. Case Study Number (if given). Database URL.
Havard, C. T. (2021). .
. HBS No. 117-070.
(Havard, 2021, p. 7)
. Case study number (if given). URL.
Shotts, K. W., & Melvin, S. (2021). . Case No. ETH33. Henderson, R. M., Locke, R. M., & Lyddy, C. (2019). . | |
(Shotts & Melvin, 2021, p. 2) (Henderson et al., 2019, p. 4) | |
|
(pp. Page Numbers). Publisher.
Green cause-related marketing for social innovation: Helping people to reimagine plastic recycling and sustainability. In M. M. Galan-Ladero, C. Galera-Casquet, & H. M. Alves (Eds.), (pp. 19-30). Springer. | |
(Rivera, 2021, p. 23) | |
|
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These examples are references. The examples demonstrate the style and format required for a reference list.
Need help with in-text citation style? Click the tab Citations & Reference List .
APA 7 Style Guide Examples
The examples on this page should only be used as a guide. The following links are official APA Style resources:
APA Style FAQ [APA Style]
Quick Answers - Reference
APA Tutorial: The Basics of APA Style
URL where information was r etrieved not required for library database citations.
Database where information was retrieved not required in most instances except for special cases.
A citation for an article from a library database does not require the URL or name of the database.
ONLINE! URL
Do not include the words "Retrieved from" any longer before the URL
URL is important for items found freely available online. APA rules recommend using the homepage URL when an item can be easily located - such as URLs for news websites or online databases such as Hathi Trust and Internet Archive. Here is an example - only the homepage URL is used, not the full webpage URL.
Gallagher, D. (2018, Feb. 3 ) Is Google Losing to Amazon? Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Retrieved date is only included in a reference if the information cited is likely to change.
In general, do not include retrieved date within a citation, unless it is required by your instructor, or you are citing a blog, wiki, and a post from a personal website.
Example of information likely to change:
Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved August 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
This is only in cases where this is no published date and the information is likely to change.
[Square Brackets] have several functions in APA Style. Regardless of the function, words within square brackets are your words .
1) [Square brackets] identify source types. APA Style recommends (not requires) providing identifying information when the title and other information in the citation does not identify the source. Add [square brackets] when needed to clarify what the item is. For example, [Case study], [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Excel document], [Video], [Interview], [Data], [Data set].
Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs
2) Use square brackets If you’re referencing an unusual item.
APA Style Blog: Using Square Brackets
3) Use square brackets when there is missing information - for example, missing date and title.
APA Style Blog: Missing Pieces: How to Write an APA Style Reference Even Without All the Information
Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person as the author consider using a corporate/group name.
Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?
No author? Are you sure? Is it a Group/corporate Author?
APA Style Blog on group authors
If there is no author and no group/corporate author, begin the reference with the TITLE in the author-place. Use a shortened version of the title in when using in-text citations.
No date? Missing title? Missing source?
APA Style Blog on missing information
Article - print.
I ansiti , M., Lakhani, K. R., McBrien, K., & Moon, M. (2017). Managing our hub economy: Strategy, ethics, and network competition in the age of digital superpower. Harvard Business Review , 95 (5), 84-92.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. , (Issue ), Page numbers. |
Klein, G., & Aubry, M. (2017). Introducing the issue on megaprojects. Project Management Journal , 48 (6), 3-4. https://www.pmi.org/PMJ
Wang, J., Meric, G., Liu, Z., & Meric, I. (2010). A comparison of the determinants of stock returns in the 1987 and 2008 stock market meltdowns. Banking and Finance Review, 2 (1), 15-26. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/
Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com
APA Style Blog on citing newspapers
"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." APA Style Blog
If the site does not refer to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source as a webpage - scroll down to Online - Webpage.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. . https://www.someaddress.com
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com |
Journal Article:
Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators. International Journal of Information Management, 30 (6), 475-480.
Magazine Article:
Barkin, E. (2010, April). Jetting to greener pastures. Customer Relationship Management, 14 (4), 30-33,36.
Newspaper Article:
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times , 157 (54418), A1. https://www.nytimes.com/
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. , (Issue), Pages.
Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (Year, Month Day). , (Issue), Pages. URL or Database name if unique database. |
Gonzalez, J., Ragins, B., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2018). Friends and family: The role of relationships in community and workplace attachment. Journal of Business & Psychology , 33 (1), 89-104. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10869-016-9476-3
Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q
Author, A. A. (Date of Publication). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (issue), page range. https://doi.org/####### |
White papers.
Department for Business Innovation & Skills. (2016). Success as a knowledge economy: Teaching excellent, social mobility and student choice [White paper]. Crown. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf
APA Style on White Papers
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). Publisher.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). http:// www.URL.com
Source: American Psychological Association, 2010, p.206.
Brader, t. (2006). campaigning for hearts and minds: how emotional appeals in political ads work . university of chicago press., laudon, k.c. & traver, c.g. (2016). e-commerce: business, technology, society (12 th ed.). pearson., lewis, r., & dart, m. (2010). the new rules of retail: competing in the world's toughest marketplace . palgrave macmillan., miller, t. e., bender, b. e., & schuh, j. h. (2005). promoting reasonable expectations: aligning student and institutional views of the college experience . jossey-bass..
Book with no author, but has an editor or editors: add (Ed.) or (Eds.)
Duncan , G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . Russell Sage Foundation.
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). . Publisher. If the edition is known, include it in the reference - but not the first edition. APA Style Blog: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). (edition# ed.). Publisher. |
Ebook from a library database (ie. Ebook Central ProQuest)
Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management metrics, KPIS, and dashboards: A guide to measuring and monitoring project performance . https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Ebook found online:
Barton, Clara. (1904). A story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of field work . D. Appleton and Company. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30230
Ebook accessed using a specific reader
Gladwell, M. (2011). Outliers: The story of success . Back Bay Books. https://www.amazon.com
Cite an ebook with the same information as a print book, and add the URL. Author, A. A. (Year of publication). . Publisher. URL |
Case study published by harvard business school publishing.
Thomas, D.A. (1999). Leaving. HBS No. 400033-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing.
Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2010). Google, Inc. HBS No. 910036-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing.
Bernhut, S. (2013). The Ivey Business Journal Interview: State Capitalism, with Aldo Musacchio . Ivey ID: 9B13TB08. Ivey Publishing.
Author(s). (Year). Publisher. Author(s). (Year). Publisher. >> If the case study does not include these elements, it is likely a case study that is in an article format - cite as an article. (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. |
Looking for tables > use formatting information in the box Tables.
Click through the tabs and find in-text citation and reference examples.
Using Statista? Scroll down to the Statista box.
