educational research proposal

17 Research Proposal Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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A research proposal systematically and transparently outlines a proposed research project.

The purpose of a research proposal is to demonstrate a project’s viability and the researcher’s preparedness to conduct an academic study. It serves as a roadmap for the researcher.

The process holds value both externally (for accountability purposes and often as a requirement for a grant application) and intrinsic value (for helping the researcher to clarify the mechanics, purpose, and potential signficance of the study).

Key sections of a research proposal include: the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research design and methods, timeline, budget, outcomes and implications, references, and appendix. Each is briefly explained below.

Watch my Guide: How to Write a Research Proposal

Get your Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

Research Proposal Sample Structure

Title: The title should present a concise and descriptive statement that clearly conveys the core idea of the research projects. Make it as specific as possible. The reader should immediately be able to grasp the core idea of the intended research project. Often, the title is left too vague and does not help give an understanding of what exactly the study looks at.

Abstract: Abstracts are usually around 250-300 words and provide an overview of what is to follow – including the research problem , objectives, methods, expected outcomes, and significance of the study. Use it as a roadmap and ensure that, if the abstract is the only thing someone reads, they’ll get a good fly-by of what will be discussed in the peice.

Introduction: Introductions are all about contextualization. They often set the background information with a statement of the problem. At the end of the introduction, the reader should understand what the rationale for the study truly is. I like to see the research questions or hypotheses included in the introduction and I like to get a good understanding of what the significance of the research will be. It’s often easiest to write the introduction last

Literature Review: The literature review dives deep into the existing literature on the topic, demosntrating your thorough understanding of the existing literature including themes, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature. It serves both to demonstrate your knowledge of the field and, to demonstrate how the proposed study will fit alongside the literature on the topic. A good literature review concludes by clearly demonstrating how your research will contribute something new and innovative to the conversation in the literature.

Research Design and Methods: This section needs to clearly demonstrate how the data will be gathered and analyzed in a systematic and academically sound manner. Here, you need to demonstrate that the conclusions of your research will be both valid and reliable. Common points discussed in the research design and methods section include highlighting the research paradigm, methodologies, intended population or sample to be studied, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures . Toward the end of this section, you are encouraged to also address ethical considerations and limitations of the research process , but also to explain why you chose your research design and how you are mitigating the identified risks and limitations.

Timeline: Provide an outline of the anticipated timeline for the study. Break it down into its various stages (including data collection, data analysis, and report writing). The goal of this section is firstly to establish a reasonable breakdown of steps for you to follow and secondly to demonstrate to the assessors that your project is practicable and feasible.

Budget: Estimate the costs associated with the research project and include evidence for your estimations. Typical costs include staffing costs, equipment, travel, and data collection tools. When applying for a scholarship, the budget should demonstrate that you are being responsible with your expensive and that your funding application is reasonable.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: A discussion of the anticipated findings or results of the research, as well as the potential contributions to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in the field. This section should also address the potential impact of the research on relevant stakeholders and any broader implications for policy or practice.

References: A complete list of all the sources cited in the research proposal, formatted according to the required citation style. This demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the relevant literature and ensures proper attribution of ideas and information.

Appendices (if applicable): Any additional materials, such as questionnaires, interview guides, or consent forms, that provide further information or support for the research proposal. These materials should be included as appendices at the end of the document.

Research Proposal Examples

Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section.

1. Education Studies Research Proposals

See some real sample pieces:

• Assessment of the perceptions of teachers towards a new grading system
• Does ICT use in secondary classrooms help or hinder student learning?
• Digital technologies in focus project
• Urban Middle School Teachers’ Experiences of the Implementation of
• Restorative Justice Practices
• Experiences of students of color in service learning

Consider this hypothetical education research proposal:

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Middle School Mathematics

Abstract: The proposed study will explore multiplayer game-based learning techniques in middle school mathematics curricula and their effects on student engagement. The study aims to contribute to the current literature on game-based learning by examining the effects of multiplayer gaming in learning.

Introduction: Digital game-based learning has long been shunned within mathematics education for fears that it may distract students or lower the academic integrity of the classrooms. However, there is emerging evidence that digital games in math have emerging benefits not only for engagement but also academic skill development. Contributing to this discourse, this study seeks to explore the potential benefits of multiplayer digital game-based learning by examining its impact on middle school students’ engagement and academic performance in a mathematics class.

Literature Review: The literature review has identified gaps in the current knowledge, namely, while game-based learning has been extensively explored, the role of multiplayer games in supporting learning has not been studied.

Research Design and Methods: This study will employ a mixed-methods research design based upon action research in the classroom. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will first be used to compare the academic performance and engagement of middle school students exposed to game-based learning techniques with those in a control group receiving instruction without the aid of technology. Students will also be observed and interviewed in regard to the effect of communication and collaboration during gameplay on their learning.

Timeline: The study will take place across the second term of the school year with a pre-test taking place on the first day of the term and the post-test taking place on Wednesday in Week 10.

Budget: The key budgetary requirements will be the technologies required, including the subscription cost for the identified games and computers.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: It is expected that the findings will contribute to the current literature on game-based learning and inform educational practices, providing educators and policymakers with insights into how to better support student achievement in mathematics.

2. Psychology Research Proposals

See some real examples:

• A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team
• The effect of musical preference on running performance
• Relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating amongst adolescent females

Consider this hypothetical psychology research proposal:

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students

Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods .

Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels during exam weeks. This can affect both mental health and test performance. This study explores the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions such as meditation as a way to mediate stress levels in the weeks leading up to exam time.

Literature Review: Existing research on mindfulness-based meditation has shown the ability for mindfulness to increase metacognition, decrease anxiety levels, and decrease stress. Existing literature has looked at workplace, high school and general college-level applications. This study will contribute to the corpus of literature by exploring the effects of mindfulness directly in the context of exam weeks.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n= 234 ) will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, receiving 5 days per week of 10-minute mindfulness-based interventions, or a control group, receiving no intervention. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires, measuring stress levels, semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ experiences, and students’ test scores.

Timeline: The study will begin three weeks before the students’ exam week and conclude after each student’s final exam. Data collection will occur at the beginning (pre-test of self-reported stress levels) and end (post-test) of the three weeks.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: The study aims to provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress among college students in the lead up to exams, with potential implications for mental health support and stress management programs on college campuses.

3. Sociology Research Proposals

• Understanding emerging social movements: A case study of ‘Jersey in Transition’
• The interaction of health, education and employment in Western China
• Can we preserve lower-income affordable neighbourhoods in the face of rising costs?

Consider this hypothetical sociology research proposal:

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Interpersonal Relationships among Young Adults

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effects of social media usage on interpersonal relationships among young adults, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach with ongoing semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data.

Introduction: Social media platforms have become a key medium for the development of interpersonal relationships, particularly for young adults. This study examines the potential positive and negative effects of social media usage on young adults’ relationships and development over time.

Literature Review: A preliminary review of relevant literature has demonstrated that social media usage is central to development of a personal identity and relationships with others with similar subcultural interests. However, it has also been accompanied by data on mental health deline and deteriorating off-screen relationships. The literature is to-date lacking important longitudinal data on these topics.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n = 454 ) will be young adults aged 18-24. Ongoing self-report surveys will assess participants’ social media usage, relationship satisfaction, and communication patterns. A subset of participants will be selected for longitudinal in-depth interviews starting at age 18 and continuing for 5 years.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of five years, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between social media usage and interpersonal relationships among young adults, potentially informing social policies and mental health support related to social media use.

4. Nursing Research Proposals

• Does Orthopaedic Pre-assessment clinic prepare the patient for admission to hospital?
• Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care to burns patients
• Registered psychiatric nurse’s practice with mentally ill parents and their children

Consider this hypothetical nursing research proposal:

The Influence of Nurse-Patient Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes following Emergency Cesarians

Abstract: This research will examines the impact of effective nurse-patient communication on patient satisfaction and health outcomes for women following c-sections, utilizing a mixed-methods approach with patient surveys and semi-structured interviews.

Introduction: It has long been known that effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for quality care. However, additional complications arise following emergency c-sections due to the interaction between new mother’s changing roles and recovery from surgery.

Literature Review: A review of the literature demonstrates the importance of nurse-patient communication, its impact on patient satisfaction, and potential links to health outcomes. However, communication between nurses and new mothers is less examined, and the specific experiences of those who have given birth via emergency c-section are to date unexamined.

Research Design and Methods: Participants will be patients in a hospital setting who have recently had an emergency c-section. A self-report survey will assess their satisfaction with nurse-patient communication and perceived health outcomes. A subset of participants will be selected for in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and perceptions of the communication with their nurses.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including rolling recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing within the hospital.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the significance of nurse-patient communication in supporting new mothers who have had an emergency c-section. Recommendations will be presented for supporting nurses and midwives in improving outcomes for new mothers who had complications during birth.

5. Social Work Research Proposals

• Experiences of negotiating employment and caring responsibilities of fathers post-divorce
• Exploring kinship care in the north region of British Columbia

Consider this hypothetical social work research proposal:

The Role of a Family-Centered Intervention in Preventing Homelessness Among At-Risk Youthin a working-class town in Northern England

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effectiveness of a family-centered intervention provided by a local council area in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth. This case study will use a mixed-methods approach with program evaluation data and semi-structured interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data .

Introduction: Homelessness among youth remains a significant social issue. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in addressing this problem and identify factors that contribute to successful prevention strategies.

Literature Review: A review of the literature has demonstrated several key factors contributing to youth homelessness including lack of parental support, lack of social support, and low levels of family involvement. It also demonstrates the important role of family-centered interventions in addressing this issue. Drawing on current evidence, this study explores the effectiveness of one such intervention in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth in a working-class town in Northern England.

Research Design and Methods: The study will evaluate a new family-centered intervention program targeting at-risk youth and their families. Quantitative data on program outcomes, including housing stability and family functioning, will be collected through program records and evaluation reports. Semi-structured interviews with program staff, participants, and relevant stakeholders will provide qualitative insights into the factors contributing to program success or failure.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Budget: Expenses include access to program evaluation data, interview materials, data analysis software, and any related travel costs for in-person interviews.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in preventing youth homelessness, potentially informing the expansion of or necessary changes to social work practices in Northern England.

Research Proposal Template

Get your Detailed Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

This is a template for a 2500-word research proposal. You may find it difficult to squeeze everything into this wordcount, but it’s a common wordcount for Honors and MA-level dissertations.

Your research proposal is where you really get going with your study. I’d strongly recommend working closely with your teacher in developing a research proposal that’s consistent with the requirements and culture of your institution, as in my experience it varies considerably. The above template is from my own courses that walk students through research proposals in a British School of Education.

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 25 Number Games for Kids (Free and Easy)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 25 Word Games for Kids (Free and Easy)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 25 Outdoor Games for Kids
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 50 Incentives to Give to Students

8 thoughts on “17 Research Proposal Examples”

Very excellent research proposals

very helpful

Very helpful

Dear Sir, I need some help to write an educational research proposal. Thank you.

Hi Levi, use the site search bar to ask a question and I’ll likely have a guide already written for your specific question. Thanks for reading!

very good research proposal

Thank you so much sir! ❤️

Very helpful 👌

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Selection Of Top Research Proposal Topics In Education

Updated 25 Jul 2024

Talking about education is always tricky. It’s a large field where many things are happening globally. However, this means that there’s a lot of room for discovering new angles that can be interesting to discuss. Naturally, you want your proposal to be accepted so that you can start working on your research. Besides, writing an excellent research paper can gradually improve your grade and affect your further training and how well you develop as a student. Don't forget: a quality plagiarism detector is the need of the hour!

When the time comes it might be overwhelming to choose a topic for research proposal in the education sphere. The sheer amount of information and innovation can make it challenging to recognize the right one. This is why we’ve decided to share some essential advice on how to gain a clear understanding of what a research proposal is and choosing the perfect research proposal topic right for you.

How to Choose Topics For Research Proposal in Education

Below you’ll find some useful recommendations on how to choose the right topic for your research from research paper writing services EduBirdie.

Learn about the latest educational tendencies and changes.

As we mentioned earlier, it’s essential to keep up with the latest news in education. New things are constantly happening, and different news sources can instantly help you brainstorm your topics.

Check some real examples.

If you don’t have any ideas, go straight to the source. Attend a lecture at college or visit a school. See how teachers are using various methods and whether certain practices are used the right way. Sadly, there’s always a difference between theory and practice.

Look up for some topical literature.

Reading books about education is always a good idea. Not only can you find an exciting topic but also get research for it straight away.

Narrow it down.

Being specific helps you bring authenticity and makes your proposal look interesting. Don’t talk about education in general; find interesting pieces and see how to correlate to other factors.

Still have questions considering your proposal? Below you’ll find answers to some of the most common ones students usually ask.

What are some good research proposal topics in education?

A good example would be, “Is a teacher only supposed to educate or act as a moral guide as well?” The issue itself is very specific and comes in the form of a question that is always a good thing. At the same time, this topic has a broad capacity for discussion.  

If you need further inspiration, you can find proposal essay examples related to education to help you formulate your own research proposal.

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Top 50 List of Research Proposal Topics in Education

Curriculum and instruction.

• The Impact of STEM Education on Critical Thinking Skills
• Multicultural Education and Student Engagement
• Efficacy of Bilingual Education in Early Childhood
• Digital Literacy: Preparing Students for a Digital World
• The Role of Arts Education in Emotional Intelligence Development
• Inquiry-Based Learning vs. Traditional Teaching Methods
• The Effectiveness of Environmental Education Programs
• Integrating Coding into the Curriculum: Outcomes and Challenges
• Project-Based Learning: Enhancing Collaborative Skills
• Holistic Education: Benefits on Student Well-being
• The Impact of Homework on Academic Achievement
• Adapting Curriculum for Special Needs Students
• Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices
• The Role of Physical Education in Child Development
• Implementing Financial Literacy in High School Curriculum
• The Influence of Textbook Content on Historical Perspectives
• Teaching Critical Media Literacy in Schools
• Outdoor Education and Its Impact on Student Learning
• The Effectiveness of Character Education Programs
• Curriculum Design for Online Learning Environments

Educational Technology

• Virtual Reality in Education: Prospects and Limitations
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Learning
• Gamification in Education: Engagement and Learning Outcomes
• Mobile Learning Apps and Student Performance
• The Impact of Social Media on Learning and Socialization
• Technology Integration in Low-Resource Classrooms
• Online vs. Traditional Education: A Comparative Study
• The Use of Big Data in Educational Assessment
• Cybersecurity Education in Schools: Necessity and Implementation
• E-Learning Platforms: Effectiveness in Adult Education
• Augmented Reality for Enhancing Science Education
• Digital Divide: Access to Technology in Rural vs. Urban Schools
• The Future of MOOCs in Higher Education
• Wearable Technology in Physical Education
• Student Data Privacy in Digital Learning Tools
• Flipped Classroom Model: A Meta-Analysis
• Adaptive Learning Systems and Student Success
• The Role of Podcasts in Higher Education
• Blockchain Technology for Academic Credentials
• Smart Classrooms: Impact on Teacher-Student Interaction

Teacher Education and Professional Development

• Mentoring Programs for New Teachers: Best Practices
• Continuing Education for Teachers: Impact on Teaching Quality
• Teacher Perceptions of Professional Development Programs
• The Role of Reflective Practice in Teacher Education
• Teaching Strategies for Diverse Classrooms
• Impact of Teacher Leadership on School Culture
• Teacher Burnout: Causes, Effects, and Prevention Strategies
• Effective Models of Teacher Evaluation
• Integrating Emotional Intelligence Training for Teachers
• Professional Learning Communities: Enhancing Collaboration
• Teaching Ethics and Professional Responsibility
• Technology Training for Teachers: Adoption and Impact
• Cross-Cultural Competence in Teacher Education
• Strategies for Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms
• The Role of Teachers in Preventing Bullying
• Innovative Teaching Methods in Higher Education
• Teacher Attitudes Towards Inclusive Education
• Peer Coaching and Its Effect on Teaching Practice
• The Impact of Teacher Motivation on Student Achievement
• Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Teacher Education

Education Policy and Leadership

• Impact of Education Policies on Achievement Gaps
• School Leadership Styles and Their Effect on Teacher Morale
• The Role of Educational Leaders in Implementing Technology
• Education Reform: Lessons from Successful Systems
• The Influence of Policy on Early Childhood Education
• Charter Schools vs. Public Schools: A Policy Analysis
• Higher Education Funding Models and Their Implications
• The Effect of Standardized Testing on Curriculum Choices
• Policies for Addressing Mental Health in Schools
• The Role of Parental Involvement in Education Policy
• School Safety Policies and Their Impact on Learning Environment
• Equity and Access in Higher Education
• The Politics of Education Reform
• Community Involvement in School Leadership
• Education Policy and Its Impact on Teacher Retention
• The Future of Education Policy in a Globalized World
• Leadership in Special Education Administration
• The Role of School Boards in Educational Improvement
• Policy Approaches to Lifelong Learning
• The Impact of Immigration Policies on Education

Social and Cultural Issues in Education

• Gender Disparities in STEM Education
• The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Educational Achievement
• Cultural Competence in the Classroom
• Education as a Tool for Social Justice
• The Effects of Racial Bias in Educational Materials
• Language Barriers in Education for ESL Students
• The Role of Education in Social Mobility
• Addressing LGBTQ+ Issues in School Curricula
• The Educational Challenges of Refugee and Immigrant Students
• Social Media's Role in Shaping Youth Culture and Education
• The Influence of Family Structure on Educational Outcomes
• Cultural Identity and Its Impact on Learning
• Education and the Digital Divide: Bridging the Gap
• The Role of Schools in Promoting Community Engagement
• Educational Strategies for At-Risk Youth
• The Impact of Globalization on Education Systems
• Cultural Sensitivity Training for Educators
• The Role of Education in Combating Climate Change
• Social Class and Access to Higher Education
• Multicultural Education and Global Citizenship

EduBirdie is Here to Help You with Any Research Topics in Education

If you need research proposal writing help, we have hundreds of professional writers with expertise in the education field. Utilizing proposal writing services can help you craft a well-structured and persuasive proposal and also assist you with writing your whole research paper. Don’t hesitate to contact us, as we guarantee complete anonymity.

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

• Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

• Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
• Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

• Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

• Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
• Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

• Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
• If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

• Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
• Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

• Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

• Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

• Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

• Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

• Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
• State the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
• Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
• Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

• Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
• Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

• If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

• To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
• To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
• To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

• Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
• Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How To Write A Research Proposal

A Straightforward How-To Guide (With Examples)

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | August 2019 (Updated April 2023)

Writing up a strong research proposal for a dissertation or thesis is much like a marriage proposal. It’s a task that calls on you to win somebody over and persuade them that what you’re planning is a great idea. An idea they’re happy to say ‘yes’ to. This means that your dissertation proposal needs to be   persuasive ,   attractive   and well-planned. In this post, I’ll show you how to write a winning dissertation proposal, from scratch.

Before you start:

– Understand exactly what a research proposal is – Ask yourself these 4 questions

The 5 essential ingredients:

• The title/topic
• The introduction chapter
• The scope/delimitations
• Preliminary literature review
• Design/ methodology
• Practical considerations and risks 

What Is A Research Proposal?

The research proposal is literally that: a written document that communicates what you propose to research, in a concise format. It’s where you put all that stuff that’s spinning around in your head down on to paper, in a logical, convincing fashion.

Convincing   is the keyword here, as your research proposal needs to convince the assessor that your research is   clearly articulated   (i.e., a clear research question) ,   worth doing   (i.e., is unique and valuable enough to justify the effort), and   doable   within the restrictions you’ll face (time limits, budget, skill limits, etc.). If your proposal does not address these three criteria, your research won’t be approved, no matter how “exciting” the research idea might be.

PS – if you’re completely new to proposal writing, we’ve got a detailed walkthrough video covering two successful research proposals here . 

How do I know I’m ready?

Before starting the writing process, you need to   ask yourself 4 important questions .  If you can’t answer them succinctly and confidently, you’re not ready – you need to go back and think more deeply about your dissertation topic .

You should be able to answer the following 4 questions before starting your dissertation or thesis research proposal:

• WHAT is my main research question? (the topic)
• WHO cares and why is this important? (the justification)
• WHAT data would I need to answer this question, and how will I analyse it? (the research design)
• HOW will I manage the completion of this research, within the given timelines? (project and risk management)

If you can’t answer these questions clearly and concisely,   you’re not yet ready   to write your research proposal – revisit our   post on choosing a topic .

If you can, that’s great – it’s time to start writing up your dissertation proposal. Next, I’ll discuss what needs to go into your research proposal, and how to structure it all into an intuitive, convincing document with a linear narrative.

The 5 Essential Ingredients

Research proposals can vary in style between institutions and disciplines, but here I’ll share with you a   handy 5-section structure   you can use. These 5 sections directly address the core questions we spoke about earlier, ensuring that you present a convincing proposal. If your institution already provides a proposal template, there will likely be substantial overlap with this, so you’ll still get value from reading on.

For each section discussed below, make sure you use headers and sub-headers (ideally, numbered headers) to help the reader navigate through your document, and to support them when they need to revisit a previous section. Don’t just present an endless wall of text, paragraph after paragraph after paragraph…

Top Tip:   Use MS Word Styles to format headings. This will allow you to be clear about whether a sub-heading is level 2, 3, or 4. Additionally, you can view your document in ‘outline view’ which will show you only your headings. This makes it much easier to check your structure, shift things around and make decisions about where a section needs to sit. You can also generate a 100% accurate table of contents using Word’s automatic functionality.

Ingredient #1 – Topic/Title Header

Your research proposal’s title should be your main research question in its simplest form, possibly with a sub-heading providing basic details on the specifics of the study. For example:

“Compliance with equality legislation in the charity sector: a study of the ‘reasonable adjustments’ made in three London care homes”

As you can see, this title provides a clear indication of what the research is about, in broad terms. It paints a high-level picture for the first-time reader, which gives them a taste of what to expect.   Always aim for a clear, concise title . Don’t feel the need to capture every detail of your research in your title – your proposal will fill in the gaps.

Need a helping hand?

Ingredient #2 – Introduction

In this section of your research proposal, you’ll expand on what you’ve communicated in the title, by providing a few paragraphs which offer more detail about your research topic. Importantly, the focus here is the   topic   – what will you research and why is that worth researching? This is not the place to discuss methodology, practicalities, etc. – you’ll do that later.

You should cover the following:

• An overview of the   broad area   you’ll be researching – introduce the reader to key concepts and language
• An explanation of the   specific (narrower) area   you’ll be focusing, and why you’ll be focusing there
• Your research   aims   and   objectives
• Your   research question (s) and sub-questions (if applicable)

Importantly, you should aim to use short sentences and plain language – don’t babble on with extensive jargon, acronyms and complex language. Assume that the reader is an intelligent layman – not a subject area specialist (even if they are). Remember that the   best writing is writing that can be easily understood   and digested. Keep it simple.

Note that some universities may want some extra bits and pieces in your introduction section. For example, personal development objectives, a structural outline, etc. Check your brief to see if there are any other details they expect in your proposal, and make sure you find a place for these.

Ingredient #3 – Scope

Next, you’ll need to specify what the scope of your research will be – this is also known as the delimitations . In other words, you need to make it clear what you will be covering and, more importantly, what you won’t be covering in your research. Simply put, this is about ring fencing your research topic so that you have a laser-sharp focus.

All too often, students feel the need to go broad and try to address as many issues as possible, in the interest of producing comprehensive research. Whilst this is admirable, it’s a mistake. By tightly refining your scope, you’ll enable yourself to   go deep   with your research, which is what you need to earn good marks. If your scope is too broad, you’re likely going to land up with superficial research (which won’t earn marks), so don’t be afraid to narrow things down.

Ingredient #4 – Literature Review

In this section of your research proposal, you need to provide a (relatively) brief discussion of the existing literature. Naturally, this will not be as comprehensive as the literature review in your actual dissertation, but it will lay the foundation for that. In fact, if you put in the effort at this stage, you’ll make your life a lot easier when it’s time to write your actual literature review chapter.

There are a few things you need to achieve in this section:

• Demonstrate that you’ve done your reading and are   familiar with the current state of the research   in your topic area.
• Show that   there’s a clear gap   for your specific research – i.e., show that your topic is sufficiently unique and will add value to the existing research.
• Show how the existing research has shaped your thinking regarding   research design . For example, you might use scales or questionnaires from previous studies.

When you write up your literature review, keep these three objectives front of mind, especially number two (revealing the gap in the literature), so that your literature review has a   clear purpose and direction . Everything you write should be contributing towards one (or more) of these objectives in some way. If it doesn’t, you need to ask yourself whether it’s truly needed.

Top Tip:  Don’t fall into the trap of just describing the main pieces of literature, for example, “A says this, B says that, C also says that…” and so on. Merely describing the literature provides no value. Instead, you need to   synthesise   it, and use it to address the three objectives above.

