resources
- Toastmasters International is a nonprofit group that provides communication and leadership training.
- Allyn & Bacon Publishing’s Essence of Public Speaking Series is an extensive treatment of speech writing and delivery, including books on using humor, motivating your audience, word choice and presentation.
Works consulted
We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.
Boone, Louis E., David L. Kurtz, and Judy R. Block. 1997. Contemporary Business Communication . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Ehrlich, Henry. 1994. Writing Effective Speeches . New York: Marlowe.
Lamb, Sandra E. 1998. How to Write It: A Complete Guide to Everything You’ll Ever Write . Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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- Types of speeches
The 4 types of speeches in public speaking
Informative, demonstrative, persuasive and special occasion.
By: Susan Dugdale
There are four main types of speeches or types of public speaking.
- Demonstrative
- Special occasion or Entertaining
To harness their power a speaker needs to be proficient in all of them: to understand which speech type to use when, and how to use it for maximum effectiveness.
What's on this page:
An overview of each speech type, how it's used, writing guidelines and speech examples:
- informative
- demonstrative
- special occasion/entertaining
- how, and why, speech types overlap
![Graphic: 4 types of speeches: informative, demonstrative, persuasive, special occasion Graphic: 4 types of speeches: informative, demonstrative, persuasive, special occasion](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/4-types-of-speech.jpg)
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Informative speeches
An informative speech does as its name suggests: informs. It provides information about a topic. The topic could be a place, a person, an animal, a plant, an object, an event, or a process.
The informative speech is primarily explanatory and educational.
Its purpose is not to persuade or influence opinion one way or the other. It is to provide sufficient relevant material, (with references to verifiable facts, accounts, studies and/or statistics), for the audience to have learned something.
What they think, feel, or do about the information after they've learned it, is up to them.
This type of speech is frequently used for giving reports, lectures and, sometimes for training purposes.
Examples of informative speech topics:
- the number, price and type of dwellings that have sold in a particular suburb over the last 3 months
- the history of the tooth brush
- how trees improves air quality in urban areas
- a brief biography of Bob Dylan
- the main characteristics of Maine Coon cats
- the 1945 US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- the number of, and the work of local philanthropic institutions
- the weather over the summer months
- the history of companion planting
- how to set up a new password
- how to work a washing machine
![Image: companion planting - cabbage planted alongside orange flowering calendula. Text: The history of companion planting - informative speech topic possibilities Image: companion planting - cabbage planted alongside orange flowering calendula. Text: The history of companion planting - informative speech topic possibilities](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/informative-speech-topic-ideas-2.jpg)
Click this link if you'd like more informative topic suggestions . You'll find hundreds of them.
And this link to find out more about the 4 types of informative speeches : definition, description, demonstration and explanation. (Each with an example outline and topic suggestions.)
![Image - label - 4 Informative speech example outlines: definition, description, explanation, demonstration Image - label - 4 Informative speech example outlines: definition, description, explanation, demonstration](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/Informative-speech-examples.jpg)
Demonstration, demonstrative or 'how to' speeches
A demonstration speech is an extension of an informative process speech. It's a 'how to' speech, combining informing with demonstrating.
The topic process, (what the speech is about), could either be demonstrated live or shown using visual aids.
The goal of a demonstrative speech is to teach a complete process step by step.
It's found everywhere, all over the world: in corporate and vocational training rooms, school classrooms, university lecture theatres, homes, cafes... anywhere where people are either refreshing or updating their skills. Or learning new ones.
Knowing to how give a good demonstration or 'how to' speech is a very valuable skill to have, one appreciated by everybody.
Examples of 'how to' speech topics are:
- how to braid long hair
- how to change a car tire
- how to fold table napkins
- how to use the Heimlich maneuver
- how to apply for a Federal grant
- how to fill out a voting form
- how to deal with customer complaints
- how to close a sale
- how to give medicine to your cat without being scratched to bits!
![Image: drawing of a very cute cat. Text: 10 minute demonstration speech topics - How to give a cat medicine without being scratched to bits. Image: drawing of a very cute cat. Text: 10 minute demonstration speech topics - How to give a cat medicine without being scratched to bits.](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/10-minute-demonstration-speech-topics-cat.jpg)
Resources for demonstration speeches
1 . How to write a demonstration speech Guidelines and suggestions covering:
- choosing the best topic : one aligning with your own interests, the audience's, the setting for the speech and the time available to you
- how to plan, prepare and deliver your speech - step by step guidelines for sequencing and organizing your material plus a printable blank demonstration speech outline for you to download and complete
- suggestions to help with delivery and rehearsal . Demonstration speeches can so easily lurch sideways into embarrassment. For example: forgetting a step while demonstrating a cake recipe which means it won't turn out as you want it to. Or not checking you've got everything you need to deliver your speech at the venue and finding out too late, the very public and hard way, that the lead on your laptop will not reach the only available wall socket. Result. You cannot show your images.
![Image: label saying 'Demonstration speech sample outline. Plus video. How to leave a good voice mail message. Image: label saying 'Demonstration speech sample outline. Plus video. How to leave a good voice mail message.](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/demonstration-speech-sample-outline.jpg)
2. Demonstration speech sample outline This is a fully completed outline of a demonstration speech. The topic is 'how to leave an effective voice mail message' and the sample covers the entire step by step sequence needed to do that.
There's a blank printable version of the outline template to download if you wish and a YouTube link to a recording of the speech.
3. Demonstration speech topics 4 pages of 'how to' speech topic suggestions, all of them suitable for middle school and up.
![Images x 3: cats, antique buttons, mannequins in a pond. Text: How to choose a pet, How to make jewelry from antique buttons, How to interpret modern art. Images x 3: cats, antique buttons, mannequins in a pond. Text: How to choose a pet, How to make jewelry from antique buttons, How to interpret modern art.](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/Demonstration-speech-topic-trio-700-compressed.jpg)
Persuasive speeches
The goal of a persuasive speech is to convince an audience to accept, or at the very least listen to and consider, the speaker's point of view.
To be successful the speaker must skillfully blend information about the topic, their opinion, reasons to support it and their desired course of action, with an understanding of how best to reach their audience.
Everyday examples of persuasive speeches
Common usages of persuasive speeches are:
- what we say when being interviewed for a job
- presenting a sales pitch to a customer
- political speeches - politicians lobbying for votes,
- values or issue driven speeches e.g., a call to boycott a product on particular grounds, a call to support varying human rights issues: the right to have an abortion, the right to vote, the right to breathe clean air, the right to have access to affordable housing and, so on.
Models of the persuasive process
The most frequently cited model we have for effective persuasion is thousands of years old. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, 384–322 BC , explained it as being supported by three pillars: ethos, pathos and logos.
