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Case Study: Liquidity Analysis through Financial Ratios

2022, International journal of scientific research and management

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Liquidity plays an important role in the successful functioning of the business firm. A firm should ensure that it does not suffer from lack of or excess liquidity to meet its short- term compulsions. The critical part in managing working capital is maintaining its liquidity in day-to-day operation to ensure its smooth running and to meet its obligations. Hence, it is of utmost importance to keep a constant eye on liquidity position of the company as without it the company cannot survive. The present paper aims to analyze the liquidity position of the selected pharmaceutical companies by making use of liquidity ratios such as current ratio, quick ratio and absolute liquid ratio for the period 2012-2016. Short term creditors are mainly interested in the liquidity position of the firms to know the promptness of company to meet its current liabilities. The result shows that among the five selected pharmaceutical companies, i.e. Ajanta Pharma, Biocon Ltd, Torrent Pharma, Ipca labs and L...

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The study attempts to measure the liquidity status of selected automobile companies in India. For the study, data were collected from secondary sources such are journals, articles, annual reports, and consolidated financial statements. In this study, Liquid ratio and quick ratio are calculated for the period of five years 2014-15 to 2018-19 to Measure the liquidity position of companies. Statistical tools like Mean, Standard Deviation, and Coefficient of Variances were used to analyze the data and also used Bar-charts to better understand the comparison of liquidity ratios. This study concludes that Ashok Leyland Limited, Bajaj Auto Limited, and Eicher Motors; these automobile companies have a weak liquidity position while on the other hand Hero Motocorp Limited has a good liquidity position and the Force Motors Limited has a very much Strong liquidity position.

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Case Studies in Liquidity Mismanagement

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• Erik Banks  

Part of the book series: Global Financial Markets Series ((GFM))

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In the last three chapters we have explored concepts of liquidity risk and the financial losses that can arise from such exposures. In this chapter we extend our discussion by exploring a select number of “real world” case studies that help illustrate different dimensions of liquidity risk and the degree of damage that can be wrought.

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Banks, E. (2014). Case Studies in Liquidity Mismanagement. In: Liquidity Risk. Global Financial Markets Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137374400_7

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Liquidity Ratios: Understanding Their Importance in Financial Analysis

✅ All InspiredEconomist articles and guides have been fact-checked and reviewed for accuracy. Please refer to our editorial policy for additional information.

Liquidity Ratios Definition

Liquidity ratios are financial metrics used to determine a company’s ability to cover its short-term debts using its current or quick assets. They provide insight into the financial health of a company by measuring its ability to turn assets into cash to meet its short-term liabilities.

Types of Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity ratios are a key tool used in financial analysis, with several major types that each have their specific focus areas.

Current Ratio

The current ratio, also known as the working capital ratio, compares a company's current assets to its current liabilities. This essentially evaluates a business's ability to pay back its short-term liabilities (debts and payables) with its short-term assets (cash, inventory, receivables). The higher the ratio, the better the company's liquidity position.

Calculation formula:

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

Quick Ratio (Acid-test Ratio)

The quick ratio is a stricter measure of liquidity than the current ratio. It excludes inventory from current assets, as not all businesses can quickly turn their inventory into cash. It's a measure of how well a company can meet its short-term financial liabilities if they fall due immediately.

Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities

The cash ratio is the most conservative liquidity ratio. It only considers the most liquid short-term assets: cash and cash equivalents. This ratio indicates a company's ability to pay off its current liabilities without relying on the sale of any other assets or incoming cash flows.

Cash Ratio = (Cash + Cash Equivalents) / Current Liabilities

These three ratios each offer distinct insights into a company's short-term financial health and are vital to understand when performing a comprehensive liquidity analysis. They help determine the capacity of a business to cover its imminent liabilities with its quickly accessible assets.

Calculating Liquidity Ratios

Current ratio calculation.

To calculate the Current Ratio (CR), you need two pieces of financial data from the company's balance sheet: the total current assets and total current liabilities. Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, and inventories. Current liabilities consist of accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and any short-term debt.

The CR is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities:

The resulting figure represents the company's ability to cover its short-term obligations with its short-term assets. A ratio greater than 1 signifies that the company has more current assets than liabilities, suggesting adequate liquidity.

Quick Ratio Calculation

The Quick Ratio, also known as the Acid-Test Ratio, uses similar financial information but excludes inventories from the current assets in the formula. So, the quick assets in this case are cash, marketable securities, and accounts receivable.