Video tutorial: APA Style for Figures and Tables
Looking for tables > using formatting information in the box Tables.
A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration other than a table is referred to as a figure.
When you use a figure that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference that original source. This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure (image):
A legend explains the symbols used in the figure. It should have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.
See Simon Fraser University's instructions for citing multi-sources.
Created by Auckland University of Technology Library, and adapted with permission.
APA Style on citing Tables & Figures
Use this format for figures you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted] from (page number), by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year. Publisher. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Figure 1. FinSec's communication networks. Reprinted from Employment Relations in New Zealand (2nd ed., p.355), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright 2009 by Erling Rasmussen.
In-text citation:
This is clearly indicated in Figure 1,... |
Reference list entry:
Rasmussen, E. J. (2009). (2nd ed.). Pearson. |
If you simply refer to a figure, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
... interpretations of the painting “Mona Lisa” (Gombrich 1995, p. 203). |
Gombrich, E. H. (1995). (16th ed.). Phaidon. |
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted] from “Title of Article,” by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year, (issue), page number. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Figure 1. Factors influencing the formation of tourists' needs. Reprinted from "Factors that Obstruct Tourism Development in Bangladesh", by N. Jahan and S. Rahman, 2016, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7 (9) , p.53. Copyright 2016 by Chinniah Lakshmiammal Educational Academy & Research (CLEAR) Foundation.
As shown in Figure 1, there are five groups of factors that influence... |
Jahan, N., & Rahman, S. (2016). Factors that obstruct tourism development in bangladesh. , 7(9), 48–55. |
If you simply refer to a figure and do not include it in your text, format the in text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
... in the installation "Talking about the Weather"... (Randerson, 2007, p. 446). |
Randerson, J. (2007). Between reason and sensation: Antipodean artists and climate change. , (5), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1162/leon.2007.40.5.442 |
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Title of the database. Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Example from ACNielsen Market Information Digest database
Figure 1 . The market location and dollar sales of meat pies in New Zealand. SMAP is the segment of market for the Auckland Province, SMLNI for the Lower North Island, SMSI for the South Island; MAP is the moving annual total. Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database. Copyright 2011 by The Nielsen Company.
Example: from Passport (Euromonitor) database
Figure 2 . Trade volume of ready to drink high strength premixes sold in New Zealand, measured in 000 litres. Passport database. Copyright 2010 by Euromonitor International.
As Figure 1 shows, sales of meat pies ... As shown in Figure 2, ... |
Euromonitor International. (2010). [Graph]. Passport database. The Nielsen Company. (2011). [Graph] Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database.
|
If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way:
...trade volume...(Euromonitor International, 2010). The painting ... (Pollock, 1942). |
Euromonitor International. (2010). [Graph]. Passport database. |
Pollock, J. (1942). [Painting]. ARTstor database. |
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. From URL. Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Figure 1 . Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). Girl with a pearl earring . From Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 2 . America's Army screen dump showing soldiers and watch tower. From America's Army (Version 3). http://www.americasarmy.com. Copyright 2010 by America’s Army.
As Figure 1 shows, ... As shown in Figure 2, ... |
[Photograph]. (n.d.). http://www.americasarmy.com. Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). [Photograph]. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. |
If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
... facial expression reminiscent of Munch’s . |
McCahon, C. (1954). [Painting]. http://www.mccahonhouse.org.nz/fifties/5360manukau1954.asp?artwork=19
Hamilton, D. (1975). [Photograph]. http://www.rennart.co.uk/posters.html
[Photograph]. (2006). http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/10.htm
[Untitled photograph of a giraffe]. (n.d.). http://www.birminghamzoo.com/animals/ |
Examples of references for figures.
Retrieved from a library database
Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph]. Euromonitor Passport database .
Format: Figure
Author. (year created). Title of work [Type of work], Database name or URL.
No author? Use a corporate/agency/company (as known as group author name), or a screen name. If this is not an option, use the title in place of the author.
Looking for: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc. > see box Figures.
Created by Auckland University of Technology Library , and adapted with permission.
Tables usually show numerical value or textual information and are almost always characterized by a row-column structure. Any type of illustration other than a table is a figure .
General notes on tables:
Number t ables sequentially (i.e.if you have more than one table in your writing) e.g. Table 1, Table 2 .....
Title is placed directly a bove the table itself and below the table number.
Note is placed directly below the table, the word "Note" in italics with a full stop, for example: Note.
For specific and probability note (section 5.16, p 138).
Ruling (Lines)
Sales of Take Home Ice Cream in New Zealand
Note . MAT= moving annual total, From ACNielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand .Copyright 2010 by The Nielsen Company.
Use this format for tables you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.
Note format - note under a table
Note. Reprinted from Employment relations in New Zealand (p 98), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright (2009) by Erling Rasmussen.
...as shown in Table 1, no compensation... |
Use the reference style for books - see go to box Books
If you simply refer to a table, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
....fifty eight percentage received compensation (Rasmussen, 2009). |
Rasmussen, E. (2009). . Pearson. |
Note format - note under a table
Adapted/Retrieved/Reprinted from "Title of Article" by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname.Year, Journal Title, Volume(issue), page(s). Copyright year by Name of Copyright Holder. |
In-text citation:
... as shown in Table 1 |
Use the reference style for articles - see box Articles .
....the multivariate longitudinal models (Bainter & Howard, 2016) |
Bainter, S.A., Howard, A.L. (2016). Comparing within-person effects from multivariate longitudinal models. . 52(12), 1955–1968. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000215 |
Note Format : note below a table
General notes, including definitions of abbreviations. Name of Database. Copyright (year) by XXX. |
Percentage of Men and Women Who Have Bought Fruit and Vegetable Products in the Last Four Weeks
Note. wc = weighted count, shown in thousands; v% =vertical percentage, showing which % of the column group also belongs to the row group; h% = horizontal percentage showing which percentage of the row group also belongs to the column group. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. Copyright 2015 by Roy Morgan New Zealand Ltd.
.... as shown in Table 2 |
Roy Morgan New Zealand. (2015). [Table]. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. |
...fewer men than women bought vegetables (Roy Morgan, New Zealand, 2010) |
Reference List entry:
Roy Morgan New Zealand. (2010). [Table]. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. |
Note format - note below a table
Include the title of the document if the table title does not provide enough information. Adapted/Retrieved/Reprinted from Source website. Copyright (Year) by Name of copyright Holder. |
Percentage of New Zealand Population Who Have Never Worked by Age Group. By age group June 2016 quarter
|
|
15–19 | 48.5 |
20–24 | 8.4 |
25–29 | 3.4 |
30–34 | 1.8 |
35–39 | 1.5 |
Note . Adapted from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx . Copyright (2016) by Statistics New Zealand.