![Image: Fresco from School of Aristotle by Gustav Spangenberg. Text: 3 pillars of persuasion - ethos, logos, pathos Image: Fresco from School of Aristotle by Gustav Spangenberg. Text: 3 pillars of persuasion - ethos, logos, pathos](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/Aristotle-3-pillars-of-persuasion.jpg)
Briefly, ethos is the reliability and credibility of the speaker. How qualified or experienced are they talk on the topic? Are they trustworthy? Should we believe them? Why?
Pathos is the passion, emotion or feeling you, the speaker, bring to the topic. It's the choice of language you use to trigger an emotional connection linking yourself, your topic and the audience together, in a way that supports your speech purpose.
(We see the echo of Pathos in words like empathy: the ability to understand and share the feels of another, or pathetic: to arouse feelings of pity through being vulnerable and sad.)
Logos is related to logic. Is the information we are being presented logical and rational? Is it verifiable? How is it supported? By studies, by articles, by endorsement from suitably qualified and recognized people?
To successfully persuade all three are needed. For more please see this excellent article: Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking and Persuasion
Monroe's Motivated Sequence of persuasion
Another much more recent model is Monroe's Motivated Sequence based on the psychology of persuasion.
![Image: a flow chart of the 5 steps of Monroes Motivated Sequence of persuasion. Image: a flow chart of the 5 steps of Monroes Motivated Sequence of persuasion.](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/monroes-motivated-sequence-v1.jpg)
It consists of five consecutive steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action and was developed in the 1930s by American Alan H Monroe, a lecturer in communications at Purdue University. The pattern is used extensively in advertising, social welfare and health campaigns.
Resources for persuasive speeches
1. How to write a persuasive speech Step by step guidelines covering:
- speech topic selection
- setting speech goals
- audience analysis
- empathy and evidence
- balance and obstacles
- 4 structural patterns to choose from
2. A persuasive speech sample outline using Monroe's Motivated Sequence
3. An example persuasive speech written using Monroe's Motivated Sequence
4. Persuasive speech topics : 1032+ topic suggestions which includes 105 fun persuasive ideas , like the one below.☺
![Image: a plate with the remains of a piece of chocolate cake. Text: Having your cake and eating it too is fair. Image: a plate with the remains of a piece of chocolate cake. Text: Having your cake and eating it too is fair.](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/fun-persuasive-speech-eating-cake-v1.jpg)
Special occasion or entertaining speeches
The range of these speeches is vast: from a call 'to say a few words' to delivering a lengthy formal address.
This is the territory where speeches to mark farewells, thanksgiving, awards, birthdays, Christmas, weddings, engagements and anniversaries dwell, along with welcome, introduction and thank you speeches, tributes, eulogies and commencement addresses.
In short, any speech, either impromptu or painstakingly crafted, given to acknowledge a person, an achievement, or an event belongs here.
You'll find preparation guidelines, as well as examples of many special occasion speeches on my site.
Resources for special occasion speeches
How to prepare:
- an acceptance speech , with an example acceptance speech
- a birthday speech , with ongoing links to example 18th, 40th and 50th birthday speeches
- an office party Christmas speech , a template with an example speech
- an engagement party toast , with 5 examples
- a eulogy or funeral speech , with a printable eulogy planner and access to 70+ eulogy examples
- a farewell speech , with an example (a farewell speech to colleagues)
- a golden (50th) wedding anniversary speech , with an example speech from a husband to his wife
- an impromptu speech , techniques and templates for impromptu speaking, examples of one minute impromptu speeches with a printable outline planner, plus impromptu speech topics for practice
- an introduction speech for a guest speaker , with an example
- an introduction speech for yourself , with an example
- a maid of honor speech for your sister , a template, with an example
- a retirement speech , with an example from a teacher leaving to her students and colleagues
- a student council speech , a template, with an example student council president, secretary and treasurer speech
- a Thanksgiving speech , a template, with an example toast
- a thank you speech , a template, with an example speech expressing thanks for an award, also a business thank you speech template
- a tribute (commemorative) speech , with a template and an example speech
- a welcome speech for an event , a template, an example welcome speech for a conference, plus a printable welcome speech planner
- a welcome speech for new comers to a church , a template with an example speech
- a welcome speech for a new member to the family , a template with an example
Speech types often overlap
Because speakers and their speeches are unique, (different content, purposes, and audiences...), the four types often overlap. While a speech is generally based on one principal type it might also have a few of the features belonging to any of the others.
For example, a speech may be mainly informative but to add interest, the speaker has used elements like a demonstration of some sort, persuasive language and the brand of familiar humor common in a special occasion speech where everybody knows each other well.
The result is an informative 'plus' type of speech. A hybrid! It's a speech that could easily be given by a long serving in-house company trainer to introduce and explain a new work process to employees.
Related pages:
- how to write a good speech . This is a thorough step by step walk through, with examples, of the general speech writing process. It's a great place to start if you're new to writing speeches. You'll get an excellent foundation to build on.
- how to plan a speech - an overview of ALL the things that need to be considered before preparing an outline, with examples
- how to outline a speech - an overview, with examples, showing how to structure a speech, with a free printable blank speech outline template to download
- how to make and use cue cards - note cards for extemporaneous speeches
- how to use props (visual aids)
And for those who would like their speeches written for them:
- commission me to write for you
![Image: woman sitting at a writing desk circa 19th century. Text: Speech writer - a ghost writer who writes someone one's speech for them Image: woman sitting at a writing desk circa 19th century. Text: Speech writer - a ghost writer who writes someone one's speech for them](https://www.write-out-loud.com/images/blue-ghost-writer-650.jpg)
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Persuasive Speech Outline, with Examples
March 17, 2021 - Gini Beqiri
A persuasive speech is a speech that is given with the intention of convincing the audience to believe or do something. This could be virtually anything – voting, organ donation, recycling, and so on.
A successful persuasive speech effectively convinces the audience to your point of view, providing you come across as trustworthy and knowledgeable about the topic you’re discussing.
So, how do you start convincing a group of strangers to share your opinion? And how do you connect with them enough to earn their trust?
Topics for your persuasive speech
We’ve made a list of persuasive speech topics you could use next time you’re asked to give one. The topics are thought-provoking and things which many people have an opinion on.
When using any of our persuasive speech ideas, make sure you have a solid knowledge about the topic you’re speaking about – and make sure you discuss counter arguments too.
Here are a few ideas to get you started:
- All school children should wear a uniform
- Facebook is making people more socially anxious
- It should be illegal to drive over the age of 80
- Lying isn’t always wrong
- The case for organ donation
Read our full list of 75 persuasive speech topics and ideas .
