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Collection 12 March 2020
Top 50 Life and Biological Sciences Articles
We are pleased to share with you the 50 most read Nature Communications articles* in life and biological sciences published in 2019. Featuring authors from around the world, these papers highlight valuable research from an international community.
Browse all Top 50 subject area collections here .
*Based on data from Google Analytics, covering January-December 2019 (data has been normalised to account for articles published later in the year)
Genome-wide analysis identifies molecular systems and 149 genetic loci associated with income
Household income is used as a marker of socioeconomic position, a trait that is associated with better physical and mental health. Here, Hill et al. report a genome-wide association study for household income in the UK and explore its relationship with intelligence in post-GWAS analyses including Mendelian randomization.
- W. David Hill
- Neil M. Davies
- Ian J. Deary
A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch
Birch pitch is thought to have been used in prehistoric times as hafting material or antiseptic and tooth imprints suggest that it was chewed. Here, the authors report a 5,700 year-old piece of chewed birch pitch from Denmark from which they successfully recovered a complete ancient human genome and oral microbiome DNA.
- Theis Z. T. Jensen
- Jonas Niemann
- Hannes Schroeder
A short translational ramp determines the efficiency of protein synthesis
Several factors contribute to the efficiency of protein expression. Here the authors show that the identity of amino acids encoded by codons at position 3–5 significantly impact translation efficiency and protein expression levels.
- Manasvi Verma
- Junhong Choi
- Sergej Djuranovic
Early coauthorship with top scientists predicts success in academic careers
By examining publication records of scientists from four disciplines, the authors show that coauthoring a paper with a top-cited scientist early in one's career predicts lasting increases in career success, especially for researchers affiliated with less prestigious institutions.
- Tomaso Aste
- Giacomo Livan
Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India
Remains of several hundred humans are scattered around Roopkund Lake, situated over 5,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan Mountains. Here the authors analyze genome-wide data from 38 skeletons and find 3 clusters with different ancestries and dates, showing the people were desposited in multiple catastrophic events.
- Éadaoin Harney
- Ayushi Nayak
Ketamine can reduce harmful drinking by pharmacologically rewriting drinking memories
Memories linking environmental cues to alcohol reward are involved in the development and maintenance of heavy drinking. Here, the authors show that a single dose of ketamine, given after retrieval of alcohol-reward memories, disrupts the reconsolidation of these memories and reduces drinking in humans.
- Ravi K. Das
- Sunjeev K. Kamboj
Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR Treatments Eliminate HIV-1 in a Subset of Infected Humanized Mice
Here, the authors show that sequential treatment with long-acting slow-effective release ART and AAV9- based delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 results in undetectable levels of virus and integrated DNA in a subset of humanized HIV-1 infected mice. This proof-of-concept study suggests that HIV-1 elimination is possible.
- Prasanta K. Dash
- Rafal Kaminski
- Howard E. Gendelman
XX sex chromosome complement promotes atherosclerosis in mice
Men and women differ in their risk of developing coronary artery disease, in part due to differences in their levels of sex hormones. Here, AlSiraj et al. show that the XX sex genotype regulates lipid metabolism and promotes atherosclerosis independently of sex hormones in mice.
- Yasir AlSiraj
- Lisa A. Cassis
Early-career setback and future career impact
Little is known about the long-term effects of early-career setback. Here, the authors compare junior scientists who were awarded a NIH grant to those with similar track records, who were not, and find that individuals with the early setback systematically performed better in the longer term.
- Benjamin F. Jones
- Dashun Wang
Ideological differences in the expanse of the moral circle
How do liberals and conservatives differ in their expression of compassion and moral concern? The authors show that conservatives tend to express concern toward smaller, more well-defined, and less permeable social circles, while liberals express concern toward larger, less well-defined, and more permeable social circles.
- Jesse Graham
A metabolic profile of all-cause mortality risk identified in an observational study of 44,168 individuals
Biomarkers that predict mortality are of interest for clinical as well as research applications. Here, the authors analyze metabolomics data from 44,168 individuals and identify key metabolites independently associated with all-cause mortality risk.
- Joris Deelen
- Johannes Kettunen
- P. Eline Slagboom
New insects feeding on dinosaur feathers in mid-Cretaceous amber
Numerous feathered dinosaurs and early birds have been discovered from the Jurassic and Cretaceous, but the early evolution of feather-feeding insects is not clear. Here, Gao et al. describe a new family of ectoparasitic insects from 10 specimens found associated with feathers in mid-Cretaceous amber.