...as shown in Table 1, young people make up most of the never-worked group... |
Use the reference style for websites - see box Online , tab Websites.
If you refer to a table but don’t provide a copy of it in your assessment, simply give an in-text citation in the usual way
...twenty four year olds who never worked (Statistics New Zealand, 2016). |
Reference list entry:
Statistics New Zealand. (2016). [Table]. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and _unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx |
Multi source data
If you create your own table by compiling data from multiple sources, you will still need to cite where you got your information from. You do not need to give the full bibliographic citation in the note, an author and date is sufficient.
Note format - note under table:
Data for ABC from Author (date), from XYZ from Author (date), and MNO from Author (date). |
As shown in Table 3....... |
Note: you used should have a full bibliographic entry in your Reference List even though the information in the field uses a lot of the same information. |
Multiple kinds of data
If you have multiple kinds of data (population figures, employment information... etc.) in one table you would describe each set of data)
Note format - note under Table:
Population figures for ABC from Author (date), and for XYZ from Author (date). Data for total unemployed for ABC from Author (date) and for XYZ from Author (date). |
Note: you used should have a full bibliography entry in your reference list even though the information in the Note uses a lot of the same information. |
For more information see:
APA Style for figures & tables
Examples of references for tables.
Retrieved from a book
New Strategist. (2008). Women's time use by age, 2007 [Table]. In New Strategist Editors, American women: Who they are and how they live (4th ed.) . New Strategist Publications, Inc.
Retrieved from a online source
US Census Bureau. (2002). Industries in Which California Ranks First in Terms of Sales or Receipts Per Capita [Table]. 2002 Economic Census . http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/tops/TOPSTCA.HTM
National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). [Chart showing racial makeup of San Francisco Unified School District students under age 18]. Common Core of Data . http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/
If the table you find does not have a title, then describe the content in [square brackets].
Format: Table
Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. In author or editor of work Title of work . Publisher.
Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. Title of website. URL
Author. (Publication Date). [Title of table] [Table]. Title of website. URL
Personal interviews that you conduct do not have references. Personal interviews are considered personal communication. Include any relevant and important information about the interview in the body of your paper. APA Style states, "An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication." APA Style
The company's new initiatives will likely lead to rewriting the mission statement (J. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2009).
J. Smith (personal communication, August 15, 2009) claims the company' new initiatives will likely lead to rewriting the mission statement. |
Interviews - research participants . APA Style
An interview you read has a citation and reference. Where did you find the interview? Is it from a magazine article, website, blog, etc.? Use the appropriate APA Style format to create the reference.
Email & personal communications do not have references at the end of your paper, but you will create a citation within the body of your paper.
Why do personal communications not have references? References are created to direct your reader to the sources of information you used in your paper. With personal communications you cannot direct the reader to the source - to the phone conversation you had, to your email inbox, to the day of the interview - the reader of your paper cannot access these sources.
Include any relevant and important information about the email and personal communication in the body of your paper.
Here is an example for the APA Style :
K. M. Ingraham (personal communication, October 5, 2013) stated that she found her career as an educational psychologist intellectually stimulating as well as emotionally fulfilling. |
No citation is needed for an entire website. Include the website within the body of a paper.
"In my paper, I mention a website. I refer to the website as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific webpage or an article within a website. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"
NO . All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.
Two examples - full websites mentioned within a paper.
1) The Department of Health has just released a new website to help people identify and compare health care programs available in their area. The website is called HealthCare.gov at http://www.healthcare.gov/ This resource is easy to use and the interface is intuitive, but the website will not support members of the population not using the internet.
2) Kidspsych ( http://www.kidspsych.org ) is a wonderful interactive website for children. This resource is appropriate for children ages 3 to 10.
APA Style Blog: Websites & Webpages
Webpage with author:
Doyle, A. (2017, July 1). Best questions to ask at a job interview: What to ask the employer during a job interview. The balance careers. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/questions-to-ask-in-a-job-interview-2061205
Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person listed as the author consider using a corporate/group name . Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?
United States government agency
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, February 14). Traumatic brain injury: FDA actions and research. http://usgov.info/2018/02/14/traumatic-brain-injury-fda-actions-and-research/
U.S. Small Business Association. (n.d.). Build your business plan. https://www.sba.gov/tools/business-plan/1?interiorpage2015
Ben & Jerry's. (n.d.). Our history. https://www.benjerry.com/about-us
Samsung. (2018). Vision 2020. https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/vision/vision2020/
Kaiser Permanente. (2013, November). Measuring quality and patient safety. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org
Effective business plans: Strategies for managers. (2018, March 4). Business Pros. http:// www.businesspros.com
Format: Title of webpage. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Webpage. URL
In-text citation for no author: ("First Few Words of Title," YEAR). ("Effective Business Plans," 2018).
If the site refers to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source using an article format. Scroll up to Articles - Online.
"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t."
Use these formats are for webpages - not articles from online journals, magazines or newspapers (see box: Articles)
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). URL
Corporate Author. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). URL
(Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Retrieved from URL |
Stephanie (2018, february 5). what to do if your obamacare 1095-a column b is zero. poorer than you . http://poorerthanyou.com/category/taxes/.
APA Style on citing Blogs
When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.
*Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.
*If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.
Business performance management. ( 2018, January 25 ). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_performance_ management
Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
APA Style Blog on citing Wikipedia
"In my paper, I mention a blog. I refer to the blog as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific blog post. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"
No. All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.
Two examples for mentioning the entire blog, wiki or personal website. In the body of the paper:
1) At age 22, blogger Stephanee (Stephanie), started her the blog Poorer Than You (http://poorerthanyou.com). The posts are aimed at millennials and provide financial advice on a variety of topics.
2) I have learned a lot by reading the Psych Learning Curve blog (http://psychlearningcurve.org). This blog is an excellent resource for teachers.
Posts and information found within blogs, wikis and personal websites are likely to change and be updated frequently. Therefore, when citing these sources you need to include the retrieved date - this is the date found it. If there is no date, use (n.d.). Titles for items in online communities are NOT italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name or use the title in place of the author.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Title of Blog site. URL
Title of page. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Title of Blog site. Retrieved date from URL |
Glass, I. (Producer). (2013, September 6). How I got into college [Audio podcast]. In This American Life . http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/504/how-i-got-into-college
Purdue OWL APA Style: How to Cite a Podcast
LastName, A. A. (Producer). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. In Title of Podcast Series . Publisher. URL
Podcast without a series - stand alone
LastName, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast episode]. Publisher. URL
Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com
CNN. (2015, February 15). Boston sets new snow record [Video]. https://www.cnn.com/videos/weather/2015/02/15/newday-alesci-ripley-boston-sets-new-snow-record.cnn/video/playlists/top-news-videos/
Online Newspaper format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Newspaper . https://www.someaddress.com
Online Magazine format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Magazine, volume number (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com
Online News broadcast video:
Producer Name. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Website host. https://www.someaddress.com
Forbes. (2018, January 19). Facebook announces algorithm changes; Apple brings money back to U.S. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube/39gFZawmKfM
Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs
APA Style: How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video
Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19). Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil #scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend #featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m
Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us #frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu
Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86
APA 7 TikTok Citation Guide
If you viewed the video on the TED website:
Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking
If you viewed the video on YouTube, the same TED Talk would be referenced as follows:
TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g
APA Style Blog: How to Cite a TED Talk in APA Style
Selick, H. (Director). (1993). The nightmare before Christmas [Film]. Touchstone.
Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Film ]. Paramount Pictures.
APA Style Film and TV
If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name.
Director's last name, first initial (Director). (Year of the film's release). [Film]. Name of the movie studio. Author, A.A. (year, month day). [Film]. http://wwws.URL.com Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). [Film]. https://www.URL.com Corporate name. (year, month day). [Film]. https://www.URL.com Screen name. (year, month day). [Film]. https://www.URL.com |
NY Review of Books. (2013, September 6). The total weight of jellyfish in the Black Sea is 10x greater than that of all fish caught around the world in a year. [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nybooks/status/376055502880665600
Obama, M. (2013, February 28). “ We can give all our children the bright, healthy futures they so richly deserve .” —the First Lady on why healthier food options are good for American businesses [Image attached] [Status update] . Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php? fbid =10152608245040578& set=a.10150238318835578.467644.22092775577&type=1
Gaiman, N. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner. [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016
Reuters Top News [Reuters]. (2016, November 1). Inside David Bowie's art collection [Twitter moment]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/moments/793575609028915200
APA Style: How to Cite a Twitter Moment
APA Style: How to Cite Facebook
APA Style: How to Cite Instagram
Titles for items in online communities are italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name.
Author, A.A. (year, month day). . [Type of post]. Site name. https://socialmediaWebsite.com Screen name. (year, month day) . [Type of post]. Site name. https://clickSHAREinYouTubeURL.com |
In APA Style there are no specific formatting rules for citing PDFs.
Why? PDF is just a file format. To cite this type of document, ask yourself: What is this?
You must determine what the nature of the PDF, and then use the corresponding format.
There are two common types of documents that appear as PDFs:
- Articles (magazines, newspapers, journals, newsletters, etc.)
- Reports (government report, company profile, company annual report, etc.)
Need help? Ask us by emailing [email protected]
For Webinar citations in APA 7, Please check out Purdue University APA 7 citation guide on Other Non-Print Sources available here:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_non_print_sources.html
No author? Start with the title and then the date. A screen-name can be used as the author. An organization/company can be the author.
Date? If a date is not specifically included with the item you are citing, look for the last updated date. No date type (n.d.)
Titles? Keep it simple - do not italicize website titles. This can get confusing: If a webpage is part of a larger website, do not italicize the title of the page. If the webpage is an independent document on the website, do italicize the title of the page. This is also a judgment call that you will have to make. If you are not sure, do not italicize.
URL? Yes, include it. www.theURL.com
Retrieved on date? In general, do not include the retrieved date for most web sources. If a webpage is likely to change over time, such as a wiki or personal website, include the date that you looked at the page.
Author and website name? If the name of the website is the same as the name of the author, you do not need to include it a second time.
[Square Brackets]? APA Style recommends providing identifying information - when needed for clarification. If the information in the citation and URL do not clearly identify what it is you are citing, add [square brackets]. For example, [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Video], [Interview], [Data].
Instructors frequently require students to use APA Style within presentations. APA Style does not provide specific guidelines for PowerPoint presentations and visuals. You will be adapting APA Style guidelines. Check with your instructor about the format. You will likely need to have in-text citations on the slides throughout your presentation for images, data, quotes and paraphrased statements, AND a slide at the end for a reference list.
Annual Report
American Psychological Association. (2013). 2012 annual report of the American Psychological Association . http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/2012-report.pdf
Unilever. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2015 strategic report. https://www.unilever.com/Images/annual_report_and_accounts_ar15_tcm244-478426_en.pdf
APA Style on citing annual reports
Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q. Arrow International, Inc. (2009). 10-K Annual Report 2009 .
Government Report
San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2016). San Francisco community health needs assessment 2016 . https://www.sfdph.org/dph/hc/HCAgen/HCAgen2016/May%2017/2016CHNA-2.pdf
U.S. Department of Education. (2014). Profile of undergraduate students: 2011-12. Web tables (NCES 2015-167). https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2015/2015167.pdf
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). https://URL Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). https://URL Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Library database name and/or URL. : Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Publisher Name. |
National Cancer Institute. (2016). Taking part in cancer treatment research studies (Publication No. 16-6249). https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/CRS.pdf
Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice. (2017, May). Review of the handling of sexual harassment and misconduct allegations by the department’s Civil Division . https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2017/e1703.pdf
APA Style: How to Cite Government Report
U.S. Constitution
APA Style Blog states, "All citations of the U.S. Constitution begin with U.S. Const. , followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause numbers as relevant." APA Style Blog: How to Cite the U.S. Constitution in APA Style
In-text (U.S. Const. amend. II)
Reference U.S. Const. amend. II
Congressional Bill
Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, S. 671, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).
Federal Statutes
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2006).
FORMAT: Name of the Statute, Tile number Source § Section number(s) (Year).
APA Style: Writing References for Federal Statutes
|
Government Agency. (Publication date). (version number if provided). https://URL
Title, Bill or Resolution Number, Number of Congress Cong., Number of Session Sess. (Year).
Name of the Statute, Title number Source § Section number(s) (Year). |
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Consumer price index - all urban consumers, 1956-2016 [Time series]. http://data.bls.gov
Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, jobs and broadband [Data file and codebook]. http://www.pewresearch.org
World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2016). Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms) [Data file]. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.FRM.BKWC.ZS?view= chart
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data set]. http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf
APA Style on citing data sets
U.S. Census Bureau (2011). Selected housing characteristics, 2007-2011 American community survey 5-year estimates [Data file]. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP04
If a data set has a DOI, include https://doi.org/########## in the citation. For data sets without a DOI, add the URL. The name of the data set is italicized. For example, [Data set]. [Square Brackets] identify the source type. There is not a specific rule for use of [square brackets]. You must determine what the information is: [Data set], [Data file], [Data file and codebook], and so on. [Square Brackets] are optional, but are recommended because they can improve a citation.