![example of speech writing brainly Ideas for a persuasive speech](https://vs-static.virtualspeech.com/img/blog/persuasive-speech-ideas.jpeg)
Preparation: Consider your audience
As with any speech, preparation is crucial. Before you put pen to paper, think about what you want to achieve with your speech. This will help organise your thoughts as you realistically can only cover 2-4 main points before your audience get bored .
It’s also useful to think about who your audience are at this point. If they are unlikely to know much about your topic then you’ll need to factor in context of your topic when planning the structure and length of your speech. You should also consider their:
- Cultural or religious backgrounds
- Shared concerns, attitudes and problems
- Shared interests, beliefs and hopes
- Baseline attitude – are they hostile, neutral, or open to change?
The factors above will all determine the approach you take to writing your speech. For example, if your topic is about childhood obesity, you could begin with a story about your own children or a shared concern every parent has. This would suit an audience who are more likely to be parents than young professionals who have only just left college.
Remember the 3 main approaches to persuade others
There are three main approaches used to persuade others:
The ethos approach appeals to the audience’s ethics and morals, such as what is the ‘right thing’ to do for humanity, saving the environment, etc.
Pathos persuasion is when you appeal to the audience’s emotions, such as when you tell a story that makes them the main character in a difficult situation.
The logos approach to giving a persuasive speech is when you appeal to the audience’s logic – ie. your speech is essentially more driven by facts and logic. The benefit of this technique is that your point of view becomes virtually indisputable because you make the audience feel that only your view is the logical one.
- Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking and Persuasion
Ideas for your persuasive speech outline
1. structure of your persuasive speech.
The opening and closing of speech are the most important. Consider these carefully when thinking about your persuasive speech outline. A strong opening ensures you have the audience’s attention from the start and gives them a positive first impression of you.
You’ll want to start with a strong opening such as an attention grabbing statement, statistic of fact. These are usually dramatic or shocking, such as:
Sadly, in the next 18 minutes when I do our chat, four Americans that are alive will be dead from the food that they eat – Jamie Oliver
Another good way of starting a persuasive speech is to include your audience in the picture you’re trying to paint. By making them part of the story, you’re embedding an emotional connection between them and your speech.
You could do this in a more toned-down way by talking about something you know that your audience has in common with you. It’s also helpful at this point to include your credentials in a persuasive speech to gain your audience’s trust.
![example of speech writing brainly Speech structure and speech argument for a persuasive speech outline.](https://vs-static.virtualspeech.com/img/blog/speech_argument.jpg)
Obama would spend hours with his team working on the opening and closing statements of his speech.
2. Stating your argument
You should pick between 2 and 4 themes to discuss during your speech so that you have enough time to explain your viewpoint and convince your audience to the same way of thinking.
It’s important that each of your points transitions seamlessly into the next one so that your speech has a logical flow. Work on your connecting sentences between each of your themes so that your speech is easy to listen to.
Your argument should be backed up by objective research and not purely your subjective opinion. Use examples, analogies, and stories so that the audience can relate more easily to your topic, and therefore are more likely to be persuaded to your point of view.
3. Addressing counter-arguments
Any balanced theory or thought addresses and disputes counter-arguments made against it. By addressing these, you’ll strengthen your persuasive speech by refuting your audience’s objections and you’ll show that you are knowledgeable to other thoughts on the topic.
When describing an opposing point of view, don’t explain it in a bias way – explain it in the same way someone who holds that view would describe it. That way, you won’t irritate members of your audience who disagree with you and you’ll show that you’ve reached your point of view through reasoned judgement. Simply identify any counter-argument and pose explanations against them.
- Complete Guide to Debating
4. Closing your speech
Your closing line of your speech is your last chance to convince your audience about what you’re saying. It’s also most likely to be the sentence they remember most about your entire speech so make sure it’s a good one!
The most effective persuasive speeches end with a call to action . For example, if you’ve been speaking about organ donation, your call to action might be asking the audience to register as donors.
Practice answering AI questions on your speech and get feedback on your performance .
If audience members ask you questions, make sure you listen carefully and respectfully to the full question. Don’t interject in the middle of a question or become defensive.
You should show that you have carefully considered their viewpoint and refute it in an objective way (if you have opposing opinions). Ensure you remain patient, friendly and polite at all times.
Example 1: Persuasive speech outline
This example is from the Kentucky Community and Technical College.
Specific purpose
To persuade my audience to start walking in order to improve their health.
Central idea
Regular walking can improve both your mental and physical health.
Introduction
Let’s be honest, we lead an easy life: automatic dishwashers, riding lawnmowers, T.V. remote controls, automatic garage door openers, power screwdrivers, bread machines, electric pencil sharpeners, etc., etc. etc. We live in a time-saving, energy-saving, convenient society. It’s a wonderful life. Or is it?
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Example 2: Persuasive speech
Tips for delivering your persuasive speech
- Practice, practice, and practice some more . Record yourself speaking and listen for any nervous habits you have such as a nervous laugh, excessive use of filler words, or speaking too quickly.
- Show confident body language . Stand with your legs hip width apart with your shoulders centrally aligned. Ground your feet to the floor and place your hands beside your body so that hand gestures come freely. Your audience won’t be convinced about your argument if you don’t sound confident in it. Find out more about confident body language here .
- Don’t memorise your speech word-for-word or read off a script. If you memorise your persuasive speech, you’ll sound less authentic and panic if you lose your place. Similarly, if you read off a script you won’t sound genuine and you won’t be able to connect with the audience by making eye contact . In turn, you’ll come across as less trustworthy and knowledgeable. You could simply remember your key points instead, or learn your opening and closing sentences.
- Remember to use facial expressions when storytelling – they make you more relatable. By sharing a personal story you’ll more likely be speaking your truth which will help you build a connection with the audience too. Facial expressions help bring your story to life and transport the audience into your situation.
- Keep your speech as concise as possible . When practicing the delivery, see if you can edit it to have the same meaning but in a more succinct way. This will keep the audience engaged.
The best persuasive speech ideas are those that spark a level of controversy. However, a public speech is not the time to express an opinion that is considered outside the norm. If in doubt, play it safe and stick to topics that divide opinions about 50-50.
Bear in mind who your audience are and plan your persuasive speech outline accordingly, with researched evidence to support your argument. It’s important to consider counter-arguments to show that you are knowledgeable about the topic as a whole and not bias towards your own line of thought.
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Speech Writing And Editing For Speeches With Impact
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Speech writing and editing are essential skills in politics, business, and other fields. Speechwriters who do the job present the goals and message of their client in a speech to be delivered to their desired audience. To craft it correctly, the speechwriter edits and revises the speech until it is ready for release.