Ingredient #5 – Research Methodology

Now that you’ve clearly explained both your intended research topic (in the introduction) and the existing research it will draw on (in the literature review section), it’s time to get practical and explain exactly how you’ll be carrying out your own research. In other words, your research methodology.

In this section, you’ll need to   answer two critical questions :

• How   will you design your research? I.e., what research methodology will you adopt, what will your sample be, how will you collect data, etc.
• Why   have you chosen this design? I.e., why does this approach suit your specific research aims, objectives and questions?

In other words, this is not just about explaining WHAT you’ll be doing, it’s also about explaining WHY. In fact, the   justification is the most important part , because that justification is how you demonstrate a good understanding of research design (which is what assessors want to see).

Some essential design choices you need to cover in your research proposal include:

• Your intended research philosophy (e.g., positivism, interpretivism or pragmatism )
• What methodological approach you’ll be taking (e.g., qualitative , quantitative or mixed )
• The details of your sample (e.g., sample size, who they are, who they represent, etc.)
• What data you plan to collect (i.e. data about what, in what form?)
• How you plan to collect it (e.g., surveys , interviews , focus groups, etc.)
• How you plan to analyse it (e.g., regression analysis, thematic analysis , etc.)
• Ethical adherence (i.e., does this research satisfy all ethical requirements of your institution, or does it need further approval?)

This list is not exhaustive – these are just some core attributes of research design. Check with your institution what level of detail they expect. The “ research onion ” by Saunders et al (2009) provides a good summary of the various design choices you ultimately need to make – you can   read more about that here .

Don’t forget the practicalities…

In addition to the technical aspects, you will need to address the   practical   side of the project. In other words, you need to explain   what resources you’ll need   (e.g., time, money, access to equipment or software, etc.) and how you intend to secure these resources. You need to show that your project is feasible, so any “make or break” type resources need to already be secured. The success or failure of your project cannot depend on some resource which you’re not yet sure you have access to.

Another part of the practicalities discussion is   project and risk management . In other words, you need to show that you have a clear project plan to tackle your research with. Some key questions to address:

• What are the timelines for each phase of your project?
• Are the time allocations reasonable?
• What happens if something takes longer than anticipated (risk management)?
• What happens if you don’t get the response rate you expect?

A good way to demonstrate that you’ve thought this through is to include a Gantt chart and a risk register (in the appendix if word count is a problem). With these two tools, you can show that you’ve got a clear, feasible plan, and you’ve thought about and accounted for the potential risks.

Tip – Be honest about the potential difficulties – but show that you are anticipating solutions and workarounds. This is much more impressive to an assessor than an unrealistically optimistic proposal which does not anticipate any challenges whatsoever.

Final Touches: Read And Simplify

The final step is to edit and proofread your proposal – very carefully. It sounds obvious, but all too often poor editing and proofreading ruin a good proposal. Nothing is more off-putting for an assessor than a poorly edited, typo-strewn document. It sends the message that you either do not pay attention to detail, or just don’t care. Neither of these are good messages. Put the effort into editing and proofreading your proposal (or pay someone to do it for you) – it will pay dividends.

When you’re editing, watch out for ‘academese’. Many students can speak simply, passionately and clearly about their dissertation topic – but become incomprehensible the moment they turn the laptop on. You are not required to write in any kind of special, formal, complex language when you write academic work. Sure, there may be technical terms, jargon specific to your discipline, shorthand terms and so on. But, apart from those,   keep your written language very close to natural spoken language   – just as you would speak in the classroom. Imagine that you are explaining your project plans to your classmates or a family member. Remember, write for the intelligent layman, not the subject matter experts. Plain-language, concise writing is what wins hearts and minds – and marks!

Let’s Recap: Research Proposal 101

And there you have it – how to write your dissertation or thesis research proposal, from the title page to the final proof. Here’s a quick recap of the key takeaways:

• The purpose of the research proposal is to   convince   – therefore, you need to make a clear, concise argument of why your research is both worth doing and doable.
• Make sure you can ask the critical what, who, and how questions of your research   before   you put pen to paper.
• Title – provides the first taste of your research, in broad terms
• Introduction – explains what you’ll be researching in more detail
• Scope – explains the boundaries of your research
• Literature review – explains how your research fits into the existing research and why it’s unique and valuable
• Research methodology – explains and justifies how you will carry out your own research

Hopefully, this post has helped you better understand how to write up a winning research proposal. If you enjoyed it, be sure to check out the rest of the Grad Coach Blog . If your university doesn’t provide any template for your proposal, you might want to try out our free research proposal template .

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

30 Comments

Thank you so much for the valuable insight that you have given, especially on the research proposal. That is what I have managed to cover. I still need to go back to the other parts as I got disturbed while still listening to Derek’s audio on you-tube. I am inspired. I will definitely continue with Grad-coach guidance on You-tube.

Thanks for the kind words :). All the best with your proposal.

First of all, thanks a lot for making such a wonderful presentation. The video was really useful and gave me a very clear insight of how a research proposal has to be written. I shall try implementing these ideas in my RP.

Once again, I thank you for this content.

I found reading your outline on writing research proposal very beneficial. I wish there was a way of submitting my draft proposal to you guys for critiquing before I submit to the institution.

Hi Bonginkosi

Thank you for the kind words. Yes, we do provide a review service. The best starting point is to have a chat with one of our coaches here: https://gradcoach.com/book/new/ .

Hello team GRADCOACH, may God bless you so much. I was totally green in research. Am so happy for your free superb tutorials and resources. Once again thank you so much Derek and his team.

You’re welcome, Erick. Good luck with your research proposal 🙂

thank you for the information. its precise and on point.

Really a remarkable piece of writing and great source of guidance for the researchers. GOD BLESS YOU for your guidance. Regards

Thanks so much for your guidance. It is easy and comprehensive the way you explain the steps for a winning research proposal.

Thank you guys so much for the rich post. I enjoyed and learn from every word in it. My problem now is how to get into your platform wherein I can always seek help on things related to my research work ? Secondly, I wish to find out if there is a way I can send my tentative proposal to you guys for examination before I take to my supervisor Once again thanks very much for the insights

Thanks for your kind words, Desire.

If you are based in a country where Grad Coach’s paid services are available, you can book a consultation by clicking the “Book” button in the top right.

Best of luck with your studies.

May God bless you team for the wonderful work you are doing,

If I have a topic, Can I submit it to you so that you can draft a proposal for me?? As I am expecting to go for masters degree in the near future.

Thanks for your comment. We definitely cannot draft a proposal for you, as that would constitute academic misconduct. The proposal needs to be your own work. We can coach you through the process, but it needs to be your own work and your own writing.

Best of luck with your research!

I found a lot of many essential concepts from your material. it is real a road map to write a research proposal. so thanks a lot. If there is any update material on your hand on MBA please forward to me.

GradCoach is a professional website that presents support and helps for MBA student like me through the useful online information on the page and with my 1-on-1 online coaching with the amazing and professional PhD Kerryen.

Thank you Kerryen so much for the support and help 🙂

I really recommend dealing with such a reliable services provider like Gradcoah and a coach like Kerryen.

Hi, Am happy for your service and effort to help students and researchers, Please, i have been given an assignment on research for strategic development, the task one is to formulate a research proposal to support the strategic development of a business area, my issue here is how to go about it, especially the topic or title and introduction. Please, i would like to know if you could help me and how much is the charge.

This content is practical, valuable, and just great!

Thank you very much!

Hi Derek, Thank you for the valuable presentation. It is very helpful especially for beginners like me. I am just starting my PhD.

This is quite instructive and research proposal made simple. Can I have a research proposal template?

Great! Thanks for rescuing me, because I had no former knowledge in this topic. But with this piece of information, I am now secured. Thank you once more.

I enjoyed listening to your video on how to write a proposal. I think I will be able to write a winning proposal with your advice. I wish you were to be my supervisor.

Dear Derek Jansen,

Thank you for your great content. I couldn’t learn these topics in MBA, but now I learned from GradCoach. Really appreciate your efforts….

From Afghanistan!

I have got very essential inputs for startup of my dissertation proposal. Well organized properly communicated with video presentation. Thank you for the presentation.

Wow, this is absolutely amazing guys. Thank you so much for the fruitful presentation, you’ve made my research much easier.

this helps me a lot. thank you all so much for impacting in us. may god richly bless you all

How I wish I’d learn about Grad Coach earlier. I’ve been stumbling around writing and rewriting! Now I have concise clear directions on how to put this thing together. Thank you!

Fantastic!! Thank You for this very concise yet comprehensive guidance.

Even if I am poor in English I would like to thank you very much.

Thank you very much, this is very insightful.

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• Future Students
• Current Students
• Faculty/Staff

• Current Students Hub

Doctoral handbook

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• Dissertation Proposal

On this page:

Proposal Overview and Format

Proposal committee, proposal hearing or meeting.

• Printing Credit for Use in School of Education Labs

Students are urged to begin thinking about a dissertation topic early in their degree program. Concentrated work on a dissertation proposal normally begins after successful completion of the Second-Year Review, which often includes a “mini” proposal, an extended literature review, or a theoretical essay, plus advancement to doctoral candidacy. In defining a dissertation topic, the student collaborates with their faculty advisor or dissertation advisor (if one is selected) in the choice of a topic for the dissertation.

The dissertation proposal is a comprehensive statement on the extent and nature of the student’s dissertation research interests. Students submit a draft of the proposal to their dissertation advisor between the end of the seventh and middle of the ninth quarters. The student must provide a written copy of the proposal to the faculty committee no later than two weeks prior to the date of the proposal hearing. Committee members could require an earlier deadline (e.g., four weeks before the hearing).

The major components of the proposal are as follows, with some variations across Areas and disciplines:

• A detailed statement of the problem that is to be studied and the context within which it is to be seen. This should include a justification of the importance of the problem on both theoretical and educational grounds.
• A thorough review of the literature pertinent to the research problem. This review should provide proof that the relevant literature in the field has been thoroughly researched. Good research is cumulative; it builds on the thoughts, findings, and mistakes of others.
• its general explanatory interest
• the overall theoretical framework within which this interest is to be pursued
• the model or hypotheses to be tested or the research questions to be answered
• a discussion of the conceptual and operational properties of the variables
• an overview of strategies for collecting appropriate evidence (sampling, instrumentation, data collection, data reduction, data analysis)
• a discussion of how the evidence is to be interpreted (This aspect of the proposal will be somewhat different in fields such as history and philosophy of education.)
• If applicable, students should complete a request for approval of research with human subjects, using the Human Subjects Review Form ( http://humansubjects.stanford.edu/ ). Except for pilot work, the University requires the approval of the Administrative Panel on Human Subjects in Behavioral Science Research before any data can be collected from human subjects.

Registration (i.e., enrollment) is required for any quarter during which a degree requirement is completed, including the dissertation proposal. Refer to the Registration or Enrollment for Milestone Completion section for more details.

As students progress through the program, their interests may change. There is no commitment on the part of the student’s advisor to automatically serve as the dissertation chair. Based on the student’s interests and the dissertation topic, many students approach other GSE professors to serve as the dissertation advisor, if appropriate.

A dissertation proposal committee is comprised of three academic council faculty members, one of whom will serve as the major dissertation advisor. Whether or not the student’s general program advisor serves on the dissertation proposal committee and later the reading committee will depend on the relevance of that faculty member’s expertise to the topic of the dissertation, and their availability. There is no requirement that a program advisor serve, although very often they do. Members of the dissertation proposal committee may be drawn from other area committees within the GSE, from other departments in the University, or from emeriti faculty. At least one person serving on the proposal committee must be from the student’s area committee (CTE, DAPS, SHIPS). All three members must be on the Academic Council; if the student desires the expertise of a non-Academic Council member, it may be possible to petition. After the hearing, a memorandum listing the changes to be made will be written and submitted with the signed proposal cover sheet and a copy of the proposal itself to the Doctoral Programs Officer.

Review and approval of the dissertation proposal occurs normally during the third year. The proposal hearing seeks to review the quality and feasibility of the proposal. The Second-Year Review and the Proposal Hearing are separate milestones and may not occur as part of the same hearing or meeting.

The student and the dissertation advisor are responsible for scheduling a formal meeting or hearing to review the proposal; the student and proposal committee convene for this evaluative period. Normally, all must be present at the meeting either in person or via conference phone call.

At the end of this meeting, the dissertation proposal committee members should sign the Cover Sheet for Dissertation Proposal and indicate their approval or rejection of the proposal. This signed form should be submitted to the Doctoral Programs Officer. If the student is required to make revisions, an addendum is required with the written approval of each member of the committee stating that the proposal has been revised to their satisfaction.

After submitting the Proposal Hearing material to the Doctoral Programs Officer, the student should make arrangements with three faculty members to serve on their Dissertation Reading Committee. The Doctoral Dissertation Reading Committee form should be completed and given to the Doctoral Programs Officer to enter in the University student records system. Note: The proposal hearing committee and the reading committee do not have to be the same three faculty members. Normally, the proposal hearing precedes the designation of a Dissertation Reading Committee, and faculty on either committee may differ (except for the primary dissertation advisor). However, some students may advance to Terminal Graduate Registration (TGR) status before completing their dissertation proposal hearing if they have established a dissertation reading committee. In these cases, it is acceptable for the student to form a reading committee prior to the dissertation proposal hearing. The reading committee then serves as the proposal committee.

The proposal and reading committee forms and related instructions are on the GSE website, under current students>forms.

Printing Credit for Use in GSE Labs

Upon completion of their doctoral dissertation proposal, GSE students are eligible for a $300 printing credit redeemable in any of the GSE computer labs where students are normally charged for print jobs. Only one $300 credit per student will be issued, but it is usable throughout the remainder of her or his doctoral program until the balance is exhausted. The print credit can be used only at the printers in Cubberley basement and CERAS, and cannot be used toward copying.

After submitting the signed dissertation proposal cover sheet to the Doctoral Programs Officer indicating approval (see above), students can submit a HELP SU ticket online at helpsu.stanford.edu to request the credit. When submitting the help ticket, the following should be selected from the drop-down menus for HELP SU:

Request Category :  Computer, Handhelds (PDAs), Printers, Servers Request Type :  Printer Operating System : (whatever system is used by the student, e.g., Windows XP.)

The help ticket will be routed to the GSE's IT Group for processing; they will in turn notify the student via email when the credit is available.

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Handbook Contents

• Timetable for the Doctoral Degree
• Degree Requirements
• Registration or Enrollment for Milestone Completion
• The Graduate Study Program
• Student Virtual and Teleconference Participation in Hearings
• First Year (3rd Quarter) Review
• Second Year (6th Quarter) Review
• Committee Composition for First- and Second-Year Reviews
• Advancement to Candidacy
• Academic Program Revision
• Dissertation Content
• Dissertation Reading Committee
• University Oral Examination
• Submitting the Dissertation
• Registration and Student Statuses
• Graduate Financial Support
• GSE Courses
• Curriculum Studies and Teacher Education (CTE)
• Developmental and Psychological Sciences (DAPS)
• Learning Sciences and Technology Design (LSTD)
• Race, Inequality, and Language in Education (RILE)
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Education Research Proposal Topics: 100+ Useful Ideas

Writing an academic paper causes sleepless nights and hard work for students. Fortunately, you can easily create an accurate research paper with the right strategy. However, before you begin your research paper, you must create a proper research proposal.

A research proposal is a formal, structured document created to sell or convince committee members of your research idea. It should show what you intend to do, why your research is essential to your field, and how you intend to proceed with your research. Many students struggle with choosing their education research topics when the time comes.

To help you, we have given you some advice from experts on how to choose a research proposal topic and provide a list of some meaningful and powerful research topics in education.

Table of Contents

How to Select Your Education Research Proposal Topics

Selecting a unique and precise education research topic is the first step in drafting a solid research paper. Your research topic will be the foundation of your entire research. So, before selecting your education research proposal topic, make sure you have followed these recommendations:

• Stay up-to-date on current trends and developments in education. The education system is constantly evolving. If you want a unique educational topic for your research paper, you must seek the latest trends and news regarding academic subjects. Doing this would help you understand the educational world’s current scenario.
• Attending educational workshops or talking to your professors can be helpful. When you run out of ideas, look at genuine examples, such as teaching strategies and the learning procedures used in the educational system, and then choose a subject that would be appropriate for study.
• Reading journals and articles about education would be an excellent idea for choosing a successful research proposal topic in education.
• Please don’t limit your research to a subject connected to your country’s education system. Cross the line and look for a topic relating to the worldwide education systems and the strategies every nation has utilized to establish its educational system.

Lastly, if you are still confused regarding your research proposal topics in education, this upcoming section can help you.

A List of 100+ Research Topics in Education

The educational domain offers countless opportunities. But if you’re forced to select a subject for your college course, it’s easy to become lost and hit writer’s block. The ideal research paper topics should be chosen after a preliminary analysis of related works on the subject and considering your knowledge. You should pick another topic if the one you have chosen does not inspire you.

Read Also – Educational English Research Paper Topics

Exciting Research Topics About Education

The educational field is filled with immense possibilities. However, with these numerous opportunities, various students get stuck deciding what to choose for their research. To help you get an effortless start, we have drafted this first section, which consists of 20 research titles and examples in education.

• Education for freedom: the objective of Waldorf schools
• Implementing and designing a blended learning approach for teaching anatomical sciences
• A practical approach to preventing bullying and violence in school
• Learning democratic leadership in Waldorf schools
• Understanding blended learning in the education system: challenges encountered and challenges learned
• Magnetic schools: their history, description, and effects on learning.
• Navigating the stony road of learning strategies
• The dark side of school leadership: an old issue with a new guise
• A critical analysis of preventing school violence

Topics for Research Proposals in Educational Technology

Educational technology refers to the tools that assist in communicating knowledge and the development of education. You can look at these given topics and proceed with your research accordingly.

• A review of educational technologies and their current developments
• New approaches to understanding the efficiency of educational technologies
• The role of innovative technologies in modern learning
• Understanding the connection between Kolb learning styles, online learning habits, and learning outcomes
• Gender, educational level, and personality influence
• Online learning outcomes during the COVID-19 epidemic.
• Examining how outcomes, assessment, and evaluation are essential for successful e-learning.
• Strengthening learning outcomes: The role of instructional technology, student behavior, and learning style behavior in improving learning outcomes
• Educational technology tools: an overview of children’s prospects
• Educational technology in medical education.
• Analyzing constructivist learning
• Understanding educational technology for the general classroom
• An introduction to educational technology
• Principles of educational technology integration and implementation
• Models of instructional design for problem-solving learning outcomes
• The impact of flow on learning outcomes: an empirical investigation using clickers
• Online language courses: interactions and learning outcomes for students
• A comprehensive guide to the educational technology process and products
• The learning consequences of tablet technology in elementary education
• A structural equation study of the use of social media applications in college teaching to improve educational results

Read Also – 200+ Exciting Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Research Questions for Educational Psychology

Students majoring in education have to study educational psychology as well. The subject is highly complex and carries a lot of research work. This fascinating subject can help you create a substantial research paper .

• Applying contemporary educational psychology to the modern education system
• Educational psychology: a contemporary approach
• Understanding the theory and practices of educational psychology
• The significance of psychological development from an academic perspective
• A current study on students’ social, psychological, and emotional development
• Insights of Developmental psychology
• Understanding psychological underdevelopment in children
• Insights into the trauma-informed education treatment for adolescents
• Vygotsky’s developmental and educational psychology
• The nature, consequences, and treatment of mathematical anxiety
• Mathematical anxiety and the causes of the affective drop in performance: studying some interesting parallels
• A review of personality theories and education
• Educating children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: understanding some interesting parallels
• Education and cognitive psychology.
• Peer teaching dimensions and psychology in medical education.
• Understanding trauma-informed education: how can positive psychology be effective for treating vulnerable students?
• An overview of learning theories in educational psychology
• Metacognitive theories: a framework for teaching and approaching learning tasks

Education Research Proposal Topics for College Students

Sometimes, college students find it hard to draft their assignments. In this section, we have provided a list of helpful ideas about educational topics for students pursuing their master’s or Ph.D. While these topics are somehow complex for college assignments or projects, you can still take a brief hint and draft a case of your own.

• Evaluation of early childhood education: understanding the importance of learning through play
• Measuring brief group interventions in sexual education
• Student methods and approaches for studying: New methods and practices for studying
• The Revolution in Military Education: an Overview
• The magnet school context and pursuit of racial balance
• Understanding social systems and the trends in outdoor adventure education programs
• Multiplicity and multiculturism as a challenge to religious education
• Making a comfortable and productive parent-teacher conference
• Environmental impressions of students in same-sex classrooms
• The education system in the United States versus the United Kingdom

Read Also – 150+ Brilliant Child Development Topic Ideas

Special Education Research Proposal Topics

Education for exceptional students is one of the most complex fields worldwide. Look at these great topics, alter the language to suit your needs, and always go with what motivates you the most!

• Art therapy as an autism intervention
• The virtual reality of autism: teaching strategies for children with autism
• Language instruction for children with autism and other developmental difficulties
• Special educational needs for students with developmental difficulties
• The social construction of abilities: overview and recommendations
• Mapping down commonsense methods for children with special educational needs
• Teaching Dyslexic Students
• Response to intervention: a critical overview
• Special educational programs: a strategic model for general and special education
• Learning strategies for special education classes through cooperative teaching
• Family Involvement in Special Education
• Instructional designs for SPED
• A critical analysis of the over-identification of children of color in special education
• Homebound education
• Mapping the anxiety reasons for dyslexic students
• The connection between effectiveness and instructional practices of special education teachers
• Special requirements for kids with ADHD
• Education for the Deaf
• Adaptive Skills & Behavior
• Education for Learners with Visual Impairment
• Movement Education for the Disabled
• Remedial Education
• An Individualized Education Plan
• Education in Residential Care

Additional Research Topics And Questions For Education

If you are still confused about your research proposal topics in education, we have provided another list of education research topics for your help. So, don’t forget to explore these research proposal topic ideas for easy and general education research proposal topics.

• Low-incidence & High-incidence Disabilities
• Overcrowding in Schools
• Andragogy and pedagogy: a review of instructional methodology for students
• Tribal Education: The Importance of Liberation Education for Social Transformation
• Novel approaches to relieve overcrowding in educational institutions
• Cooperative learning in mathematics
• “Social networking and education”
• British education and gender inequality
• The implementation of educational policy
• Education policy and politics: themes and process.

Thrilling Research Topics and Ideas About Education

It is understandable to become confused and hit writer’s block whenever you have to select a specific topic for your research. The ideal research paper themes should be chosen using your personal experience and preliminary investigation of your subject. If the above-provided list does not excite you, don’t worry! We are not yet completed!

• The education policy of the United States
• A comparative analysis of the education systems of the United States
• A review of systematic change and causal effects in education
• Myths, realities, and educational reforms in the United States
• Modern educational practices
• National study of parental views about and experiences with local and national special education services
• Recent advancements in the continuous approach to learning
• Parental involvement in the development of a child

Final Words

Don’t forget that these topic suggestions were just a bare hint for your paper. You can use these topics for inspirational purposes. Conduct additional research from online sources and write your subjects accordingly. Don’t forget at the end. It’s only your efforts and hard work that matters. But, sometimes, students’ lives can be overwhelming as well. It can make it difficult for students to select the ideal topic for their research.

So, if you need expert paper help or professional assistance from paper editors , you can also consult our professional experts.

By Alex Brown

I'm an ambitious, seasoned, and versatile author. I am experienced in proposing, outlining, and writing engaging assignments. Developing contagious academic work is always my top priority. I have a keen eye for detail and diligence in producing exceptional academic writing work. I work hard daily to help students with their assignments and projects. Experimenting with creative writing styles while maintaining a solid and informative voice is what I enjoy the most.

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Writing your research proposal

A doctoral research degree is the highest academic qualification that a student can achieve. The guidance provided in these articles will help you apply for one of the two main types of research degree offered by The Open University.

A traditional PhD, a Doctor of Philosophy, usually studied full-time, prepares candidates for a career in Higher Education.    

A Professional Doctorate is usually studied part-time by mid- to late-career professionals. While it may lead to a career in Higher Education, it aims to improve and develop professional practice.  

We offer two Professional Doctorates:  

• A Doctorate in Education, the EdD and
• a Doctorate in Health and Social Care, the DHSC.

  Achieving a doctorate, whether a PhD, EdD or DHSC confers the title Dr.  

Why write a Research Proposal?  

To be accepted onto a PhD / Professional Doctorate (PD) programme in the Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies (WELS) at The Open University, you are required to submit a research proposal. Your proposal will  outline the research project you would like to pursue if you’re offered a place.  