- Taiping Gao
- Xiangchu Yin
Acoustic enrichment can enhance fish community development on degraded coral reef habitat
Healthy coral reefs have an acoustic signature known to be attractive to coral and fish larvae during settlement. Here the authors use playback experiments in the field to show that healthy reef sounds can increase recruitment of juvenile fishes to degraded coral reef habitat, suggesting that acoustic playback could be used as a reef management strategy.
- Timothy A. C. Gordon
- Andrew N. Radford
- Stephen D. Simpson
Phagocytosis-like cell engulfment by a planctomycete bacterium
Phagocytosis is a typically eukaryotic feature that could be behind the origin of eukaryotic cells. Here, the authors describe a bacterium that can engulf other bacteria and small eukaryotic cells through a phagocytosis-like mechanism.
- Takashi Shiratori
- Shigekatsu Suzuki
- Ken-ichiro Ishida
Hippocampal clock regulates memory retrieval via Dopamine and PKA-induced GluA1 phosphorylation
The neural mechanisms that lead to a relative deficit in memory retrieval in the afternoon are unclear. Here, the authors show that the circadian - dependent transcription factor BMAL1 regulates retrieval through dopamine and glutamate receptor phosphorylation.
- Shunsuke Hasegawa
- Hotaka Fukushima
- Satoshi Kida
Agreement between two large pan-cancer CRISPR-Cas9 gene dependency data sets
Integrating independent large-scale pharmacogenomic screens can enable unprecedented characterization of genetic vulnerabilities in cancers. Here, the authors show that the two largest independent CRISPR-Cas9 gene-dependency screens are concordant, paving the way for joint analysis of the data sets.
- Joshua M. Dempster
- Clare Pacini
- Francesco Iorio
Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea
The authors build a reference phylogeny of 10,575 evenly-sampled bacterial and archaeal genomes, based on 381 markers. The results indicate a remarkably closer evolutionary proximity between Archaea and Bacteria than previous estimates that used fewer “core” genes, such as the ribosomal proteins.
Pan-cancer molecular subtypes revealed by mass-spectrometry-based proteomic characterization of more than 500 human cancers
Mass-spectrometry-based profiling can be used to stratify tumours into molecular subtypes. Here, by classifying over 500 tumours, the authors show that this approach reveals proteomic subgroups which cut across tumour types.
- Fengju Chen
- Darshan S. Chandrashekar
- Chad J. Creighton
CRISPR-Switch regulates sgRNA activity by Cre recombination for sequential editing of two loci
Inducible genome editing systems often suffer from leakiness or reduced activity. Here the authors develop CRISPR-Switch, a Cre recombinase ON/OFF-controlled sgRNA cassette that allows consecutive editing of two loci.
- Krzysztof Chylinski
- Maria Hubmann
- Ulrich Elling
CRISPR-Cas3 induces broad and unidirectional genome editing in human cells
Class 1 CRISPR systems are not as developed for genome editing as Class 2 systems are. Here the authors show that Cas3 can be used to generate functional knockouts and knock-ins, as well as Cas3-mediated exon-skipping in DMD cells.
- Hiroyuki Morisaka
- Kazuto Yoshimi
- Tomoji Mashimo
Genetic evidence for assortative mating on alcohol consumption in the UK Biobank
From observational studies, alcohol consumption behaviours are known to be correlated in spouses. Here, Howe et al. use partners’ genotypic information in a Mendelian randomization framework and show that a SNP in the ADH1B gene associates with partner’s alcohol consumption, suggesting that alcohol consumption affects mate choice.
- Laurence J. Howe
- Daniel J. Lawson
- Gibran Hemani
The autophagy receptor p62/SQST-1 promotes proteostasis and longevity in C. elegans by inducing autophagy
While the cellular recycling process autophagy has been linked to aging, the impact of selective autophagy on lifespan remains unclear. Here Kumsta et al. show that the autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1 is required for hormetic benefits and p62/SQSTM1 overexpression is sufficient to extend C. elegans lifespan and improve proteostasis.
- Caroline Kumsta
- Jessica T. Chang
- Malene Hansen
The coincidence of ecological opportunity with hybridization explains rapid adaptive radiation in Lake Mweru cichlid fishes
Recent studies have suggested that hybridization can facilitate adaptive radiations. Here, the authors show that opportunity for hybridization differentiates Lake Mweru, where cichlids radiated, and Lake Bangweulu, where cichlids did not radiate despite ecological opportunity in both lakes.