Behind every powerful speech is a writer and editor who assembled words and relentlessly revised the piece until it’s ready to be shared with the world. Both speech writing and editing are just as important as public speaking. And this comprehensive blog will give you all you need to learn these two essential skills.
Table of Contents
What Is A Speech Writer?
Speeches have different goals. They can be to persuade or simply inform. Writers specializing in speech writing aim to craft a speech that effectively serves the speaker’s goal. Their role is to write an output conveying the speaker’s message to their target audience.
It’s why speech writers must work hand-in-hand with their clients. Doing so will help them understand the objectives and key points their clients want to impart.
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What Are The Parts Of The Speech Writing And Editing Process?
How do writers come out with a good speech? One of the first things to do is determine the purpose of the speech and its target audience. As stated, they must consult with their client and brainstorm to properly identify a topic , a thesis statement, and the main points.
Then, they must spend time researching the audience and the topic. After gathering data, they can prepare an outline, which will serve as the framework of the speech. Generally, a speech has three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.
The introduction is where they grab the audience’s attention, introduce the speaker’s point of view, and preview the main points. Common intro lines include:
- Stating statistics.
- Telling a story (personal or a reference to others).
- Asking questions (direct or rhetorical).
The writer will have the avenue to discuss the main points in the body. It also entails supporting these key points with solid pieces of evidence.
The conclusion summarizes everything the speaker discussed. Typically, as in the case of persuasive speeches, it ends with a strong call to action .
What Is Editing In Speech Writing?
If you will be a speechwriter, note that your job doesn’t just end with crafting the first draft. As people say, the best speeches are written — they’re rewritten.
Speech editing is an iterative process that subjects the writing to critique. It analyzes and polishes not just the grammatical correctness of the sentences and appropriateness of language, style, tone, and voice but also the general speech flow, cohesiveness, logic, and truthfulness.
What Is The Purpose Of Editing?
Editing is a critical part of the process of crafting a speech. Its main aim is to ensure that the final piece for delivery is clear, cohesive, effective, and aligned with the speakers’ goals (and personality).
A speech editor checks if the grammar is correct and if paragraphs and transition words — including any analogies made — are well-structured and organized. More importantly, it ensures that the words chosen and written can compellingly paint the speaker’s message.
Why Is Editing A Speech Important?
Writing, rewriting, editing, and revising. You must go through all these processes to create a great speech that resonates with the target audience.
Editing is vital because it polishes the speech to be more understandable, engaging, and impactful. It’s a process that assesses if the piece of writing meets the audience’s interests and fits the speaker’s personality, voice, and style. For example, if the speaker is known for their comical approach, you must see to it that the speech has a tinge of humor.
Editing is also vital in terms of reinforcing the credibility of the speaker. If a speech has grammatical mistakes, has incoherent thoughts, or is full of unnecessary adverbs, run-on sentences, and other linguistic flaws — then it can negatively impact the speaker’s authority. Subsequently, it can affect the audience’s receptiveness toward the thesis statement and main points.
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How Does A Speech Writer Know When A Speech Is Finished?
Now, how do you know if your final draft is the version that the speaker will deliver? You can ask yourself the following questions, and if your answer is all yes, then you can already stop editing or revising and endorse it to the client.
- Does the speech hit all the objectives? Is it capable of conveying the speaker’s message?
- Does it sound like the voice, tone, and personality of the speaker?
- Is the content of the speech engaging? Will it resonate with the target audience?
- Does the speech effectively portray the images and scenarios that the speaker wants?
- Is the flow of the speech smooth? Are the paragraphs coherent, well-organized, and logical?
- Are there no grammatical, spelling, or syntax errors?
- Have you c orrected any run-on sentences or too-long words that could make it hard for the speaker to speak eloquently?
- Are all the facts accurate? Are the analogies used making sense?
- Have you a ddressed potential counterarguments?
- If the speech will be delivered, will it be within the allocated time frame?
What Are The 3 Stages Of Editing?
The editing process is painstaking yet necessary to create a great speech. Here are the three main stages of editing:
- Structural editing. You must look at the bigger picture before tackling the minute details when editing. This first stage is called structural or substantive editing. Your focus here is to assess the logical order of paragraphs and sections. If the flow of the narrative isn’t smooth, you can rearrange, delete, or add portions of the speech. At the end of this stage, you want to have a speech that’s logical and easy to follow and comprehend.
- Copy editing. The second stage is where you look into the speech sentence by sentence, examining it for any errors in grammar, spelling, syntax, punctuation, and consistency (in terms of style, language, tone, and even the use of pronouns). As you go over line after line, you should also look out for the choice of words and the phrasing. If there are too many adverbs or adjectives, you also want to cut down on those as they can make the overall speech feel too flowery.
- Proofreading. At this stage, you have the final chance to correct any lapses you couldn’t find in the first two stages. You must be meticulous in finding typographical errors or any other minor flaws. While others do this in the second stage, some writers and editors include fact-checking at this stage. This is to protect the credibility of the speech — and its speaker.
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What Are The 6 Principles Of Editing?
After speech writing, it’s always a must to have your draft edited. Some self-edit; some seek their peer’s help to do the editing duties. But any editor would have to follow the six major principles of editing.
- Editing for focus. Ensure that all parts of the speech support the thesis statement. Eliminate sentences and paragraphs that deviate from the speech’s core message.
- Editing for clarity. Is the speech logically written? Are all the sentences clear, and can the audience comprehend your words and terms?
- Editing for conciseness. In relation to editing for focus, you must see to it that the speech is refined and has no inessential components. Favor short words over long ones, simpler terms over jargon, and short and crisp sentences over run-ons.
- Editing for continuity. Transitions words help the speaker bridge one section or paragraph to another. It also allows a more seamless speech flow, helping the audience understand the messages you convey better. So make sure the speech has that sense of continuity when editing it.
- Editing for variety. As an editor, you must consider how the whole piece sounds when delivered. Does it sound too plain, robotic, or monotonous? Are there too many statistics in one portion? Where can you strategically insert anecdotes or personal stories (or humor)?
- Editing for impact. While editing, assess the narrative. Does it paint vivid images? Will it resonate with the audience and appeal to their ethical principles, logic, and emotion?
![example of speech writing brainly Excellent speech writing and editing strengthen speeches](https://rhetoriclab.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Right-words-shutterstock_242969566--1024x683.jpg)
What Are Some Tips For Editing A Speech?