Author/Rightsholder. (Year). [Data Set]. http://URL Author/Rightsholder. (Year). [Data Set]. https://doi.org/########## |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2009). Cahaba River Natural Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/cahabariver/maps.html
International Monetary Fund. (2017, May 8). IMF lending at a glance. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/map/lending/
WOU APA Style on citing maps
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Ingolstadt, Germany, to Geneva, Switzerland]. Retrieved August 4, 2015 from https://goo.gl/maps/ILt8O
APA Style on citing online map s
IAC. (n.d.). Impact investing. In Investopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2016 from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/impact-investing.asp
Merriam Webster (n.d.). R eliability. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved January 11, 2020 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability
Dictionary references in APA 7
Dittmer, M. (2018, March 16). Busiest Bay Area airlines. San Francisco Business Times .
Library database fisher, w. w. (2018). patent. encyclopaedia britannica ., online britannica, t. editors of encyclopaedia (2019, november 20). prohibition. encyclopedia britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/prohibition-united-states-history-1920-1933 note: encyclopedia britannica online has a citation tool., business source complete.
Is it an article? Use the format: Articles - library database
Is it a report? >> Use the format: Reports
The database Business Source Complete has a citation tool. Click CITE and select APA citation format. Review the citation and edit it.
American psychiatric association. (2013). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, (american psychiatric association, 2013), faulkner reports.
Reports from these databases: Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies (FAITS), and Faulkner Security Management Practices.
Barr, J. G. (2019). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies.
Keston, G. (2019). Network access control . Faulkner Security Management Practices.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). : Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Publisher Name. |
Agile software. In Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries (7th ed., pp. 5-10). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3664200008/GVRL?u=ggusf_main&sid=GVRL&xid=4c07cc09
Is it an article? >> Use the article format .
Is it a case study? >> Use the case study format .
Mergent Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Business segments .
Mergent Inc. (2014, February 28). McDonald's Corp.: Ford Equity research report .
Apple Inc. (2013, October 30). Form 10-K .
Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.
Google , Inc. (2011, December 31). Form 10-K .
Morningstar . (n.d.). Google: Key ratios . Retrieved March 13, 2014, from Morningstar Investment Research.
Morningstar . (2014, February 28) Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Rating and risk . Morningstar Investment Research.
Reichart, K. R. (2014, March 6). Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Fund analyst repor t. Morningstar Investment Research database.
Summer, R. (2014, February 25). Google, Inc.: Stock analyst report . Morningstar Investment Research database.
Lopez, G., Ruis, N.G. & Patten, E. (2017, September 8) Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans/
Shearer, E. & Gottfried, J. (2017, September 6). In 2017, two-thirds of U.S. adults get news from social media [Table]. In News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017. http://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/pi_17-08-23_socialmediaupdate_0-01/
Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, Jobs and Broadband [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewresearch.org
Pew Research Center. (2018, January 2018). They’re waiting longer, but U.S. women today more likely to have children than a decade ago: More than half of never-married women in their early 40s have given birth [Report]. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/18/theyre-waiting-longer-but-u-s-women-today-more-likely-to-have-children-than-a-decade-ago/
Industry survey.
Snyder, K. (2017, October). Health care equipment and supplies. CFRA Industry Surveys [PDF].
Library database - Statista - citing data and charts
When you are viewing data, look for the citation button. SELECT CITATION. From the drop-down menu, click APA. We recommend you edit the citation. Note, Statista uses many difference SOURCES - the source is in the place of the author.
Atlas Van Lines. (May 27, 2020). Internal factors that influenced employee relocations in the United States in 2020 [Chart]. In Statista - The Statistics Portal . Retrieved April 08, 2021 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/763368/internal-factors-on-employee-relocation-us/
Airnow. (February 17, 2021). Leading iPhone apps in the Apple App Store worldwide in January 2021, by revenue (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In Statista . Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/271103/top-iphone-apps-worldwide-by-revenue/
Library database - Statista - citing a full report
Collignon , H. & Sultan, N. (2014, November). Winning the business of sports 2014 . Retrieved from Statista database.
Janßen , B., Krützfeldt, W., Ramcke, K., & Staffa, V. (2014, August). Industry report - Computer and electronic product manufacturing NAICS Code 334 . Retrieved from Statista database.
Statista. (2018). Coffee market in the U.S. [Report]. Retrieved from Statista database.
Online - using Statista's website - citing data and charts
When there is no author name, use the SOURCE name in place of the author. Statista uses many difference SOURCES. Look under the table or figure for the word SOURCE.
ITU. (2011, October). Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide from 2005 to 2011 (in millions) [Chart]. In Statista . Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/186337/number-of-mobile-broadband-subscriptions-worldwide-since-2005/
Value Line Publishing. (2010, November 26). Ford Motor. Value Line Investment Survey .
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a Case Study in APA, MLA, or Chicago
When citing a case study, the format in MLA and APA is similar to that of a report, and in Chicago style, it is similar to that of a book. For all three citation styles, you will need the name of the author(s), the title of the case study, the year it was published, the publishing organization/publisher, and URL (if applicable). The templates and examples below will demonstrate how to cite a case study in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Case Study . Edition (if applicable), volume number (if applicable), Publisher, year of publication, URL without http:// or https:// (if applicable).
Hill, Linda A., et al. HCL Technologies (A). Rev. edition, Harvard Business School, 2008, www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.
In-text Citation:
(Author Last Name(s) page #)
(Hill et al. 8)
Author Last Name, Author Initial. (Publication Year). Title of Case Study (Case # if applicable). Publishing Organization. URL
Hill, L., Khanna, T., & Stecker, E. (2008). HCL Technologies (A) (Case 408-004). Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784
(Author Last Name, Publication Year)
(Hill et al., 2008)
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of the Case Study . Publishing City: Publishing Organization, Publication Year. URL.
Hill, Linda A., Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker. HCL Technologies (A). Boston: Harvard Business School, 2008. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.
1. Author First Name Last Name, Title of the Case Study (Publishing City: Publishing Organization, Publication Year), URL.
1. Linda A. Hill, Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker, HCL Technologies (A) ( Boston: Harvard Business School, 2008), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.
Author Last Name, First Name. Publication Year. Title of the Case Study . Publishing City: Publishing Organization. URL.
Hill, Linda A., Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker. 2008. HCL Technologies (A). Boston: Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.
In-text citation:
(Author Last Name Publication Date)
(Holl, Khanna, and Stecker 2008)
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Citation Basics
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ACAP LEARNING RESOURCES
Name v name (year) volume law report series abbreviation starting page, name v name [year] law report series abbreviation, starting page, name v name [year] unique court identifier judgement number, name v name (court, judge(s), full date).