When reviewing your proposal, there are three broad considerations that those responsible for admission onto the programme will bear in mind:    

1.     Is this PhD / PD research proposal worthwhile?

2.     Is this PhD / PD candidate capable of completing a doctorate at this university?

3.     Is this PhD / PD research proposal feasible?  

Writing activity: in your notebook, outline your response to each of the questions below based on how you would persuade someone with responsibility for admission onto a doctoral programme to offer you a place:

• What is your proposed research about & why is it worthy of three or more years of your time to study?
• What skills, knowledge and experience do you bring to this research – If you are considering a PhD, evidence of your suitability will be located in your academic record for the Prof Doc your academic record will need to be complemented by professional experience.
• Can you map out the different stages of your project, and how you will complete it studying i) full-time for three years ii) part-time for four years.

The first sections of the proposal - the introduction, the research question and the context are aimed at addressing considerations one and two.  

Your Introduction

Your Introduction will provide a clear and succinct summary of your proposal. It will include a title, research aims and research question(s), all of which allows your reader to understand immediately what the research is about and what it is intended to accomplish. We recommend that you have one main research question with two or three sub research questions. Sub research questions are usually implied by, or embedded within, your main research question.  

Please introduce your research proposal by completing the following sentences in your notebook: I am interested in the subject of ………………. because ……………… The issue that I see as needing investigation is ………………. because ………………. Therefore, my proposed research will answer or explore [add one main research question and two sub research questions] …... I am particularly well suited to researching this issue because ………………. So in this proposal I will ………………. Completing these prompts may feel challenging at this stage and you are encouraged to return to these notes as you work through this page.

Research questions are central to your study. While we are used to asking and answering questions on a daily basis, the research question is quite specific. As well as identifying an issue about which your enthusiasm will last for anything from 3 – 8 years, you also need a question that offers the right scope, is clear and allows for a meaningful answer.  

Research questions matter. They are like the compass you use to find your way through a complicated terrain towards a specific destination. 

A good research proposal centres around a good research question. Your question will determine all other aspects of your research – from the literature you engage with, the methodology you adopt and ultimately, the contribution your research makes to the existing understanding of a subject. How you ask your question, or the kinds of question you ask, matters because there is a direct connection between question and method.  

You may be inclined to think in simplistic terms about methods as either quantitative or qualitative. We will discuss methodology in more detail in section three. At this point, it is more helpful to think of your methods in terms of the kinds of data you aim to generate. Mostly, this falls into two broad categories, qualitative and quantitative (sometimes these can be mixed). Many academics question this distinction and suggest the methodology categories are better understood as unstructured or structured.  

For example, let’s imagine you are asking a group of people about their sugary snack preferences.  

You may choose to interview people and transcribe what they say are their motivations, feelings and experiences about a particular sugary snack choice. You are most likely to do this with a small group of people as it is time consuming to analyse interview data.  

Alternatively, you may choose to question a number of people at some distance to yourself via a questionnaire, asking higher level questions about the choices they make and why.

Once you have a question that you are comfortable with, the rest of your proposal is devoted to explaining, exploring and elaborating your research question. It is probable that your question will change through the course of your study.  

At this early stage it sets a broad direction for what to do next: but you are not bound to it if your understanding of your subject develops, your question may need to change to reflect that deeper understanding. This is one of the few sections where there is a significant difference between what is asked from PhD candidates in contrast to what is asked from those intending to study a PD. There are three broad contexts for your research proposal.  

If you are considering a PD, the first context for your proposal is professional:

This context is of particular interest to anyone intending to apply for the professional doctorate. It is, however, also relevant if you are applying for a PhD with a subject focus on education, health, social care, languages and linguistics and related fields of study.  

You need to ensure your reader has a full understanding of your professional context and how your research question emerges from that context. This might involve exploring the specific institution within which your professionalism is grounded – a school or a care home.  It might also involve thinking beyond your institution, drawing in discussion of national policy, international trends, or professional commitments. There may be several different contexts that shape your research proposal. These must be fully explored and explained.  

Postgraduate researcher talks about research questions, context and why it mattered

The second context for your proposal is you and your life:

Your research proposal must be based on a subject about which you are enthused and have some degree of knowledge. This enthusiasm is best conveyed by introducing your motivations for wanting to undertake the research.  Here you can explore questions such as – what particular problem, dilemma, concern or conundrum your proposal will explore – from a personal perspective. Why does this excite you? Why would this matter to anyone other than you, or anyone who is outside of your specific institution i.e. your school, your care home.  

It may be helpful here to introduce your positionality . That is, let your reader know where you stand in relation to your proposed study. You are invited to offer a discussion of how you are situated in relation to the study being undertaken and how your situation influences your approach to the study.  

The third context for your doctoral proposal is the literature:

All research is grounded in the literature surrounding your subject. A legitimate research question emerges from an identified contribution your work has the potential to make to the extant knowledge on your chosen subject. We usually refer to this as finding a gap in the literature. This context is explored in more detail in the second article.

You can search for material that will help with your literature review and your research methodology using The Open University’s Open Access Research repository  and other open access literature.

Before moving to the next article ‘Defining your Research Methodology’, you might like to explore more about postgraduate study with these links:  

• Professional Doctorate Hub  
• What is a Professional Doctorate? 
• Are you ready to study for a Professional Doctorate? 
• The impact of a Professional Doctorate

Applying to study for a PhD in psychology

• Succeeding in postgraduate study - OpenLearn - Open University
• Are you ready for postgraduate study? - OpenLearn - Open University
• Postgraduate fees and funding | Open University
• Engaging with postgraduate research: education, childhood & youth - OpenLearn - Open University

We want you to do more than just read this series of articles. Our purpose is to help you draft a research proposal. With this in mind, please have a pen and paper (or your laptop and a notebook) close by and pause to read and take notes, or engage with the activities we suggest. You will not have authored your research proposal at the end of these articles, but you will have detailed notes and ideas to help you begin your first draft.

More articles from the research proposal collection

Defining your research methodology

Your research methodology is the approach you will take to guide your research process and explain why you use particular methods. This article explains more.

Level: 1 Introductory

Addressing ethical issues in your research proposal

This article explores the ethical issues that may arise in your proposed study during your doctoral research degree.

Writing your proposal and preparing for your interview

The final article looks at writing your research proposal - from the introduction through to citations and referencing - as well as preparing for your interview.

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This free course, Succeeding in postgraduate study, will help you to become familiar with the requirements and demands of postgraduate study and to develop the skills and confidence to pursue your learning further.

This free OpenLearn course is for psychology students and graduates who are interested in PhD study at some future point. Even if you have met PhD students and heard about their projects, it is likely that you have only a vague idea of what PhD study entails. This course is intended to give you more information.

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Research proposals

How to write an effective proposal.

What's it for?

A research proposal explains the nature and extent of your planned or future research. It is written for an academic reader e.g. for your supervisor or an academic with a similar disciplinary background. By thinking through your entire research project from beginning to end, it may also highlight core issues with the feasibility of the project.

W hat's in it ?

There are some disciplinary differences regarding exactly what is included in the proposal. For example, disciplines such as Psychology may include a prominent hypothesis statement, others in the Social Sciences including Education, may expect a set of research questions that the study will answer. However, all research proposals should cover the four basic elements below.

• The research topic addresses a significant problem and, therefore, advances the state of knowledge in that field.
• Identification of an appropriate methodology and underlying theory to address the problem, including data collection methods and equipment (if required).
• Details of how the collected data will be analysed in such a way that useful conclusions can be drawn.
• An organised plan for any proposed work, including a timeframe.

Possible macro-structures

The structure of your research proposal will vary depending on the requirements of your discipline. Nevertheless, certain structural elements will be expected by your reader and these may be presented in the following order. Check with the Research Coordinator in your area for specific requirements.

Identifies the title of the project, your full name, the institution, department, and supervisor details. The title should be brief and descriptive and may use a colon (:) to separate the topic from the focus (i.e. Stormwater Harvesting: Managing the hazards of surface water pollution by run-off ).

Lists the sections of the Research Proposal (headings and indented sub-headings) and corresponding page numbers.

Outlines the essence of the research project. It describes the purpose and motivation for the study, the problem, the data collection methodology and analysis, significant results and implications of the research.

Provides background information for the research (i.e. the problem being addressed) and is typically structured from general information to narrow or focused ideas with your research question/s or hypotheses at the narrow end.

The Introduction should be about 10% of your proposal.

Imagine you are writing for a general reader rather than an expert audience. The Introduction includes a brief review of relevant literature or knowledge in the field, so that you are able to present a gap in existing knowledge and, therefore, the significance and originality of your research.

Finally, articulate the scope of your research (or what you will not be doing) to limit your task. Your research question/s should encapsulate the primary question/s you aim to solve.

Synthesises the literature in your field. Some disciplines will expect to see this in the Introduction but others will want it placed in this ‘stand-alone’ section (especially in more Humanities-based fields). Again, it could be structured from broad to narrow, so literature on the more general aspects of your topic could come first, narrowing down to published work on your particular area of interest. You might end this section by including a short summary of the main themes you have identified from the literature.

Includes a description and rationale for the methods of data collection and analysis, and the materials you will use in your research. Use subheadings if possible ( i.e. Data Collection, Data Analysis, Ethical Considerations etc.) and write with a future aspect, ( i.e. The research will initially examine water treatment processes in... )

Details any results that you may already have resulting from previous Honours or Masters’ research work, or perhaps from a pilot study. It is important to relate these results to the critical framework of your intended new research project.

Lists the stages of the research project in timeline, spreadsheet or tabular format, and the deadlines for completion of these stages or tasks. You should include any anticipated challenges to completion.

Outlines the proposed chapters of the thesis and the content of each chapter in several lines or a paragraph, including a Table of Contents.

Relates the expected outcomes of your research to the aims expressed in the Introduction so that the need for the study and the contribution to knowledge is clear.

Provides all the resources cited in your resource proposal using a referencing format favoured by your faculty or discipline. Do not list resources that are not directly referred to in your Proposal.

Writing the Research Proposal

How much should i write.

A research proposal is usually quite a bit longer than other written academic genres. In the Humanities, it could be around 10,000 words or even longer (excluding the Reference List); whereas those from more Science-oriented disciplines may be shorter.

What should I begin with?

Similar to other academic genres, writing the research proposal is a process. If you are proposing a ‘recycled’ topic that builds on previous assignments already written on the same topic, you might spend some time re-reading these. However, if you are starting a ‘fresh’ project you might consider two key questions:

• What am I really interested in finding out about my research topic?
• How am I going to do this in practice? Brainstorm responses to these questions under a strict time limit – say 30 minutes.

Then leave this ‘free-writing’ for at least 24 hours before reviewing it for a possible more polished second draft.

How should I approach the literature?

Reviewing the academic literature on your topic is one of the most critical stages of your research proposal. This section goes beyond a simple summary of everything written on a subject. Instead, it is a critical synthesis of materials that illuminates selected academic literature on your topic. Your coverage of the literature should reflect the argument or perspective that you have set out in your research question/s.

Try the following techniques for dealing with the literature:

• Develop a theme or series of themes from your broad reading, referencing the work of relevant authors who support your position or who provide counter-arguments against your point/s.
• Limit excessive quoting. Too many direct quotations will dilute your authority over the topic.
• Avoid beginning paragraphs with “Jones argues …”; “Smith states …” This approach risks losing a sense of your writer’s authority to the work of others. Instead, provide an overview of the paragraph in a topic sentence written in your own writer’s voice.

Adapted from Rudestam and Newton (2015) as cited in Paltridge and Starfield (2020). Thesis and dissertation writing in a second language: A handbook for students and their advisers. Routledge.

Tips for writing

• Avoid language that is overly hesitant or tentative (i.e. ‘It seems that…’, ‘It is hoped that …’). Instead, use confident language when you feel able to (i.e. ‘It is clear that…’, ‘I assert that …’).
• Break up large blocks of text into smaller sections using sub-headings and bullet-points.
• Anticipate possible problems with, or limitations of, your research. Address these issues directly for your own benefit as well as to improve the entire proposal.
• Make your proposal is easy for readers to skim read. Never assume your readers will read your work in a ‘logical’ order. Use sub-headings and restate key ideas to guide the reader through your writing.
• Find copies of other Research Proposals in your field and study the way they:
• devise titles.
• structure their proposal.
• use discipline-specific language.
• Take a note of anything else you notice. You might ask your potential supervisor/s for models of previously submitted proposals or search for relevant examples online (look for examples from reputable .edu or .org. web addresses)

Remember, your research proposal should demonstrate:

• the feasibility and logical foundations of your project
• a well-focussed research question, set of research objectives, or hypothesis
• the width and depth of the academic literature on your topic
• understanding of current issues or debates on your topic
• justification of your project through the literature
• a match between the methodology and / or methods and your research question/s

Adapted from Cadman (2002) as cited in Paltridge, B. and Starfield, S. (2020). Thesis and dissertation writing in a second language: A handbook for students and their advisers. Routledge.

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The goal of a research proposal is twofold: to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting research are governed by standards of the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, therefore, the guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and benefits derived from the study's completion.

Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.

How to Approach Writing a Research Proposal

Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:

• Develop your skills in thinking about and designing a comprehensive research study;
• Learn how to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature to determine that the research problem has not been adequately addressed or has been answered ineffectively and, in so doing, become better at locating pertinent scholarship related to your topic;
• Improve your general research and writing skills;
• Practice identifying the logical steps that must be taken to accomplish one's research goals;
• Critically review, examine, and consider the use of different methods for gathering and analyzing data related to the research problem; and,
• Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within yourself and to help see yourself as an active participant in the process of conducting scholarly research.

A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those findings. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your proposal is coherent, clear, and compelling.

Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:

• What do you plan to accomplish? Be clear and succinct in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to investigate.
• Why do you want to do the research? In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of in-depth study. A successful research proposal must answer the "So What?" question.
• How are you going to conduct the research? Be sure that what you propose is doable. If you're having difficulty formulating a research problem to propose investigating, go here for strategies in developing a problem to study.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Failure to be concise . A research proposal must be focused and not be "all over the map" or diverge into unrelated tangents without a clear sense of purpose.
• Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review . Proposals should be grounded in foundational research that lays a foundation for understanding the development and scope of the the topic and its relevance.
• Failure to delimit the contextual scope of your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.]. As with any research paper, your proposed study must inform the reader how and in what ways the study will frame the problem.
• Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research . This is critical. In many workplace settings, the research proposal is a formal document intended to argue for why a study should be funded.
• Sloppy or imprecise writing, or poor grammar . Although a research proposal does not represent a completed research study, there is still an expectation that it is well-written and follows the style and rules of good academic writing.
• Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues . Your proposal should focus on only a few key research questions in order to support the argument that the research needs to be conducted. Minor issues, even if valid, can be mentioned but they should not dominate the overall narrative.

Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal.  The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Sanford, Keith. Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal. Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Structure and Writing Style

Beginning the Proposal Process

As with writing most college-level academic papers, research proposals are generally organized the same way throughout most social science disciplines. The text of proposals generally vary in length between ten and thirty-five pages, followed by the list of references. However, before you begin, read the assignment carefully and, if anything seems unclear, ask your professor whether there are any specific requirements for organizing and writing the proposal.

A good place to begin is to ask yourself a series of questions:

• What do I want to study?
• Why is the topic important?
• How is it significant within the subject areas covered in my class?
• What problems will it help solve?
• How does it build upon [and hopefully go beyond] research already conducted on the topic?
• What exactly should I plan to do, and can I get it done in the time available?

In general, a compelling research proposal should document your knowledge of the topic and demonstrate your enthusiasm for conducting the study. Approach it with the intention of leaving your readers feeling like, "Wow, that's an exciting idea and I can’t wait to see how it turns out!"

Most proposals should include the following sections:

I.  Introduction

In the real world of higher education, a research proposal is most often written by scholars seeking grant funding for a research project or it's the first step in getting approval to write a doctoral dissertation. Even if this is just a course assignment, treat your introduction as the initial pitch of an idea based on a thorough examination of the significance of a research problem. After reading the introduction, your readers should not only have an understanding of what you want to do, but they should also be able to gain a sense of your passion for the topic and to be excited about the study's possible outcomes. Note that most proposals do not include an abstract [summary] before the introduction.

Think about your introduction as a narrative written in two to four paragraphs that succinctly answers the following four questions :

• What is the central research problem?
• What is the topic of study related to that research problem?
• What methods should be used to analyze the research problem?
• Answer the "So What?" question by explaining why this is important research, what is its significance, and why should someone reading the proposal care about the outcomes of the proposed study?

II.  Background and Significance

This is where you explain the scope and context of your proposal and describe in detail why it's important. It can be melded into your introduction or you can create a separate section to help with the organization and narrative flow of your proposal. Approach writing this section with the thought that you can’t assume your readers will know as much about the research problem as you do. Note that this section is not an essay going over everything you have learned about the topic; instead, you must choose what is most relevant in explaining the aims of your research.

To that end, while there are no prescribed rules for establishing the significance of your proposed study, you should attempt to address some or all of the following:

• State the research problem and give a more detailed explanation about the purpose of the study than what you stated in the introduction. This is particularly important if the problem is complex or multifaceted .
• Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing; be sure to answer the "So What? question [i.e., why should anyone care?].
• Describe the major issues or problems examined by your research. This can be in the form of questions to be addressed. Be sure to note how your proposed study builds on previous assumptions about the research problem.
• Explain the methods you plan to use for conducting your research. Clearly identify the key sources you intend to use and explain how they will contribute to your analysis of the topic.
• Describe the boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus. Where appropriate, state not only what you plan to study, but what aspects of the research problem will be excluded from the study.
• If necessary, provide definitions of key concepts, theories, or terms.

III.  Literature Review

Connected to the background and significance of your study is a section of your proposal devoted to a more deliberate review and synthesis of prior studies related to the research problem under investigation . The purpose here is to place your project within the larger whole of what is currently being explored, while at the same time, demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. Think about what questions other researchers have asked, what methodological approaches they have used, and what is your understanding of their findings and, when stated, their recommendations. Also pay attention to any suggestions for further research.

Since a literature review is information dense, it is crucial that this section is intelligently structured to enable a reader to grasp the key arguments underpinning your proposed study in relation to the arguments put forth by other researchers. A good strategy is to break the literature into "conceptual categories" [themes] rather than systematically or chronologically describing groups of materials one at a time. Note that conceptual categories generally reveal themselves after you have read most of the pertinent literature on your topic so adding new categories is an on-going process of discovery as you review more studies. How do you know you've covered the key conceptual categories underlying the research literature? Generally, you can have confidence that all of the significant conceptual categories have been identified if you start to see repetition in the conclusions or recommendations that are being made.

NOTE: Do not shy away from challenging the conclusions made in prior research as a basis for supporting the need for your proposal. Assess what you believe is missing and state how previous research has failed to adequately examine the issue that your study addresses. Highlighting the problematic conclusions strengthens your proposal. For more information on writing literature reviews, GO HERE .

To help frame your proposal's review of prior research, consider the "five C’s" of writing a literature review:

• Cite , so as to keep the primary focus on the literature pertinent to your research problem.
• Compare the various arguments, theories, methodologies, and findings expressed in the literature: what do the authors agree on? Who applies similar approaches to analyzing the research problem?
• Contrast the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches, and controversies expressed in the literature: describe what are the major areas of disagreement, controversy, or debate among scholars?
• Critique the literature: Which arguments are more persuasive, and why? Which approaches, findings, and methodologies seem most reliable, valid, or appropriate, and why? Pay attention to the verbs you use to describe what an author says/does [e.g., asserts, demonstrates, argues, etc.].
• Connect the literature to your own area of research and investigation: how does your own work draw upon, depart from, synthesize, or add a new perspective to what has been said in the literature?

IV.  Research Design and Methods

This section must be well-written and logically organized because you are not actually doing the research, yet, your reader must have confidence that you have a plan worth pursuing . The reader will never have a study outcome from which to evaluate whether your methodological choices were the correct ones. Thus, the objective here is to convince the reader that your overall research design and proposed methods of analysis will correctly address the problem and that the methods will provide the means to effectively interpret the potential results. Your design and methods should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of the literature. Consider not only methods that other researchers have used, but methods of data gathering that have not been used but perhaps could be. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to obtain information, the techniques you would use to analyze the data, and the tests of external validity to which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to other people, places, events, and/or periods of time].

When describing the methods you will use, be sure to cover the following:

• Specify the research process you will undertake and the way you will interpret the results obtained in relation to the research problem. Don't just describe what you intend to achieve from applying the methods you choose, but state how you will spend your time while applying these methods [e.g., coding text from interviews to find statements about the need to change school curriculum; running a regression to determine if there is a relationship between campaign advertising on social media sites and election outcomes in Europe ].
• Keep in mind that the methodology is not just a list of tasks; it is a deliberate argument as to why techniques for gathering information add up to the best way to investigate the research problem. This is an important point because the mere listing of tasks to be performed does not demonstrate that, collectively, they effectively address the research problem. Be sure you clearly explain this.
• Anticipate and acknowledge any potential barriers and pitfalls in carrying out your research design and explain how you plan to address them. No method applied to research in the social and behavioral sciences is perfect, so you need to describe where you believe challenges may exist in obtaining data or accessing information. It's always better to acknowledge this than to have it brought up by your professor!

V.  Preliminary Suppositions and Implications

Just because you don't have to actually conduct the study and analyze the results, doesn't mean you can skip talking about the analytical process and potential implications . The purpose of this section is to argue how and in what ways you believe your research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the subject area under investigation. Depending on the aims and objectives of your study, describe how the anticipated results will impact future scholarly research, theory, practice, forms of interventions, or policy making. Note that such discussions may have either substantive [a potential new policy], theoretical [a potential new understanding], or methodological [a potential new way of analyzing] significance.   When thinking about the potential implications of your study, ask the following questions:

• What might the results mean in regards to challenging the theoretical framework and underlying assumptions that support the study?
• What suggestions for subsequent research could arise from the potential outcomes of the study?
• What will the results mean to practitioners in the natural settings of their workplace, organization, or community?
• Will the results influence programs, methods, and/or forms of intervention?
• How might the results contribute to the solution of social, economic, or other types of problems?
• Will the results influence policy decisions?
• In what way do individuals or groups benefit should your study be pursued?
• What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research?
• How will the results of the study be implemented and what innovations or transformative insights could emerge from the process of implementation?

NOTE:   This section should not delve into idle speculation, opinion, or be formulated on the basis of unclear evidence . The purpose is to reflect upon gaps or understudied areas of the current literature and describe how your proposed research contributes to a new understanding of the research problem should the study be implemented as designed.

ANOTHER NOTE : This section is also where you describe any potential limitations to your proposed study. While it is impossible to highlight all potential limitations because the study has yet to be conducted, you still must tell the reader where and in what form impediments may arise and how you plan to address them.

VI.  Conclusion

The conclusion reiterates the importance or significance of your proposal and provides a brief summary of the entire study . This section should be only one or two paragraphs long, emphasizing why the research problem is worth investigating, why your research study is unique, and how it should advance existing knowledge.

Someone reading this section should come away with an understanding of:

• Why the study should be done;
• The specific purpose of the study and the research questions it attempts to answer;
• The decision for why the research design and methods used where chosen over other options;
• The potential implications emerging from your proposed study of the research problem; and
• A sense of how your study fits within the broader scholarship about the research problem.

VII.  Citations

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used . In a standard research proposal, this section can take two forms, so consult with your professor about which one is preferred.

• References -- a list of only the sources you actually used in creating your proposal.
• Bibliography -- a list of everything you used in creating your proposal, along with additional citations to any key sources relevant to understanding the research problem.

In either case, this section should testify to the fact that you did enough preparatory work to ensure the project will complement and not just duplicate the efforts of other researchers. It demonstrates to the reader that you have a thorough understanding of prior research on the topic.

Most proposal formats have you start a new page and use the heading "References" or "Bibliography" centered at the top of the page. Cited works should always use a standard format that follows the writing style advised by the discipline of your course [e.g., education=APA; history=Chicago] or that is preferred by your professor. This section normally does not count towards the total page length of your research proposal.

Develop a Research Proposal: Writing the Proposal. Office of Library Information Services. Baltimore County Public Schools; Heath, M. Teresa Pereira and Caroline Tynan. “Crafting a Research Proposal.” The Marketing Review 10 (Summer 2010): 147-168; Jones, Mark. “Writing a Research Proposal.” In MasterClass in Geography Education: Transforming Teaching and Learning . Graham Butt, editor. (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), pp. 113-127; Juni, Muhamad Hanafiah. “Writing a Research Proposal.” International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences 1 (September/October 2014): 229-240; Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005; Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal. The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Punch, Keith and Wayne McGowan. "Developing and Writing a Research Proposal." In From Postgraduate to Social Scientist: A Guide to Key Skills . Nigel Gilbert, ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), 59-81; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences , Articles, and Books. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Selection Of Top Research Proposal Topics In Education

It's always difficult. It's a broad field, and numerous things are taking place across the globe. This means there's plenty of room to discover new perspectives that are interesting to talk about. Naturally, you'd like your research proposal to be accepted in order to start doing your research. In addition, writing a great research paper will gradually increase your grades and impact your education and the progress you make as an individual student.