Ask any expert at Toastmasters or an editor at New York Times , and they will all agree: You have to edit mercilessly. To be an effective editor — and be someone that will help a speaker bring out the best of their presentation skills via a flawless speech — follow these tips:
- Read the speech aloud. This will help you catch too-long sentences and words that have been frequently repeated.
- Give your brain and eyes a rest. Pausing for a while and returning later will help refresh your editing skills and spot errors more easily. Better yet, have a second pair of eyes check the output after editing.
- Be careful with I s and me s. Note that the speech should not sound self-centric. If the speech has too many first-person perspectives, transform them and make it all about the audience.
- Watch out for vague pronouns. This is especially true when the sentence or paragraph has too many subjects. Sometimes, it’s better to state the subject than rely on a pronoun.
- You can use tools but don’t fully rely on them. There are online tools that will help you check for spelling and grammar. Use them as your aid — not something that will do your job on your behalf.
- The dictionary and thesaurus are your buddies. If you want to ensure that the speaker uses appropriate and strong words, always make it a point to refer to these references. You can also countercheck with style guides.
- Stay within the main points. One of the main goals of an editor is to edit for focus, clarity, and conciseness. So make sure that the sentences always reinforce the speaker’s message.
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Writing a speech can be stressful and confusing for many people. Feeling lost and overwhelmed without a clear plan can make the task even harder.
But learning the basics of speech format can make it easier and even enjoyable. This guide will show you step-by-step how to write great speeches with examples and templates.
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- 1. How to Write a Speech Format?
- 2. Speech Format Examples for Different Academic Levels
- 3. Speech Formats For Different Types of Speeches
- 4. How to Rehearse a Speech?
How to Write a Speech Format?
Speech writing gives you a chance to leave an everlasting and meaningful impression on the audience. You might have always believed that you are not good at public speaking. And speech writing may bring you out in cold sweats, but this is different.
Let’s see how one should write a great speech that engages the audience.
Step 1 - Decide the Purpose of Your Speech
To understand the purpose of your speech, consider these queries:
- What is the main motive behind it?
- Is it to inform or persuade? Is it to entertain or demonstrate? Or is it a combination of these?
- What do you want to achieve with your speech?
- Do you want your audience to act upon something, or do you want to convince them to believe what you are saying?
Your answer to all of these questions will decide the organizational structure, type of speech, tone, and content as well.
Identify your listeners and decide which type of speech is suitable for your targeted audience. If you are going to deliver a speech at a wedding, write a special occasion speech . Similarly, if your motive is to persuade the audience, you’ll have to write a persuasive speech .
Step 2 - Choose a Speech Topic
Choose an effective speech topic that catches the audience’s attention immediately. A good speech topic is your first step to impress the audience.
You can select any topic according to the type of speech you need to deliver. Pick a motivational speech topic if you want to get the audience to act upon your message. If you want to make your audience laugh, decide on an entertaining speech topic .
Step 3 - Conduct Research
Conduct thorough research on your particular subject to collect relevant material. Finding credible and updated material is crucial, as good research is the backbone of sound speech.
Before you write your speech, you need to know what your speech will be about exactly. And how long it needs to be, i.e., 5 minutes or 30 minutes long. So, always collect the data according to the time limit.
For a 5-minute speech, you only need a brief material. Your speech should revolve around the central idea. If your speech is 30 minutes long, you need to collect enough details to cover in 30 minutes.
Step 4 - Create an Outline
Now that you have the material for your speech, craft an outline to organize your material. Drafting an outline at first always saves precious time.
Write keywords in the outline that prompt you to remember what you’ll include in your speech. Having an outline for your speech is like having a road map that guides you throughout the speech delivery.
As mentioned before, the basic speech outline format consists of three things:
- Introduction
Here is a speech outline template that you can use while crafting an outline for your speech.
Speech Format Outline
Step 5 - Write a Strong Introduction
An introduction will give a brief overview of what you are going to tell your audience. Here are the five things that you should include in your introduction paragraph.
- Greetings and Your Introduction
Decide how you are going to greet your audience and how you will introduce yourself to the audience. You can start with a fact, a quotation, posing a rhetorical question, or even with one-liner humor.
Keep in mind that whatever you start with, must be related to your topic and suitable for your audience.
- A Precise Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is a brief summary of your speech, and it provides the main message of your speech.
- Your Credibility
You need to establish your credibility to make your speech effective. Cite your expertise and qualification that gives you the right to speak about your speech topic.
- Brief Overview
Briefly tell your audience what you are going to share so that they have an idea of what to expect from your speech.
- Benefits of Listening to Your Speech
Convince your audience why they should listen to you. Tell them what's in your speech for them and why should they pay attention. Give them reasons and be specific about the benefits.
Step 6 - Write a Detailed Body
The body of your speech is where you will write the details of what you want to share with your audience. Generally, the body section has three main points, but it can have more than 3 points.
It is always a good idea to be specific and inform the audience of only essential things.
Quite frankly, if you introduce the audience to an abundance of ideas or topics, they might not remember them all! To leave a lasting impact, decide on 2 or 3 ideas, so the crowd remembers them all!
While crafting the body section of your speech, you should keep the following things in mind:
- Choose the three strongest points that describe your topic efficiently.
- Always provide supporting examples. Make sure that the evidence you provide matches the type of speech you are going to write.
- Use transition phrases to make a logical connection between the details.
- Use visual aids like images, graphs, or tables to help your audience understand your topic better.
- Keep the sentence structures in check. Make sure there are no grammatical errors and follow an engaging tone.
Step 7 - Craft a Memorable Conclusion
The final section is the conclusion that sums up the whole speech. Here is how you can write an effective speech conclusion that summarizes and draws all the details together:
- Summarize all the main points
- Restate the thesis statement to reinforce your message
- Remind the audience about the benefits they’ll get if they carry out what you have proposed.
- Provide a call to action at the end of your speech
Step 8 - Format and Polish Your Speech
After the final draft, the next step is editing and formatting. Read your speech aloud and check the flow and organization of the information. Refine the draft by removing unnecessary things and correcting any grammatical mistakes.
Proofread your speech to make sure it contains all the vital information. Correct the structure if needed, and ensure that your speech is free from all kinds of mistakes. Revise your speech as many times as possible.
Now, let’s take a look at some comprehensive speech format examples for multiple academic levels and various occasions.
Speech Format Examples for Different Academic Levels
Follow these speech examples to learn how to properly format a speech and easily get through the speech-writing process.
Speech Format for Class 8
Speech Format for Class 9
Speech Format for Class 10
Speech Format for Class 11
Speech Format for Class 12
Speech Format O Level
Speech Formats For Different Types of Speeches
When preparing a speech, understanding the format suitable for your specific occasion is crucial. Different types of speeches require different structures to effectively convey your message and engage your audience.