Volumes of law report series are organised by either year or by volume number. Where a law report series is organised by volume number, the year in which the decision was handed down should appear in round brackets '( )'. Where the volumes of a law report series are organised by year, the year of the volumes in which the case is reported should appear in square brackets '[ ]'. When citing individuals, use only their surnames. Where the case involves more than one action, only the first action should be cited
Decisions from a Law Report Series Use this format for reported cases
Theophanus v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104
Nydam v The Queen [1977] VR 430
Decisions with a Medium Neutral Citation Use this format for cases from AustLII and websites such as the Psychology Board of NSW
Quarmby v Keating [2009] TASSC 80
Health Care Complaints Commission v Wardle (No 2) [2020] NSWCATAD 74
Jones v Psychology Board of Australia [2019] QCAT 162
Re Stone [2007] PRBD (Vic) 8
Unreported Decisions Without a Medium Neutral Citation This format is used for older cases which are not published in a law report series or available online.
Ross v Chambers (Supreme Court of the Northern Territory, Kriewaldt J, 5 April 1956)
( name v name , year, pinpoint), name v name (year, pinpoint) .
Where needed, pinpoint references should appear as paragraph or page numbers as shown in the decision or report. When citing individuals, use only their surnames.
Theophanus v Herald & Weekly Time s (1994)
( Nydam v The Queen, 1977)
( Quarmby v Keating, 2009, para. 11)
Ross v Chambers ( 1956) ... (p. 2)
(Re Stone, 2007)
A case study is one of many research instruments or strategies that are widely used by students, who are studying a particular issue or situation. Case studies are usually assigned to sociology, psychology, education, and anthropology courses. If you are experiencing some difficulties with this task and do not know how to write a case study in APA, we advise you to learn the following guide. It will help you understand this task better and become a skilled case study writer. So, there will be no need for you to put your " write my case study for me " request in the search engines.
A case study is an assignment that aims to investigate a certain problem and offer a good solution. They may range from academic studies to corporate promotion tools that aim to sell specific goods. Whereas the research paper focuses on the reader`s attention to the specific idea, a case study goes far beyond. In particular, a case study requires ( APA 7th edition changes ) the student to pay attention to the smallest details, as well as investigate the issue from different perspectives using various research methods. As every problem in human life can be treated from different aspects, each case study demands a unique approach.
As well as in many other academic tasks, in writing case studies, research goes first. Undoubtedly, being a student, you cannot be considered an expert. Therefore, your statements without evidence do not have much value. Reading different sources with different experts` opinions will help you come up with the most effective solutions for the analysis of your topic.
BONUS HINT. If you want to get additional points for your paper, here is an elite tip for you. Use several methods for collecting and analyzing the data. Your professor is guaranteed to add a few additional points for such a multifaceted approach in your methodology chapter.
When the research is done and the key ideas are selected, writing a rough draft is not a problem. We advise you to check the grading rubric and prompt once again to ensure you move in the right direction. Knowing all the criteria and following the correct assignment structure, you will be able to create a truly great case study that will impress the most demanding professor. If you feel that you cannot do this task well, feel free to break it down into several pieces and write each of them separately.
Experts from EliteWritings.com have created a lot of case study APA papers. They got years and years of experience. And now you are reading their explanation in detail on how to write an APA case study. According to them, your paper needs to be double-spaced. According to the case study format APA, your paper will include an abstract, a main body, and a reference list. Also, it should contain a running head on the top left corner of every page. Also, you have to use Arabic numerals for putting in page numbers.
In APA, a title page is a separate page that contains only the name of the student, the name of the instructor, the educational institution, and the running head.
An abstract usually contains a few sentences and serves as a summary of the paper. According to the APA guide, an abstract should take 200-250 words. If you do not know how to cite a case study in APA, feel free to find good samples available on the web or address your instructor for assistance.
The best way to cite an APA case study is next: when you quote or paraphrase some text, you need to mention the name of the author and the year of publication. Purdue Online Writing Lab suggests the following quotation:
All sources used in your case study should appear in your reference list alphabetically. The information from these sources should follow the common order: the name of the article, the date of publication, the title, and the publisher.
A finished entry can look as follows:
Some text in the modal.
If you’re writing an academic paper, you may need to cite a case study. But how do you do that? This guide will explain everything you need to know about citing a case study in APA format.
Table of Contents
APA stands for American Psychological Association. It is a style guide used by many academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and business. The purpose of the APA style is to provide a consistent format for academic writing, making it easier for readers to understand and follow the author’s argument.
Citing a case study is important for several reasons. First, it gives credit to the original author for their work. Second, it allows readers to find the source if they want to learn more. Finally, it adds credibility to your work by demonstrating that you have researched and referenced other relevant studies.
Here are the steps you need to follow to cite a case study in APA format:
The first step in citing a case study is to list the author’s last name and first initial. For example Smith, J.
Next, you need to include the year of publication in parentheses. For example: (2018).
After the year of publication, you need to provide the title of the case study in italics. For example The impact of social media on adolescent mental health.
The next step is to add the name of the publisher. For example Harvard Business Review Press.
Finally, you need to include the DOI or URL where the case study can be found. For example https://doi.org/10.1145/1234567.1234567
Here’s what the final citation should look like:
Smith, J. (2018). The impact of social media on adolescent mental health. Harvard Business Review Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/1234567.1234567
If you cannot find a DOI or URL for the case study, you can omit it from the citation. In that case, you should include the name of the database where you found the case study instead. For example:
Smith, J. (2018). The impact of social media on adolescent mental health. Harvard Business Review Press. Academic Search Complete.
Citing a case study in APA format may seem daunting at first, but it is quite simple once you know the steps. By following the guidelines in this article, you can ensure that your citations are accurate and complete and that you are giving credit to the original authors for their work.
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Published on November 7, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on October 24, 2022.
Headings and subheadings provide structure to a document. They signal what each section is about and allow for easy navigation of the document.
APA headings have five possible levels. Each heading level is formatted differently.
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Additional guidelines for apa headings, how many heading levels should you use, when to use which apa heading level, section labels vs headings, sample paper with apa headings, using heading styles in word or google docs.
As well as the heading styles, there are some other guidelines to keep in mind:
Depending on the length and complexity of your paper, you may not use all five heading levels. In fact, shorter student papers may have no headings at all.
It’s also perfectly fine for some sections in your paper to go as deep as five levels, where others use only heading level 1.
Heading level 1 is used for main sections like “ Methods ”, “ Results ”, and “ Discussion ”. There is no “ Introduction ” heading at the beginning of your paper because the first paragraphs are understood to be introductory.
Heading level 2 is used for subsections under level 1. For example, under “Methods” (level 1) you may have subsections for “Sampling Method” and “Data Analysis” (level 2). This continues all the way down to heading level 5.