- Joana I. Meier
- Rike B. Stelkens
- Ole Seehausen
Flagellin-elicited adaptive immunity suppresses flagellated microbiota and vaccinates against chronic inflammatory diseases
Gut microbiota alterations, including enrichment of flagellated bacteria, are associated with metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, Tran et al. show, in mice, that elicitation of mucosal anti-flagellin antibodies protects against experimental colitis and ameliorates diet-induced obesity.
- Hao Q. Tran
- Ruth E. Ley
- Benoit Chassaing
Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection
The reservoir for recurrent urinary tract infection in humans is unclear. Here, Mickiewicz et al. detect cell-wall deficient (L-form) E. coli in fresh urine from patients, and show that the isolated bacteria readily switch between walled and L-form states.
- Katarzyna M. Mickiewicz
- Yoshikazu Kawai
- Jeff Errington
Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation
Although it is known that microglia respond to injury and systemic disease in the brain, it is unclear if they modulate blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, which is critical for regulating neuroinflammatory responses. Here authors demonstrate that microglia respond to inflammation by migrating towards and accumulating around cerebral vessels, where they initially maintain BBB integrity via expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin-5 before switching, during sustained inflammation, to phagocytically remove astrocytic end-feet resulting in impaired BBB function
- Koichiro Haruwaka
- Ako Ikegami
- Hiroaki Wake
Mice with hyper-long telomeres show less metabolic aging and longer lifespans
Telomere shortening is associated with aging. Here the authors analyze mice with hyperlong telomeres and demonstrate that longer telomeres than normal have beneficial effects such as delayed metabolic aging, increased longevity and less incidence of cancer.
- Miguel A. Muñoz-Lorente
- Alba C. Cano-Martin
- Maria A. Blasco
Extracellular matrix hydrogel derived from decellularized tissues enables endodermal organoid culture
Organoid cultures have been developed from multiple tissues, opening new possibilities for regenerative medicine. Here the authors demonstrate the derivation of GMP-compliant hydrogels from decellularized porcine small intestine which support formation and growth of human gastric, liver, pancreatic and small intestinal organoids.
- Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe
- Claire Crowley
- Paolo De Coppi
Engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 for the delivery of matrix-tethered therapeutic domains to the gut
Anti-inflammatory treatments for gastrointestinal diseases can often have detrimental side effects. Here the authors engineer E. coli Nissle 1917 to create a fibrous matrix that has a protective effect in DSS-induced colitis mice.
- Pichet Praveschotinunt
- Anna M. Duraj-Thatte
- Neel S. Joshi
Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta
Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has been associated with impaired birth outcomes. Here, Bové et al. report evidence of black carbon particle deposition on the fetal side of human placentae, including at early stages of pregnancy, suggesting air pollution could affect birth outcome through direct effects on the fetus.
- Hannelore Bové
- Eva Bongaerts
- Tim S. Nawrot
Real-time decoding of question-and-answer speech dialogue using human cortical activity
Speech neuroprosthetic devices should be capable of restoring a patient’s ability to participate in interactive dialogue. Here, the authors demonstrate that the context of a verbal exchange can be used to enhance neural decoder performance in real time.
- David A. Moses
- Matthew K. Leonard
- Edward F. Chang
In-cell identification and measurement of RNA-protein interactions
RNA-interacting proteome can be identified by RNA affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry. Here the authors developed a different RNA-centric technology that combines high-throughput immunoprecipitation of RNA binding proteins and luciferase-based detection of their interaction with the RNA.
- Antoine Graindorge
- Inês Pinheiro
- Alena Shkumatava
A bacterial gene-drive system efficiently edits and inactivates a high copy number antibiotic resistance locus
Genedrives bias the inheritance of alleles in diploid organisms. Here, the authors develop a gene-drive analogous system for bacteria, selectively editing and clearing plasmids.
- J. Andrés Valderrama
- Surashree S. Kulkarni
Flavonoid intake is associated with lower mortality in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health Cohort
The studies showing health benefits of flavonoids and their impact on cancer mortality are incomplete. Here, the authors perform a prospective cohort study in Danish participants and demonstrate an inverse association between regular flavonoid intake and both cardiovascular and cancer related mortality.
- Nicola P. Bondonno
- Frederik Dalgaard
- Jonathan M. Hodgson
Senescent cell turnover slows with age providing an explanation for the Gompertz law
One of the underlying causes of aging is the accumulation of senescent cells, but their turnover rates and dynamics during ageing are unknown. Here the authors measure and model senescent cell production and removal and explore implications for mortality.