When the time is right, it can be difficult to pick a topic to research in the field of education. The volume of information and new ideas could make it difficult to choose the best one. That's why we've chosen to provide some crucial tips on selecting the right research topic for you.

How to Choose Topics For Research Proposal in Education

Find out about the latest trends in education and the latest adjustments.

As we've said before it's crucial to stay up to date with the latest developments in the field of education. There are always new developments and a variety of news sources can assist you in brainstorming your ideas.

Search for current books.

The reading of books on education is always an excellent idea. Not only will you be able to discover a fascinating subject, but also do some research for the topic right away.

Take a look at some real-world examples.

If you're stuck with no suggestions, head straight into the sources. Take a class at a university or visit the school. Learn how teachers use different methods and whether certain methods are being used in the correct method. Unfortunately, there is always the difference between the two.

Reduce it to. Being specific can help you convey authenticity to your proposition and makes it appear interesting. Don't discuss education as a whole; instead, find interesting articles and figure out how you can connect them with other aspects.

What are some great ideas for research proposals in the field of education?

An excellent example is, "Is a teacher only supposed to educate or act as a moral guide as well?" The question is very specific and is presented in an ambiguous query that is always good. But this subject has an enormous amount of discussion potential.

• Does Daycare Help Kids Develop Properly?
• Violence in Movies and Games: Effects on Education
• How can Teachers and Students Work Together to Improve Education
• How Psychology Can Help Improve Education
• How Fun and Playing Helps Kids Learn
• Why Education Should Teach us More About Our Health
• Best Studying Methods for Students
• Does Family Impact The Level of Education a Kid Will Achieve?
• How to go Through Courses You Don't Like
• It's up to Teachers to Prevent Students From Procrastinating
• Blended Learning and its Effects
• Why is Computer Literacy so Much Higher Today?
• Not All Students Prefer The Same Learning Style
• How to Choose The Best Learning Option as a Trainer
• Is Sexual Education Really Necessary?
• How Does Family Income Relate to Student Performance?
• Many Schools are Introducing Single-Sex Education Again: Why?
• Pros and Cons of Boarding Schools
• How to Create a Good Sex Education Program
• High School Students and Career Counseling
• Why Flipped Classroom Method is Becoming Popular
• Why Modern Students Need More Collaborative LEarning
• Educational opportunities in the USA in comparison to. Europe
• Online Learning: Is it Good or Not?
• Things Parents Should Teach Their Kids
• Gamification in Education
• How Bullying Affects Education Performance
• Why Kids From Low-Income Families Perform Worse
• Consequences of Academic Dishonesty
• Why Online Learning is the Future
• Why Critical Thinking Matters
• How Education Changed Throughout History
• Practical Vs. Theoretical Education
• Countries Have Different Basic Education Standards
• Is it Possible to set a Global Education Standard?
• How Teachers Also Discipline Children
• New Job Roles That Don't Require Formal Education
• Is College Losing its Value?
• Why Kids are Losing Faith in Education
• Advantages of Virtual Classrooms
• Socialization Effects on Student's Education
• Education Lasts During Our Whole Lives
• Why are School Dress Codes Outdated
• Private Schools Benefits
• What Makes The Best Universities What They are
• Social Learning and How it Affects Education
• Can We Use Digitalization to Improve Education?
• How Loss of Attention Span Will Affect Education
• Why People Lack General Knowledge Today
• Inclusive Classes: What are Their Results?

If you require assistance with writing your research proposal We have hundreds professionals with experience in the field of education. They can not only assist you write your proposal, they will also help you in writing your entire research paper. Contact us today to ensure your absolute confidentiality.

Frequently asked questions

How do you choose a proposal title .

The title should be clear and concise (not "cute"). Consider your title to be a brief summary. A good title should paint a quick picture for the reader of your project's main idea(s). Your title's words clearly indicate the focus of your proposal.

What is educational research proposal ?

Educational research proposals are intended to improve the thinking abilities and awareness of students pursuing a Master of Education degree. A research proposal must add new knowledge to the existing body of knowledge in any academic field.

How do we choose a topic for language educational research ?

Here are some things to think about:

1.Confirm that your topic meets the requirements of the assignment. If you are unsure, seek advice from your professor.

2.Select a topic that interests you. This may appear obvious, but it will make the research process more enjoyable and engaging for you.

3.Think about the scope of your topic.

How do you formulate a research topic ?

1.Step One: The first step in conducting research is to identify a topic that is neither too broad nor too narrow in scope. To begin, consider the following:

2.Step Two: Add or remove a time period, place, person, event, or subtopic to summarise or expand the topic:

3.Step Three: Restate the topic using "who, what, where, why, when, and how" questions.

What are the 5 examples of research ?

Five basic types of research studies 1. Case Studies. 2. Correlational Studies. 3. Longitudinal study. 4. Experimental studies. 5. Clinical Trial Studies.

How do you write a research proposal for a school ?

It is critical to include the following information in your proposal:

1. Highlight its uniqueness or significance.

2. Describe how it expands or challenges your prior knowledge of the subject.

3. Determine the significance of your proposed research.

4. Explain why you are the best person for this research project.

What is topic selection ?

Choosing a topic is a procedure. We frequently begin by choosing a broad area of knowledge and then narrow the topic to one that is manageable for a given rhetorical situation.

What are the researchable topics in education ?

How do I choose a research topic for Masters ?

5 Quick Guidelines for Selecting a Master's Dissertation or Thesis Project

1. Select a topic that can be completed quickly. There is no such thing as a Ph.D. 2. Examine the labour market. Examine the technical skills required by employers in your field. 3. You must be enthusiastic about the project. 4. Determine your career path.

What is research proposal title ?

Creating a title for a research proposal. A research title should be as brief as possible. It explains the purpose of the study as well as the proposed research methodology. The title contains important "key words" that connect the proposal to the specific field of study (focus area).

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Published on June 22, 2024 by Paige Pfeifer, BA .

A research proposal is a short piece of academic writing that outlines the research a graduate student intends to carry out. It starts by explaining why the research will be helpful or necessary, then describes the steps of the potential research and how the research project would add further knowledge to the field of study. A student submits this as part of the application process for a graduate degree program.

If you’re thinking of pursuing a master’s or doctorate degree, you may need to learn more about how to write a research proposal that will get you into your desired program.

Table of contents

What is the purpose of a research proposal, what are the parts of a research proposal, how long should a research proposal be.

A student writes a research proposal to describe a research area where a question needs to be answered and to show that they can answer that question by adding new information to the field.

A research committee will read the proposals and decide whether each student will qualify for admittance to the graduate degree program.

To ensure that your proposal fulfils its purpose, take care to include all of the key parts.

Every research proposal contains a few standard sections, and some include extra sections specific to the program. Below we list the components of most research proposals.

Many schools, like the University of Houston, provide a research proposal example for students . Check with your university to see if they can offer you a similar resource. It can help you understand which parts you’re required to have while writing about your proposed research.

Of course, you’ll need to come up with an effective title. Though a title is less substantial than a section, it makes the first impression on the research committee. It’s also the most concise representation of what you hope to accomplish with your research paper .

A good title conveys your research goal in enough detail to show uniqueness. However, it’s not so detailed that reading and understanding it is tedious. Aim for 10 to 12 words and avoid using abbreviations, such as the ampersand (&).

Introduction

The introduction is your chance to get the research committee enthused about your proposed research. You’re excited about the topic; explain why they should be excited too.

The introduction of a research proposal usually includes a few essential components that are minor in length but major in importance:

• Statement of the problem: a clear description of the gap in existing research that you want to address
• Research questions: the questions you hope to answer by carrying out your study
• Aims and objectives: goals for the research. Aims are big-picture goals: what are you trying to do? Objectives point to smaller goals within the larger ones: what steps will you take to accomplish your aims?
• Rationale: why the research needs to be done
• Significance: how the research will contribute to the field

While it’s common to include these in the introduction, some proposals devote a separate section to them. As you compose these small parts, word them concisely but thoroughly. They must be clear and cover all the most vital aspects of your proposed research.

By the time the research committee has finished reading your introduction, they should have a foundational grasp of why you need to conduct this proposed research, how you plan to do so, and what new ideas it will add to the field. But remember, give only a summary of your methods and new ideas—save the finer points for later sections.

Many writers struggle to write concisely, but it’s an indispensable skill when you’re working on an introduction. QuillBot’s Summarizer can help you condense your thoughts to the perfect length for the introduction.

Background or literature review

Now that you’ve finished the introductory parts of your research proposal, you can begin to go into more detail on your research design. The literature review is likely to be the largest portion of your paper.

The purpose of the background or literature review section is to show that you’re familiar with the existing body of knowledge on your topic. By describing the most pertinent studies related to your research questions, you show that there is truly a knowledge gap in the field and that your proposed research will help close it.

As you write the literature review, you’ll need to draw on other researchers’ work. It’s crucial that you cite all of your sources properly, or you’ll be committing plagiarism .

Method and design

In the next section, you have the chance to show the research committee that you have thought deeply about how to answer your proposed research questions.

Remember to draw on the studies you mentioned in your literature review, which often provide good models. How can you build on them? What theoretical framework(s) have they contributed that you can use to approach your problem effectively?

Based on what you’ve found in the existing literature, describe how you plan to conduct the research. Include the specific research methods you plan to use and how you will analyze any data you collect. Explain why and how these methods will help you achieve your aim and objectives, while other methods won’t.

Your research design should also define the scope of your study, which must fit the time frame of the degree program. A scope that’s too wide may make the research committee think you won’t go deep enough into your topic. Conversely, a scope that’s too narrow could leave you with too few resources to draw from. If the work you plan to do is not enough to fill the time, you could appear lazy or unmotivated, so consider the best way to cover your topic carefully.

After you’ve finished the main sections of your paper, you’ll need to be sure you’ve cited every source correctly. Create a reference list that includes all the sources you mentioned in your literature review and elsewhere.

It’s helpful to keep a list and add to it as you’re doing your research. That way you’ll be sure not to miss a citation.

Other parts of a research proposal

Besides the standard sections above, some proposals also include the following parts:

• An abstract to briefly summarize the proposal
• A research budget section to break down what funding might be needed and where it might come from
• A research schedule/timeline to show all the steps of the research to be completed and when they will be done
• A conclusion section

If you include a separate conclusion section in your proposal, you may find QuillBot’s Paraphraser convenient for restating your ideas in different words.

Try Paraphraser Now

A research proposal is typically not very long—just a few thousand words. It’s not meant to be exhaustive; rather, it’s just to show that you’ve put significant thought into the research you want to do and that you can realistically complete it.

Because your research proposal will be so short, you’ll want to put high priority on making every word count. Remember to ask your university for a research proposal example before you begin.

Take advantage of QuillBot’s writing tools to meet all of your proposal goals and write more efficiently. Before you submit it, give it a good once-over with our Grammar Checker and Punctuation Checker to make sure it accurately reflects the quality of your work.

Good luck with your proposal! And when it’s approved, don’t forget that QuillBot can also help you with other forms of academic writing, such as your thesis or dissertation .

Is this article helpful?

Paige Pfeifer, BA

Structuring a Research Proposal: Key Elements for Educational Research

Table of Contents

Have you ever envisioned a world-class educational research project only to be met with the daunting task of getting it off the ground? A research proposal is your blueprint—a strategic plan that outlines your project’s trajectory. In the academic world, a well-crafted research proposal is the backbone of any successful research endeavor. Let’s unravel the essential elements that make up a compelling educational research proposal.

The cornerstone: Statement of the problem

A research project begins with a problem itching for a solution. The statement of the problem is a clear, concise declaration of the issues that your research intends to address. But how do you articulate a problem persuasively enough to garner attention?

• Identify the gap : Start by pinpointing where current knowledge falls short.
• Significance : Explain why this problem matters to the field of education.
• Feasibility : Demonstrate that the problem is solvable through research.

Laying the groundwork: Introduction

An introduction sets the stage for your audience. It’s your chance to hook the reader and provide a glimpse into your research universe. Here’s where you weave context, background, and the potential impact of your study.

• Background information : Give a snapshot of the research landscape.
• Research context : Place your problem within the broader educational field.
• Justification for the study : Make a compelling case for your research.

Building on existing knowledge: Review of related literature

No research proposal is complete without standing on the shoulders of giants. The review of related literature is a scholarly conversation that positions your study within the existing body of work.

• Current understanding : Summarize the current state of research on your topic.
• Identify trends : Highlight significant patterns or themes in the literature.
• Critical analysis : Evaluate the methodologies and findings of past research.

Clarifying the direction: Objectives and research questions / hypotheses

What are you aiming to discover or prove? Objectives and research questions or hypotheses are the guiding stars of your proposal, providing focus and direction to your research.

• Specific objectives : List the concrete goals you plan to achieve.
• Research questions : Formulate questions that your study seeks to answer.
• Hypotheses : If applicable, propose educated guesses to be tested.

Defining the field: Definitions of terms

Every field has its jargon. In educational research, defining your terms is essential to ensure clarity and avoid misunderstandings.

• Key concepts : Define critical terms that anchor your research.
• Operational definitions : Explain how these terms are used in the context of your study.

The blueprint: Methodology

How will you go about solving the problem? The research design and methods.">methodology section is a detailed plan of action—the ‘how-to’ of your research.

• Research design : Outline the structure of your study (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods).
• Sampling : Describe who or what will be part of your study and why.
• Data collection : Detail the tools and techniques you’ll use to gather information.
• Data analysis : Explain how you’ll interpret the data you collect.
• Ethical considerations : Address how you’ll ensure ethical standards are met.

Timing is everything: Time schedule

Research isn’t timeless. A realistic time schedule demonstrates project feasibility and helps keep your research on track.

• Gantt chart : Use this tool to present a visual timeline of your research activities.
• Phases : Break down the research into manageable stages with deadlines.

Counting the cost: Budget estimates

Quality research often comes with a price tag. Budget estimates outline the expected financial requirements of your project, ensuring transparency and accountability.

• Direct costs : Itemize expenses like equipment, materials, and travel.
• In direct costs : Consider overheads like administrative support and facilities.

The scholarly conversation: References

No research proposal stands alone. References are a testament to the scholarly dialogue that your research contributes to, and they demonstrate your academic integrity.

• Citation style : Adhere to the preferred style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).
• Comprehensive list : Include all sources that informed your proposal.

In sum, a research proposal is your roadmap to navigating the intricate terrain of educational research. It’s a thoughtful, detailed plan that not only guides your journey but also convinces others to support your quest for knowledge. With each element carefully crafted, your proposal will stand as a testament to the potential impact and value of your research.

Ready to embark on your research voyage? How will you ensure that your proposal stands out in a sea of academic inquiries? What strategies will you employ to address potential challenges in the research process?

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Educational Research

1 Introduction to Educational Research

• Knowledge: Nature and Types
• Sources of Knowledge
• Nature and Conceptions of Social Reality
• Purposes of Research
• Types of Studies in Educational Research

2 Knowledge Generation – Historical Perspective-I

• Scientific Method

3 Knowledge Generation – Historical Perspective-II

• Positivistic Paradigm
• Emergence of Field Methods
• Review (Rethinking) of Concepts and Constructs
• Varied Studies in Education

4 Approaches to Educational Research – Assumptions, Scope and Limitations

• Nature of Educational Phenomena
• Conceptions of Viewing Reality
• Limitations of the Approaches

5 Descriptive Research

• Meaning and Nature of Descriptive Survey Research
• Types of Descriptive Survey Studies
• Steps of Conducting Descriptive Research
• Context and Relevance of Descriptive Studies in Educational Research

6 Experimental Research-I

• Characteristics of Experimental Research
• Experimental Design
• Validity of Experimental Design
• Controls in an Experiment

7 Experimental Research-II

• Types of Experimental Design
• Pre-experimental Designs
• True Experimental Designs
• Quasi Experimental Designs

8 Qualitative Research

• Definition of Qualitative Research
• Characteristics of Qualitative Research
• Types of Qualitative Methods
• Common Steps of Conducting Qualitative Studies
• Verification of Trustworthiness of Qualitative Research

9 Philosophical and Historical Studies

• Philosophical Studies
• Historical Research
• New Trends in Historical Approaches to Education
• Enhancing the Importance of Historical Research

10 Identification of Problem and Formulation of Research Questions

• Nature of a Problem
• Identification of a Research Problem
• Sources for Selecting a Research Problem
• Definition and Statement of the Problem
• Research Questions

11 Hypothesis – Nature of Formulation

• Meaning of the Hypothesis
• Sources of Hypothesis
• Types of Hypothesis
• Testing of the Hypothesis
• Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
• Significance and Importance of a Hypothesis

12 Sampling

• Meaning of Population and Sample
• Methods/Designs of Sampling
• Probability Sampling
• Non-probability Sampling
• Characteristics of a Good Sample

13 Tools and Techniques of Data Collection

• Tools of Data Collection
• Techniques of Data Collection
• Characteristics and Criteria for Selection of a Good Tool

14 Analysis of Quantitative Data (Descriptive Statistical Measures – Selection and Application)

• Types of Data
• Graphic Representation of Quantitative Data
• Descriptive Statistical Measures
• Normal Probability Curve

15 Analysis of Quantitative Data – Inferential Statistics Based on Parametric Tests

• Inferential Statistics
• Parametric Tests: Uses and Assumptions
• Statistical Inference Based on Parametric Tests
• Testing the Statistical Significance of the Difference Between Means
• Statistical Inference Regarding Pearson’s Co-efficient of Correlation

16 Analysis of Quantitative Data – Inferential Statistics Based on Non-Parametric Tests

• Non-parametric Tests
• Statistical Inference Based on Non-parametric Tests: Unrelated Samples
• Statistical Inference Based on Non-parametric Tests: Related Samples
• Statistical Inference Regarding Correlations Using Non-parametric Data

17 Data Analysis Techniques in Qualitative Research

• Codification
• Categorization and Classification
• Content Analysis
• Triangulation

18 Computer Data Analysis

• What is SPSS?
• Basic Steps in Data Analysis
• Defining, Editing, and Entering Data
• Data File Management Functions
• Running a Preliminary Analysis

19 Writing Proposal or Synopsis

• Purpose of Writing a Research Proposal
• Format of a Research Proposal/Synopsis

20 Methods of Literature Search or Review

• Need and Purpose of Literature Search
• Types of Literature Search
• Steps Involved in Literature Search
• Methods of Literature Search
• Methods of Review and their Implications

21 Research Report – Various Components and Structure

• Significance of a Research Report
• Types of Research Reports
• Format of a Research Report

22 Scheme of Chapterisation and Referencing

• Need for Chapterisation and its Functions
• Diversity in Chapterisation
• Referencing and Footnotes -Need and Importance
• Various Styles of Referencing

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151+ Research Proposal Topics [Updated 2024]

Crafting a compelling research proposal begins with selecting the right topic—a task that demands careful consideration and a thoughtful approach. In this blog post, we’ll delve into the intricacies of choosing research proposal topics, exploring the importance of a well-defined focus and guiding you through the steps to create a robust proposal.

How to Select Research Proposal Topics?

Table of Contents

Selecting research proposal topics is a crucial step in the research process. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you choose a compelling and impactful research topic:

• Self-reflection:
• Identify your personal interests, passions, and curiosities.
• Consider topics that resonate with you on a deep level.
• Academic and Professional Interests:
• Reflect on subjects that captivated you during coursework or work experience.
• Assess the relevance of these interests to your academic or career goals.
• Current Issues and Trends:
• Stay informed about contemporary challenges and emerging trends in your field.
• Choose a topic that addresses current issues for greater relevance and impact.
• Literature Review:
• Conduct a thorough review of existing research in your chosen field.
• Identify gaps and limitations in the current body of knowledge.
• Formulate Clear Research Questions:
• Develop clear and concise research questions based on the gaps identified.
• Ensure your questions are feasible and align with the chosen topic.
• Choose a Methodology:
• Select an appropriate research methodology (experimental, qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods).
• Justify your choice and discuss data collection techniques.
• Significance and Contribution:
• Articulate the relevance of your proposed research.
• Highlight the potential contributions your work can make to the field.
• Research Design and Plan:
• Outline the specifics of your research design.
• Create a realistic timeline, allocating resources and budget effectively.
• Address Challenges and Limitations:
• Acknowledge potential challenges and limitations.
• Discuss strategies to mitigate challenges and be transparent about constraints.
• Conclusion:
• Summarize key points of your research proposal.
• Emphasize the importance of the chosen topic and encourage feedback.

By following these steps, you can ensure that your research proposal topic is not only engaging but also has the potential to make a meaningful contribution to your field of study.

151+ Research Proposal Topics: Category Wise

Science and technology.

• The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Job Market Trends
• Advancements in Renewable Energy Technologies
• Exploring the Potential of CRISPR Technology in Genetic Engineering
• Cybersecurity Measures for Critical Infrastructure Protection
• The Role of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management
• Augmented Reality in Education: Enhancing Learning Experiences
• Quantum Computing: Current Status and Future Implications
• Sustainable Technologies for Environmental Conservation
• Smart Cities: Integrating Technology for Urban Development
• Robotics in Healthcare: Applications and Ethical Considerations

Health and Medicine

• Precision Medicine: Customizing Healthcare Based on Genetic Factors
• The Impact of Telemedicine on Patient Care
• Mental Health Stigma: Strategies for Reduction and Education
• Vaccination Hesitancy: Understanding Causes and Developing Interventions
• Aging Population and Healthcare Challenges
• Bioinformatics and Personalized Cancer Therapies
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing Medical Conditions
• Emerging Infectious Diseases: Preparedness and Response Strategies
• Nutrition Education in Schools: Promoting Healthy Lifestyles
• Healthcare Disparities: Addressing and Eliminating Gaps in Access

Social Sciences

• Social Media and its Influence on Political Discourse
• Impact of Social Isolation on Mental Health in Elderly Populations
• Cultural Competence in Education: Training and Implementation
• The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Career Choices
• Cyberbullying: Prevention and Intervention Strategies
• The Effects of Immigration Policies on Migrant Communities
• Restorative Justice in Criminal Justice Systems
• Examining the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Self-Esteem
• Intersectionality in Feminist Movements: Challenges and Opportunities
• Community Policing: Building Trust between Law Enforcement and Communities
• E-Learning Platforms: Effectiveness and Challenges
• Inquiry-Based Learning: Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills
• Inclusive Education Practices: Meeting the Needs of Diverse Learners
• The Impact of Standardized Testing on Educational Equity
• School Safety Measures: Strategies for Prevention and Response
• Teacher Professional Development: Models and Effectiveness
• Online Education Accessibility for Students with Disabilities
• Gamification in Education: Engaging Students in Learning
• Bilingual Education: Benefits and Challenges
• STEM Education Initiatives: Encouraging Interest in Science and Technology

Business and Economics

• Sustainable Business Practices: Balancing Profit and Environmental Impact
• Corporate Social Responsibility in Multinational Corporations
• Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Business Operations
• Economic Consequences of Global Health Crises
• Digital Marketing Trends and Consumer Behavior
• Financial Literacy Education: Bridging the Gap
• Small Business Sustainability: Challenges and Strategies
• The Gig Economy: Implications for Workers and Employers
• Supply Chain Resilience in the Face of Global Disruptions
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets

Environment and Sustainability

• Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Coastal Communities
• Biodiversity Conservation in Urban Environments
• Circular Economy Models: Reducing Waste and Promoting Sustainability
• Water Scarcity: Technological Solutions and Policy Measures
• Impact of Plastic Pollution on Marine Ecosystems
• Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Balancing Production and Conservation
• Environmental Education in Schools: Fostering Eco-Consciousness
• Green Building Technologies: Enhancing Energy Efficiency
• Ecotourism: Balancing Conservation and Economic Development
• The Role of International Agreements in Addressing Environmental Issues

Psychology and Behavior

• The Influence of Social Media on Body Image and Self-Esteem
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression
• Impact of Childhood Trauma on Adult Mental Health
• Positive Psychology Interventions: Enhancing Well-Being
• Sleep Hygiene and its Impact on Mental Health
• The Psychology of Procrastination: Causes and Interventions
• Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace: Benefits and Training
• The Impact of Parenting Styles on Child Development
• Cross-Cultural Psychology: Understanding Cultural Influences on Behavior
• The Role of Music in Emotional Regulation and Stress Reduction