Here are some sample formats for kinds of speeches:
Debate Speech Format
Impromptu Speech Format
Formal Speech Format
Public Speech Format
Informative Speech Format
Extemporaneous Speech Format
Speech Formats For Different Occasions
Different occasions call for different types of speeches, each with its unique structure and style. Knowing how to format your speech for the occasion helps to make your speech memorable.
Here are a few speech templates made according to specific events:
Best Man Speech Format
College Speech Format
Welcome Speech Format in English
Persuasive Speech Format
Want to see some outstanding speech examples ? Head over to our detailed blog!
How to Rehearse a Speech?
Rehearsal plays an important role in delivering an effective presentation. You need to practice a lot to be confident with your speech and deliver it perfectly. Here is how you can do it efficiently:
- Set the time on the stopwatch that is going to be allocated to you. You need to finish your speech within the allocated time.
- Read your speech out loud. Hearing yourself will help you familiarize yourself with the flow of your speech quickly. Remove or change the phrases that sound awkward, and fix the organization of information.
- Your habitual unconscious gestures
- Irregular breathing because of long sentences
- Taking breaks or pauses at the wrong places
- The body posture
- Raising or dropping the voice
- Repeated fillers, i.e., umm, err, uhh, etc
- Lack of smiling and eye contact
- Tone variation
- If you experience any problems, stop and fix the problem before starting again from where you left off.
- Make notes of where you need to remember to do something. It will help you improve your speech delivery.
- If possible, do a proper dress rehearsal at the actual venue in front of a bunch of friends. It will help you to get comfortable with the dress, stage, and actual presentation situation.
If you’ve plenty of time, rehearse at least three times or more, before the final presentation. The more you do the rehearsals, the more you build up your confidence and the easier it becomes to deliver your speech.
Wrapping it up, if you came up with a speech after following the guide, you should be able to grab the attention of the audience within seconds!
This guide contains all the essentials to crafting a compelling speech and presenting it in a meaningful way!
However, if you still need some help, you can hire a professional writer. Our speech writing service provides top-notch speeches at cheap prices.
You can request your speech at our ' do my essay ' service and get expertly crafted speeches to impress your audience.
So why wait? Hire our writing service and let our experts handle your speech-writing needs!
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- Example of a great essay | Explanations, tips & tricks
Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks
Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson . Revised on July 23, 2023 by Shona McCombes.
This example guides you through the structure of an essay. It shows how to build an effective introduction , focused paragraphs , clear transitions between ideas, and a strong conclusion .
Each paragraph addresses a single central point, introduced by a topic sentence , and each point is directly related to the thesis statement .
As you read, hover over the highlighted parts to learn what they do and why they work.
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Table of contents
Other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing an essay, an appeal to the senses: the development of the braille system in nineteenth-century france.
The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.
Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.
In France, debates about how to deal with disability led to the adoption of different strategies over time. While people with temporary difficulties were able to access public welfare, the most common response to people with long-term disabilities, such as hearing or vision loss, was to group them together in institutions (Tombs, 1996). At first, a joint institute for the blind and deaf was created, and although the partnership was motivated more by financial considerations than by the well-being of the residents, the institute aimed to help people develop skills valuable to society (Weygand, 2009). Eventually blind institutions were separated from deaf institutions, and the focus shifted towards education of the blind, as was the case for the Royal Institute for Blind Youth, which Louis Braille attended (Jimenez et al, 2009). The growing acknowledgement of the uniqueness of different disabilities led to more targeted education strategies, fostering an environment in which the benefits of a specifically blind education could be more widely recognized.
Several different systems of tactile reading can be seen as forerunners to the method Louis Braille developed, but these systems were all developed based on the sighted system. The Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris taught the students to read embossed roman letters, a method created by the school’s founder, Valentin Hauy (Jimenez et al., 2009). Reading this way proved to be a rather arduous task, as the letters were difficult to distinguish by touch. The embossed letter method was based on the reading system of sighted people, with minimal adaptation for those with vision loss. As a result, this method did not gain significant success among blind students.
Louis Braille was bound to be influenced by his school’s founder, but the most influential pre-Braille tactile reading system was Charles Barbier’s night writing. A soldier in Napoleon’s army, Barbier developed a system in 1819 that used 12 dots with a five line musical staff (Kersten, 1997). His intention was to develop a system that would allow the military to communicate at night without the need for light (Herron, 2009). The code developed by Barbier was phonetic (Jimenez et al., 2009); in other words, the code was designed for sighted people and was based on the sounds of words, not on an actual alphabet. Barbier discovered that variants of raised dots within a square were the easiest method of reading by touch (Jimenez et al., 2009). This system proved effective for the transmission of short messages between military personnel, but the symbols were too large for the fingertip, greatly reducing the speed at which a message could be read (Herron, 2009). For this reason, it was unsuitable for daily use and was not widely adopted in the blind community.
Nevertheless, Barbier’s military dot system was more efficient than Hauy’s embossed letters, and it provided the framework within which Louis Braille developed his method. Barbier’s system, with its dashes and dots, could form over 4000 combinations (Jimenez et al., 2009). Compared to the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, this was an absurdly high number. Braille kept the raised dot form, but developed a more manageable system that would reflect the sighted alphabet. He replaced Barbier’s dashes and dots with just six dots in a rectangular configuration (Jimenez et al., 2009). The result was that the blind population in France had a tactile reading system using dots (like Barbier’s) that was based on the structure of the sighted alphabet (like Hauy’s); crucially, this system was the first developed specifically for the purposes of the blind.
While the Braille system gained immediate popularity with the blind students at the Institute in Paris, it had to gain acceptance among the sighted before its adoption throughout France. This support was necessary because sighted teachers and leaders had ultimate control over the propagation of Braille resources. Many of the teachers at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth resisted learning Braille’s system because they found the tactile method of reading difficult to learn (Bullock & Galst, 2009). This resistance was symptomatic of the prevalent attitude that the blind population had to adapt to the sighted world rather than develop their own tools and methods. Over time, however, with the increasing impetus to make social contribution possible for all, teachers began to appreciate the usefulness of Braille’s system (Bullock & Galst, 2009), realizing that access to reading could help improve the productivity and integration of people with vision loss. It took approximately 30 years, but the French government eventually approved the Braille system, and it was established throughout the country (Bullock & Galst, 2009).