- Amit Agrawal
Optimizing agent behavior over long time scales by transporting value
People are able to mentally time travel to distant memories and reflect on the consequences of those past events. Here, the authors show how a mechanism that connects learning from delayed rewards with memory retrieval can enable AI agents to discover links between past events to help decide better courses of action in the future.
- Chia-Chun Hung
- Timothy Lillicrap
Mutant p53 drives clonal hematopoiesis through modulating epigenetic pathway
Ageing is associated with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which is linked to increased risks of hematological malignancies. Here the authors uncover an epigenetic mechanism through which mutant p53 drives clonal hematopoiesis through interaction with EZH2.
A systematic evaluation of single cell RNA-seq analysis pipelines
There has been a rapid rise in single cell RNA-seq methods and associated pipelines. Here the authors use simulated data to systematically evaluate the performance of 3000 possible pipelines to derive recommendations for data processing and analysis of different types of scRNA-seq experiments.
- Beate Vieth
- Swati Parekh
- Ines Hellmann
Cryo-EM structure and polymorphism of Aβ amyloid fibrils purified from Alzheimer’s brain tissue
Alzheimer’s disease is characterised by the deposition of Aβ amyloid fibrils and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles. Here the authors use cryo-EM to structurally characterise brain derived Aβ amyloid fibrils and find that they are polymorphic and right-hand twisted, which differs from in vitro generated Aβ fibrils.
- Marius Kollmer
- William Close
- Marcus Fändrich
Droplet Tn-Seq combines microfluidics with Tn-Seq for identifying complex single-cell phenotypes
Culturing transposon-mutant libraries in pools can mask complex phenotypes. Here the authors present microfluidics mediated droplet Tn-Seq, which encapsulates individual mutants, promotes isolated growth and enables cell-cell interaction analyses.
- Derek Thibault
- Paul A. Jensen
- Tim van Opijnen
An artificial metalloenzyme biosensor can detect ethylene gas in fruits and Arabidopsis leaves
Existing methods to detect ethylene in plant tissue typically require gas chromatography or use ethylene-dependent gene expression as a proxy. Here Vong et al . show that an artificial metalloenzyme-based ethylene probe can be used to detect ethylene in plants with improved spatiotemporal resolution.
- Kenward Vong
- Katsunori Tanaka
Artificially cloaked viral nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy
Cancer therapy using oncolytic virus has shown pre-clinical and clinical efficacy. Here, the authors report ExtraCRAd, an oncolytic virus cloaked with tumour cell membrane and report its therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo in multiple mouse tumour models.
- Manlio Fusciello
- Flavia Fontana
- Vincenzo Cerullo
A transposable element insertion is associated with an alternative life history strategy
Tradeoffs are central to life history theory and evolutionary biology, yet almost nothing is known about their mechanistic basis. Here the authors characterize one such mechanism and find a transposable element insertion is associated with the switch between alternative life history strategies.
- Alyssa Woronik
- Kalle Tunström
- Christopher W. Wheat
Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula has a complex history. Here, the authors analyse the genetic structure of the modern Iberian population at fine scale, revealing historical population movements associated with the time of Muslim rule.
- Clare Bycroft
- Ceres Fernandez-Rozadilla
- Simon Myers
Single-cell transcriptomics of human T cells reveals tissue and activation signatures in health and disease
Immune cells are shaped by the tissue environment, yet the states of healthy human T cells are mainly studied in the blood. Here, the authors perform single cell RNA-seq of T cells from tissues and blood of healthy donors and show its utility as a reference map for comparison of human T cell states in disease.
- Peter A. Szabo
- Hanna Mendes Levitin
- Peter A. Sims
Genomic risk score offers predictive performance comparable to clinical risk factors for ischaemic stroke
Stroke risk is influenced by genetic and lifestyle factors and previously a genomic risk score (GRS) for stroke was proposed, albeit with limited predictive power. Here, Abraham et al. develop a metaGRS that is composed of several stroke-related GRSs and demonstrate improved predictive power compared with individual GRS or classic risk factors.
- Gad Abraham
- Rainer Malik
- Martin Dichgans
Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD + biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities
Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength associated with physical disability during ageing. Here, the authors analyse muscle biopsies from 119 patients with sarcopenia and age-matched controls of different ethnic groups and find transcriptional signatures indicating mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with reduced mitochondria numbers and lower NAD + levels in older individuals with sarcopenia.