Political Science and International Relations

• The Rise of Populism: Causes and Consequences
• Cyber Warfare and International Security
• Human Rights Violations in Conflict Zones: Challenges and Solutions
• The Role of International Organizations in Global Governance
• Political Polarization: Understanding Divisive Trends
• Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control Agreements
• Comparative Analysis of Electoral Systems
• Immigration Policies and Social Cohesion
• Global Health Diplomacy: Collaborative Approaches to Health Challenges
• The Impact of Disinformation on Democratic Processes

History and Cultural Studies

• Reevaluating Historical Narratives: Perspectives and Interpretations
• Cultural Impact of Globalization: Trends and Reactions
• Indigenous Rights and Representation in Historical Context
• History of Scientific Discoveries and their Societal Impact
• Archaeological Excavations: Uncovering Lost Civilizations
• Cultural Appropriation: Examining Controversies and Contexts
• The Role of Women in Historical Movements
• Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Challenges and Innovations
• Historical Trauma and its Contemporary Repercussions
• Impact of Colonialism on Contemporary Societies

Communication and Media Studies

• Influence of Social Media on Political Participation
• Media Representation of Marginalized Groups
• Fake News and Misinformation: Identifying and Combating Trends
• The Evolution of Print Media in the Digital Age
• Media Literacy Education: Navigating Information in the Digital Era
• Celebrity Culture and its Impact on Society
• The Role of Public Relations in Shaping Organizational Image
• Cross-Cultural Communication in Global Business
• Podcasting as an Emerging Medium of Communication
• Advertising and Consumer Behavior: Analyzing Persuasion Techniques

Philosophy and Ethics

• Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Research
• Bioethics in Medical Decision-Making
• Existentialism and its Relevance in Contemporary Society
• Animal Rights and Ethical Treatment in Scientific Research
• Environmental Ethics: Balancing Human Needs and Ecological Sustainability
• The Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Cloning
• Virtue Ethics in Professional Decision-Making
• Technology and Privacy: Ethical Dilemmas in the Digital Age
• Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Warfare
• Utilitarianism and its Application in Ethical Decision-Making

Education Policy and Administration

• School Voucher Programs: Impact on Educational Equity
• Teacher Evaluation Systems: Effectiveness and Fairness
• Inclusive Leadership in Educational Institutions
• Early Childhood Education: Policy and Implementation
• Standardized Testing: Implications for Educational Policy
• Education Funding Models: Challenges and Solutions
• School Choice and its Impact on Student Achievement
• Educational Technology Integration in Classroom Settings
• Community Engagement in School Decision-Making
• The Role of Educational Leaders in Fostering Inclusive Schools

Economics and Development Studies

• Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation Strategies
• Impact of Global Trade Policies on Developing Economies
• Economic Empowerment of Women in Developing Countries
• Sustainable Development Goals: Progress and Challenges
• Rural-Urban Migration: Economic and Social Impacts
• Financial Inclusion: Strategies for Bridging the Gap
• Foreign Aid Effectiveness: Assessing Outcomes
• Technology Transfer and Innovation in Developing Nations
• Income Inequality: Causes and Policy Solutions
• The Role of Microenterprise in Local Economic Development

Criminal Justice and Law

• Restorative Justice: Implementation and Impact on Recidivism
• Police Body Cameras: Efficacy and Ethical Considerations
• Cybercrime Laws and Challenges in the Digital Age
• Juvenile Justice Reform: Strategies for Rehabilitation
• Bail Reform: Addressing Inequities in Pretrial Detention
• Criminal Profiling: Validity and Ethical Concerns
• Drug Policy Reform: Exploring Alternatives to Criminalization
• The Impact of Hate Crime Legislation on Social Cohesion
• Eyewitness Testimony Reliability: Challenges and Improvements
• International Criminal Court: Effectiveness and Challenges

Public Health and Epidemiology

• Disease Surveillance Systems: Enhancing Early Detection
• Health Inequalities: Social Determinants and Interventions
• Maternal and Child Health Interventions in Developing Countries
• Impact of Health Education on Preventive Behaviors
• Access to Healthcare Services in Rural Areas
• Lifestyle Interventions for Chronic Disease Prevention
• Community-Based Participatory Research in Public Health
• Mental Health Interventions in School Settings
• The Role of Public Health in Pandemic Preparedness and Response

Computer Science

• Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Bridging the Gap Between Performance and Interpretability
• The Role of Quantum Computing in Revolutionizing Cryptography
• Ethical Considerations in the Development of Autonomous Vehicles
• Cybersecurity Challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem
• Human-Computer Interaction: Enhancing User Experience in Virtual Reality Environments

How to Compose a Research Proposal?

Composing a research proposal is a systematic process that involves careful planning, organization, and clear articulation of your research idea. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to compose a research proposal:

• Title: 
• Create a clear and concise title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Introduction:
• Provide background information on the research topic.
• Clearly state the research problem or question.
• Justify the importance and relevance of your research.
• Summarize relevant existing literature.
• Identify gaps, limitations, and areas for further exploration.
• Establish a theoretical framework for your study.
• Research Questions or Hypotheses:
• Formulate clear and specific research questions or hypotheses.
• Ensure they align with the research problem and are feasible.
• Objectives or Aims:
• Outline the specific goals of your research.
• Clearly state what you aim to achieve with your study.
• Methodology:
• Describe the research design and justify your choice.
• Detail the data collection methods and tools you plan to use.
• Address ethical considerations related to your research.
• Explain the importance of your research.
• Clearly state the potential contributions your study can make.
• Provide a detailed plan for executing your research.
• Include a timeline, milestones, and the allocation of resources.
• Potential Challenges and Limitations:
• Acknowledge possible obstacles and limitations.
• Discuss strategies to address challenges proactively.
• Summarize the key points of your research proposal.
• Reiterate the significance of your research.
• Invite feedback and suggestions.
• References:
• Cite all the sources and literature used in your proposal.
• Follow the appropriate citation style ( APA, MLA, Chicago , etc.).
• Appendices (if necessary):
• Include any supplementary materials such as surveys, questionnaires, or additional data.

Tips for Composing a Research Proposal

• Clarity and Conciseness: Use clear and straightforward language. Avoid unnecessary jargon that may confuse readers.
• Alignment: Ensure that each section of your proposal aligns with the overall research objective.
• Feasibility: Confirm that your proposed research is feasible within the given time and resource constraints.
• Review and Revise: Review your proposal for coherence, consistency, and clarity. Seek feedback from peers, mentors, or advisors and make revisions accordingly.
• Adherence to Guidelines: Follow any specific guidelines or instructions provided by your institution or funding agency.
• Engage the Reader: Capture the reader’s attention in the introduction and maintain engagement throughout.
• Ethical Considerations: Clearly address any ethical concerns related to your research, ensuring compliance with ethical standards.

Selecting research proposal topics is a nuanced process that requires a blend of personal passion, academic rigor, and an understanding of the broader context.

By following this comprehensive guide, you can navigate the seas of research proposal development with confidence, ensuring that your chosen topic is not only compelling but also lays the foundation for meaningful and impactful research.

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How to Write a Research Proposal: (with Examples & Templates)

Table of Contents

Before conducting a study, a research proposal should be created that outlines researchers’ plans and methodology and is submitted to the concerned evaluating organization or person. Creating a research proposal is an important step to ensure that researchers are on track and are moving forward as intended. A research proposal can be defined as a detailed plan or blueprint for the proposed research that you intend to undertake. It provides readers with a snapshot of your project by describing what you will investigate, why it is needed, and how you will conduct the research.  

Your research proposal should aim to explain to the readers why your research is relevant and original, that you understand the context and current scenario in the field, have the appropriate resources to conduct the research, and that the research is feasible given the usual constraints.  

This article will describe in detail the purpose and typical structure of a research proposal , along with examples and templates to help you ace this step in your research journey.  

What is a Research Proposal ?  

A research proposal¹ ,²  can be defined as a formal report that describes your proposed research, its objectives, methodology, implications, and other important details. Research proposals are the framework of your research and are used to obtain approvals or grants to conduct the study from various committees or organizations. Consequently, research proposals should convince readers of your study’s credibility, accuracy, achievability, practicality, and reproducibility.   

With research proposals , researchers usually aim to persuade the readers, funding agencies, educational institutions, and supervisors to approve the proposal. To achieve this, the report should be well structured with the objectives written in clear, understandable language devoid of jargon. A well-organized research proposal conveys to the readers or evaluators that the writer has thought out the research plan meticulously and has the resources to ensure timely completion.  

Purpose of Research Proposals  

A research proposal is a sales pitch and therefore should be detailed enough to convince your readers, who could be supervisors, ethics committees, universities, etc., that what you’re proposing has merit and is feasible . Research proposals can help students discuss their dissertation with their faculty or fulfill course requirements and also help researchers obtain funding. A well-structured proposal instills confidence among readers about your ability to conduct and complete the study as proposed.  

Research proposals can be written for several reasons:³  

• To describe the importance of research in the specific topic  
• Address any potential challenges you may encounter  
• Showcase knowledge in the field and your ability to conduct a study  
• Apply for a role at a research institute  
• Convince a research supervisor or university that your research can satisfy the requirements of a degree program  
• Highlight the importance of your research to organizations that may sponsor your project  
• Identify implications of your project and how it can benefit the audience  

What Goes in a Research Proposal?    

Research proposals should aim to answer the three basic questions—what, why, and how.  

The What question should be answered by describing the specific subject being researched. It should typically include the objectives, the cohort details, and the location or setting.  

The Why question should be answered by describing the existing scenario of the subject, listing unanswered questions, identifying gaps in the existing research, and describing how your study can address these gaps, along with the implications and significance.  

The How question should be answered by describing the proposed research methodology, data analysis tools expected to be used, and other details to describe your proposed methodology.   

Research Proposal Example  

Here is a research proposal sample template (with examples) from the University of Rochester Medical Center. 4 The sections in all research proposals are essentially the same although different terminology and other specific sections may be used depending on the subject.  

Structure of a Research Proposal  

If you want to know how to make a research proposal impactful, include the following components:¹  

1. Introduction  

This section provides a background of the study, including the research topic, what is already known about it and the gaps, and the significance of the proposed research.  

2. Literature review  

This section contains descriptions of all the previous relevant studies pertaining to the research topic. Every study cited should be described in a few sentences, starting with the general studies to the more specific ones. This section builds on the understanding gained by readers in the Introduction section and supports it by citing relevant prior literature, indicating to readers that you have thoroughly researched your subject.  

3. Objectives  

Once the background and gaps in the research topic have been established, authors must now state the aims of the research clearly. Hypotheses should be mentioned here. This section further helps readers understand what your study’s specific goals are.  

4. Research design and methodology  

Here, authors should clearly describe the methods they intend to use to achieve their proposed objectives. Important components of this section include the population and sample size, data collection and analysis methods and duration, statistical analysis software, measures to avoid bias (randomization, blinding), etc.  

5. Ethical considerations  

This refers to the protection of participants’ rights, such as the right to privacy, right to confidentiality, etc. Researchers need to obtain informed consent and institutional review approval by the required authorities and mention this clearly for transparency.  

6. Budget/funding  

Researchers should prepare their budget and include all expected expenditures. An additional allowance for contingencies such as delays should also be factored in.  

7. Appendices  

This section typically includes information that supports the research proposal and may include informed consent forms, questionnaires, participant information, measurement tools, etc.  

8. Citations  

Important Tips for Writing a Research Proposal  

Writing a research proposal begins much before the actual task of writing. Planning the research proposal structure and content is an important stage, which if done efficiently, can help you seamlessly transition into the writing stage. 3,5  

The Planning Stage  

• Manage your time efficiently. Plan to have the draft version ready at least two weeks before your deadline and the final version at least two to three days before the deadline.
• What is the primary objective of your research?  
• Will your research address any existing gap?  
• What is the impact of your proposed research?  
• Do people outside your field find your research applicable in other areas?  
• If your research is unsuccessful, would there still be other useful research outcomes?  

  The Writing Stage  

• Create an outline with main section headings that are typically used.  
• Focus only on writing and getting your points across without worrying about the format of the research proposal , grammar, punctuation, etc. These can be fixed during the subsequent passes. Add details to each section heading you created in the beginning.   
• Ensure your sentences are concise and use plain language. A research proposal usually contains about 2,000 to 4,000 words or four to seven pages.  
• Don’t use too many technical terms and abbreviations assuming that the readers would know them. Define the abbreviations and technical terms.  
• Ensure that the entire content is readable. Avoid using long paragraphs because they affect the continuity in reading. Break them into shorter paragraphs and introduce some white space for readability.  
• Focus on only the major research issues and cite sources accordingly. Don’t include generic information or their sources in the literature review.  
• Proofread your final document to ensure there are no grammatical errors so readers can enjoy a seamless, uninterrupted read.  
• Use academic, scholarly language because it brings formality into a document.  
• Ensure that your title is created using the keywords in the document and is neither too long and specific nor too short and general.  
• Cite all sources appropriately to avoid plagiarism.  
• Make sure that you follow guidelines, if provided. This includes rules as simple as using a specific font or a hyphen or en dash between numerical ranges.  
• Ensure that you’ve answered all questions requested by the evaluating authority.  

Key Takeaways   

Here’s a summary of the main points about research proposals discussed in the previous sections:  

• A research proposal is a document that outlines the details of a proposed study and is created by researchers to submit to evaluators who could be research institutions, universities, faculty, etc.  
• Research proposals are usually about 2,000-4,000 words long, but this depends on the evaluating authority’s guidelines.  
• A good research proposal ensures that you’ve done your background research and assessed the feasibility of the research.  
• Research proposals have the following main sections—introduction, literature review, objectives, methodology, ethical considerations, and budget.  

Frequently Asked Questions  

Q1. How is a research proposal evaluated?  

A1. In general, most evaluators, including universities, broadly use the following criteria to evaluate research proposals . 6  

• Significance —Does the research address any important subject or issue, which may or may not be specific to the evaluator or university?  
• Content and design —Is the proposed methodology appropriate to answer the research question? Are the objectives clear and well aligned with the proposed methodology?  
• Sample size and selection —Is the target population or cohort size clearly mentioned? Is the sampling process used to select participants randomized, appropriate, and free of bias?  
• Timing —Are the proposed data collection dates mentioned clearly? Is the project feasible given the specified resources and timeline?  
• Data management and dissemination —Who will have access to the data? What is the plan for data analysis?  

Q2. What is the difference between the Introduction and Literature Review sections in a research proposal ?  

A2. The Introduction or Background section in a research proposal sets the context of the study by describing the current scenario of the subject and identifying the gaps and need for the research. A Literature Review, on the other hand, provides references to all prior relevant literature to help corroborate the gaps identified and the research need.  

Q3. How long should a research proposal be?  

A3. Research proposal lengths vary with the evaluating authority like universities or committees and also the subject. Here’s a table that lists the typical research proposal lengths for a few universities.  

Q4. What are the common mistakes to avoid in a research proposal ?  

A4. Here are a few common mistakes that you must avoid while writing a research proposal . 7  

• No clear objectives: Objectives should be clear, specific, and measurable for the easy understanding among readers.  
• Incomplete or unconvincing background research: Background research usually includes a review of the current scenario of the particular industry and also a review of the previous literature on the subject. This helps readers understand your reasons for undertaking this research because you identified gaps in the existing research.  
• Overlooking project feasibility: The project scope and estimates should be realistic considering the resources and time available.   
• Neglecting the impact and significance of the study: In a research proposal , readers and evaluators look for the implications or significance of your research and how it contributes to the existing research. This information should always be included.  
• Unstructured format of a research proposal : A well-structured document gives confidence to evaluators that you have read the guidelines carefully and are well organized in your approach, consequently affirming that you will be able to undertake the research as mentioned in your proposal.  
• Ineffective writing style: The language used should be formal and grammatically correct. If required, editors could be consulted, including AI-based tools such as Paperpal , to refine the research proposal structure and language.  

Thus, a research proposal is an essential document that can help you promote your research and secure funds and grants for conducting your research. Consequently, it should be well written in clear language and include all essential details to convince the evaluators of your ability to conduct the research as proposed.  

This article has described all the important components of a research proposal and has also provided tips to improve your writing style. We hope all these tips will help you write a well-structured research proposal to ensure receipt of grants or any other purpose.  

References  

• Sudheesh K, Duggappa DR, Nethra SS. How to write a research proposal? Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):631-634. Accessed July 15, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037942/  
• Writing research proposals. Harvard College Office of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships. Harvard University. Accessed July 14, 2024. https://uraf.harvard.edu/apply-opportunities/app-components/essays/research-proposals  
• What is a research proposal? Plus how to write one. Indeed website. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/research-proposal  
• Research proposal template. University of Rochester Medical Center. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/MediaLibraries/URMCMedia/pediatrics/research/documents/Research-proposal-Template.pdf  
• Tips for successful proposal writing. Johns Hopkins University. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://research.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Tips-for-Successful-Proposal-Writing.pdf  
• Formal review of research proposals. Cornell University. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://irp.dpb.cornell.edu/surveys/survey-assessment-review-group/research-proposals  
• 7 Mistakes you must avoid in your research proposal. Aveksana (via LinkedIn). Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-mistakes-you-must-avoid-your-research-proposal-aveksana-cmtwf/  

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Educational Leadership - Ed.D.

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Research Proposal

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Research Support

Additional information.

There is additional information in the Organizing Academic Research Papers research guide.

The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify a research idea you have and to present the practical ways in which you think this research should be conducted. The forms and procedures for such research are defined by the field of study, so guidelines for research proposals are generally more exacting and less formal than a project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews and must provide persuasive evidence that there is a need for the research study being proposed. In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the study.

Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.

How to Approach Writing in a Research Proposal

• Develop your skills in thinking about and designing a comprehensive research study.
• Help learn how to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature to ensure a research problem has not already been answered [or you may determine the problem has been answered ineffectively] and, in so doing, become familiar with scholarship related to your topic.
• Improve your general research and writing skills.
• Practice identifying what logical steps must be taken to accomplish one's research goals.
• Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within yourself and to help see yourself as an active participant in the process of doing scholarly research.

A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a complete research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the results of the study and your analysis of those results. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing. It is, therefore, important that your writing is coherent, clear, and compelling.

Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:

• What do you plan to accomplish? Be clear and succient in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to research.
• Why do you want to do it? In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of study. Be sure to answer the "So what? question.
• How are you going to do it? Be sure that what you propose is do-able.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Failure to be concise; being "all over the map" without a clear sense of purpose.
• Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review.
• Failure to delimit the contextual boundaries of your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.].
• Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.
• Failure to stay focused on the research question; going off on unrelated tangents.
• Sloppy or imprecise writing. Poor grammar.
• Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.

Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal .  The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Sanford, Keith. Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal . Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal . International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Research Proposal Template

Visually map out the plan for your next proposal

This proposal template is the perfect way to start your next research project. To begin, you should start by documenting the most important objectives. You can also add information around research scope, key publications, and anything else that might be useful to the project.

• Set the vision & strategy
• Organize requirements
• Share with your colleagues
• Gather feedback
• The perfect start for every proposal

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Educational Research

Ai generator.

One of the education  research highlights in 2018  is the research about the valuable benefits of small changes that you can do in a classroom as a teacher. According to the study, welcoming the students at the classroom doors can be academically and psychologically beneficial to them. Specifically, doing this simple acknowledgment improved the engagement of the students by 20 percent. It also gave the teachers  more time to actually teach the students because it lessened their rebellious behavior by 9 percent. Another small change that you can do to better your classroom atmosphere is to redesign it. Combining a compilation of students’ outputs, learning aids, and inspirational pictures can make the room warmer and more stimulating. There was actually a study conducted to prove that putting a lot of decorations in a classroom can distract the students and impair their thoughts.

What is Educational Research?

The things that we mentioned above were just a few of the successful educational studies that the educational researchers conducted to better the educational structure. Educational research is scientific research which allows the educational professionals to collect and analyze data and evidence to better the learning process. It also allows us to understand the human characteristics and organizations that influence the educational ends. In terms of the attributes of scholarly research, the researchers widely acknowledged that it should be precise and methodical.

Educational Research Approach

There are two types of approaches for conducting this type of research. Each of these methods has its distinct purposes.

1. Basic Approach or Academic Research

Students and post-graduates who are the ones who usually carry out this type of research as part of the requirements to graduate and doctoral job. The purpose of their studies is to search for answers, uncover the truth, and create an educational hypothesis. Aside from speculation development, these studies also intends to examine, polish, revise these theories.

2. Applied Approach or Contractual Research

Though it has a different purpose, applied research can also correlate to academic research. This study intends to solve existing educational problems. To do it, you have to obtain the educational theories and its principles which the basic approach can derive. You will, then, determine its relevance by testing hypotheses within a given setting.

10+ Educational Research Examples

Now that you know the meaning of education research and its different approaches take a look at the following sample documents. You can use these downloadable files for you to use as a guide on creating an educational research paper.

Educational Research Mind Map Template

• Google Docs
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Size: 58 KB

1. Educational Early Development Research Example

Size: 130 KB

2. Methodology of Educational Research Example

Size: 562 KB

3. Sample Educational Research Example

Size: 192 KB

4. Educational Designer Research Example

Size: 158 KB

5. Journal of Educational Research Example

6. Educational Research and Innovation Commitee Example

Size: 336 KB

7. Simple Education Research Example

Size: 475 KB

8. School Climate Research Example

Size: 228 KB

9. Methodology of Educational Research and Statistics Example

10. Educational Research policy Example

Size: 120 KB

11. Teachers’ Perspectives on Educational Research Example

Size: 29 KB

How to Conduct a Systematic Research for Your Educational Research

It is essential to strategically write your research paper for your educational study to consider it as successful. To do it, below are the basic steps that you can follow.

1. Choose a Topic

The first step of everything can be the hardest part. However, choosing a topic is the most crucial part of the research. Therefore, you have to do it correctly. Don’t worry because we have prepared a few helpful tips that you can use below:

I. Write within the boundary that your instructor assigns. Most likely, your instructors will give you clear instructions or guidelines for the things that you can write. Don’t waste your time and stay within the line.

II. Choose a topic that you are interested in. In this way, your research journey can be more enjoyable than you think it would be since you like what you are writing.

III. Stand out from the crowd by selecting a unique topic. To do that, avoid subjects that are controversial and trendy.

IV. If you are having trouble looking for the right topic, consider asking your instructor for advice.

2. Do Preliminary Research.

Make sure that the topic you select has enough information available. You can also use this as a tip in choosing a research topic. You can determine it by doing preliminary research or look for existing resources. If you think that the information is too broad, make your research  question  more specific. You may also consider checking for lecture notes, textbooks, educational research journals, and encyclopedias, and other resources.

3. Start your Actual Research.

Now that you have a clear direction for your research start looking for the information that you need. There are a lot of places that you can visit to get this information. You can go to a public library, read newspapers and magazines. However, to make it easier for you, you can find most of the necessary information through the internet. Non-governmental and governmental organizations have published several types of research and other essential information that you can use for your project.

4. Evaluate Your Sources

There is no doubt that you can find information on the internet. However, there is a drawback to this data. The credibility and reliability of this information can be questionable. That is why it is crucial to check the credibility, accuracy, reasonableness, support( CARS ) of the information that you gather from the internet.

5. Take Note of the Sources

Take note of the author, title, publisher, URL, etc. of the information that you have gathered during the consultation. You will need these data for the bibliography of your research paper.

6. Begin Writing

Start by initially organizing the information that you have gathered and by creating a research paper outline . You will, then, create a rough draft of your study based on the framework that you created. Now that your ideas are on paper, you will be able to reorganize it accordingly. Revising your work multiple times can help to improve your research paper. After that, cite the sources that you have noted. Citing your sources will allow you to give proper credits to the authors of the contents that you utilized to avoid plagiarism. It will also enable your readers to locate your sources if they decide to replicate your study.

7. Proofread

This step will ensure that your work is grammar , spelling, and punctuation error-free. You also need to check if you are citing your sources correctly, and your readers will be able to understand your message.

Education is one of the fundamental things that humans should avail. It allows everyone to acquire general knowledge and develop humans’ ability to reason and judge to prepare them intellectually for mature life. However, this fundamental thing has its loopholes and issues. Through educational research, humans address and solve these problems.

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Master of Education (M.Ed.) Research Proposal - Exploring the potential of implementing E-Learning practices at the University of Guyana

Related Papers

Kerwin A. Livingstone

The University of Guyana, up to the present time (2014), continues to embrace a traditional learning and teaching approach. All educational practices, to a great degree, are out-dated. Face to face contact is the only mode of instructional delivery. Further to this, the conventional Distance Education, via the print-based correspondence mode, is still the current trend. Such a method only favours but a handful of students. As has been revealed by research, such an approach, even if it might engage students, is still teacher-directed and rejects an emancipative, student-centred approach to learning. E-Learning, however, is being universally accepted as the instructional delivery mode which fosters student engagement and emancipation. Consequently, this study seeks to explore the potential of implementing e-learning practices at the University of Guyana. A case is made for the adoption and institutionalisation of technology-based learning and teaching. The findings illuminate that university students and staff (both academic and administrative) are, by and large, (generally) ready for E-Learning. E-Learning has the potential to revolutionise and diversify pedagogical practices. Keyowrds: e-learning, university, higher/tertiary education, online learning, technology, learning and teaching, learners, teachers, curriculum.