Although Blind people remained marginalized throughout the nineteenth century, the Braille system granted them growing opportunities for social participation. Most obviously, Braille allowed people with vision loss to read the same alphabet used by sighted people (Bullock & Galst, 2009), allowing them to participate in certain cultural experiences previously unavailable to them. Written works, such as books and poetry, had previously been inaccessible to the blind population without the aid of a reader, limiting their autonomy. As books began to be distributed in Braille, this barrier was reduced, enabling people with vision loss to access information autonomously. The closing of the gap between the abilities of blind and the sighted contributed to a gradual shift in blind people’s status, lessening the cultural perception of the blind as essentially different and facilitating greater social integration.
The Braille system also had important cultural effects beyond the sphere of written culture. Its invention later led to the development of a music notation system for the blind, although Louis Braille did not develop this system himself (Jimenez, et al., 2009). This development helped remove a cultural obstacle that had been introduced by the popularization of written musical notation in the early 1500s. While music had previously been an arena in which the blind could participate on equal footing, the transition from memory-based performance to notation-based performance meant that blind musicians were no longer able to compete with sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997). As a result, a tactile musical notation system became necessary for professional equality between blind and sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997).
Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.
Bullock, J. D., & Galst, J. M. (2009). The Story of Louis Braille. Archives of Ophthalmology , 127(11), 1532. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.286.
Herron, M. (2009, May 6). Blind visionary. Retrieved from https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2009/05/blind-visionary/.
Jiménez, J., Olea, J., Torres, J., Alonso, I., Harder, D., & Fischer, K. (2009). Biography of Louis Braille and Invention of the Braille Alphabet. Survey of Ophthalmology , 54(1), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.10.006.
Kersten, F.G. (1997). The history and development of Braille music methodology. The Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education , 18(2). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40214926.
Mellor, C.M. (2006). Louis Braille: A touch of genius . Boston: National Braille Press.
Tombs, R. (1996). France: 1814-1914 . London: Pearson Education Ltd.
Weygand, Z. (2009). The blind in French society from the Middle Ages to the century of Louis Braille . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.
In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.
Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.
The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.
The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.
Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:
- An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
- Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
- A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.
The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .
A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.
A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
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20 Types of Figures of Speech, With Definitions and Examples
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Writing is a craft. If you think of yourself as a craftsperson, then words are your raw materials, and figures of speech are one of your tools. A figure of speech is a creative use of language to generate an effect. Some figures of speech, like metaphor, simile, and metonymy, are found in everyday language. Others, like antithesis, circumlocution, and puns take more practice to implement in writing. Below are some common figures of speech with examples, so you can recognize them and use them in your writing.
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What is a figure of speech?
Language that uses figures of speech is known collectively as figurative language . You will find examples of figurative language in novels, poems, essays, and plays. The opposite of figurative language is literal language . Literal language is the type of straightforward writing you’ll find on road signs, in office memos , and in research papers .
20 types of figures of speech
1 alliteration.
Alliteration is the repeating of consonant sounds right next to each other, which creates a memorable or melodic effect.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.
2 Antithesis
Antithesis is a literary technique that places opposite things or ideas next to one another in order to draw out their contrast.
Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times . . .” —Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
3 Apostrophe
Apostrophe as a figure of speech is when a character addresses someone or something that isn’t present or cannot respond. The character might speak to someone deceased, an inanimate object, or a concept.
Example: “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” — William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
4 Circumlocution
Circumlocution is the use of a purposely wordy description. You can think of it as talking in circles.
Example: In the Harry Potter series, most characters don’t say Lord Voldemort’s name; instead, they use this circumlocution: “He Who Must Not Be Named.”
An epigram is a clever and memorable statement. You will find epigrams in speeches , poetry , and at the front of a book.
Example: “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” —Eleanor Roosevelt
6 Euphemism
A euphemism is a way to say something in an understated manner, often to avoid difficult topics—like money, death, or sex.
Example: Death can be an uncomfortable subject, so we’ve developed many euphemisms to avoid confronting it head-on. Rather than telling a friend that a relative died, you might say they “kicked the bucket,” “passed away,” or are “no longer with us.”
7 Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration that adds emphasis, urgency, or excitement to a statement.
Example: If I don’t eat soon, I’m going to die of hunger.
Irony is a situation that subverts a reader’s expectations.
Example: One of the characters in your story is a hypochondriac, always convinced that they have an exotic and uncurable disease. An ironic ending for that character would be if they died of a common cold.
Litotes use a double negative to create a positive.
Example: You’re not wrong.
10 Metaphor
A metaphor is the direct comparison of dissimilar things to create more vivid imagery or understanding.
Example: He was an onion; to understand him, she had to peel back the layers.
11 Metonymy
Metonymy is a literary device in which a word or object stands in for a closely related word or object. Metonymy gives a writer more variability with descriptions.
Example: I thought his movies were better when they weren’t so Hollywood.
12 Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like what it means.
Example: When a character is exasperated, they might exclaim, “Sheesh!” That’s both a word to show exasperation and a sound that happens when you sigh loudly.
13 Oxymoron
An oxymoron is a phrase that uses two contradictory words to create a new meaning.
Example: That strawberry cake was awfully good.
A paradox is a statement that appears to contradict itself but contains some truth, theme, or humor.
Example: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” —George Orwell, Animal Farm
15 Personification
Personification is assigning human attributes to nonhuman things.
Example: The floorboards groaned under the weight of each step.
16 Pleonasm
Pleonasm is the use of more words than necessary to convey meaning. A writer might use pleonasm for humor or emphasis, or they might not realize they’re using extra words at all.
Example: The burning fire warmed the whole house.
A pun is a form of wordplay that purposely substitutes words that sound similar but have different meanings.
Example: “‘Mine is a long and a sad tale!’ said the Mouse, turning to Alice and sighing. ‘It is a long tail, certainly,’ said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; ‘but why do you call it sad?’” —Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
A simile compares two dissimilar things using “like” or “as.” The goal of simile is to give the reader a more vivid understanding of something.
Example: It was the first real day of summer, and by the time she came back indoors, she was as red as a tomato.
19 Synecdoche
Synecdoche is when a smaller unit is used to signify a larger unit or vice versa.
Example: New England won the game by a touchdown. (Here, New England means New England’s football team.)
20 Understatement
Understatement is the intentional downplaying of a situation. This can create a humorous or deadpan effect in writing.
Example: “I have to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.” —J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye
Figures of speech examples in literature
Figures of speech are around us all the time (and that’s not hyperbole!), but it’s the deliberate deployment of them that makes writing stand out (did you catch that alliteration?). Below are examples of figures of speech in literature and poetry.
Metaphor in “Caged Bird” by Maya Angelou
The caged bird sings
with a fearful trill
of things unknown
but longed for still
and his tune is heard
on the distant hill
for the caged bird
sings of freedom
In her poem “Caged Bird,” Maya Angelou uses the extended metaphor of caged and free birds to display the difference between Black and White Americans.