This ratio tests a company's instant short-term liquidity because it does not consider inventories which might take time to liquidate.

Cash Ratio Calculation

The Cash Ratio or Cash Asset Ratio measures an organization's ability to pay off its current liabilities with just cash and cash equivalents. It is the most stringent measure of liquidity and is calculated using the following formula:

By eliminating accounts receivable as well as inventories, the Cash Ratio focuses only on the company's most liquid assets. A high cash ratio suggests that a company is able to cover its short-term obligations with cash alone.

In conclusion, each of these ratios offers different insights into a company's liquidity. While interpretational norms can vary between industries, understanding how to calculate these ratios provides a basis for comparing different companies and identifying potential financial risks.

Significance of Liquidity Ratios in Financial Analysis

Liquidity ratios hold a pivotal position in the financial analysis of any company. They offer essential insights into the short-term financial stability of a company by indicating how capably it can clear its current liabilities using its existing assets and near-term receivables. In essence, these ratios signal a company's speed and aptitude in turning assets into cash to settle monetary obligations.

Understanding Liquidity Ratios within Financial Analysis

Precise financial analysis rests on the pillar of understanding both the long and short term financial health of the entity. Hence the importance of the liquidity ratios. They primarily highlight the short-term solvency, drawing attention to the immediate obligations and the company's ability to address them.

For instance, a high liquidity ratio, such as the current ratio or the quick ratio, implies the firm has greater ease in covering its current liabilities with the assets it owns. Put simply, it effectively reduces the financial uncertainties and risks. On the other hand, a low liquidity ratio might invoke closer scrutiny of the firm's accounts, and may even raise worries about its financial stability.

Liquidity Ratios: A Tool to Grasp Short-Term Financial Health

A solid understanding of a company's short-term financial health is invaluable when making investment decisions, granting credit, or formulating financial strategies. Here, liquidity ratios come into play as they accurate snapshots of this aspect.

High liquidity suggests operational efficiency and sound financial management. Should unexpected expenses or opportunities to invest arise, a company with good liquidity is well-equipped to react swiftly and effectively, without having to resort to borrowing or selling off its long term assets.

Moreover, liquidity ratios are also useful in highlighting any potential liquidity crises well in advance. A consistently declining trend in these ratios would urge the need for attention to the company’s cash flows.

In summary, liquidity ratios are an essential aspect of financial analysis, allowing insight into a company's financial agility and its ability to meet short-term obligations. Thus, they contribute significantly to the understanding of a company's immediate financial health.

Understanding Liquidity Ratios: Solvent, Liquid, and Insolvent

Analyzing a company's liquidity ratios can provide crucial insights into its immediate financial situation. Essentially, a high liquidity ratio typically means that a company is more capable of paying off its short-term liabilities promptly with its short-term assets. Alternatively, a company with a low liquidity ratio may lack the resources to meet its upcoming financial obligations.

Solvent Companies

When a company has a high liquidity ratio, it's often classified as being "solvent." In other words, solvent companies possess plentiful short-term assets, readily convertible into cash, that they can use to pay off their short-term or immediate liabilities. They may have significant cash in hand, a considerable amount of account receivables that they can swiftly collect, or a hefty amount of marketable securities that can quickly be sold for cash.

It's worth noting that having a high liquidity ratio doesn't necessarily mean the company is doing well. If the ratio is excessively high, it might indicate that the company isn't utilizing its assets effectively to generate profits.

Liquid Companies

The term "liquid" refers to a specific state of solvency. A company is considered liquid if it can promptly convert its assets into cash without loss of value. In the context of liquidity ratios, a company with ample liquid assets will possess a healthy ratio, indicating that it can comfortably cover its debts as they fall due. Liquid companies typically have efficient cash flow management practices in place, allowing them to respond swiftly and effectively to any financial emergencies.

Insolvent Companies

On the other hand, a company with low liquidity ratios might be in a danger zone. Such a company could be "insolvent," meaning it lacks enough liquid assets to meet its short-term liabilities. Insolvent companies are at risk of defaulting on debt payments, which can ultimately lead to bankruptcy. Insolvency generally implies serious financial problems that might require significant operational restructuring to remedy.

Frequent insolvency isn't a good sign, as it could indicate a longer-term inability to fulfill financial obligations, further shrinking investor confidence and intensifying credit limitations. However, occasional drops in liquidity ratios should be examined in context. For example, a normally profitable company may be temporarily insolvent due to a large, one-time investment that will pay off in the future.