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences

Azlan Abdul Aziz

Fathima Rashida M. rashida

In the knowledge era, the e-learning has become vital. E-learning incorporates numerous tools that provide academic institutions efficient and effective ways to store, manage, share its academic resources and knowledge and supplement their traditional way of teaching. The adoption of e-learning has become a requirement at universities as it is enhancing the teaching and learning environment.The students' viewpoints, lecturers' performance, characteristics of LMS and support of university that play a significant role in determining e-learning implementation. In conclusion, universities should support e-learning deployment through improving learners' viewpoints, must ensure that lecturers are entirely on board regarding the implementation of e-learning, should guarantee the quality of the utilized system, must highlight the importance of LMS on curriculum and provide good enough service for effective LMS implementation in blended learning environment. 01. Introduction The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a dynamic qualification for the growth of a knowledge-based economy, to develop human resources specifically for developing countries. Because of the greater use of information and communications technologies, Universities are enduring typical shifts. The result of this typical shift in the consumption and implementation of e-learning, which has arisen as an overbearing tool to communicate knowledge in the academic as well as corporate sectors. According to Kelly and Bauer, E-learning is the use of Web-based communication, collaboration, learning, knowledge transfer, and training in order to add value to learners and businesses (Managing Intellectual Capital via E-Learning at Cisco, 2004). E-learning is controlled to become an essential module of information propagation, and develops as the new standard of modern education meanwhile it has several advantages such like increased efficiency and cost reduction, transparency, scalability, flexibility, accessibility consistency and improved student performance. As Fathi and Wilson, all methods of Internet-mediated learning continue to succeed across all stages of higher education and are increasing continually (2009). Some academic and technical training organizations are using e-learning systems to support for traditional ways of teaching (blended learning), same time others use it to supporting tool for distance learning (pure exclusive e-learning). In case of blended learning environment, according to Gribbins et al, it is mixes instructional delivery in a face-to-face manner with online learning, either synchronously or asynchronously (2007). Hence, it is defined as a combination of online-learning and face-to-face classroom learning environments (Graham, 2006; Wu et al., 2010; Nawaz et al., 2015). On the other hand, in distance learning, e-learning can be used to construct a complete virtual learning environment with all course works can be done absolutely in an online manner. Additionally, the progress of e-learning systems is fairly a challenge for both government and government universities and industry. Success of the education does not rely only on technology, but it depends on careful planning and strategies for the implementation must be closely examined and that the implementation among users is a vital concern (ElT artoussi, 2009). Both Information System researchers and professionals deal various complications in theoretical and methodological concepts (Ozkan et al 2008). Most of the initiative institutions of e-learning in developing countries have not been successful (Borstorff, et al 2007, Saeedikiya, M., et al 2010, Sife, A. S. et al 2008). Some of them only know that why many initiatives stop their online learning after their initial experience (Sun et al, 2008). As a significance of these issues, the development of theories and principles for guiding e-learning triumph to lead to achieve an efficient system is become as a requirement. Furthermore, according to the importance of measuring IS success in terms of e-learning application increase, the requirement for the investment on e-learning also increase. But before investing in on an e-learning system, there is a crucial need to evaluate the success of the systems. 02. E – Learning Background Many researchers have encouraged to develop internet technologies and web based applications by the growing convention of internet. The character of e-learning and information technologies in higher education endures to multiply in scope and density. Every public educational institution has got the chance to make the use of Internet as a backbone of communicating medium with the students with the help of the rapid development of ICT

International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation

Arthur Tatnall

Most universities make use of e-learning facilities to manage and deliver on-line learning. Many universities have adopted an approach to teaching and the delivery of course content that combines traditional face-to-face delivery with online teaching resources: a blended learning approach. Many factors act to determine how online learning is adopted, accepted, and the balance between online and face-to-face delivery is formed. In this paper, the authors suggest that educational technology adoption decisions are made at three levels: strategic decisions are made by the university to implement a particular package, and then individual academics made adoption decisions regarding those aspects of the package they will use in their teaching and how they will use them. They also make a decision on the balance they will have between on-line and face-to-face teaching. This article questions how decisions are made to adopt one e-learning package rather than another. The authors then examine ...

After years of research on ICT in education it had been decided at the Faculty of Management (FM) that, by way of a carefully applied experiment, online education was to be fully introduced into a single course -and still partly combined with face-to-face interaction. From the psychological as well as from the sociological perspective, the effects of the so-called blended learning, as investigated among all stakeholders, proved positive by and large. This encouraged further implementation of new teaching methods and enabled technologically as well as pedagogically significant shifts of stress in the conception of some ICT-related courses. Due to an (empirically well proven) overall success it was decided to continue with the introduction of e-learning, stepping up to five blended courses on graduate and post-graduate level in 2005/06 as well as further increasing the intensity and broadening the scope of research activities in the field.

Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology

Marta Žuvić-Butorac

Dusan Lesjak , Viktorija Florjancic

In the paper, some interesting findings related to the introduction and use of e-classroom at the Faculty of Management (FM) is presented. The course was carried out in the e-classroom for full- time and part-time students. The blended learning approach was used as an e-learning model. The teacher&#39;s assessments were based on students&#39; weekly activities and achievements. Differences between groups of students and the differences caused by using a different blended learning approach will be presented as well. Beside the differences which were observed, some common findings were found, namely the introduction of innovative learning methods was appreciated by students, as well as the support of the well prepared tutor. Therefore further activities regarding the introduction and use of e-learning should be carried out. Online training courses for teachers and tutors should be organized and further research regarding the impact of e-classroom usage on all stakeholders in e-learnin...

Malathi Sriram

Ezra Mugisa

Mazenismaeel Ghareb , Saman A Mohammed

With the late sensational increments in technology, today's education has been changed and influenced in ways both positive and negative. All through time as innovation constantly changes, so do the ways instructors utilize their classrooms. Just around 10 years prior instructors were utilizing apparatuses like writing slates and after that advanced to white sheets. These days, educators are utilizing perceptive sheets. These sheets are to a great degree progressed and offer a wide range of approaches to instruct and to import data to understudies. This advancement in innovation has had numerous constructive outcomes of instruction. Trusting this innovation is an awesome thing to help our students expand their insight regularly at school and universities. At the point when students open up an application, they can stay up with the latest with governmental issues, games and current occasions. This momentary data empowers students to be more taught and educated. This research provides a thorough background on e-learning and how it has come about. The research focuses on the important role of E-learning and new technology in education process in general for higher education and how the students will engage with 21 st century technology. Adding to that Mobile learning (M-learning) has turned into an imperative instructive innovation segment in advanced education. M-learning makes it workable for students to learn, team up, and impart thoughts among each other to the guide of web innovation and improvement. Nonetheless, M-learning acknowledgment by learners and instructors is basic to the vocations of The research attempts to take some of students of university of human development experience of using new technology and how they engaged with new courses and their the lecturers. This paper is organized as these sections introduction, literature review in these sections it describes the e-learning and the effect of technology on it. In section 4 and 5 it explains our approach and some hypothesis regarding e-learning in higher education generally and final section it gives some recommendations for higher education to implement correct e-learning system according to Kurdistan Region requirements.