Always use at least two subheadings or none at all. If there is just one subheading, the top-level heading is sufficient.
In addition to regular headings, APA works with “section labels” for specific parts of the paper. They’re similar to headings but are formatted differently. Section labels are placed on a separate line at the top of a new page in bold and centered.
Use section labels for the following sections in an APA formatted paper :
Instead of formatting every heading individually, you can use the “Styles” feature in Word or Google Docs. This allows you to save the styling and apply it with just a click.
The first time you use APA Style, you need to update the default heading styles to reflect the APA heading guidelines. Click here for the instructions for Microsoft Word and Google Docs .
An added benefit of using the “Styles” feature is that you can automatically generate a table of contents .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Streefkerk, R. (2022, October 24). APA Headings and Subheadings | With Sample Paper. Scribbr. Retrieved July 4, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-headings/
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There is no specific way to reference a case study in APA style. Case studies are typically published as an article or report, or within a book. Format the reference list entry according to the type of publication. Following are some examples of case studies in business.
Author(s). (Year). Title of case study . Number of case study. URL
Dey, A. (2022). Corporate governance: A three pillar framework. HBS No. 491-009. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/
Dunbar, C., & Southam, C. (2005). London youth symphony. Ivey ID: 9B05009. http://iveycases.com
Because quotations from research participants are part of your original research, do not include a reference list entry for them in the reference list and do not treat them as personal communications.
For the formatting, follow the same guidelines as for other quotations :
State in the text that the quotations are from participants, as in this example:
In focus group discussions, participants described their postretirement experiences, including the emotions associated with leaving work and its affective and practical implications. “Rafael” (64 years old, retired pilot) mentioned several difficulties associated with retirement, including feeling like he was “in a void without purpose . . . it took several months to develop new interests that motivated [him] each day.” Several other participants agreed, describing the entrance into retirement as “confusing,” “lonely,” “purposeless,” and “boring.” In contrast, others described the sense of “balance” and “relaxation” retirement brought to their lives.
Quotations from research participants are covered in the seventh edition APA Style Publication Manual Section 8.36
When quoting research participants, abide by any ethical agreements regarding confidentiality and/or anonymity agreed to between you and your participants during the consent or assent process. Take care to obtain and respect participants’ consent to have their information included in your report. To disguise participant information, you may need to
Agreements regarding confidentiality and/or anonymity may also extend to other sources related to your methodology (e.g., quoting a school policy document when conducting a case study at a school). In that case, you might need to employ similar strategies (e.g., rather than referring to a school by name, refer to “an elementary school in Atlanta, Georgia”).
For detailed discussion of ethical considerations for sharing data and protecting confidentiality in your research, see Sections 1.14, 1.15, and 1.19 of the Publication Manual .
On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court rejected the doctrine of Chevron deference in the closely watched case of Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo . [1] In a 6-3 decision, the Court held that Chevron ’s rule that courts must defer to federal agencies’ interpretation of ambiguous statutes gave the executive branch interpretive authority that properly belonged with the courts. Moreover, the Court concluded that Chevron deference was inconsistent with the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), holding that the APA requires courts to exercise independent judgment when deciding legal issues in the review of agency action.
Loper will have significant and immediate implications for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the federal agency charged with the administration of the federal health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. As detailed below, the Court’s decision sets a more exacting standard for courts to apply when reviewing HHS’s regulations and legal positions.
The doctrine of Chevron deference was established in 1984 by the Supreme Court in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. [2] In that case, the Court held when a “statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue” raised regarding a statute that the agency administers, “the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.” [3]
Although scholars have debated Chevron ’s rationale at length, it generally was read to require deference based upon agencies’ presumed subject matter expertise and an assumption that Congress delegated authority to agencies—rather than courts—to fill in gaps in statutory schemes. Notably, the Supreme Court had not itself invoked Chevron deference since 2016, although lower courts have continued to rely on it regularly. [4]
Loper involved two New England fishing companies appealing the D.C. Circuit’s ruling that applied Chevron deference to uphold the National Marine Fisheries Service’s interpretation of the Federal Magnuson-Stevens Act (the “Act”) as requiring fishermen to pay for the use of compliance monitors on certain fishing boats, even though the federal law is silent on who must pay. Petitioners used the case as a vehicle to present a broader challenge to Chevron , arguing that the doctrine has led to excessive deference to federal agencies, resulting in overregulation, the abdication of judicial responsibility to interpret statutes, and the unwarranted imposition of regulatory enforcement costs.
The Loper majority firmly rejected Chevron and held that the APA requires courts to exercise their independent judgment in deciding legal questions that arise in reviewing agency action. As the majority held, “courts need not and under the APA may not defer to an agency interpretation of the law simply because a statute is ambiguous.” [5]
Importantly, however, Loper noted that deference may still be afforded agencies in certain instances. First, the Court observed that the APA expressly mandates a deferential standard of review for agency policy-making and fact-finding. [6] Second, Loper explained that some statutes are best read to “delegate[] discretionary authority to an agency,” in which case a court’s role is to merely ensure the agency “engaged in ‘reasoned decisionmaking’” within that authority. [7] Lastly, Loper reaffirmed that an agency’s “expertise” remains “one of the factors” that may make an agency’s interpretation persuasive. [8]
Loper ’s directive that courts should construe statutes independently and not defer to agencies’ positions has enormous implications for providers and suppliers that participate in federal health care programs. Much of today’s health care landscape is governed by HHS’ regulations, impacting many Americans and much of the federal budget. For example, Medicare currently covers more than 67 million beneficiaries, and Medicare spending comprised 12% of the federal budget in 2022 and 21% of national health care spending in 2021 . [9]
Federal health care programs like Medicare and Medicaid are established by statutes that set forth myriad requirements regarding the coverage of items and services, and how, when, and by whom those items and services may be furnished. [10] HHS’s various components—most notably the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)—have issued numerous, detailed regulations to implement these statutes. HHS’s components also include FDA, CDC, HRSA, AHRQ, OCR, NIH, and many others that intersect with health care providers and suppliers regularly.
Going forward under Loper , future challenges to agency regulations will take place upon a much different playing field. This has several important implications:
Going forward, courts will be more amenable than ever to siding with challenges to HHS regulations. This creates both challenges and opportunities for providers and suppliers who should carefully assess the legal basis for all new regulations.
The authors acknowledge the contributions of Callie Ericksen, a student at the University of California Davis Law School and 2024 summer associate at Foley & Lardner LLP.
[1] Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo , No. 22-451 (June 28, 2024), together with Relentless, Inc. v. Department of Commerce , No. 22-1219, available here .