Antithesis in Beloved by Toni Morrison
“Sethe,” he says, “me and you, we got more yesterday than anybody. We need some kind of tomorrow.”
In this passage, Paul D. speaks to Sethe and insists she quit dwelling on her past. Morrison uses antithesis to contrast yesterday and tomorrow, which is much more effective than simply saying Sethe should stop focusing on the past.
Personification in “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” by Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death
He kindly stopped for me.
By writing that death “kindly stopped” for her, Emily Dickinson uses personification to make the concept of death more vivid and tangible. The thought of death stopping by gives it an ominous but cordial tone, as if Dickinson treats it as an acquaintance.
Figures of speech FAQs
A figure of speech is a deliberate manipulation of ordinary language in order to create a literary effect.
What are the different kinds of figures of speech?
There are hundreds of figures of speech, which can be divided into schemes and tropes . Schemes are figures of speech that rearrange word order for a certain effect, while tropes use words in a way that differs from their literal meaning.
How are figures of speech used in writing?
Figures of speech are used in every type of writing to achieve different effects. Which figure of speech you use depends on what effect you want to have on the reader. For example, if you want to create more vivid imagery, you might use simile, metaphor, or antithesis. If you want to give them a laugh, you might try using a pun.
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Speech writing is structured to engage audiences and convey messages within certain time constraints. Thus, selecting the appropriate type of support—brief examples or extended illustrations—is crucial in achieving the intended impact without deviating from the speech's main purpose and thesis.
Creating an amusing speech starts with the right topic. In order for kids to add humor, the topic needs to be a bit funny. Therefore, topics like my most embarrassing moment or anything to do with siblings will typically invoke a few laughs. And always remember, this is a speech not an essay so write like you talk. Explanation: example:
Ethos refers to an appeal to your audience by establishing your authenticity and trustworthiness as a speaker. If you employ pathos, you appeal to your audience's emotions. Using logos includes the support of hard facts, statistics, and logical argumentation. The most effective speeches usually present a combination these rhetorical strategies.
Answer. Final answer: To write an effective speech, select a topic suitable for your audience, outline your speech to include a coherent introduction, body, and conclusion, and write in a conversational tone. Reading aloud while drafting and using note cards for reference during your speech can enhance delivery. Explanation:
Resources for demonstration speeches. 1. How to write a demonstration speech Guidelines and suggestions covering:. choosing the best topic: one aligning with your own interests, the audience's, the setting for the speech and the time available to you; how to plan, prepare and deliver your speech - step by step guidelines for sequencing and organizing your material plus a printable blank ...
Example of speech writing. ANSWER . There are some TIPS . 1 . Choose your topic well. A good speech focuses on a message, which needs to match the occasion. It should resonate well with the audience's interests, and it should be important to the listeners. A speech for school is usually open-ended, so choose a topic that you are passionate about.
Step 3: Edit and polish what you've written until you have a cohesive first draft of your speech. Step 4: Practice, practice, practice. The more you practice your speech the more you'll discover which sections need reworked, which transitions should be improved, and which sentences are hard to say. You'll also find out how you're doing ...
Informative speech. Informative speeches aim to educate an audience on a particular topic or message. Unlike demonstrative speeches, they don't use visual aids. They do, however, use facts, data and statistics to help audiences grasp a concept. These facts and statistics help back any claims or assertions you make.
Persuasive Speech Outline, with Examples. A persuasive speech is a speech that is given with the intention of convincing the audience to believe or do something. This could be virtually anything - voting, organ donation, recycling, and so on. A successful persuasive speech effectively convinces the audience to your point of view, providing ...
Advertisement. Brainly User. Answer: Speech writing Example - Respected Principal, teachers, and my dear friends! Today, I (the name is given in the question) stand before you all to speak on the topic " (given in the question)". OR you could start with a quote related to the topic and then go with the salutations and introduction.
Tailor your speech to resonate with them. Clear Purpose: Define a clear and concise purpose for your speech. Ensure your audience knows what to expect right from the beginning. Engaging Opening: Start with a captivating hook - a story, question, quote, or surprising fact to grab your audience's attention.
Speech writing and editing are essential skills in politics, business, and other fields. Speechwriters who do the job present the goals and message of their client in a speech to be delivered to their desired audience. To craft it correctly, the speechwriter edits and revises the speech until it is ready for release.
Here are the 5 principles of speech writing: Conducting an group of onlookers/audience examination. Deciding the reason of the discourse. Selecting a subject. Narrowing down a subject. Gathering information Discourse Composing Handle. 5 Characteristics of Speech writing. to entertain. to persuade.
Step 6 - Write a Detailed Body. The body of your speech is where you will write the details of what you want to share with your audience. Generally, the body section has three main points, but it can have more than 3 points. It is always a good idea to be specific and inform the audience of only essential things.
This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people's social and cultural lives.
Some figures of speech, like metaphor, simile, and metonymy, are found in everyday language. Others, like antithesis, circumlocution, and puns take more practice to implement in writing. Below are some common figures of speech with examples, so you can recognize them and use them in your writing. Give your writing extra polish.
dianapoveda. There are four types of informative speeches: 1. speeches about objects. 2. speeches about processes. 3. speeches about events. 4. speeches about concepts. In the attached file you will find a link with some examples. Download docx. Advertisement.
Speech writing is an art of conveying message to your audience. Either though oral communication or though other means,such as powerful slides,Speech writing has the same function as normal writing. It is an art of writing a speech for public presentations. Plz mark it as brainliest. Plz.
Example Of Speech Writing - Brainly.In Example Of Speech Writing - Brainly.In 2. Chewing Gum Although chewing gum isn t an amazing invention I like chewing gum and I wondered who made this wonderful invention. The first chewing gum was called resin made from the sap of spruce trees. The New Englanders settled and found this chewing gum and want ...
Brainly App. Brainly Tutor. Find a math tutor. For students. For teachers. For parents. Honor code. ... 06/16/2021. English; College; answer. answered. Can you please say how to write a speech writing/ and also please can you give me an example of a speech writing it's crucial please say Here 40 Point are there for you. loading. See answer ...
Sample of a speech writing - 18633121. luck and chance play a great role in the life illustrate the statement which reference to the story the model millionaire
The Constitution of the United States protects the right to free speech, but there are certain types of speech or writing that are not protected.These include: a. A newspaper article that advocates the long-term violent overthrow of the U.S. government: The Constitution does not protect speech that promotes or incites violence against the government or its institutions.
This speech is an example of which kind of writing Get the answers you need, now! This speech is an example of which kind of writing - brainly.com See what teachers have to say about Brainly's new learning tools!