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	The Call for Submissions for the 2025 AERA Annual Meeting is now open. The deadline for submissions will close on July 26 at 11:59 p.m. PT.  The 2025 AERA Annual Meeting will be held in Denver, Colorado, from Wednesday, April 23 to Sunday, April 27, 2025. The theme is " ." The portal must be used for all paper or session submissions for consideration by a division, special interest group, or committee. Please review the Call for Submissions as it contains important information about this year's Annual Meeting theme and submission requirements. 1. Please review the  2.  3. Click "My AERA" at the top of the page 4. Scroll down to the 2025 Annual Meeting and click "2025 AERA Annual Meeting Call for Submissions – Now Open" Thank you for your continued interest in participating in the AERA Annual Meeting. The AERA Meetings Team stands ready to assist you with any questions or concerns. Please contact us by e-mail at   or phone .  Share on twitter Share on facebook China takes ‘drastic’ action to punish research plagiarism Government bans researchers from participating in government-funded projects after accusing them of plagiarising content for research proposals. Share on linkedin Share on mail China has introduced new punitive measures for researchers involved in plagiarism, in the latest signal of the government’s determination to crack down on academic misconduct. In July, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology published the names of four researchers from institutions across the country who were found to have used plagiarised content in proposals for government-funded research projects. An additional researcher was also named, for having allegedly lobbied reviewers of project applications for favourable treatment. The government said the researchers would be prohibited from participating in government-backed research projects for three years and would have their names added to a dishonesty database. “Scientific research integrity is the cornerstone of scientific and technological innovation,” the ministry said in a statement. “Universities, research institutes and enterprises engaged in scientific research should earnestly shoulder their…responsibilities, strengthen the education, guidance and supervision of their own scientific researchers, and take the initiative to discover and seriously deal with behaviours that violate the requirements of scientific research integrity.” Since emerging as a major science research power, rising to become the top country for highly cited research in 2022, China has struggled to balance explosive growth with ensuring and maintaining ethical practices . Earlier this year, the government launched a nationwide review of academic misconduct after it was revealed that thousands of papers by Chinese researchers had been retracted. “Such a humiliating outcome on the international stage has forced [China] to take drastic action,” said Stephen Gow, a coordinator at the University of York and academic integrity researcher. This problem has become a “national issue”, agreed Xinqu Zhang, a PhD student at the University of Hong Kong who researches Chinese higher education. “Due to the large number of Chinese scholars involved in a wide array of research misconduct with varying severity levels, preventing and addressing these misconduct issues can be much more complicated and challenging than in other countries.” The government has already taken other measures to prevent research misconduct, including requiring all universities to declare any retractions and to report incidents of misconduct to the government. However, there are concerns that China’s punitive approach could backfire, leading universities to adopt quick fixes rather than cultivating a culture of academic integrity. “In the short term, such rapid implementation pulls resources away from improving the system and focuses on detecting and the gruelling bureaucratic process of investigation, appeals and re-investigation that saps morale,” said Dr Gow. “Rather than improving academic integrity and the societal view of research quality, it could actually be counterproductive.” Mr Zhang said the effectiveness of such harsh measures “relies on their implementation”, but he felt they could reduce cases of academic misconduct. “Specifically, they will remind potential wrongdoers to consider the consequences seriously,” he said. China is not alone in grappling with rising academic fraud. In recent years, “paper mills” that ghostwrite journal articles for scholars have surged in popularity worldwide, while the number of academics excluded from a global list of highly cited researchers spiked last year . “It is a myth that plagiarism and other forms of misconduct are deemed acceptable in China,” said Dr Gow. “Chinese researchers are contributing groundbreaking work from Chinese and international institutions, but such a rapid growth is inevitably accompanied by the spectrum of honest mistakes, shortcuts, sloppy research and blatant fraud, which are more likely to grab the headlines.” [email protected] Register to continue Why register? Registration is free and only takes a moment Once registered, you can read 3 articles a month Sign up for our newsletter Or subscribe for unlimited access to: Unlimited access to news, views, insights & reviews Digital editions Digital access to THE’s university and college rankings analysis Already registered or a current subscriber? Login Related articles Supervisor suspended after students allege academic misconduct Huang Feiruo placed on leave by Huazhong Agricultural University after whistleblowing report circulates widely Chinese universities told student cheating could cost them funding Campuses rated below par for three years in a row could be asked to suspend undergraduate recruitment Chinese media turns Stanford AI plagiarism into ‘propaganda’ AI model released by students sparked controversy for similarities to one developed by scientists from Tsinghua University South Asian students show ‘limited’ understanding of plagiarism Researchers warn of knock-on effects for international publishing and student and staff mobility You might also like Scientists fear creeping political influence over Polish academy Government criticised for planned reforms but says it will close rival body widely seen as favourable to former populist regime India cuts higher education budget as focus turns to skills Scholars express concern as the University Grants Commission has its budget slashed by 61 per cent The unlikely battle over research at the Olympic Games Sports scientists are working with athletes to enhance performance and safeguarding ahead of this year’s Paris games, but on-the-ground research is a hotly debated subject Featured jobs Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World Read our research on: Full Topic List Regions & Countries Publications Our Methods Short Reads Tools & Resources Read Our Research On: Key facts about Americans and guns Guns are deeply ingrained in American society and the nation’s political debates. The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right to bear arms, and about a third of U.S. adults say they personally own a gun. At the same time, in response to concerns such as  rising gun death rates  and  mass shootings , the U.S. surgeon general has taken the unprecedented step of declaring gun violence a public health crisis . Here are some key findings about Americans’ views of gun ownership, gun policy and other subjects, drawn from Pew Research Center surveys.  Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to summarize key facts about Americans’ relationships with guns. We used data from recent Center surveys to provide insights into Americans’ views on gun policy and how those views have changed over time, as well as to examine the proportion of adults who own guns and their reasons for doing so. The Center survey questions used in this analysis, and more information about the surveys’ methodologies, and can be found at the links in the text. Measuring gun ownership in the United States comes with unique challenges. Unlike many demographic measures, there is not a definitive data source from the government or elsewhere on how many American adults own guns. The Pew Research Center survey conducted June 5-11, 2023, on the Center’s American Trends Panel, used two separate questions to measure personal and household ownership. About a third of adults (32%) say they own a gun, while another 10% say they do not personally own a gun but someone else in their household does. These shares have changed little from surveys conducted in  2021  and  2017 . In each of those surveys, 30% reported they owned a gun. These numbers are largely consistent with  rates of gun ownership reported by Gallup and those reported by  NORC’s General Social Survey .   The FBI maintains data on background checks on individuals attempting to purchase firearms in the United States. The FBI reported  a surge in background checks  in 2020 and 2021, during the coronavirus pandemic, but FBI statistics show that the number of federal background checks declined in 2022 and 2023. This pattern seems to be continuing so far in 2024. As of June, fewer background checks have been conducted than at the same point in 2023, according to FBI statistics. About   four-in-ten U.S. adults say they live in a household with a gun, including 32% who say they personally own one,  according to  a Center survey conducted in June 2023 . These numbers are virtually unchanged since the last time we asked this question in 2021. There are differences in gun ownership rates by political affiliation, gender, community type and other factors. Party: 45% of Republicans and GOP-leaning independents say they personally own a gun, compared with 20% of Democrats and Democratic leaners. Gender: 40% of men say they own a gun, versus 25% of women. Community type: 47% of adults living in rural areas report owning a firearm, as do smaller shares of those who live in suburbs (30%) or urban areas (20%). Race and ethnicity: 38% of White Americans own a gun, compared with smaller shares of Black (24%), Hispanic (20%) and Asian (10%) Americans. Personal protection tops the list of reasons gun owners give for having a firearm.  About seven-in-ten gun owners (72%) say protection is a major reason they own a gun. Considerably smaller shares say that a major reason they own a gun is for hunting (32%), for sport shooting (30%), as part of a gun collection (15%) or for their job (7%).  Americans’ reasons behind gun ownership have changed only modestly since we fielded a separate survey  about these topics in spring 2017. At that time, 67% of gun owners cited protection as a major reason they had a firearm. Gun owners tend to have much more positive feelings about having a gun in the house than nonowners who live with them do.  For instance, 71% of gun owners say they enjoy owning a gun – but just 31% of nonowners living in a household with a gun say they enjoy having one in the home. And while 81% of gun owners say owning a gun makes them feel safer, a narrower majority of nonowners in gun households (57%) say the same. Nonowners are also more likely than owners to worry about having a gun at home (27% vs. 12%). Feelings about gun ownership also differ by political affiliation, even among those who personally own a firearm. Republican gun owners are more likely than Democratic owners to say owning one gives them feelings of safety and enjoyment, while Democratic owners are more likely to say they worry about having a gun in the home. Non-gun owners are split on whether they see themselves owning a firearm in the future.  About half of Americans who don’t own a gun (52%) say they could never see themselves owning one, while nearly as many (47%) could imagine themselves as gun owners in the future. Among those who currently do not own a gun, attitudes about owning one in the future differ by party and other factors. Party: 61% of Republicans who don’t own a gun say they could see themselves owning one in the future, compared with 40% of Democrats. Gender: 56% of men who don’t own a gun say they could see themselves owning one someday; 40% of women nonowners say the same. Race and ethnicity: 56% of Black nonowners say they could see themselves owning a gun one day, compared with smaller shares of White (48%), Hispanic (40%) and Asian (38%) nonowners. A majority of Americans (61%) say it is too easy to legally obtain a gun in this country, according to the June 2023 survey. Far fewer (9%) say it is too hard, while another 30% say it’s about right. Non-gun owners are nearly twice as likely as gun owners to say it is too easy to legally obtain a gun (73% vs. 38%). Gun owners, in turn, are more than twice as likely as nonowners to say the ease of obtaining a gun is about right (48% vs. 20%). There are differences by party and community type on this question, too. While 86% of Democrats say it is too easy to obtain a gun legally, far fewer Republicans (34%) say the same. Most urban (72%) and suburban (63%) residents say it’s too easy to legally obtain a gun, but rural residents are more divided: 47% say it is too easy, 41% say it is about right and 11% say it is too hard. About six-in-ten U.S. adults (58%) favor stricter gun laws. Another 26% say that U.S. gun laws are about right, while 15% favor less strict gun laws. There   is broad partisan agreement on some gun policy proposals, but most are politically divisive. Majorities of U.S. adults in both partisan coalitions somewhat or strongly favor two policies that would restrict gun access: preventing those with mental illnesses from purchasing guns (88% of Republicans and 89% of Democrats support this) and increasing the minimum age for buying guns to 21 years old (69% of Republicans, 90% of Democrats). Majorities in both parties also  oppose  allowing people to carry concealed firearms without a permit (60% of Republicans and 91% of Democrats oppose this). Republicans and Democrats differ on several other proposals. While 85% of Democrats favor banning both assault-style weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines that hold more than 10 rounds, majorities of Republicans oppose  these proposals (57% and 54%, respectively). Most Republicans, on the other hand, support allowing teachers and school officials to carry guns in K-12 schools (74%) and allowing people to carry concealed guns in more places (71%). These proposals are supported by just 27% and 19% of Democrats, respectively. The public remains closely divided over whether it’s more important to protect gun rights or control gun ownership, according to an April 2024 survey . Overall, 51% of U.S. adults say it’s more important to protect the right of Americans to own guns, while a similar share (48%) say controlling gun ownership is more important. Views have shifted slightly since 2022, when we last asked this question. That year, 47% of adults prioritized protecting Americans’ rights to own guns, while 52% said controlling gun ownership was more important. Views on this topic differ sharply by party. In the most recent survey, 83% of Republicans say protecting gun rights is more important, while 79% of Democrats prioritize controlling gun ownership. Americans are slightly more likely to say gun ownership does more to increase safety than to decrease it.  Around half of Americans (52%) say gun ownership does more to increase safety by allowing law-abiding citizens to protect themselves, while a slightly smaller share (47%) say gun ownership does more to reduce safety by giving too many people access to firearms and increasing misuse. Views were evenly divided (49% vs. 49%) when we last asked in 2023. Republicans and Democrats differ widely on this question: 81% of Republicans say gun ownership does more to increase safety, while 74% of Democrats say it does more to reduce safety. Rural and urban Americans also have starkly different views. Among adults who live in rural areas, 64% say gun ownership increases safety, while among those in urban areas, 57% say it  reduces  safety. Those living in the suburbs are about evenly split in their views. More than half of U.S. adults say an increase in the number of guns in the country is bad for society, according to the April 2024 survey. Some 54% say, generally, this is very or somewhat bad for society. Another 21% say it is very or somewhat good for society, and a quarter say it is neither good nor bad for society. About half of Americans (49%) see gun violence as a major problem,  according to a May 2024 survey. This is down from 60% in June 2023, but roughly on par with views in previous years. In the more recent survey, 27% say gun violence is a moderately big problem, and about a quarter say it is either a small problem (19%) or not a problem at all (4%). A majority of public K-12 teachers (59%) say they are at least somewhat worried about the possibility of a shooting ever happening at their school, including 18% who are very or extremely worried, according to a fall 2023 Center survey of teachers . A smaller share of teachers (39%) say they are not too or not at all worried about a shooting occurring at their school. School shootings are a concern for K-12 parents as well: 32% say they are very or extremely worried about a shooting ever happening at their children’s school, while 37% are somewhat worried, according to  a fall 2022 Center survey of parents with at least one child younger than 18 who is not homeschooled. Another 31% of K-12 parents say they are not too or not at all worried about this. Note: This is an update of a post originally published on Jan. 5, 2016 . Partisanship & Issues Political Issues Katherine Schaeffer is a research analyst at Pew Research Center . Americans’ Extreme Weather Policy Views and Personal Experiences U.s. adults under 30 have different foreign policy priorities than older adults, many adults in east and southeast asia support free speech, are open to societal change, nato seen favorably in member states; confidence in zelenskyy down in europe, u.s., same-sex marriage around the world, most popular. 901 E St. NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20004 USA (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax (+1) 202-419-4372 |  Media Inquiries Research Topics Email Newsletters ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of  The Pew Charitable Trusts . © 2024 Pew Research Center Entertainment Life & Style To enjoy additional benefits CONNECT WITH US Budget 2024 highlights: New employment-linked incentives for employees; ₹1.48 lakh crore allocation for education, employment, skill The budget for education scheme for madrasas and minorities has gone down from ₹10 crore to ₹2 crore; standard deduction for salaried taxpayers hiked to ₹75,000 from ₹50,000. Updated - July 23, 2024 09:10 pm IST Published - July 23, 2024 07:26 am IST Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman addressing the post-Budget press conference at National Media Center. | Photo Credit: Sushil Kumar Verma Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented her seventh straight Budget on July 23 for the fiscal 2024-25, surpassing the record of former Prime Minister Morarji Desai. This the first Budget by the BJP-led NDA government since it was re-elected in June. Read the Budget highlights here. What are the most significant announcements? Presenting the Budget, Ms. Sitharaman said the standard deduction for salaried employees will be hiked to ₹75,000, from ₹50,000 under the new income tax regime in FY25. The Union Budget 2024-25 identified nine priorities for generating ample opportunities — Productivity and Resilience in Agriculture, Employment and Skilling, Inclusive Human Resource Development and Social Justice, Manufacturing and Service, Urban Development, Energy Security, Infrastructure, Innovation, Research and Development and Next Generation Reforms. Also read | Budget 2024: Mobile phones, gold and silver jewellery to get cheaper India-funded projects in the neighbourhood received the bulk of the allocation for the Ministry of External Affairs under the Union Budget. Nepal secured an allocation of ₹700 crore, which is a jump of ₹150 crore from previous year’s allocation of ₹550 crore. Sri Lanka, which has a number of India-funded projects, has received ₹245 crore, an improvement of ₹95 crore over last year’s funding of ₹150 crore.  Also read | Budget in Focus: The Hindu’s series on pre-Budget expectations Benchmark Sensex and Nifty settled marginally lower in volatile trade on July 23 as the government proposed to hike securities transaction tax on futures & options in the Budget for 2024-25. Recovering most of its intra-day losses of over 1,200 points, the 30-share BSE Sensex settled lower by 73.04 points or 0.09% 80,429.04. Key Updates Budget 2024: Understanding the allocation for Southern States Defence budget pegged at ₹6.21 lakh crore for 2024-25 In charts: Key takeaways from Union Budget 2024-25 Budget 2024 highlights Catch the latest political and industry reactions on Union Budget 2024-25 Union Budget 2024-25: What is cheaper, what is costlier? Stock markets give a thumbs down to Budget Revisions in new tax regime What does the Union Budget say on personal Income Tax? Allocation for Space projects - Union Budget 2024-25 A Flourish data visualization by Graphics Team 2 Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman allocated about ₹ 1.50 lakh crore to the agriculture sector. Almost all major schemes for farmers see an increase in allocation compared to previous budgets. However, the fertilisers subsidy is down by about ₹1 lakh crore when compared to the actual expenditure in 2022-23. To address the price rise, the Finance Ministry has also provided ₹10,000 crore to the price stabilisation fund. In the last budget, the allocation was just ₹10 lakh. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s Budget speech has for the first time signalled that polluting industries, such as iron, steel, and aluminium will have to conform to emission targets. “A roadmap for moving the ‘hard to abate’ industries from ‘energy efficiency’ targets to ‘emission targets’ will be formulated. Appropriate regulations for transition of these industries from the current ‘Perform, Achieve, and Trade’ mode to ‘Indian Carbon Market’ mode will be put in place,” Ms. Sitharaman said in her address. For deepening tax base the Finance Minister has proposed to increase Securities Transaction Tax on Futures and Options contracts to 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. This was expected to curb volatility in the market for which everyone including SEBI was concerned.  Also now income received on buyback of shares will be taxed in the hands of the recipient. As per the budget proposals now unlisted bonds and debentures, debt mutual funds and market-linked debentures will attract tax on capital gains irrespective of holding period. Budget 2024: Allocation for MGNREGS scheme lower than last year’s actual expenditure, despite BJP’s poll losses in rural India Union Budget 2024: Despite BJP’s significant losses in rural seats, Budget did not contain any shift for the rural jobs scheme - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act scheme (MGNREGS). Union Budget 2024 - Rupee goes to To address the housing needs of urban poor and middle class families, the Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has announced an investment of ₹10 lakh crore under the PM Awas Yojana-Urban 2.0, including the Central assistance of ₹2.2 lakh crore in the next five years. While tabling the Union Budget 2024-25, the Finance Minister said that under the PM Awas Yojana Urban 2.0, housing needs of 1 crore urban poor and middle-class families will be addressed with an investment of ₹10 lakh crore. This will include the Central assistance of ₹2.2 lakh crore in the next five years. The Department of Space received an 18% hike over its expenses in 2023-2024 in the 2024-2025 Union Budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday. The bulk of the hike goes towards the development of space technologies. The allocation increased marginally for space applications, decreased for space sciences, and almost halved for INSAT satellite systems over the budgeted amount in 2023-2024.  Since successfully concluding the Chandrayaan-3 mission in August 2023, the future road map of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has expanded to include a new ‘next generation’ launch vehicle, more ambitious missions to the moon, and an Indian space station. ISRO is also working on its ambitious human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan.  The Union government has continued its emphasis on tackling non-communicable diseases, and allocating funds for research in the healthcare sector, with Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23 announcing customs duty exemptions on three cancer treatment drugs — Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, Osimertinib, and Durvalumab. “To provide relief to cancer patients, I propose to fully exempt three more medicines from customs duties. I also propose changes in the BCD (basic customs duty) on X-ray tubes and flat panel detectors for use in medical X-ray machines under the phased manufacturing programme,” the Finance Minister said. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposed legislative support to provide financing for leasing aircraft and ships in India in a bid to protect airlines from foreign exchange risks. “We will seek the required legislative approval for providing an efficient and flexible mode for financing leasing of aircrafts and ships,” the Minister said in her Budget speech on July 23. She said legislative backing for “pooled funds of private equity through a variable company structure” would also be explored.  Union Budget 2024-25: Major expenditures Railways has been allocated ₹2.62 lakh crore in the Budget 2024-25, which Union Minister for Railways Ashwini Vaishnaw has termed as ‘historic’ and highest ever allocation. Mr. Vaishnaw said that even as the Kavach roll out has been low (merely 2.14% of the entire railway network), after the approvals for Kavach 4.0 work on deployment of Kavach will be rapid. He also focused on creation of up to 40,000 new railway jobs. “Recruitments are in progress, railways focus will be on new projects, connectivity with Kashmir and capitals of Northeastern States,” Mr. Vaishnaw said. The Budget for Ministry of Minority Affairs saw a menial hike of 2.7% but the coaching and allied schemes for minorities was slashed from the allocated ₹30 crore to ₹10 crore this year. The interest subsidy on educational loans for overseas education for minorities was also reduced. The budget for education scheme for Madrasas and Minorities has gone down from ₹10 crore to ₹2 crore in the budget of 2024-25. The government has proposed the allocation of ₹1.28 lakh crore for telecom projects and public sector firms under the Telecom Ministry with a majority of funds earmarked for State-owned BSNL. Of the total proposed allocation, over ₹1 lakh crore is meant for BSNL and MTNL-related expenses, including ₹82,916 crore infusion in BSNL for technology upgradation and restructuring at BSNL. “The total net allocation for this demand in BE (Budget Estimate) 2024-25 is ₹1,28,915.43 crore (₹1,11,915.43 crore plus ₹17,000 crore). The additional provision of ₹17,000 crore is met from the balances available under Universal Service Obligation Fund and will be utilised for schemes viz., Compensation to Telecom Service Providers, Bharatnet and Research and Development,” the Budget document said. Kerala’s much-anticipated and decades-long dream of having an All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)-like institution on its soil was dashed yet again when the proposal found no mention in the Union Budget 2024-25 presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23. Unlike in the previous years, the anticipation this year that the project might finally come through was intense, particularly because of the presence of two Union Ministers of State from Kerala at the Centre, one of whom is the BJP’s first-ever elected MP from the State. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on July 23 dubbed the Union Budget 2024-25 as “politically biased and anti-poor” and slammed the Centre for “depriving” the State. The Chief Minister wondered what wrong West Bengal committed that it had been “deprived” by the Centre. “Bengal has been completely deprived in this Union budget. This doesn’t look into the interest of the poor. The Budget is politically biased. This is directionless and has no vision. It is only to serve a political mission,” she told reporters on the State Assembly premises. Khelo India, which is the government’s flagship project to promote sports at the grassroots level, was once again the biggest beneficiary in the union budget for the sports ministry as it was assigned ₹900 crore from the overall allocation of ₹3,442.32 crore on July 23. Khelo India’s share, announced in the budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in New Delhi, is ₹20 crore more than the revised allocation of ₹880 crore during the previous financial year. Read details here The Budget 2024-24 on July 23 allocated ₹1,309.46 crore for census, a significant reduction from 2021-22 when ₹3,768 crore was allocated for the decadal exercise, an indication that it may not be carried out even after a significant delay. A meeting of the Union cabinet on December 24, 2019 had approved the proposal for conducting census of India 2021 at a cost of ₹8,754.23 crore and updating the National Population Register (NPR) at a cost of ₹3,941.35 crore. Read the full story here Budget 2024-25: Taxes Union Budget 2024-25: Here is a collection of all stories from The Hindu relating to the changes in direct taxes and custom duties. On Rahul Gandhi’s allegation that that generosity shown towards States like Bihar and Andhra Pradesh is a way to save ‘ kursi ’, FM Nirmala Sitharaman said that the INDIA alliance members couldn’t cross 230 votes but BJP alone reached 240 votes, and with the pre-election alliance, could form the government for the third term.  “PM Modi is leading free India for the third time. Something that has not happened in the last 60 years has happened now. Party’s that are talking about saving his ‘ kursi ’ should maybe think. Their alliance of almost 37 party’s could not make even 230 (seats) and they are saying that he is doing it to save his ‘ kursi ’. When Mr. Modi became PM for the third time and has been ‘announcing’ to the world about India, putting us at the forefront of the world, helping in development. This time in the Budget, we have allotted ₹1.50 lakh crore for States without any interest for the next 50 years for free. Finance commission did not mention this at all, but we are,” she said. On TMC’s allegation that the Union Budget reflects the political bankruptcy of Modi Government, FM Sitharaman said if the name of the State is not mentioned in the Budget it doesn’t mean they don’t get anything at all. “As per the proposals, schemes, different projects in different States, every State will get what they have proposed for,” she said. In a social media post, TMC dismissed the term ‘Union Budget 2024’, renaming it as the ‘Andhra-Bihar Budget’. TMC national general secretary Abhishek Banerjee told reporters in New Delhi that “the net result is zero because Bengal has been constantly tortured and deprived.” “You have seen how Bengal has been consistently deprived by this BJP Government. Has there been a positive outcome of 12 BJP MPs elected from Bengal?,” Ms. Banerjee said outside the Parliament complex. Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar said the “special help” announced in the Union Budget addressed the State’s concerns, which had previously led to demands for special category status. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman skipped any mention of MNREGA, which is one of the biggest rural employment schemes. The allocated budget once again, falls short of the actual expenditure on the scheme in the last financial year. In 2024-25 FY, government has allocated ₹86,000 crore, while in 2023-24, the expenditure including the pending dues to the States, as per the Rural Development Ministry’s website was ₹1.2 lakh crore. In a first, Home Ministry sets aside a budget of ₹56 crore to establish Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhag for development of a platform to facilitate the translation of various languages into Hindi and vice-versa. Around ₹88 crore allocated for holistic development of Islands in Union Territories. ₹700 crore has been set aside for the first time for Modernisation of Forensic Capacity, which is a crucial element of the newly implemented criminal laws. The budget for rehabilitation and Relief for migrants, which includes Sri Lankan refugees and Tibetans has been slashed. SPG which only protects the Prime Minister has seen an increase of ₹73 crore in budget allocation. Over ₹200 crore have been earmarked for expenditure on “examination and selection” of the civil servants by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in the 2024-25 Budget announced. The Commission conducts the civil services examination annually in three stages -- preliminary, main and interview -- to select officers of Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and Indian Police Service (IPS), among others. The UPSC has been given ₹425.71 crore for the ongoing fiscal in the Budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. The 2024-25 Union Budget has allocated ₹1,248.91 for expenses incurred by the Council of Ministers, the Cabinet Secretariat and the Prime Minister’s Office, and for hospitality and entertainment of State guests. The allocated amount is substantially lower than the ₹1,803.01 crore earmarked in 2023-24. A total of ₹828.36 crore has been given for the expenses of the Council of Ministers. It was ₹1,289.28 crore in 2023-24. The allocation for defence in the Union Budget was ₹6.2 lakh crore for 2024-25, the same as the allocation in the interim budget presented in February and is just a marginal increase from last year. “The capital outlay of ₹1,72,000 crore will further strengthen the capabilities of armed forces. Earmarking of ₹1,05,518.43 crore for domestic capital procurement will provide further impetus to Atmanibharta ,” Defence Minister Rajnath Singh said on social media. Benchmark Sensex and Nifty settled marginally lower in volatile trade as the government proposed to hike securities transaction tax on futures & options in the Budget for 2024-25. Recovering most of its intra-day losses of over 1,200 points, the 30-share BSE Sensex settled lower by 73.04 points or 0.09% 80,429.04. The index gyrated between highs and lows during the day as Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced Budget proposals for 2024-25. The barometer tanked 1,277.76 points or 1.58% to hit a low of 79,224.32 as the Minister announced a hike in STT on F&O trade and an increase in long-term capital gains tax on equities. However, tax exemptions and customs duty cuts helped boost consumer durables and FMCG shares, aiding stocks to recover from the day’s lows. When asked whether the Budget has specified anything about Railways, Dr. T.V. Somanathan said, “The expenditure budget for railways for the coming year is ₹2,55,393 crore, which is the highest ever and is a very substantial increase in recent years.” After Union Finance Nirmala Sitharaman proposed new tax structures for charities, foreign shipping companies, rationalisation of capital gains, she said the tax has been brought down because the govt wants more investments. She also reduced corporate tax on foreign companies from 40 to 35%. After FM Sitharaman announced the review of the Income Tax Act, she said the govt is working towards a simpler taxing regime and she can’t say right now if the old tax regime will be removed. “Working towards the goal of a simpler taxing regime, we came up with the new tax regime. We need to review about the sunset of the old tax regime and come to a decision,” she said. FM Sitharaman clarified that ₹15,000 crore for Andhra Pradesh is coming through the multi-lateral development assistance which we borrow from the multi-lateral banks. She added that further assistance will also be extended, however, there is no definitive amount. The angel tax was introduced under the UPA Government in 2012, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said. “Money laundering issue was being tackled through a tax measure... there is also PMLA act which will tackle the issue,” Revenue secretary Sanjay Malhotra said stressing that angel tax is not required to keep money laundering in check. India’s tax net will have to be widened, whether it is direct taxation or indirect. There are also now PSU divisions which have been improving because the valuations have gone up and their performance has also substantially increased, the Finance Minister said addressing the press conference.  She added that revenue mobilisation is not just tax-based, non-tax revenue mobilisations are also coming up. She stressed on asset monetisation -- optimum utilisation of those assets which are lying in the form of unutilised stadiums or lands with PSUs which can be used for better purposes. She added that govt is also looking at generating resources from newer areas and as a result, the revenue forgone will be made up for. Budget 2024 key takeaways in charts Union Budget 2024: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented her seventh consecutive Union Budget for FY 2024-25. Here are some key takeaways In her seventh budget presentation , Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced allocating ₹11,11,111 crore towards capital expenditure. This would account for 3.4% of the GDP. Enumerating it as among the policy prerogatives towards investment in infrastructure by central government, she told the house that the significant investments made in previous years have triggered a multiplier effect.  Read the article here For every rupee in the government coffer, the biggest pie of 63 paise will come from direct and indirect taxes, according to the Union Budget 2024-25 documents. The remaining 27 paise will come from borrowings and other liabilities, 9 paise from non-tax revenue like disinvestment, and 1 paise from non-debt capital receipts, the Budget documents said. In all, 36 paise will come from direct taxes, including corporate and individual income tax. Income tax will yield 19 paise, while corporate tax will account for 17 paise, it said.  Among indirect taxes, goods and services tax (GST) will contribute the maximum 18 paise in every rupee of revenue. Besides, the government is looking to earn 5 paise out of every rupee from excise duty and 4 paise from customs levy. The collection from “borrowings and other liabilities” will be 27 paise per rupee, as per the Union Budget 2024-25 presented in Parliament by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. The Budget documents provide a fractional break-up for ₹1 that comes in and gets spent.  On the expenditure side, the outlay for interest payments and States’ share of taxes and duties, respectively, stood at 19 paise and 21 paise for every rupee. Allocation for defence stands at 8 paise per rupee. Expenditure on central sector schemes will be 16 paise out of every rupee, while the allocation for centrally-sponsored schemes is 8 paise. The expenditure on ‘Finance Commission and other transfers’ is pegged at 9 paise. Subsidies and pension will account for 6 paise and 4 paise, respectively. The government will spend 9 paise out of every rupee on ‘other expenditures’.  Staffs carry the Budget copies after they arrive at the Parliament House for the Union Budget 2024-25 during the Monsoon Session, in New Delhi on July 23, 2024. Shares of telecom infrastructure companies on July 23 declined more than 4% after Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the government will increase the basic customs duty on specified telecom equipment from 10% to 15%. On the BSE, shares of HFCL tumbled 4.60% to ₹112.10 apiece, Vodafone Idea plunged 4.15% to ₹15.23, Tejas Networks slumped 2.69% to ₹1,278.95, and ITI declined 2.58% to ₹295.10. The scrip of Bharti Airtel fell 1.50% to trade at ₹1,442.70 per piece, ADC India Communications slipped 2.14% to ₹1,771.95, and Tata Communications dipped 0.97% to trade at ₹1,768.95 on the bourse. Prime Minister Narendra Modi reacts during the presentation of Union Budget 2024-25 by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in Lok Sabha on July 23, 2024. In the last 10 years, the NDA Government has ensured that the poor and the middle class continue to get tax relief. In this Budget also, a big decision has been taken to reduce income tax and increase standard deduction. TDS rules have also been simplified. These steps will result in additional savings for every taxpayer, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said. This Budget will give a new scale to education and skill. This is a Budget that will give new strength to the middle class. It has come up with strong plans to empower the tribal society, Dalits and backward classes. It will help in ensuring the economic participation of women, Mr. Modi said. This Budget will provide a new path of progress for small traders and MSMES. There is a lot of focus on manufacturing and infrastructure in the Budget. This will give new impetus to economic development, the Prime Minister said. This Budget puts emphasis on manufacturing as well as infrastructure; will speed up growth, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said after Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union Budget 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha on July 23. He cited Budget’s stress on youth and said its measures will open many new opportunities for youngsters. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23 announced to fully exempt 25 critical minerals from custom duties, and reduce basic custom duties (BCD) on two of them. “This will provide a major fillip to the processing and refining of such minerals and help secure their availability for these strategic and important sectors,” Ms. Sitharaman said. Union Budget 2024 highlights: From income tax changes to focus on employment, here are some key takeaways Union Budget 2024 Highlights: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announces Budget 2024 focusing on employment, skilling, MSMEs, and women-led development with various initiatives. Simplifying the tax regime for corporate industries, Union Finance Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday, proposed new tax structures for charities, foreign shipping companies, rationalisation of capital gains in her 2024 Budget speech . She also reduced corporate tax on foreign companies from 40 to 35%. Ms. Sitharaman’s speech lasted just shy of ninety minutes “58% of corporate tax came from the simplified tax regime in 2022-23 and more than 2/3rd of taxpayers have used the new personal tax regime last year,” announced Ms. Sitharaman. Budget 2024 | What measures were announced for women? We summarise the various schemes announced for girls and women as part of the Union Budget 2024-25 Click here to read all the political and industry reactions Budget 2024: What is cheaper, what is costlier in FY25 Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposes customs duty cuts in 2024 Union Budget to boost domestic manufacturing and exports. Seeking to attract more funds into the country, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23 said rules for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) will be simplified. Presenting the Union Budget 2024-25 , the Minister said the government will bring out a five-year vision document for meeting financial needs of the economy. 2024 Union Budget: Nirmala Sitharaman says changes will be made to IBC to strengthen tribunals Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announces changes to IBC, strengthening tribunals, and proposing digital infrastructure for productivity and innovation. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposed a reduction in basic customs duty on gold and silver to 6% and platinum to 6.4%. In her budget speech in Lok Sabha, she also proposed reduction of basic customs duty on mobile phones, mobile charger to 15%. The Congress on said Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has taken a leaf out of its 2024 Lok Sabha polls manifesto by announcing an internship programme but “in their trademark style”, the scheme has been designed to “grab headlines with arbitrary targets” rather than a programmatic guarantee. Read Congress’s reaction here In an episode of Budget Focus series from The Hindu , we discussed the Budget projections for the Indian Railways. However, there is no mention of the Railways in the Union Budget 2024-25. Tune in to the podcast here Budget 2024 | Land reform measures to be undertaken consulting States, says Finance Minister in Budget speech In the Union Budget 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced certain measures calculated to improve land and other factors of production The Finance Minister introduced the Finance Bill in the Lok Sabha. The Budget Session has been adjourned till July 24, 11 a.m. Stock markets turned highly volatile amid the Union Budget presentation. Sensex tanked 1,266.17 points to 79,235.91 after FM hikes STT on F&O; Nifty tumbles 435.05 points to 24,074.20. ​​ Read the whole story here ​​ In the new tax regime, the tax rate structure is to be revised, the FM announced. For zero to ₹3 lakh - tax rate is zero. For ₹3 lakh to ₹7 lakh - 5%; For ₹7 lakh to ₹10 lakh - 10%; ₹10 lakh to ₹12 lakh - 15%; For ₹12 lakh to ₹15 lakh - 20%; For ₹15 lakh and higher - 30%. With this, a salaried employee stands to save upto ₹17,500 a year in income tax, the FM said. The government announced the withdrawal of the 2% equalisation levy. Presenting the Budget for 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the standard deduction for salaried employees will be hiked to ₹75,000, from ₹50,000 under new income tax regime in FY25. The government raised the deduction limit to 14% from 10% for employers’ contribution for the National Pension System (NPS).  For those opting for the new tax regime, the standard deduction for salaried employees to be increased from ₹50,000 to ₹75,000. Similarly, deduction for family pension for pensioners to be enhanced from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000. This will provide relief to about 4 crore salaried and pensioner individuals, the FM said.  Read in detail here Other major proposals in the Finance Bill relate to withdrawal of an equalisation levy of 2%, expansion of tax benefits to certain funds and entities in the IFSC, and changes to the Benami Transaction Act enforcement. Securities Transaction Tax on Futures and Options contracts is to be increased to 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively, the FM said. Income received on buyback of shares to be taxed in the hands of the recipient. Tax deduction on NPS contributions to be raised from 10% of salary to 14% of salary. This will cover government employees as well as private companies in the NPS. The FM said that capital gains taxation is proposed to be hugely simplified. Short-term gains on some financial assets will now attract 20%, while those on all other assets will continue to attract the current rates. “For benefiting lower and middle income classes, I propose to increase the limit of exemption on some financial instruments for capital gains to ₹1.25 lakh a year. Unlisted bonds and debentures, debt mutual funds and market-linked debentures, will attract tax on capital gains irrespective of holding period,” she said. The TDS rate on e-commerce operators is to be reduced from 1% to 0.1%. I propose to decriminalise delays in payments of TDS upto their filing due date. Simplification of reassessment and reopening of returns. From now, this can be done after three years only if the income involved is ₹50 lakh or more, with a time limit of six years, the FM said.  The government announced that it will undertake a comprehensive review of the Income Tax Act to make it easy to read. Presenting the Union Budget for 2024-25, Ms. Sitharaman also said the government will come out with SoP (standard operating procedure) for TDS defaults and simplify and rationalise compounding of such offences. She added that two tax exemption regimes for charitable trusts will be merged into one. Also, 58% of corporate tax have come from simplified tax regime in FY23. More than two-thirds of individuals availed of the new income tax regime, Ms. Sitharaman said in the Lok Sabha. The FM further announced that DPI apps will be developed for credit, e-commerce, education, health, law, MSME service delivery, and urban governance. To bolster the Indian startup ecosystem, I propose to abolish the so-called Angel Tax for all classes of investors, the FM announced. For customs, we reduced the number of customs duty rates in 2022-23. I propose to rationalise them after a review over next six months, the FM said. She announced that to provide relief to cancer patients, three more medicines will be fully exempted from customs duty. I propose changes in the basic customs duty on X-ray tubes and flat panel detectors for domestic X-ray machines’ production. The net tax receipts are estimated at ₹25.83 lakh crore, and the fiscal deficit is estimated at 4.9% of GDP for this year. The gross and net market borrowings through dated securities are estimated at ₹14.01 lakh crore and the ₹11.63 lakh crore, respectively, lower than last year. The government is committed to stay the course on fiscal consolidation, with deficit at below 4.5% of GDP in 2025-26, and with sustained reductions thereafter, the FM said. She added that GST has reduced compliance burden and logistics costs for trade and industry and enhanced revenues. To multiply its benefits, we will strive to simplify and rationalise the tax structure and expand it to cover more goods, she said. Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her Budget speech proposed creation of employment of about 4.1 crore youth over the next five years. Towards it, the Finance Minister has made an allocation of ₹2 lakh crore. Similarly, for skilling the citizens so as to generate job opportunities, she proposed ₹1.48 crore. 20 lakh youth will be skilled over a five-year period. A total of 1,000 industrial training institutes will be upgraded, she announced. She proposed in her speech that a one-time wage would be provided to all first time employees in all sectors. The incentive for first-timers would be provided through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)  The Finance Minister said that the government will launch internship opportunities in 500 companies to one crore youth in five years.  Interns will get exposure to real-life environment and an allowance of ₹5000 per month, she said. The companies will bear training and 10% of training cost from CSR funds. Ms. Sitharaman said employment, skilling, MSME, and middle class are among key focus areas of this Budget.  The Budget proposes to earmark a significant part of the 50-year interest-free loan, to work with the States on following reforms - Land related reforms in both urban and rural areas, that cover land administration, planning and urban planning and building bye-laws. “Rural land-related actions will include assignment of a unique Aadhaar for all lands, digitisation of terrestrial maps, survey of lands, and establishment of land registry. On labour related reforms, our govt. will facilitate a range of services for labour, including employment and skilling.” She added that open architecture databases for the widely changing job market, and connecting potential employees with industry will be covered. Shram Suvidha and Samadhan portal will be revamped to enhance ease of compliance for industry and trade. The FM announced that for space economy, with the govt’s continued emphasis on expanding it by 5 times in the next ten years, a venture capital fund of ₹1,000 crore will be set up. “We will formulate an economic policy framework to delineate the strategy for sustaining high growth with next generation reforms. These reforms will cover all factors of production, including land, labour and capital. This will require collaboration of the Centre and States,” she said. “Tourism has always been a part of our civilisation. Our efforts to position India as a global destination will also create jobs and unlock opportunities in other sectors. I propose Vishnupath temple at Gaya, and Mahabodhi temple in Bodhgaya, are of immense spiritual importance. We will develop corridors there on the model of the successful Kashi Vishwanath corridor to make them a world-class tourist destination,” the FM said. She added that a comprehensive development initiative for Rajgir and Nalanda (in Bihar) will be pursued. “We will support tourism in Odisha that has scenic beauty, temples, craftsmanship, natural landscapes, wildlife sanctuaries and pristine beaches,” she said. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that ₹2.66 lakh crore has been allocated for rural development, including rural infrastructure. She also said that three crore additional houses will be constructed under the PM Awas Yojana in rural and urban areas. Presenting the Budget for 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha, she said, “This year I have made a provision of ₹2.66 lakh crore for rural development, including rural infrastructure”. The FM noted that Bihar has frequently suffered from floods, many of them originating outside the country. “Plans to solve these problems in Nepal have not progressed. We will provide support of ₹11,500 crore for flood mitigation projects. Assam grapples with floods every year from the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries that originate outside India. We will provide support to them. Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh, that suffered due to landslides and floods, will be provided assistance,” she said. The Finance Minister announced that the Phase 4 of the PM Gram Sadak Yojana will be launched to provide all-weather roads to 25,000 rural habitats. FM said the Centre has made significant infrastructure investments in years, triggering a multiplier effect. “This will continue over the next five years. This year, I provided ₹11,11,111 crore for capex, which is 3.4% of GDP. We will encourage States to provide support of similar scale for infrastructure development based on their priorities,” she said. Private investment in infrastructure will be promoted through Viability Gap Funding and a market-based financing framework would be brought out, she added. Electricity storage solutions will be worked out for renewable energy. Research and Development on smaller nuclear reactors. Our govt. will partner with the private sector for setting up Bharat Small Reactors, and research and development of new technologies for nuclear energy. Advanced Ultra-Super Critical Thermal Power Plants, with much higher efficiency, have been developed indigenously. An 800 MW commercial plant will be set up, with the government providing the required fiscal support, the FM said. She added that a roadmap for hard-to-abate industries, from energy efficiency targets to emission targets, will be formulated. We will bring out a document on appropriate energy transition pathways, that balances the needs of employment and development. In line with the Interim Budget announcement, the Rooftop Solar scheme has been launched to enable 1 crore households to get upto 300 units of free electricity every month. The scheme has seen 1.8 crore registrations and 14 lakh applicants. Read the whole story here “High Stamp Duty may be lowered, especially for women. This reform will be made essential condition for urban development schemes,” she said. Building on the PM Swanidhi scheme for street vendors, we plan a scheme over the next 5 years to promote 100 weekly haats in select cities, the FM announced.  In partnership with States, and MDBs, the Modi-led NDA Government will promote water supply, sewage treatment and solid waste management projects for 100 large cities, the FM announced. Under the PM Awas Yojana-Urban, the housing needs of one crore poor and middle class families will be addressed with an investment of ₹10 lakh crore. This will include the central assistance of ₹2.2 lakh crore in the next five years. “For facilitating term loans to MSMEs, a credit guarantee scheme will be introduced. The scheme will operate on the cooling of credit risks of such MSMEs. A self-financing guarantee fund will provide to each applicant cover of up to ₹100 crore while loan amount may be larger...” she said. Backward region grant will be provided to 3 districts of Andhra Pradesh, the Finance Minister announced. In her Budget for 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Union Government will arrange financial assistance to Bihar through aid from multilateral development agencies. The government will also set up airports, medical colleges and sports infrastructure in Bihar, she said. The Centre will also formulate plan ‘Purvodaya’ for all-round development of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh . Ms. Sitharaman further said the government will support industrial corridor for development in the eastern region. The Finance Minister also said the government will provide e-vouchers directly to 1 lakh students every year with interest subvention of 3% of loan amount. The government said it will launch three employment-linked schemes. While presenting the Union Budget for 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the government will provide incentives to 30 lakh youth entering the job market by providing one month’s PF (provident fund) contribution. She announced that working women hostels will be set up in the country to promote women’s participation in the workforce. She added that the government will provide funds to the private sector, domain experts and others for developing climate-resilient seeds. An already existing scheme -- MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee) -- aims to provide 100 days of wage employment in a particular fiscal year to at least one member of every household whose adult members seek manual work. The government will bring a National Cooperation Policy for the overall development of the country, Finance Minister Nirmamala Sitharaman said. Presenting the Budget for 2024-25, she said the Centre will promote digital public infrastructure for agriculture in partnership with states, while Jan Samarth-based Kisan Credit Card will be introduced in five States. Also, the government will provide finance for shrimp farming and marketing, she added. The FM said that large-scale vegetable production will be developed closer to major consumption centres. “We will promote farmer producer organisations, coops and startups for vegetable supply chains...,” she said. For achieving self-sufficiency in pulses and oil seeds, the govt will strengthen their production, storage and marketing. A strategy is being put in place to achieve aatanibharta for oil seeds such as mustard, groundnut, sesame, soybean and sunflower, the Finance Minister said in the Lok Sabha, presenting the Union Budget 2024-2025. Ms. Sitharaman said that in the next two years, one crore farmers across the country will be initiated into natural farming supported by certification and branding. Implementation will be through scientific institutions and willing Gram Panchayats. 10,000 need-based bio input resource centres will be established. “Transforming agricultural research, our govt will undertake a comprehensive review of the agricultural research setup to bring the focus on raising productivity and developing climate-resilient varieties. Funding will be provided in challenge mode including to the pvt sector, domain experts both from the govt and outside and will oversee the conduct of such research,” Ms. Sitharaman said. She added that 109 new high-yielding and climate-resilient varieties of 32 field and horticultural crops will be released for cultivation by farmers. The Finance Minister said that the Budget will focus on employment, skilling, MSME and middle class. “Budget for FY25 to provide ₹1.48 lakh crore for education and employment and skill... Implementation of various schemes announced in Interim Budget in February are still underway,” the Finance Minister said. People of India have reinforced their faith in the government led by Mr. Modi and re-elected it for the third term, she said, while presenting the Budget in Lok Sabha. India’s economic growth continues to shine while the global economy is still in the grip of policy uncertainty, Ms. Sitharaman added. The country’s inflation continues to be stable and is moving towards 4%, and core inflation stands at 3.1%. On Budget priorities, the Finance Minister said that in the interim Budget the govt promised to present a detailed roadmap for the pursuit of Viksit Bharat. “In line with the strategy set in the interim Budget, this Budget envisages sustained efforts on the following nine priorities for generating ample opportunities for all -- productivity and resilience in agriculture, employment and skilling, inclusive human resource development and social justice, manufacturing and services, urban development, emergency security, infrastructure, innovation R&D, next-gen reforms. Subsequent Budgets will build on these and more priorities and actions,” she said. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is presenting the Union Budget 2024-2025 in Lok Sabha. India’s inflation continues to be low, stable and moving towards the 4% target, the Finance Minister said. The Budget Session of the Parliament began at 11 a.m. on July 23. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present her seventh budget in the Lok Sabha today. New Delhi: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman with a red pouch carrying the Budget documents arrives at the Parliament to present the Union Budget 2024-25, in New Delhi, Tuesday, July 23, 2024. (PTI Photo/Atul Yadav)(PTI07_23_2024_000064B) Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman opted for an off-white checkered handloom saree with a contrasting purple and pink-hued blouse for the presentation of the first Budget on July 23 of the third term of the NDA Government led by PM Narendra Modi. Indian shares reversed early gains to drop marginally in morning trade on Tuesday, with volatility rising ahead of the union budget, due at 11 a.m. IST, which could have a huge bearing on the trajectory of markets. The NSE Nifty 50 and S&P BSE Sensex opened about 0.3% higher but were trading about 0.2% lower as of 10:22 a.m. IST. Volatility rose to a six-week-high of 15.79. “Volatility will remain elevated today as budget announcements will decide the direction of markets in intraday trade,” said ICICI Securities analysts led by Dharmesh Shah. A market correction cannot be ruled out, given the high valuations, they added. The Nifty has hit multiple all-time highs through its roughly 13% rally this year, despite a near 6% slide on June 4 when Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s party returned to power but by unexpectedly having to rely on allies. Still, the index has risen in each of the seven weeks since. The Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the full Budget for 2024-25. Following this, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present her seventh budget in the Lok Sabha. Ms. Sitharaman, the first full-time woman Finance Minister of the country, has presented five full Budgets since July 2019 and an interim budget on February 1, 2024. This is the first Budget of the BJP-led NDA Government in its third term in office. “I think the problem is that the government is not recognising the real concerns. The real concerns are inflation, especially food inflation, and rampant unemployment and inadequate job creation,” says Economist Jayati Ghosh. “If you look at the economic survey, the country has achieved, even post covid, a very stable growth pattern in GDP numbers. There is an uptick in manufacturing, agriculture, there is a bit of subsiding in the consumption patterns in country because of lower middle income people getting hurt due to inflation and having lost wealth during COVID,” ASSOCHAM President Sanjay Nayar said in an interview to PTI.  “The govt has done a tremendous job, looking at the geopolitical, geographic scenario. India looks like a fantastic place to attract investments. The expectation would be to keep catalysing the infrastructure spending. I have told this to PTI that another couple of years of heightened spending on infrastructure is a good idea,” he added. Emphasising the need for measures to address inflation, particularly the soaring prices of essential commodities and life-saving drugs, Uttar Pradesh Congress President Ajay Rai has voiced the expectations of the middle class for the Union Budget 2024-25. Expressing his expectations from the budget, Congress leader Ajay Rai said on Tuesday, “In this budget, inflation should be controlled. The price of garlic is ₹500 per kg, and the prices of vegetables and medicines have gone up. The price of life-saving drugs has increased. Employment opportunities also need to be generated. All these factors need to be worked upon.” Shiv Sena Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray’s (UBT) faction leader, Priyanka Chaturvedi, echoed similar expectations, stating that the finance minister should concentrate on tackling unemployment and inflation. More tax benefits for health insurance under the new tax regime, relaxation in payment norms for MSMEs and incentives for the agri-tech sector are among the expectations of stakeholders from the first budget of the Modi 3.0 government . Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is scheduled to present the full Budget for fiscal 2024-25 on July 23, which will be the first major policy document of the new government. Anup Rau, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Future Generali India Insurance Company, said the deduction limit on health insurance premiums under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act has remained unchanged for the past nine years despite the fact that there has been a significant rise in healthcare costs across the country. Watch what women can expect from Budget here Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi met in Parliament on Tuesday to approve the Union Budget ahead of its presentation by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Parliament this morning to attend the cabinet meeting.On Monday, Prime Minister said the Economic Survey highlighted the prevailing strengths of the economy and identifies areas for further growth and progress as the government “moves towards building a Viksit Bharat”. Union Ministers Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh and Pralhad Joshi were also seen arriving in the Parliament earlier for the Cabinet meeting today. Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman met President Droupadi Murmu ahead of presenting the Union Budget 2024 in Parliament, as per tradition. The Finance Minister and her team briefed the President about the provisions of the Budget. President Murmu then fed the Finance Minister ‘Curd and Sugar’ which is a symbol of wishes for good luck. GTJVNmibQAE5JC1.jpg All eyes will be on whether Sitharaman provides the much-expected tax relief for the middle class, leaving more money in their hands, as there is tax buoyancy. Besides, the market also expects staying on the fiscal glide path to lower the fiscal deficit to 4.5 per cent of GDP by 2025-26. Fiscal Deficit: The budgeted fiscal deficit, which is the difference between the government expenditure and income, for the current fiscal is 5.1 per cent as projected in the Interim Budget in February, against 5.8 per cent in the last fiscal year. The full Budget is expected to provide better-than-earlier projections as there has been tax buoyancy. Capital Expenditure: The government’s planned capital expenditure for this fiscal year is budgeted at ₹11.1 lakh crore, higher than ₹9.5 lakh crore in the last fiscal year. The government has been pushing infrastructure creation and also incentivising states to step up capex. Tax Revenue: The Interim Budget had pegged gross tax revenue at ₹38.31 lakh crore for 2024-25, an 11.46 per cent growth over the last fiscal. This includes ₹21.99 lakh crore estimated to come from direct taxes (personal income tax + corporate tax), and ₹16.22 lakh crore from indirect taxes (customs + excise duty + GST). GST: Goods and Services Tax (GST) collection in 2024-25 is estimated to rise to ₹10.68 lakh crore, an increase of 11.6 per cent. The tax revenue figures will have to be watched out for in the final Budget for the 2024-25 fiscal year. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is set to create history when she presents her seventh straight budget on Tuesday for 2024-25, surpassing the record of former prime minister Morarji Desai. Setting the tone for the third term of the Modi government, its focus areas may be boosting consumption by giving tax benefits to the middle class. Other priority areas may include agriculture, capex and infra spending and manufacturing push.. With India emerging as the biggest sweet spot in global growth, the budget is expected to address three major trends: global offshoring, digitalization, and energy transition. Sitharaman, who will turn 65 next month, was in 2019 appointed as India’s first full-time woman finance minister when Prime Minister Narendra Modi won a decisive second term. Since then, she has presented six straight budgets, including an interim one in February this year. A total of 39 shipyards have registered, and 18 shipyards utilised the benefits under the Centre’s scheme to provide financial support to Indian shipyards for shipbuilding contracts signed between April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2026, according to the Economic Survey.  “India’s Maritime Vision 2030 outlines over 150 initiatives to improve ports, shipping, and inland waterways and envisions investments of ₹3-3.5 lakh crore. The Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 outlines over 300 initiatives across 11 key areas to drive growth and development in India’s coastal regions,” according to the Economic Survey 2023-24 tabled in the Parliament on Monday. “Its vision aims to reduce the average vessel turnaround time (containers) from 25 hours in 2020 to less than 20 hours in 2030. Likewise, it also aims to increase the average ship daily output (gross tonnage) from 16,000 in 2020 to more than 30,000 in 2030.” Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present the estimated receipts and expenditure (2024-25) of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (with legislature) in Parliament today. “I hope that the Budget will face the country’s economic realities. The biggest economic reality is that unemployment rate in 9.2% in the country, inflation is at all time high. Food inflation is particularly very high. Private sector investment is falling. I hope that the government and the Budget will project ways to improve this situation,” TMC MP Saugata Roy. Indian shares opened higher on July 23, led by financials and public sector companies, as investors brace for policy announcements in the Union Budget due at 11 a.m., which could have a huge bearing on the trajectory of markets. The NSE Nifty 50 rose 0.24% to 24,568.9, while the S&P BSE Sensex added 0.28% to 80,724.3, as of 9:15 a.m. IST. July 23, 2024 09:26 Rupee rises 3 paise to 83.63 against U.S. dollar in early trade Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday again took a digital tablet wrapped in a traditional ‘bahi-khata’ style pouch as she headed for Parliament to present the full Budget 2024-25 in a paperless format just like the previous years. Draped in a white silk saree with magenta border, she posed for the traditional ‘briefcase’ picture outside her office, along with her team of officials, before heading to meet the President. With the tablet carefully kept inside a red cover with a golden-coloured national emblem embossed on it instead of the briefcase, Parliament will be her next destination after the call on President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhawan. Sitharaman, India’s first full-time woman Finance Minister, had in July 2019 ditched the colonial legacy of a Budget briefcase for the traditional ‘bahi-khata’ to carry Union Budget papers. She used the same in the following year, and in a pandemic-hit 2021, she swapped traditional papers with a digital tablet for carrying her speech and other Budget documents. “There is no direction in the Budgets presented in the last 10 years. Inflation is skyrocketing, unemployment is high, the growth rate is declining fundamentally. This indicates that the economy isn’t in a healthy situation,” says AAP MP Sandeep Pathak says.  The government’s steps such as mandatory quality norms and increase in customs duties have significantly helped the domestic toy players to boost exports and reduce dependence on Chinese imports, Economic Survey said on July 22. It said that India’s emergence as a toy exporting nation can also be attributed to its integration into the global value chain and zero-duty market access for domestically manufactured toys in critical countries such as the UAE and Australia. The industry has long faced challenges in the global trade landscape, consistently being a net importer of toys for many years. “Rising exports, coupled with declining imports, transformed India from a deficit to a surplus nation in the trade of toys,” it said. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman arrived at the Ministry of Finance ahead of the Union Budget presentation on Tuesday. The Finance Minister was pictured wearing a white saree with a violet border as she arrived at the Ministry. Nirmala Sitharaman is set to present the Union Budget 2024 in Parliament today, marking her seventh consecutive budget and eclipsing the late Moraji Desai’s record of six consecutive budgets, which is likely to focus on changes in the income tax structure and improving the ease of doing business in India. Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2023-24 along with the statistical appendix on Monday. Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary said that the first Union Budget of the third Modi government will be based on his mantra of “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas”. “This budget is based on PM Modi’s mantra of Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas,” MoS Chaudhary said. Chaudhary was among the first from FM Nirmala Sitharaman’s team to reach the North Block offices of the Finance Ministry ahead of the Budget Presentation. Vivek Joshi, Secretary, of the Department of Financial Services and Chief Economic Advisor V. Anantha Nageswaran have also reached the ministry ahead of FM Sitharaman. Extreme weather, lower reservoir levels and crop damage have affected farm output and led to higher food prices over the past two years, the Economic Survey 2023-24 said on July 22. Unfavourable weather conditions particularly impacted the production prospects of vegetables and pulses, it said. “In FY23 and FY24, the agriculture sector was affected by extreme weather events, lower reservoir levels, and damaged crops that adversely affected farm output and food prices. So, food inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) increased from 3.8% in FY22 to 6.6% in FY23 and further to 7.5% in FY24,” read the consolidated report on the state of the economy in the previous year. The fiscal deficit for FY 2023-24 was 5.63% of GDP with a target of 5.1% for FY 2024-25. Given the significant share of personal tax in overall direct-tax collections, the government is unlikely to introduce measures that would greatly reduce tax revenue. Here are key expectations from individual taxpayers and potential government changes to minimise fiscal deficit impact: Changes in simplified tax regime Standard deduction NPS employee contribution deduction Reintroduction of deduction for investment in infrastructure bonds Changes in old tax regime Affordable housing deduction for interest paid on loan Metro cities for HRA Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2023-24 in both Houses of Parliament on July 22. The Economic Survey is a comprehensive review or annual report of Indian economy during the closed financial year, prepared by the Economics Division of the Department of Economic Affairs of the Finance Ministry under the guidance of the India’s Chief Economic Advisor (CEA). Here are the charts that show key numbers from the Economic Survey 2023-24: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is scheduled to present the Budget for 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha on July 23 . Parliament Session begins on July 22 and will conclude with the passage of the Finance Bill on August 12. In this series, experts from various fields suggest what the focus of Narendra Modi-led NDA government’s third term should be. Read what the experts have told The Hindu . Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey of India 2023-24 , along with a statistical appendix, in both Houses of Parliament on July 22.  The survey said that the outlook for India’s financial sector appears bright , but it needs to brace for likely vulnerabilities. The Indian financial sector is at a “turnpike moment”, it said, adding that the dominance of banking support to credit is being reduced, and the role of capital markets is rising.  According to the report, India’s GDP is likely to grow at 6.5 to 7% in the current fiscal year amid global challenges which may impact exports. The growth projected for 2024-25 is lower than the economic growth rate of 8.2% estimated for the previous financial year. India saw 92 lakh foreign tourist arrivals in 2023, signifying a positive post-pandemic revival, the Chief Economic Advisor has said in the Economic Survey released on July 22. The survey, which was tabled in Parliament, said India’s tourism industry showed positive signs of revival post-pandemic with an year-on-year increase of 43.5%. The hospitality industry has also met the needs of the increasing numbers of tourists successfully. “In 2023, the highest amount of new supply was created with the addition of 14,000 rooms, bringing the total inventory of chain-affiliated rooms to 183,000 in India,” the survey said. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present the Union Budget 2024 on July 23 at 11 a.m. It will be a record seventh consecutive Budget presentation for Ms. Sitharaman. The Budget 2024 presentation will be streamed on various platforms. Viewers can watch the Budget 2024 speech by Nirmala Sitharaman live at The Hindu . Follow our liveblog for all the latest news, reactions, and analysis of Budget 2024. The Finance Minister’s address will also be available to stream live via the Sansad TV . Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will be presenting the Union Budget 2024-25 on July 23, 2024. It will be a record seventh consecutive Budget presentation for Ms. Sitharaman. Previously, Morarji Desai presented the Union Budget for six times consecutively. Interestingly, Morarji Desai presented budgets for record 10 times followed by former Finance Minister P. Chidambaram 9 times. Related Topics Union Budget / economy, business and finance / budgets and budgeting / state budget and tax / Live news Top News Today Access 10 free stories every month Save stories to read later Access to comment on every story Sign-up/manage your newsletter subscriptions with a single click Get notified by email for early access to discounts & offers on our products Terms & conditions   |   Institutional Subscriber Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. They cannot be abusive or personal. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. 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Geosciences (GEO) Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences (AGS) Earth Sciences (EAR) Ocean Sciences (OCE) Polar Programs (OPP)  Additional Resources Research, Innovation, Synergies, and Education (RISE) Get GEO/OPP Email Updates Get GEO Email Updates Go Contact GEO/OPP Geosciences Polar Programs Draft Request for Proposals: Antarctic Science and Engineering Support Contract July 26, 2024 The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) has issued a Draft Request for Proposals (RFP) to further engage with industry and to continue its efforts to capture industry feedback to improve planning for the follow-on Antarctic procurement contract, Antarctic Science and Engineering Support Contract. The Draft RFP is part of NSF’s continuing commitment to ensure the future Antarctic contract is supportive of NSF’s science mission in the region through the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP). Through this commitment to science, NSF and USAP aim to support scientific research that expands fundamental knowledge of the region, fosters research on global and regional problems of current scientific importance, and use the region as a platform from which to support research that can only be done or is best done in Antarctica. NSF has the following objectives for this acquisition. We are looking for a partner in enabling a world class Antarctic science program, with seamless integration between operations and research support. We seek innovation that will keep USAP at the cutting edge of working in Antarctica. USAP has a complex mission which requires world-class expertise in information, operations, and logistics. USAP is in a period of significant upgrades to facility and research infrastructure; a track record of project delivery is a must. Safety is paramount as is a work environment that is free of harassment. Diversity and inclusion are at the forefront of NSF and USAP priorities, as is having a strong anti-harassment/assault policy. Included in the Draft RFP is an acquisition schedule that will be of value to interested parties. To read the full announcement, visit SAM.gov .  The U.S. National Science Foundation propels the nation forward by advancing fundamental research in all fields of science and engineering. NSF supports research and people by providing facilities, instruments and funding to support their ingenuity and sustain the U.S. as a global leader in research and innovation. With a fiscal year 2023 budget of $9.5 billion, NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 40,000 competitive proposals and makes about 11,000 new awards. Those awards include support for cooperative research with industry, Arctic and Antarctic research and operations, and U.S. participation in international scientific efforts. Connect with us online NSF website: nsf.gov NSF News: nsf.gov/news For News Media: nsf.gov/news/newsroom Statistics: nsf.gov/statistics/ Awards database: nsf.gov/awardsearch/ Follow us on social Twitter: twitter.com/NSF Facebook: facebook.com/US.NSF Instagram: instagram.com/nsfgov 319 IMAGES Well-Written PhD Research Proposal Sample 32 Sample Proposal Templates in Microsoft Word FREE 13+ Academic Proposal Templates in MS Word 9+ College Project Proposal Templates MPhil/PhD Degree Outline Research Proposal Template Educational Research VIDEO Sample of Research Proposal / MESP001 / Hand written Report Writing || Very important questions of Research Writing a research proposal Creating a research proposal Types of Research Design Scientific Research Process COMMENTS 17 Research Proposal Examples (2024) Research Proposal Examples. Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. 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Writing a Research Proposal In the real world of higher education, a research proposal is most often written by scholars seeking grant funding for a research project or it's the first step in getting approval to write a doctoral dissertation. Even if this is just a course assignment, treat your introduction as the initial pitch of an idea based on a thorough examination ... Selection Of Top Research Proposal Topics In Education It is critical to include the following information in your proposal: 1. Highlight its uniqueness or significance. 2. Describe how it expands or challenges your prior knowledge of the subject. 3. Determine the significance of your proposed research. 4. Explain why you are the best person for this research project. PDF Chapter 4: How to Write a Research Proposal A research proposal is a written document that includes the following information: - Summary of prior literature. - Identification of research topic and research questions. - Specification of procedure to be followed to answer research questions. The purpose of your proposal is to sell your idea by showing you have thought it through very ... How to Write a Research Proposal A research proposal is a short piece of academic writing that outlines the research a graduate student intends to carry out. It starts by explaining why the research will be helpful or necessary, then describes the steps of the potential research and how the research project would add further knowledge to the field of study. Structuring a Research Proposal: Key Elements for Educational Research A research proposal is your blueprint—a strategic plan that outlines your project's trajectory. 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The portal must be used for all paper or session submissions for consideration by a division, special interest group, or committee. China takes 'drastic' action to punish research plagiarism "Such a humiliating outcome on the international stage has forced [China] to take drastic action," said Stephen Gow, a coordinator at the University of York and academic integrity researcher.. This problem has become a "national issue", agreed Xinqu Zhang, a PhD student at the University of Hong Kong who researches Chinese higher education. "Due to the large number of Chinese ... Key facts about Americans and guns About four-in-ten U.S. adults say they live in a household with a gun, including 32% who say they personally own one, according to a Center survey conducted in June 2023.These numbers are virtually unchanged since the last time we asked this question in 2021. There are differences in gun ownership rates by political affiliation, gender, community type and other factors. 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