To summarize, when evaluated correctly, liquidity ratios can provide valuable clues about a company's immediate financial health. Whether a company appears solvent, liquid, or insolvent as per its liquidity ratios, these findings should inform strategic financial decision-making.

Strengths and Limitations of Liquidity Ratios

Strengths of liquidity ratios.

Liquidity ratios prove to be a handy tool for creditors and investors alike, presenting an immediate snapshot of a company's ability to cover immediate obligations. Because liquidity ratios focus primarily on short-term investments and obligations, they effectively measure the financial health of a company in the present moment. This is especially useful during periods of financial instability or recessive economic climate where short-term survival is paramount.

A company’s liquidity ratios can also serve as a red flag for potential financial distress. Extremely low or rapidly deteriorating liquidity ratios may suggest an inability to meet upcoming obligations. Moreover, liquidity ratios are ubiquitous in the financial realm, so creditors and investors often utilise them for comparative purposes, measuring a single company’s financial robustness against its peers within the industry.

Limitations of Liquidity Ratios

Despite their utility, liquidity ratios do have their limitations. Liquidity ratios can sometimes be skewed by the mechanisms with which a company operates. For instance, a company that follows a highly effective just-in-time inventory system might sport a lower liquidity ratio simply because it doesn't keep much inventory on hand, but that doesn't necessarily imply an inability to meet short-term obligations.

Furthermore, liquidity ratios are purely quantitative and omit qualitative factors such as market conditions, competition, or regulatory environment – factors which might substantially impact a company's liquidity. They also fail to account for the fact that a company may have lines of credit or other sources of cash not clearly apparent in its financial statements.

A Holistic Approach to Financial Analysis

Given these strengths and limitations, employing liquidity ratios should not be the sole method of financial analysis. Instead, liquidity ratios are best used in tandem with other financial metrics and tools. For instance, profitability ratios, debt ratios, and operating performance ratios can provide additional valuable insights.

These additional metrics can help provide a more complete picture of a company's financial health beyond purely short-term obligations. By also considering variables such as long-term solvency, earnings, and operational efficiency, investors and analysts can make better-informed decisions. Therefore, while liquidity ratios are important, they should be interpreted with caution and supplemented by other forms of financial analysis.

Liquidity Ratios and Financial Strategy

Let's dive into the impact of liquidity ratios on financial maneuvers and strategy-building in a company setting. The individuals taking the lead in this process are often those who hold the highest executive positions in the company, such as the CEO, CFO, COO, and the members of an organization's board.

Informed Financial Decision-Making

Utilizing liquidity ratios can provide C-suite executives and board members with necessary insights to make sound financial decisions. By evaluating these metrics, these officials can gauge a company's short-term financial health and resiliency.

A company with high liquidity ratios has the ability to pay off its current liabilities using its current assets. When habitual reports demonstrate consistently high liquidity ratios, executives can act more aggressively in their financial decision-making, such as pursuing investments, acquisitions, or other growth opportunities. Conversely, lower liquidity ratios may signal a need for more conservative financial measures, like cost-cutting or debt restructuring.

Liquidity Management

Effective cash management can be significantly influenced by a firm's liquidity ratios. Cash, after all, is the most liquid asset a company has. If a company's liquidity ratio indicates that it does not have adequate cash to cover short-term liabilities, executives may need to consider various tactics to improve cash flow. These might include speeding up collections of receivables, delaying payment of payables, obtaining short-term financing, or even selling off non-essential assets.

Short-Term Debt

A company's ability to handle short-term debt directly correlates with its liquidity ratios. If current liabilities exceed current assets (a liquidity ratio of less than 1), a company could struggle to keep up with its obligations, raising red flags for both executives and potential creditors. Even in these circumstances, a comprehensive understanding of liquidity ratios can help executives develop strategies for reducing debt or increasing income to improve the company's overall financial position.

Risk Management

Finally, liquidity ratios are an essential tool in managing overall risk. A company with high ratios is, by definition, holding less risk as it shows there are sufficient short-term assets to cover short-term liabilities. On the other hand, low liquidity ratios signal higher risk, suggesting difficulty in meeting short-term obligations. By keeping a close eye on these ratios, executives can identify rising risks early and take timely actions to mitigate them.

Thus, liquidity ratios play a critical role in shaping the financial and risk management strategies of a company. Being fully informed about these ratios enables executives to make more deliberate contingencies and strategic decisions that can maintain the financial stability of their respective organizations.