- Eugenia Migliavacca
- Stacey K. H. Tay
- Jerome N. Feige
NAD + augmentation restores mitophagy and limits accelerated aging in Werner syndrome
The molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the premature ageing Werner syndrome were elusive. Here the authors show that NAD + depletion-induced impaired mitophagy contributes to this phenomenon, shedding light on potential therapeutics.
- Evandro F. Fang
- Vilhelm A. Bohr
Novel approach reveals genomic landscapes of single-strand DNA breaks with nucleotide resolution in human cells
Single strand breaks represent the most common form of DNA damage yet no methods to map them in a genome-wide fashion at single nucleotide resolution exist. Here the authors develop such a method and apply to uncover patterns of single-strand DNA “breakome” in different biological conditions.
- Lorena Salazar-García
- Philipp Kapranov
Evaluation of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for species and strain-level microbiome analysis
Here, the authors explore the potential of the 16S gene for discriminating bacterial taxa and show that full-length sequencing combined with appropriate clustering of intragenomic sequence variation can provide accurate representation of bacterial species in microbiome datasets.
- Jethro S. Johnson
- Daniel J. Spakowicz
- George M. Weinstock
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AQA A Level Biology (2018-2019) essay questions with mark scheme
AQA A Level Biology essay questions with mark scheme in 17 pages. They include 4 essay questions from 2018 and 2019. Mark schemes are included.
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AQA A Level Biology four essay questions from 2018 and 2019 along with mark schemes and examiners report.
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These are Biology AQA A Level study notes under 7402. They are 23 pages long and written in 2019. Visual learners will enjoy studying this.
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Review the Free-Response Questions from the 2024 AP Exam.
Exam overview.
Exam questions assess the course concepts and skills outlined in the course framework. For more information, download the AP Biology Course and Exam Description (CED) .
Encourage your students to visit the AP Biology student page for exam information.
New FRQ Layout for the 2024 AP Biology Exam
Starting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we’ve applied the 2024 layout to the 2021–2023 AP Biology FRQs.
You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page .
Mon, May 5, 2025
AP Biology Exam
Exam format.
The AP Biology Exam has question types and point values that remain stable and consistent from year to year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day.
Section I: Multiple Choice
60 Questions | 1 hour 30 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
- Individual questions
- Sets of questions with 4–5 questions per set
Section II: Free Response
6 Questions | 1 hour 30 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
- There are 2 long questions and 4 short questions. Long questions are worth 8–10 points each; short questions are worth 4 points each.
- Interpret and evaluate experimental results
- Interpret and evaluate experimental results with graphing
- Scientific investigation
- Conceptual analysis
- Analysis of a model or visual representation
- Data analysis
AP Calculator Policy and Equations and Formulas Sheet
A four-function (with square root), scientific, or graphing calculator may be used on the exam.
Students are permitted to use the AP Biology Equations and Formulas Sheet on the exam. This resource is also available in Appendix A of the CED.
AP Exams Calculator Policy
Make sure you and your students know which calculators are permitted.
Exam Questions and Scoring Information
Ap biology exam questions and scoring information.
View free-response questions and scoring information from this year's exam and past exams.
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2019 A/L Biology Past Paper – Sinhala Medium
Gce advanced level 2019 biology sinhala medium paper marking quick download.
2019 A/L Biology Past Paper - Sinhala Medium
Download GCE A/L Biology Past Paper in Sinhala Medium 2019. You can download the PDF file from the link below. It’s free to download.
Examination – GCE A/L Grade – Grade 13 Subject – Biology Year – 2019
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AL Biology answer sheet PDF includes MCQ, Structure, and Essay answers for New & Old Syllabus.
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Past papers are the most effective way for students to prepare for the experience of taking an examination. Solving these Past Papers will help you to prepare for your GCE Advanced Level Biology subject. Team Past Papers WiKi provides official A/L past papers and Marking schemes free of charge in the most convenient way.
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2019 A/L Biology Past Paper + Marking. General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level) Examination - 2019 August (New Syllabus) - Biology Pastpaper from Sinhala medium, English medium & Tamil Medium Pdf Files. Click On the medium that you want to download the file.
GCE Advanced Level 2019 Biology Sinhala Medium Paper Marking Quick Download. November 15, 2021. in 2019 A/L Past Paper, A/L Biology. 0. ... AL Biology answer sheet PDF includes MCQ, Structure, and Essay answers for New & Old Syllabus. To download an updated list of Biology answers sheets ...