[2] 467 U.S. 837 (1984).
[3] Id. at 843 (emphasis added).
[4] See Am. Hosp. Ass’n (“AHA”) v. Becerra , 142 S. Ct. 1896, 1904 (2022) (determining that HHS’s preclusion of judicial review “lacks any textual basis,” remaining silent with respect to Chevron ); Becerra v. Empire Health Found. , 142 S. Ct. 2354, 2362 (2022) (illustrating that HHS’s reading aligns with the statute’s “text, context, and structure” in calculating the Medicare fraction for purposes of Medicare Part A benefits, without any mention of Chevron ); Vanda Pharms., Inc. v. Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs. ,98 F.4th 483 (2024) (holding that CMS’s definitions of “line-extension” and “new formulation” did not conflict with the Medicaid statute).
[5] Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo , No. 22-451, slip op. 35 (June 28, 2024).
[6] Id. at slip. op. 14 (citing 5 U.S.C. §§ 706(2)(A), (E)).
[7] Id. at slip op. 18.
[8] Id. at slip op. 25 (citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134 (1944).
[9] See KFF, Medicare 101 (published May 28, 2024), available here .
[10] See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395–1395lll.
[11] Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo , No. 22-451, slip op. 34 (June 28, 2024).
[12] See Am. Health Care Ass’n v. Becerra , No. 24-cv-114 (N.D. Tex) (challenging the rule issued at 89 Fed. Reg. 40876 (May 10, 2024).
[13] Conditions of Participation, 42 C.F.R. §§ 485.500-485.546 (Subpart E), and Payments, §§ 419.90-419.95 (Subpart J), 87 Fed. Reg. 71748, 72292-93 (Nov. 23, 2022),
[14] 21 C.F.R. § 809, 89 Fed. Reg. 37286 (May 6, 2024).
[15] See, e.g. , Baptist Mem’l Hosp. – Golden Triangle, Inc. v. Azar , 956 F.3d 689 (5th Cir. 2020) (deferring to CMS’s rule addressing “costs incurred” for calculating Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital payments).
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3 Writing a case study in APA Step By Step. 3.1 Title Page in APA for Case Study Project. 3.2 APA Title Page Example. 3.3 The Abstract for an APA case study. Whether you study social sciences or life sciences, you're likely to encounter a case study analysis in your academic journey. These papers demand a lot from students.
Examples: Harvard Business School Case Study Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/ ... (Examples courtesy of APA Style Guidelines & Examples - NAIT Library.) Textbook Case Study Author(s) or editor(s) of the chapter or entry or case study. (Year of book). Title of chapter or entry or case study. In ...
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat Reader. Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication).
Reference List Citation: Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of case study.Case study number (if given). URL. Examples
These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
rst page of the body of your paper(APA, 2020, section 2.11). It sho. ld be centered, bolded, and in title case (all major words—usually those with four+ letters . sh. uld begin with a capital ...
APA Stylistics: Basics. APA Stylistics: Avoiding Bias. Footnotes & Appendices. Numbers & Statistics. Additional Resources. APA Headings and Seriation. APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation. APA Sample Paper. Tables and Figures.
This should be placed on the second page of your case study paper, should not be more than 150-200 words, and needs to be written in a one-block paragraph. 4. Follow the right format. The body of the case study paper should be thorough and should detail the research and findings in an engaging manner.
This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...
Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.
ading (see box below)This paper describes some basic parts of writing in. PA style 7th Edi. student writing, useof language, in-text citations, the references page, a. d titles and fi. ures. This paper alsoprovides examples of specific changes that are required by. itations, frustrat.
APA 7th ed. Fillable Word Template and Sample Paper. APA 7th ed. Template. Download this Word document, fill out the title page and get writing! Sample Paper APA 7th ed. Our APA sample paper shows you how to format the main parts of a basic research paper. APA 7th Sample Papers from Purdue Owl
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
Case Study Format: Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. HBS No. number of case study. Publisher. Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. Ivey ID. number of case study. Publisher. >> If the case study does not include these elements, it is likely a case study that is in an article format - cite as an article. Case Study found in a textbook ...
The templates and examples below will demonstrate how to cite a case study in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. MLA 9. Structure: Author Last Name, Author First Name.
Reference List Examples. Decisions from a Law Report Series. Use this format for reported cases. Theophanus v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104. Nydam v The Queen [1977] VR 430. Decisions with a Medium Neutral Citation. Use this format for cases from AustLII and websites such as the Psychology Board of NSW.
Optional Paper Sections. Headings - APA 7 Style Guide. Accessible Use of Colors in APA 7. Figures - APA 7. The basics of figure setup, including figure components, principles of figure construction, and placement of figures in a paper. Tables - APA 7.
According to them, your paper needs to be double-spaced. According to the case study format APA, your paper will include an abstract, a main body, and a reference list. Also, it should contain a running head on the top left corner of every page. Also, you have to use Arabic numerals for putting in page numbers.
In this sample paper, we've put four blank lines above the title. Commented [AF3]: Authors' names are written below the title, with one double-spaced blank line between them. Names should be written as follows: First name, middle initial(s), last name. Commented [AF4]: Authors' affiliations follow immediately after their names.
Here are the steps you need to follow to cite a case study in APA format: Step 1: Start with the author's last name and first initial. The first step in citing a case study is to list the author's last name and first initial. For example Smith, J. Step 2: Include the year of publication in parentheses. Next, you need to include the year of ...
Headings and subheadings provide structure to a document. They signal what each section. is about and allow for easy navigation of the document. APA headings have five possible levels. Each heading level is formatted differently. Note: Title case simply means that you should capitalize the first word, words with four or more letters, and all ...
General format. There is no specific way to reference a case study in APA style. Case studies are typically published as an article or report, or within a book. Format the reference list entry according to the type of publication. Following are some examples of case studies in business.
People often fail to notice unexpected stimuli when their attention is directed elsewhere. Most studies of this "inattentional blindness" have been conducted using laboratory tasks with little connection to real-world performance. Medical case reports document examples of missed findings in radiographs and CT images, unintentionally retained guidewires following surgery, and additional ...
In that case, you might need to employ similar strategies (e.g., rather than referring to a school by name, refer to "an elementary school in Atlanta, Georgia"). For detailed discussion of ethical considerations for sharing data and protecting confidentiality in your research, see Sections 1.14, 1.15, and 1.19 of the Publication Manual .
On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court rejected the doctrine of Chevron deference in the closely watched case of Loper Bright Enterprises v.Raimondo. In a 6-3 decision, the Court held that Chevron's rule that courts must defer to federal agencies' interpretation of ambiguous statutes gave the executive branch interpretive authority that properly belonged with the courts.