Evaluating a Company’s Liquidity Position Using Liquidity Ratios

Potential investors or lenders often use liquidity ratios as a tool to scrutinize a company's financial health before making investment or lending decisions. These ratios shed light on a company's financial stability and its ability to meet short-term obligations.

Using Liquidity Ratios for Decision Making

Investors and lenders assess liquidity ratios such as the current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio. A high current ratio can indicate that the company has enough resources to cover its short-term liabilities. Meanwhile, a lower ratio may suggest that the company could struggle to pay off its debts.

Similarly, the quick ratio, also known as the acid-test, excludes inventory from current assets, providing a more stringent assessment of liquidity. On the other hand, the cash ratio, being the most conservative measure, includes only the most liquid assets – cash, and cash equivalents.

Therefore, liquidity ratios form an integral part of decision making for potential investors and lenders. For instance, if a company exhibits a comparatively low quick ratio, it may signal difficulty in converting assets to cash quickly. This could deter investors or make lenders hesitant about extending credit.

Revealing a Company's Financial Stability

Beyond decision making, liquidity ratios also provide a snapshot of a company's immediate financial stability. They show whether a company can cover its short-term obligations using its short-term assets without resorting to sell-off its long-term assets, which could possibly jeopardize its future growth potential.

If liquidity ratios reveal that a company can seamlessly pay off its debts, it's generally seen as financially stable. However, extremely high liquidity could also indicate that the company is not effectively utilizing its assets to generate profits.

In conclusion, liquidity ratios serve as a valuable compass guiding investors and lenders in determining the company's liquidity position. While high liquidity ratios generally signify a safe bet, investors must also consider industry standards and other financial ratios for a comprehensive financial analysis.

The Role of Liquidity Ratios in CSR and Sustainability

In a business environment, liquidity ratios are vital in determining a company's financial health. These ratios can also impact Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sustainability efforts, providing critical information to decision-makers.

Impact on Financing Decisions

When a company has a high liquidity ratio, it indicates that it has sufficient short-term assets to meet its short-term liabilities. This financial stability can directly influence the company's financing decisions. For instance, companies with high liquidity may be more likely to get approved for borrowing from financial institutions, which in turn may enhance their ability to invest in sustainable projects. Moreover, a strong liquidity position can afford businesses the opportunity to self-finance these initiatives without the need for external debt.

Commitment to Short-Term Sustainable Projects

Another area where liquidity ratios come into play is in the commitment to short-term sustainable projects. Companies need to be confident that they have the necessary capital on hand to launch and maintain their CSR initiatives. A higher liquidity ratio can thus boost a company's commitment to these short-term projects that yield long-term sustainability benefits.

However, it is worth noting that while high liquidity ratios may provide companies with the ability to fund sustainable projects, this could also result in opportunity cost. Liquid assets might not be deployed to generate profits if they are held back for sustainability initiatives instead.

The Balancing Act

In summary, liquidity ratios play a critical role in CSR and sustainable initiatives. They help in the allocation of funds between various strategies and contribute to the prioritization of initiatives. This means that decision-makers need to maintain a careful balance, ensuring they have enough liquid assets to cover liabilities while also promoting sustainable growth and delivering on their CSR commitments. The key is to strike a balance that caters to their financial obligations while enhancing their commitment to corporate responsibility and sustainability.

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Liquidity Analysis of Marico Limited

Introduction

During the financial year 2021-22, a financial analyst was analyzing the stock price of India-based multinational consumer goods company, Marico Limited (Marico). He analyzed the profitability of the company and based on the profitability metrics, he arrived at the conclusion that Marico’s performance had been satisfactory amid the challenges and restrictions posed and imposed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic (Refer to Exhibit-I for the Profitability Metrics of Marico Limited). However, he was also interested in knowing the liquidity position of the company amid the uncertain market conditions..

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Liquidity Risk Management Case Studies

The recent financial crisis of 2008, provides valuable insights into the liquidity risks financial institutions are exposed to and the measures that are taken to manage and mitigate those risks. In this course we look at three real-world examples. In particular we will review the following case studies:

• The collapse of Bear Stearns
• The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers , and
• The bailout of AIG

We also give a summary of the time lines to each of their respective collapse/ bailout:

• Bear Stearns
• Lehman Brothers

For a general understanding of how a liquidity crisis can develop and ways in which an institution may assess capital requirements for liquidity risk is explored in the following post:

Liquidity Risk Management – A framework for estimating liquidity risk capital for a bank

For a more in depth analysis of the financial crisis we recommend Roger Lowenstein’s book “ The End of Wall Street ”. A review of the book is given here .

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