9 - Biology (Marking Scheme) (New Syllabus) / G.C.E. (A/L) Examination - 2019 / Amendments to be included. 3 Structured essay type and assay type answer scripts: 1. Cross off any pages left blank by candidates. Underline wrong or unsuitable answers. Show areas where marks can be offered with check marks. 2.
2019 department model (14) about us (1) biology (118) biology elaboration (1) biology famous teacher's model papers (53) biology new syllabus theory (27) biology past papers & schemes (3) biology pilot exams (9) biology question collection (9) biology term exam papers (24) c.maths (53) c.maths famous teacher's model papers (29) c.maths model ...
Biology Essays and Structure papers in pdf Download. A/L Biology past papers pdf in English medium Download. Download physics, chemistry, biology, Combined maths model papers, practical videos, theory notes, books, teacher's guides and marking schemes for free. you can download these files as PDF format. Download GCE Advanced Level (A/L) past ...
Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3-8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3-5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6-8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely.
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Focusing on the essay performance on the 7402 biology specification only, we can see how the 2017-2019 essays have performed in isolation in Figure 2. The 7402 essay has shown performance that skews slightly to the higher end of the mark scale, which is understandable given the mean mark sits just above 50%.
Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...
University of Nottingham - BSc Medicine. Medic with 7 years of tutoring experience focussed on supporting students on an individual and personalised basis. £40 / hour. SEND. Book Tutor. Here you will find past exam papers and mark schemes for each of the modules below.
Solving these Past Papers will help you to prepare for your GCE Advanced Level Biology subject. Team Past Papers WiKi provides official A/L past papers free of charge in the most convenient way. If you have a question about the 2019 A/L Biology paper, Join the student's forum:
KCSE BIOLOGY BIOLOGY ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH MARK SCHEMES 1. Explain the various ways in which a typical cell is adapted to its functions Has a cell membrane; with pores; that regulates substances entering and leaving the cell; cytoplasm; contain sugars and salts; for maintaining its osmotic pressure; also has a liquid
Solving these Past Papers will help you to prepare for your GCE Advanced Level Biology subject. Team Past Papers WiKi provides official A/L past papers free of charge in the most convenient way. If you have a question about the 2019 A/L Biology paper, Join the student's forum:
The levels mark scheme for the essay contains a number of words and statements that are open to different interpretations. This commentary defines the meanings of these words and statements in the context of marking the essay. Many words and statements are used in the descriptions of more than one level of response.
June 2019 - A-Level Biology - Paper 2 (7402/2) Download Paper - Download Marking Scheme. June 2019 - A-Level Biology - Paper 3 (7402/3) Download Paper - Download Marking Scheme. June 2019 - AS Biology - Paper 1 (7401/1) Download Paper - Download Marking Scheme. June 2019 - AS Biology - Paper 2 (7401/2)
The paper produced a range of marks from 0 to 71 (out of 78), the highest mark being a few marks higher than in 2018. Correct responses were seen in all parts of all questions. Almost all the marks for factual recall with understanding (AO1) in this paper are in the essay. The remaining questions test AO2 and AO3 skills using contexts given in ...
We are pleased to share with you the 50 most read Nature Communications articles* in life and biological sciences published in 2019.Featuring authors from around the world, these papers highlight ...
If you found this video helpful, please feel free to share it with your friends!Questions:00:00 Question 106:12 Question 209:40 Question 319:34 Question 427:...
Well, it was quite daunting a time for me, BUT—I have to admit that I learned a lot from messing up my project. Looking back, the nine months I spent on my EE was indeed an endurance experience. Here are my takeaways from almost failing my Biology EE. Some of them might be relevant to other EE subjects, but they mainly revolve around the ...
AQA A Level Biology essay questions with mark scheme in 17 pages. They include 4 essay questions from 2018 and 2019. Mark schemes are included. $10.00 - Add to Cart. Type.
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms. 1) Enzyme properties and digestion. 2) Protein structure. 3) Plasma membrane structure and cell transport. 4) Antigens, antibodies, B cells & T cells. 5) Vaccines. 6) Structure of DNA. 7) DNA Replication (not PCR) 8) Transcription & translation.
Starting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we've applied the 2024 layout to the 2021-2023 AP Biology FRQs.. You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page.
AL Biology answer sheet PDF includes MCQ, Structure, and Essay answers for New & Old Syllabus. To download an updated list of Biology answers sheets ... If you have a question about the 2019 A/L Biology Marking Scheme, Join the student's forum: